419:
Remaining
Conservative senators have accused the Independent Senators Group in particular as being "too quick to endorse bills from the Liberal government". Supporting this claim, a 2021 study found that members of the Independent Senators Group voted in favor of legislation proposed by the incumbent Liberal government more consistently than any other group within the Senate, including those still formally aligned to the Liberal Party. This was, however, among an overall trend in which all senators demonstrated lower levels of party loyalty, and as such its full implications are still unknown. The report also concluded that partisanship in Senate appointments was undeniably down when compared to the Senate prior to the reforms. It is generally thought that it will only be possible to judge the success of the attempted reforms accurately when a non-Liberal government is elected to the House of Commons, at which point it can be observed if the noted trend in voting represents simple loyalty to the government, or loyalty to the Liberal Party.
154:(MPs) occasionally demonstrating independence from their party by voting in line with the opposition. Commonly, the issues which caused these MPs to act independently were religious in nature. These tensions began to disperse over the course of the first ten Canadian parliaments as the major political parties began to form consistent identities and MPs began affiliating themselves with the parties they knew more closely shared their core values. This in turn increased cohesion between parties and MPs, and minimized the causes and motivations for MPs to act independently.
2739:. Candidates and lists presenting themselves as "without label" are classified in DVG (various left), DVD (various right), DVC (various center) or AUT (other) according to their political sensitivity. Therefore, from 2008 onwards, the DIV (miscellaneous) or the LDIV code for the "miscellaneous" list has been created to group unclassifiable or categorical interests and, by default, mayors without a declared label claiming no political sensitivity, be it left, center or right. The AUT (other) grade replaces the DIV grade without changing its definition.
2599:
2558:. An independent politician can enter into parliament only if they gather enough votes to pass the 4% threshold, thus behaving like political parties. However they can be part of a civic quota of a given party. Civic quotas are lists of independents candidates, who are represented on a given party's electoral list, without directly joining the party. Every party has the capability to invite independent candidates into their lists, without forcing them to join the party itself.
65:
stand in its name, or are unable to do so because the party in question has selected another candidate. Others may belong to or support a political party at the national level but believe they should not formally represent it (and thus be subject to its policies) at another level. In some cases, a politician may be a member of an unregistered party, and therefore officially recognised as an independent.
1583:
1497:
1846:
1786:
1611:
1810:
1639:
1540:
4258:
starting at the end of the 19th century, considerably diminished the number of unaffiliated politicians, although a smaller number of independent candidates continued to be elected up until the 1940s. Since then, however, there have been relatively few independent politicians in
Parliament. No independent candidate has won or held a seat in a general election since
410:
amendments the Senate has proposed for legislation from the House of
Commons. During the 42nd Parliament (2015–2019), the Senate attempted to amend 13 government bills, whereas during the 41st Parliament (2011–2015), it had attempted to amend only one government bill. The reformed Senate is noted as having proposed amendments on at least 20% of all legislation.
94:, would allow the independent candidacy of individuals who have the support of at least 1% of the electors able to vote in the region (city, state or country, depending on the election) in which the candidate is running. Currently, members of the legislature can leave their respective parties after being elected, as in the case of senator Reguffe, who left the
4293:), and thus was no longer standing as an independent. Since that time, the only independents in Parliament have been people who quit or were expelled from their original party but retained their seats without going through a by-election. Some have gone on to found or co-found their own parties, with varying levels of success—examples include
2697:, with 12 deputies—these four technical groups thus accounted for one-tenth of deputies. In addition, the larger parliamentary parties, including the socialist SFIO, centre-left PRRRS, centre-right ARD and conservative FR all included a greater or lesser number of independents who sat with their group for parliamentary work (
4020:, and they are more commonly elected to state parliaments. There have been up to five independents in every federal parliament since 1990, and independents have won twenty-eight times during national elections in that time. A large proportion of independents are former members of one of Australia's four main parties, the
3339:). The resignation is required because the Constitution says that the president shall hold no other offices nor discharge any public functions. The aforementioned presidents often participated in their party's campaigns (e.g. Andrzej Duda in the Law and Justice campaign three months after his resignation from the party).
475:
do not permit a citizen to run directly for any elected position as an independent without the representation of a political party. Any nomination must be made through a political party, due to the framework of the current legal system, in which the political parties have a monopoly on the nomination
133:
are permitted to hold office without being members of a political party. Candidates in federal elections who are not affiliated with a party have two options: independent or no affiliation. In the former case, they appear on the ballot with "Independent" following their name; in the second case, they
3711:
allows individuals who wish to stand as a candidate to all parliaments and assemblies in the UK, including the House of
Commons, the right to use one of three ballot paper descriptions. Those descriptions are the name of a registered political party; the word "independent"; or no description at all.
3679:
was set up to support independent candidates in the forthcoming general election. The
Independent Network still supports Independent candidates in local, regional, national and European elections. It has an organic set of principles which are known as the Bell Principles and are very closely related
2332:
was established, with certain candidates who failed to get the nomination of either parties appearing on the ballot as "Independent
Nacionalista" or "Independent Liberal", as the case may be. Independents not associated with any party were still able to participate and sporadically win elections. In
1912:
Parliamentary independent candidates: The system in place whither the DPRK allows for independent politicians to launch their own campaigns to gain a seat in parliament. The candidates however must be approved by the
Fatherland Front, being the primary party of the DPRK. To cast votes to independent
418:
Several observers and those involved with the Senate itself have criticized the
Trudeau government for its attempted reforms, with most accusations centering around the belief that the new appointment process is biased towards those who are ideologically supportive of the Liberal Party's objectives.
