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periods of being barred from running for public office. Some commentators advocated replacement of the lower house's multiple-seat election district system with single-seat constituencies like those found in
Britain and the United States. It was argued that the multiple-seat districts made election campaigning more expensive because party members from the same district had to compete among themselves for the votes of the same constituents. It was hoped that the smaller size of single-seat districts would also reduce the expense of staff, offices, and constituent services. Critics argued, however, that the creation of single-seat constituencies would virtually eliminate the smaller opposition parties and would either create a United States-style two-party system or give the LDP an even greater majority in the lower house than it enjoyed under the multiple-seat system.
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elaborately decorated envelopes, to the parents of the bride and groom or to the bereaved. In contrast with multimillion-dollar United States political campaigns, direct expenses for the comparatively short campaigns before
Japanese general, upper house, and local elections are relatively modest. The use of posters and pamphlets is strictly regulated, and candidates appear on noncommercial public television stations,
1840:, to give short campaign speeches. Most of this activity is publicly funded. Campaign sound-trucks weave their way through urban and rural streets, often bombarding residents with earsplitting harangues from candidates or their supporters. No politician, however, can expect to remain in office without considering expenses for constituent services, the most important component of campaign expenses.
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1969:
1824:, was less than the average for Diet members as a whole, because long-term incumbents tended to incur higher expenses. Yet in the late 1980s, the government provided each Diet member with only ÂĄ20 million for annual operating expenses, leaving ÂĄ100 million to be obtained through private contributions, political party
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A new electoral system was installed: The lower house was divided between 300 single-seat constituencies and 200 seats distributed by proportional representation. Candidates on the proportional representation bloc were elected from 11 regional voting blocs, where the party was given a vote. When the
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parties to which tickets were sold were a major revenue source during the 1980s, and the abuse of these ticket sales became a public concern. Another related problem was the secrecy surrounding political funds and their use. Although many politicians, including members of newly appointed cabinets,
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Proposals for system reform in the early 1990s included compulsory full disclosure of campaign funding, more generous public allowances for Diet members to reduce (or, ideally, to eliminate) their reliance on under-the-table contributions, and stricter penalties for violators, including lengthy
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and the home district constituted the biggest expense for Diet members. Near-obligatory attendance at the weddings and funerals of constituents and their families, however, was another large financial drain: the
Japanese custom requires that attendees contribute cash, handed over discreetly in
1900:
Both critics and advocates of the new system were largely proven right, while there is less political infighting between candidates of one party (unless there is a real difference in opinion, such as the postal privatization issue), the system also reduced the number of small parties. The LDP
1819:
Regarding the background issue of political funding, a group of parliamentarians belonging to the ruling LDP estimated in 1987 that annual expenses for ten newly elected members of the Diet averaged ÂĄ120 million each, or about US$ 800,000. This figure, which included expenses for staff and
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that succeeded it proposed legislation to ban direct contributions by companies or unions to parliamentary candidates and to reform the diet. Public funding of political parties was strengthened, giving each party 250 Yen for each vote it attained.
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1856:
was amended to establish ceilings for contributions from corporations, other organizations, and individuals. This change forced Diet members to seek a larger number of smaller contributions to maintain cash flow.
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bosses, or other means. The lack of public funding meant that politicians—especially, but not exclusively, members of the LDP— needed constant infusions of cash or milk money to stay in office.
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1775:(a professional search service that had diversified into finance and real estate and had become involved in politics), who sold large blocks of untraded shares in a subsidiary,
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LDP gained power again in 1996, large parts of the reform were kept, but the representation bloc was shrunk to 180 seats in the year 2000.
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voluntarily disclosed their personal finances, such disclosure is not compulsory and many sources of revenue remain obscure.
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was not strictly illegal, it caused public outrage at a time when the ruling party was considering a highly controversial
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in April 1989, a senior aide committed suicide in expiation for his leader's humiliation, and former Prime
Minister
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1787:(usually through their aides or spouses) and a smaller number of opposition party figures. Although such
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100 million in after-sales profits. The persons involved included the most influential leaders of the
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1852:, postwar Japan's most skillful practitioner of "money politics," in 1974, the 1948
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After revelations of corrupt activities forced the resignation of Prime
Minister
1902:
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1990:
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Japanese House of
Councillors national proportional representation block
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2010:
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1972:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Fall of government, installation of reforming minority government
2014:
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constituent services in a member's home district, including
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2006:
http://www.idea.int/political-finance/country.cfm?id=114
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member—to spare the much-tainted party further shame.
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remained dominant in a coalition government with the
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1767:The scandal arose as a result of the dealings of
1807:resigned from the LDP—becoming an "independent"
2026:
1909:were elected in 2009 under the leadership of
1879:In the summer of 1993, the LDP government of
1771:, the ambitious chairman of the board of the
1626:
8:
1677:introducing citations to additional sources
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2019:
2011:
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15:
231:Second Kishida Cabinet (Second Reshuffle)
1667:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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776:Japanese House of Councillors elections
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1933:Government-business relations in Japan
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1795:. Before the scandal ran its course,
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64:Constitution of Japan (1947–present)
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1831:Maintaining staff and offices in
1967:
1660:relies largely or entirely on a
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424:Intellectual Property High Court
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69:Meiji Constitution (1890–1947)
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415:Justices of the Supreme Court
1688:"Political funding in Japan"
1854:Political Funds Control Law
1844:Revelations and legislation
1030:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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511:Japanese general elections
1985:Federal Research Division
1907:Democratic Party of Japan
1799:was obliged to resign as
155:Imperial Household Agency
968:Administrative divisions
293:House of Representatives
19:This article is part of
926:Unified local elections
257:Administrative Agencies
2073:Grassroots fundraising
1048:Diplomatic missions of
1673:improve this article
336:House of Councillors
145:Chrysanthemum Throne
2061:Corporate donations
1773:Recruit Corporation
1183:Trinidad and Tobago
150:Imperial Succession
1923:Elections in Japan
1815:Political expenses
2198:Political funding
2193:Politics of Japan
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1928:Politics of Japan
1905:party, until the
1885:Hosokawa Morihiro
1805:Nakasone Yasuhiro
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1065:Visa requirements
1060:Japanese passport
1023:Foreign relations
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502:Political parties
371:Hiroyuki Nagahama
30:Politics of Japan
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2067:Follow the money
2056:Campaign finance
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1822:local supporters
1797:Takeshita Noboru
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1850:Tanaka Kakuei
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1769:Ezoe Hiromasa
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1729:November 2021
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1662:single source
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467:Coins
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1692:news
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986:List
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