190:
Though it is acceptable and accepted for politicians to serve as independent MPs, those who attempt to run as such often struggle to be elected without access to the resources of the major parties. As a result, there are seldom more than one or two independent MPs within modern
Canadian Parliaments,
360:
rather than being elected, senators were often accused of being appointed as a "reward" for service to the party in power, and once appointed, of simply repeating the points and positions of their counterparts in the House of
Commons rather than acting as a means of truly independent policy review.
64:
Some politicians have political views that do not align with the platforms of any political party, and therefore choose not to affiliate with them. Some independent politicians may be associated with a party, perhaps as former members of it, or else have views that align with it, but choose not to
351:
While traditionally framed as an "independent body of sober second thought", appointments to the Senate of Canada prior to 2016 were commonly seen as highly partisan, with the majority of Canadian senators identifying themselves as members of either the Liberal or Conservative parties and serving
214:
but was ejected from the party two days prior to the end of the vote due to controversy surrounding past allegations of sexual assault. Despite his removal from the Liberal Party, Vuong won the election for his riding and chose to take his seat as an independent, though this decision was met with
2639:
was elected for his second term in 2018 after running as an independent candidate. Sauli Niinistö's status as an independent/non-partisan president has been attributed to his historical approval ratings and popularity, which stood at 90% favorable in July 2021 of which 52% said that Niinistö had
396:
By 2018, the majority of Canadian Senators were officially independent, though some Liberal senators continued to remain affiliated with the political party despite no longer being permitted within the party caucus. Additionally, the Conservative Party elected not to remove its senators from the
4257:
Originally, there were no recognised parties in the New Zealand parliament, although loose groupings did exist informally (initially between supporters of central government versus provincial governments, and later between liberals and conservatives). The foundation of formal political parties,
368:
made the decision to expel all Liberal senators from the Liberal Party caucus. Trudeau would go on to call for an overall elimination of partisanship in the Senate and pledged to end the practice of partisan appointments for senators and transition to a new system of merit-based appointments if
1916:
Nearly all electoral systems currently in practice in the DPRK that exist on a local level are made up of mostly independent Candidates, as the Fatherland Front and other major party's primarily operate in the urban heartland of the DPRK. On the local level of North Korean elections, alliances
409:
groups on a variety of issues, suggesting the more independent Senate has a greater perceived influence over legislative issues. Additionally, following the appointment of senators through the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments, there has been a noted increase in the number of
4383:
Peter Dunne effectively became an Independent MP for a short period after his United Future political party was deregistered on 25 June 2013 by the Electoral Commission, as the party no longer had the required minimum of 500 members. The party was subsequently re-registered two months later.
3404:
The Swedish election system is based on parties nominating candidate MPs for their party ballots, and each party has to receive 4% or more of the national vote (or 12% in one region, which has never happened independently of also reaching the different 4% threshold). This makes running as an
89:
Independent politicians are not allowed to run for office in Brazil. The Constitution of 1988, in Article 14, §3rd, item V, says that "Are conditions for eligibility: V - party affiliation". However, the Proposal Amendment to the Constitution (PEC) no. 6/2015, authored by independent senator
3715:
Unless a candidate stands as "independent" or as a "No Description" candidate leaving the ballot paper description box blank, their candidature must be confirmed by a signed certificate from the relevant officer from a registered political party, as set out in Section 52 of the
380:
was established with the goal of filling Senate vacancies through a selection process based on political knowledge, merit, and perceived ability to act independently of partisan affiliation. This push to remove partisan ties from the Senate resulted in the creation of the
75:
with other independents, and may formally register that organization. Even where the word "independent" is used, such alliances can have much in common with a political party, especially if there is an organization which needs to approve the "independent" candidates.
3444:. Candidates standing for United Kingdom local elections and United Kingdom parliamentary elections, including the devolved parliaments and assemblies, can use the name of a registered political party, or the term 'Independent' (or its Welsh language equivalent
157:
Many observers of the Canadian House of Commons in the 21st century have noted its incredibly high party discipline. Few MPs choose to vote against their party's official stance on any given piece of legislation. Between 2011 and 2013—the first two years of the
2664:). The first legislation on political parties dates from 1911, though it was not until 1928 that parliamentarians were required to select a political party for the parliamentary register (either by formally joining a group, or by loosely working with one as an
5925:
1105:
was elected for four terms as a Republican before changing to an independent after the Republicans lost their majority in Congress in 1930. Norris won re-election as an independent in 1936, but later lost his final re-election attempt to Republican
4087:). Of these, Wilkie had previously been a Greens candidate, McGowan had been a Liberal staffer, and Banks was elected as a Liberal MP before resigning from the party in November 2018. At the 2019 election, Wilkie was re-elected as the Member for
404:
The efforts to increase senatorial independence have led some to argue the Senate has developed an increase of importance and power in the legislative process. As of 2021, it was found that Canadian senators were facing increasing pressure from
4368:. Neither Dunne nor Seymour was classed as an independent—Dunne's presence in Parliament was due to personal votes in his home electorate, and Seymour's presence was as the sole elected MP of ACT because of a collapse in their support in the
3066:, though with the development of relatively more structured parties their numbers declined thereafter. These were similar proportions to the number of independents elected to other interwar European democracies such as France (see above).
3844:
was expelled from the Labour Party after standing against an official Labour candidate in Blaenau Gwent at the 2005 UK general election and became an independent in the National Assembly and UK Parliament. In 2006 Peter Law died from a
3616:
There have also been several instances of politicians being elected to the Commons as representatives of a political party, then resigning the party's whip, or having it withdrawn. Examples in this in the 2010–2015 parliament included
439:
with no political parties. All members sit as independents. There are a few independent members of the other provincial and territorial legislatures, which are similar in principle to the federal House of Commons; for example, in the
3041:
In Ireland, constituency-based proportional representation, the comparative looseness of formal parties, and strong local sentiment have meant that independents have formed a significant part of the parliamentary landscape since the
2443:
352:
within their party's caucus. As these have been the only two parties to ever form government in Canada, only the Liberal and Conservative parties had been able to appoint new senators. Because Canadian senators are appointed by the
1130:, who would presumably break all ties in favor of the Republicans), to 49 Republicans, 50 Democrats, and one Independent. Jeffords agreed to vote for Democratic control of the Senate in exchange for being appointed chairman of the
539:
182:, the governing Liberal MPs voted identically on 99.6% of all votes, Conservative MPs on 99.5% of votes, and NDP MPs on 99.8% of votes. (Conservatives, Liberals, and NDP were the only three parties with enough MPs to qualify for
3663:
Other independent candidates are associated with a political party and may be former members of it, but cannot stand under its label. For instance, for several months after being expelled from the Labour Party but before the
1092:
of Virginia (who had been elected to his first term as a Democrat) in the 20th century. Some officials have been elected as members of a party but became independent while in office (without being elected as such), such as
4266:(in all cases after having held the seats in question as partisan candidates up until that point). Other politicians have become independents in the course of a parliamentary term, but not been voted into office as such.
674:
670:
654:
2430:
in 2007, defeating two administration candidates. When Panlilio eventually transferred to the Liberal Party in time for the 2010 election, it was ruled that he was beaten in the 2007 election; in 2010, he was defeated.
874:
candidate (which gave him better ballot placement than an unaffiliated candidate would receive), defeating the Democratic and Republican nominees. Another former governor who is sometimes mentioned as an independent is
5913:
1319:
and state legislative assemblies. In Malaysian elections, many independent candidates lose their election deposit because they had failed to secure at least 12.5% or one-eighth of the total votes cast. Independent
1725:
186:
in the 41st and 42nd parliaments.) Thanks to this strong party discipline, it is uncommon to see politicians who are otherwise affiliated with any of the main political parties act independently of their party.
397:
party caucus, and many Conservative Party senators kept their official partisan affiliations in public. During the 2019 federal election campaign, in response to reporters' questions, Conservative Party leader
1029:
547:
543:
2715:
However, it is nowadays rare to have independent politicians at national level, if only because independents usually affiliate themselves to an existing political grouping. Noteworthy independents include
1372:), thus causing no representation for independent MP for that time. However, as of June 2018 and December 2018, the number increased to 13 independent Members of Parliament that now currently sit in the
2655:
In the nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth century, most French national politicians were independents. The first modern French political parties date from the early 1900s (foundation of
1240:
and cited increasing partisanship to explain their decisions. After they changed their affiliations, the Senate had the highest number of independents in a single Congress since the ratification of the
3440:
laid down the first specific rules in the United Kingdom relating to the use of the term 'independent' by election candidates. That Act was repealed with most of its contents covered by Part II of the
4520:
3994:
1131:
551:
1287:
Independent candidates can contest elections on the basis of their personal appeal or to promote an ideology different from any party. Independents currently hold 6 seats in the upper house of the
3636:
Independent candidates often stand in British parliamentary elections, often with platforms about specific local issues, but usually without success. An example from the 2001 general election was
3424:(executive cabinet), there is no requirement for ministers to be MPs, or even have a political affiliation (though this has overwhelmingly been the case in modern times). This means that even the
3819:
3791:
2977:
Since World War II, only two ministers of (West) German cabinets have not been party members, though "on the ticket" of the major party in the coalition, the Social Democrats: Education Minister
2449:
In contesting elections, independent candidates, while can spend as much as those with parties can under the law, they are not able to tap in spending from a political party that nominated them.
315:. He also served as an independent, then ran as such in 2008 and retained his seat with 69% of the vote. Casey resigned from the Commons in 2009 but made a comeback in the same riding, now named
3208:
was required to be politically non-aligned with any party in both Austria and Liechtenstein. Regardless, however, no political parties existed in Liechtenstein until 1918 and all members of the
6441:
3834:. She died in 2014 while still serving as member of the Parliament. As she was elected as an independent regional MSP, there could be no by-election and her seat remained vacant until the
5958:
2321:, the three independents were the only non-members of the Nacionalista Party to win in the House of Representatives; this was also the start of independents being shut out in the Senate.
5008:
3807:
1242:
895:
530:
and holds no political party affiliation. As of June 7, 2015, he was elected Governor of Nuevo León, making history as the first independent candidate to win in the country.
3263:, represented in Sejm between 1991 and 2023), but they do not have to reach the nationwide threshold. However, during a Sejm term many members switch parties or become independents.
5167:
1472:
1407:
5843:
5033:
5871:
5535:
3708:
3540:
3452:
3441:
3001:(CDU) has not been conclusively established: although he served as Minister of Economics from 1949 to 1963 and as Federal Chancellor from 1963 to 1966, and was even elected CDU
2616:
from 1944 to 1946, did not want to be affiliated with any party. As the state regent/caretaker from December 1918 to July 1919, Mannerheim also stood as an independent in the
2832:. Such a candidate has to present 200 signatures in favor of their candidacy, the same as a candidate of a party that had no parliamentary presentation previously. The first
2687:
726:
960:
left the Republican party and became an independent. (He later became a Democrat.) He left the Republicans because he did not want to run against former state house Speaker
207:
487:
and therefore any citizen cannot be forced to remain in a specific political party and can join any other political group. It is common in each legislative period for some
5456:
3480:
3451:
Some groups in the United Kingdom who are not affiliated to any national or regional party have registered locality-based political parties. Some English examples are the
2435:
2416:
377:
6047:
5123:
Peale, Charles Willson; Madison, James; Sherman, Roger; Washington, George; Jefferson, Thomas; Monroe, James; Cooper, Thomas; Birch, William; Adams, Abigail (1787–1812).
3216:, independent candidates are allowed to run for both the Landtag and Prime Minister, though an independent candidate has not been elected to either position since 1921.
1182:
2793:. His presidency—though his powers are limited—constitutes an exception, as Independent politicians have rarely held high office in German history, at least not since
385:, a coalition of both newly appointed independent senators and formally partisan senators who had relinquished their formal party ties, alongside the also independent
5327:
1201:
until his retirement in 2013. In 2006, Sanders and Lieberman were the only two victorious independent candidates for Congress, both caucusing with the Democrats. In
3799:
3783:
1961:
elected 30 Members. In 2011 four candidates won seats in the National Assembly. In the 2013 General Election, nine seats were won by independents. In 2024 Pakistan
460:
964:
in the Republican primary for the U.S. Senate election, preferring to run in the general. Rubio won the election, though Crist came in ahead of Democratic nominee
5695:
2873:
6589:
5382:
5302:
3641:
3281:
is different, as the voting system allows independents to run as single candidates and some are elected in their own right. In the last parliamentary election (
3069:
It was not until the 2010s that independents would see a similar electoral success, with record scores for independents surpassing the previous interwar highs.
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:
949:
6018:
2383:. Here, parties are not able to present full 12-person slates in Senate elections, thus necessitating inter-party cooperation, that included independents. The
147:
5352:
5061:
3952:
3901:
3747:
3733:
3259:, or non-partisan movements, although the latter never reached the 5% threshold. National minorities candidates also form Voters' Electoral Committees (like
3205:
1178:
945:
received 18.13%. Strayhorn and Friedman's presence in the race resulted in a splitting of the ballot four ways between themselves and the two major parties.
880:
714:
710:
658:
555:
401:
said that if his party were elected to form government and he became prime minister, he would reinstate the practice of partisan appointments to the Senate.
191:
with many who do sit as such being initially elected as a part of a major party before either leaving voluntarily or being removed. In the first year of the
4516:
3578:. The by-election was unusual as it was the first time in over eighty years that an independent had held a seat previously occupied by another independent.
3243:
is elected by party-list ordination, which does not allow lone candidates to run, although since 2001 there has been a possibility to create a non-partisan
1126:
was especially significant because it shifted the Senate composition from 50 to 50 between the Republicans and Democrats (with a Republican Vice President,
6080:
1214:
1210:
1202:
364:
In 2014, as a response to growing public disapproval of the Senate and the perceived problems brought about by senator partisanship, Liberal Party leader
6241:
5098:
4494:
3975:
3888:
was expelled from Plaid Cymru on 16 January 2018 and sat as an independent AM until 2021. Nathan Gill stood down on 27 December 2017 and was replaced by
3563:
3437:
3312:
2930:
as non-partisans, usually recruited from the traditional bureaucratic, aristocratic and/or military elites. In the fierce political conflicts during the
2439:
5075:
2773:
from March 2012 to March 2017 and the first Federal President without party affiliation, was to date the most prominent independent politician. In the
6433:
4214:
3854:
3699:, an umbrella organisation dedicated to increasing the number of independent candidates standing in Britain, in both national and European elections.
259:
6551:
6525:
5481:
5408:
4687:
3544:
2813:
835:
753:
741:
722:
718:
686:
650:
642:
623:
279:
6780:
3598:
3405:
independent MP impossible. Once elected, the seat is personal; MPs may resign their party membership, or be stripped of it, while retaining their
3185:
2900:
6499:
3386:, saying that he believes the President should be an independent so that he serves the interests of the country rather than his political party.
605:
6643:
6617:
5947:
4547:
6181:
3649:
3486:
2364:
2360:
1174:
1025:
573:
441:
6267:
2671:
Once elected, independents tended to attach themselves to a parliamentary party. In some cases independent deputies banded together to form a
5527:
5012:
4663:
4573:
4329:
3681:
3456:
2412:
2392:
2372:
2334:
1859:
1596:
3047:
6379:
5279:
4218:
4011:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3555:
3548:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3502:
2998:
2621:
2567:
2555:
1568:
1553:
911:
449:
5835:
5150:
2887:. A representative who either leaves their party (and their parliamentary group) or is expelled from it and does not join another becomes
2571:
2305:, independents have been allowed to participate and have won seats. On that first election, independents had the most members, behind the
1369:
1328:
6464:
5505:
5044:
4052:
3513:
3260:
2751:
1321:
1272:
1271:
is made up of independents, or members whose political groups are represented by one sole member in the legislature. They are common in
1135:
1081:
31:
6465:"Who are the 'teal independents'? Your questions answered about the candidates fighting for some of Australia's wealthiest electorates"
3255:); they are by almost any means party lists, but no officially registered party is behind them. They can be unregistered parties, e.g.
6136:
3355:
3282:
3271:
3213:
3201:
2778:
2617:
2302:
1750:
1008:
1004:
972:
859:
843:
526:(born in 1957), sometimes referred to by his nickname "Bronco", is a Mexican politician and former governor for the northern state of
498:
39:
35:
282:
merged) for the 2004 election but was unsuccessful. Having retained his seat with 43% of the vote in 2004, he died in office in 2005.
6774:
4889:
4369:
4286:
4278:
4259:
3947:
to cater for them. A number of local authorities have been entirely or almost entirely composed of independent members, such as the
3835:
3831:
3827:
3775:
3771:
3717:
3618:
3228:
2895:, who had left the Green Party in 1987 and was excluded from the Green parliamentary group the next year, obtained more rights as a
2833:
2786:
2774:
2736:
2729:
2721:
1867:
1730:
1573:
1525:
1000:
930:
922:
855:
851:
827:
823:
815:
2438:, seven independents were elected, although all but two joined a political party after the elections. Independents can only run in
6211:
5987:
5773:
3011:
magazine have revealed a record at the CDU party archives created only in 1968, with the faked date of entry of early March 1949.
6849:
6722:
6357:
6327:
6297:
5249:
4242:
4222:
4210:
4206:
4111:
4048:
3059:
3036:
2318:
2314:
1740:
1268:
1190:
1085:
662:
619:
95:
4237:
became Independent senators in November 2014 and March 2015 respectively. Lambie was re-elected in 2019 with the support of the
2456:
politicians; the former are elected in openly partisan elections, while the latter participate in nonpartisan elections such as
170:
voted as a unified group on 76% of all votes, while members of the Liberal Party did so on 90% of all votes, and members of the
6040:
4345:
4041:
3575:
3567:
3297:
3027:) is independent. By convention, presidents of Iceland usually relinquish any party membership prior to or upon taking office.
2990:
2384:
2346:
1966:
1958:
1143:
907:
888:
690:
5124:
4768:
6854:
5812:
4380:, a former New Zealand First MP who was expelled from his party because of allegations of misappropriation of family assets.
3983:
3853:, campaigned and took the seat as an independent candidate at the subsequent by-election and held onto the seat again in the
3536:
3157:, was elected president in 2015 as an independent (he was member of the Constitutional Court at the moment of his election).
3095:
2868:
associations which have had success in local governments. Two such associations have managed to enter state parliaments: the
2528:
2495:
2469:
569:
320:
298:
294:
275:
267:
239:
227:, resigned from the Conservative caucus to sit as an independent, becoming the second independent MP of the 44th Parliament.
211:
179:
163:
6411:
5643:
523:
5558:
3094:(the upper house of the Irish parliament), representing 16% of the total. Two of these are elected by the graduates of the
604:
would eventually destroy the country, and famously warned against "the baneful effects of the spirit of party" in his 1796
3990:
2982:
1831:
1624:
1237:
243:
151:
4713:
618:
in September 1841, and effectively remained an independent for the remainder of his presidency. He later returned to the
290:
6696:
5189:
3979:
3944:
3933:
3633:, a Conservative who had the whip withdrawn for part of the parliament and thus sat as an independent during that time.
2798:
1823:
1667:
1652:
319:, when he was elected as a Liberal in 2015. He sat in the House for the 42nd Parliament and did not seek re-election in
312:
167:
5703:
5665:
4986:
4091:, while McGowan retired, and both Phelps and Banks lost their seats. However, two new independents entered parliament:
3943:
Independent candidates frequently stand and are elected to local councils. There is a special Independent group of the
693:
but receiving 19 percent of the popular vote and, early in the election season, leading in polls against his opponents
6586:
5390:
4469:
4373:
4325:
4114:, a record ten independents were elected to the House of Representatives, including re-elected members Andrew Wilkie (
4033:
3150:
3073:
3063:
3055:
3051:
2329:
1510:
589:
215:
controversy because many voters had not known that the Liberals had expelled him before casting their votes. In 2022,
203:
6010:
3024:
1390:
1097:
of Oregon, who left the Republican party to become an independent, then joined the Democratic Party two years later.
311:
riding of Cumberland—Colchester—Musquoduboit Valley, was expelled from the Conservative Party for voting against the
921:
There were several unsuccessful independent gubernatorial candidates in 2006 who impacted their electoral races. In
5360:
4742:
4282:
4064:
4025:
3948:
3865:
3521:
2782:
1925:
In Nepal, there are some independent politicians, specially in local government. Independent politician and rapper
1361:
1061:
615:
480:
382:
353:
231:
126:
4905:
4352:
and retained the seat in the 2011 General Election. There were also two other parties which had only a single MP:
316:
4454:
4274:
3964:
3468:
3308:
2676:
2668:, or associate), and not until after 1945 that structured political parties came to dominate parliamentary work.
2575:
2551:
2408:
2310:
1276:
1194:
768:
4213:. He resigned from the Australian Senate in 2017 to contest a seat in the House of Assembly of South Australia.
2844:
legislature, and state ministers without party membership are just as rare as at the federal level. However, in
5215:
4349:
4337:
4171:
3960:
3889:
3464:
3425:
3336:
3320:
3301:
3209:
3154:
2680:
2632:
1962:
390:
357:
339:
192:
175:
159:
115:
6233:
4490:
3940:. He was subsequently re-admitted to the Labour Party in December 2003 before his first re-election campaign.
3830:
Margo MacDonald was again returned as an independent MSP and was elected as an independent for the third time
2625:
2488:
1181:
from 1991 to 2007. Sanders is the longest-serving independent member of Congress in American history. Also in
224:
6072:
5747:
5328:"RFK Jr. announces he is creating new party to get on California ballot in presidential run - CBS Sacramento"
4037:
4017:
3909:
3823:
3811:
3610:
3571:
3347:
3324:
3115:
2967:
2879:
An independent member of parliament, who also is not a member of a voters' association, holds the status of
2829:
2694:
2368:
1221:
1161:
won the Senate seat being vacated by the retiring Jim Jeffords as an independent, subsequently reelected in
942:
479:
However, becoming an independent politician after being elected is protected by virtue of Article 25 of the
386:
143:
61:
or bureaucratic association. There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent.
5431:
4906:"Scheer stands by vow to return to partisan Senate, make patronage appointments - National | Globalnews.ca"
3864:
as the then leader of UKIP Wales defected from the group to sit as an independent after a falling out with
297:
with 39% of the vote. He was the only independent to win a seat in that election; he was re-elected in the
5404:
4449:
4397:
4021:
3956:
3653:
3622:
3274:
were formally non-partisan, Civic Platform was widely viewed as a de facto political party, as it is now.
3099:
2947:
2907:
2869:
2661:
2657:
1338:
484:
263:
6547:
6521:
5720:"HS-gallup | Presidentti Niinistö saa yhä huippuarvosanat kansalta – hänen työtään ei moiti juuri kukaan"
4186:, due to their use of the colour teal in campaigning material, similar policy platforms and support from
5896:
4238:
4179:
4155:
4139:
4119:
4096:
4076:
3606:
3359:
3351:
2911:
2840:
level, the situation is more or less the same: only party members have a real chance to be elected to a
2544:
1558:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1354:
870:
is sometimes mentioned as an independent governor, though this is not technically correct; he ran as an
757:
689:. Out of all independent candidates since Washington, Perot performed the best, gaining no votes in the
512:
428:
183:
6749:
6102:
5583:
3396:
party until 26 May 2012, but even then was not its member, thus formally was and still is independent.
760:
created "We the People" parties in several states for the same purpose, even though he is Independent.
68:
Office-holders may become independents after losing or repudiating affiliation with a political party.
6833:
6670:
6491:
4340:'s leadership resulted in his being expelled from the Labour caucus, while Harawira resigned from the
6648:
6606:
6469:
6204:"Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 - Part II "Registration of Political Parties""
4543:
4084:
3921:
3917:
3880:. Elis-Thomas said his reason for leaving Plaid Cymru was that it not serious about working with the
3421:
3118:
3020:
2849:
2770:
2755:
2747:
2691:
2613:
2587:
2532:
2400:
2359:
declared martial law in 1972, dissolved Congress, and promulgated a new constitution that led to the
2338:
1629:
1304:
1233:
1198:
1077:
915:
678:
436:
327:
171:
6263:
6173:
5609:
2797:. It has nevertheless happened that a presidential candidate without any chances of election by the
2598:
637:
Since 1900, notable candidates running as independents for U.S. president have included congressman
630:, but withdrew over fear he would split the Democratic vote and give the election to Whig candidate
4298:
4226:
4147:
4060:
3676:
3602:
3375:
3289:
3181:
2963:
2955:
2892:
2884:
2825:
2709:
2705:
2609:
1530:
1414:
1288:
1150:
who, while running for re-election, died weeks prior. Barkley refused to caucus with either party.
871:
601:
488:
373:
331:
235:
111:
4569:
3077:
2675:
of their own. In 1932, for instance, there were four technical groups created: the left-of-centre
991:
after previously campaigning in the state's Democratic primary. As a result, Democratic candidate
4968:
4857:
4743:"Expelled Liberal candidate says he'll sit as an Independent as angry voters call for byelection"
4629:
4464:
4163:
4131:
3913:
3869:
3304:
3142:
2959:
2915:
2821:
2790:
2606:
2457:
2380:
2306:
1138:, when the Republicans regained their majority. Jeffords retired at the end of his term in 2007.
984:
730:
585:
335:
6158:
5271:
3081:
2938:, several chancellors and Reich Ministers also had no party affiliation: these chancellors were
278:. He sought the nomination for the Conservative Party (re-created in 2003 when the Alliance and
338:. She was returned to Parliament with 32% of the vote. After sitting as an independent for the
142:
During the earliest Canadian Parliaments, a lack of coherent political identity among both the
6770:
5513:
5159:
4987:"'Dwight Ball, you can dismiss me, but you can't defeat me': Eddie Joyce nabs seat once again"
4960:
4885:
4849:
4669:
4659:
4621:
4444:
4439:
4290:
4194:
4183:
4115:
4088:
4029:
3759:
3494:
3460:
3316:
3300:
and he was elected without full support of this union (Solidarity votes split between him and
3293:
3146:
3091:
3005:
in 1966, it seems that he never signed a membership form or paid contributions. Researches by
2923:
2837:
2836:
saw three independents elected; since then, no party-independent candidate has won a seat. At
2636:
2388:
2350:
1601:
1107:
1089:
698:
565:
271:
6760:
6381:
Annual Council & Extraordinary General Purposes Committee - Thursday 25 May 2023, 6:30pm
6177:
6132:
4950:
4937:
VandenBeukel, Jason Robert; Cochrane, Christopher; Godbout, Jean-François (11 August 2021).
4841:
4613:
4434:
4318:
4123:
4104:
4068:
3278:
3043:
2861:
2396:
2356:
2325:
1346:
1102:
1049:
811:
638:
593:
577:
445:
255:
130:
5983:
4829:
2317:
also saw independents participating and winning one seat. In the Nacionalista landslide of
1957:
Pakistan also has independent politicians standing in elections. Pakistan's Parliament has
887:
affiliate, which later disaffiliated from the party and reverted to its original name, the
174:(NDP) did so on 100% of votes. This unity further increased in subsequent years, as in the
6593:
4419:
4361:
4344:
and, after a short period as an independent, also resigned as an MP in order to force the
4302:
4269:
The last person to be directly elected to Parliament as an independent in New Zealand was
4198:
4151:
3929:
3925:
3904:
in several parts of England has witnessed the election of independents to run councils in
3803:
3795:
3755:
3737:
3669:
3379:
3177:
2970:) himself, were regarded as apolitical cabinets of experts with regard to the rise of the
2951:
2931:
2725:
2672:
2502:
2342:
1365:
1123:
926:
802:
have elected formally independent candidates as governor: Illinois's first two governors,
72:
58:
3750:
with any grouping, whilst another, larger, grouping is given the official designation of
2717:
286:
91:
3551:, becoming the only independent in recent times to have been elected for a second term.
3485:
Before the twentieth century it was fairly common for independents to be elected to the
2631:
Also, after serving six years on his first term as the 12th President of Finland in the
6203:
5781:
4414:
4341:
4270:
3968:
3905:
3815:
3779:
3743:
3630:
3498:
3389:
3354:
since 6 March 2016, was elected on 24 January 2016 while being a leading member of the
3328:
3267:
3134:
3126:
2845:
2453:
2423:
2404:
2376:
1657:
1342:
1333:
1225:
1158:
1147:
1033:
996:
980:
938:
863:
831:
706:
365:
99:
6349:
6319:
6289:
5719:
5241:
5076:"Alcalde electo en Barva se desmarca del Frente Amplio: "No tengo relación con ellos""
701:. Additionally, McMullin received 21 percent of the popular vote in his home state of
6843:
6806:
6797:
6644:"ACT elects David Pocock as first independent senator, unseating Liberal Zed Seselja"
5405:"Vermont Independent Sen. Bernie Sanders says he may run for president as a Democrat"
4972:
4861:
4633:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4333:
4234:
4230:
4202:
4175:
4092:
4072:
4056:
3665:
3594:
3393:
3383:
3122:
2994:
2978:
2927:
2766:
2506:
1934:
1926:
1515:
1386:
1186:
1041:
965:
957:
934:
876:
803:
764:
682:
597:
527:
398:
17:
2728:
was an independent politician as Minister, but formed his own party to stand in the
6750:"Introduction: Analysing and Categorising Political Parties in the Pacific Islands"
5748:"HS: Niinistön suosio jopa huipussaan – vain prosentti kansalaisista tyytymättömiä"
4314:
4310:
4246:
4143:
4100:
3937:
3892:. Mandy Jones left the UKIP group on 9 January 2018 over a fallout over her staff.
3881:
3846:
3729:
3490:
3332:
3188:. She was also the first female and independent elected leader in the whole of the
3138:
2986:
2939:
2853:
2802:
2794:
2403:
increased the number of major candidates running as independents, with broadcaster
1872:
1672:
1373:
1350:
1316:
1139:
1119:
1057:
1037:
899:
839:
807:
791:
705:
but received little support from the remainder of the country. Independent senator
694:
251:
6403:
5804:
5432:"Sen. Joe Manchin leaves Democratic Party, registers as an independent - CBS News"
1197:) after he lost the primary. After the election, Lieberman enrolled himself as an
5635:
5190:"10 Candidates Who Spent Giant Sums of Their Personal Wealth - Ross Perot (Lost)"
4205:
was the only elected independent senator after his election to the Senate at the
2812:
parliament nearly all deputies belong to a political party. The voting system of
2735:
From 2001 to 2008, "without label" was no longer used in the nomenclature of the
1965:
backed independent candidates won 94 seats as the party was officially banned by
1209:
was elected to the U.S. Senate as an Independent from Maine. He was reelected in
6130:'s 1997 election was the first election of an Independent in the UK since 1951:
6127:
4424:
4357:
4294:
4263:
4187:
4159:
4080:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3861:
3787:
3657:
3637:
3509:
3363:
3256:
3224:
3130:
3088:
3002:
2943:
2935:
2865:
2801:
was not a party member: for example, in 1984 the Greens came up with the writer
2684:
2547:
1938:
1836:
1229:
1127:
1094:
961:
867:
847:
666:
627:
456:
452:
308:
216:
196:
5774:"Nuance politique attribuée aux maires des communes de moins de 3500 habitants"
4601:
2899:, for example more talking time and representation in a subcommittee, when the
2460:. Local legislatures may find itself with independent and nonpartisan members.
995:
was elected as governor with a plurality of 49%. Also in 2014, former mayor of
5921:
4955:
4939:"Birds of a Feather? Loyalty and Partisanship in the Reformed Canadian Senate"
4938:
4882:
Constitutional Pariah: Reference re Senate Reform and the Future of Parliament
4673:
4617:
4459:
4306:
4167:
4135:
3751:
3692:
3645:
3626:
2971:
2524:
1206:
819:
745:
646:
631:
611:
581:
472:
304:
210:. Vuong had originally campaigned as a member of the Liberal Party during the
6765:
5866:
5482:"Senator Joe Manchin Changes His Registration from Democratic to Independent"
5163:
4964:
4853:
4845:
4625:
4281:
electorate as an independent after having previously held it a member of the
2590:
are forced to relinquish membership from any political party they may be in.
5673:
5528:"Balendra 'Balen' Shah, Sunita Dangol set to become KMC Mayor, Deputy-mayor"
3850:
3841:
3696:
3559:
3103:
3007:
2828:—299 of the seats in parliament are distributed by districts according to a
2809:
2476:
1946:
1930:
1913:
candidates the voting population must do so at independent voting stations.
1264:
1053:
992:
884:
5125:"Formation of Political Parties - Creating the United States | Exhibitions"
5041:
Departamento de Servicios Técnicos de la Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica
4653:
3554:
Two independent (or local party) members of parliament were elected in the
3141:(2021–2022) were independent when they were in office. Ciampi was also the
540:
List of third party and independent performances in United States elections
5610:"Gopal Hamal: A trader-turned-social worker is now the mayor of Dhangadhi"
5303:"RFK Jr. Starting New Political Parties In Effort To Expand Ballot Access"
4769:"Quebec MP Alain Rayes leaves Conservative caucus after Poilievre victory"
4221:
became an independent senator in September 2014, but lost his seat in the
3766:
Scottish Parliament, Senedd (Welsh Parliament) and Northern Irish Assembly
3084:(the lower house of the Irish parliament), representing 14% of the total.
4830:"A nonpartisan legislative chamber: The influence of the Canadian Senate"
4688:"Independent MPs usually start off in parties and rarely win an election"
4429:
4313:. Others have joined parties which were then outside Parliament, such as
3685:
3505:, standing as an independent, after the Labour Party had deselected him.
2817:
2427:
1696:
1684:
1588:
1502:
1146:
was appointed a day before the 2002 elections to fill the senate seat of
1098:
1065:
976:
903:
779:
749:
572:
elected as an independent to date. Washington opposed the development of
406:
5216:"United States presidential election of 1992 | United States government"
4126:). Seven new independents were elected to the House of Representatives:
3876:
group later in 2016 after multiple fallings out with Plaid Cymru leader
3746:
includes many peers independent from political parties. Some are simply
3648:
ran the football club. Another example an independent candidate, in the
3524:. He was the first independent to be newly elected to the Commons since
3409:
seats to become independent to become what is commonly referred to as a
2407:
topping the Senate election. He was a guest candidate of the opposition
4602:"The Emergence of Parties in the Canadian House of Commons (1867–1908)"
3406:
3189:
2841:
2379:
succeeded Marcos, and promulgated a new constitution that ushered in a
1896:
1851:
1300:
1122:
left the Republican Party to become an independent in 2001. Jeffords's
953:
734:
432:
230:
Independent politicians have on occasion held considerable sway in the
200:
134:
appear with their name only. The two options are otherwise equivalent.
4249:
was elected, becoming the first independent senator from a territory.
3558:, although both were defeated five years later. In the same election,
2993:
in 1991. A special case is the former Federal Minister and Chancellor
2399:, who both teamed up to stage coups during the Aquino presidency. The
4348:
when he was re-elected as representative of his new political party,
4127:
3166:
2480:
1942:
1884:
1791:
1702:
1616:
988:
799:
787:
476:
of candidates for elected positions according to the Electoral Code.
220:
3936:
as an independent, having run against the official Labour candidate
3315:, but formally resigned from the party after he was elected, as did
3296:
was not an endorsed candidate of any party, but the chairman of the
6614:
Australian Electoral Commission: Tally Room - 2022 Federal Election
4806:
Thomas, Paul G. (2019). "Moving Toward a New and Improved Senate".
3520:, having stood on an anti-corruption platform, defeating incumbent
5948:"Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862-2021"
2857:
2852:', cities' and municipalities' assemblies, as well as member of a
2597:
1890:
1815:
1708:
1690:
1644:
1545:
1357:(Bagan Serai). It did not last beyond the 12th General Elections.
795:
783:
502:
5918:
European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission)
5151:"The 1992 Campaign: On the Trail – Poll Gives Perot a Clear Lead"
3102:. There is also one independent senator who was nominated by the
2848:
it may occur that an independent politician is elected deputy to
2648:
In France, independent politicians are frequently categorised as
2324:
After independence was granted by the United States in 1946, the
1379:
At the same time in December 2018, almost all members from Sabah
548:
List of third-party and independent United States state governors
544:
Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress
334:
after being expelled from cabinet and the Liberal Party over the
4393:
3240:
1380:
1045:
702:
195:, the House of Commons featured one sitting independent member:
5584:"5 reasons why new Dharan mayor, Harka Sampang Rai, stands out"
4404:
independents. The government depends on an informal coalition.
4201:
served from 1975 to 2005 with considerable influence at times.
4182:). Several of the newly elected independents have been branded
3528:. He stood unsuccessfully in a different constituency in 2001.
1726:
List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present)
254:
was elected to the House as an independent MP representing the
4262:, although two independent candidates have been successful in
3428:
could technically be an independent if chosen by the Riksdag.
1393:
and became an independent MP fighting for education activist.
552:
Third-party members of state legislatures of the United States
2353:, widow of Gaudencio Antonino who died on election eve, won.
1327:
In 2010, a group of independent MPs who were sacked from the
6607:"Australian Capital Territory - Distribution of Preferences"
5457:"Sen. Kyrsten Sinema: Why I'm registering as an independent"
4600:
Godbout, Jean-François; Høyland, Bjørn (23 September 2013).
4396:, there have been no political parties since 2003, when the
2754:
as an independent candidate, becoming the first-ever female
2411:
but he never joined their campaign rallies. In 2004, he ran
1941:
were also elected as Mayor of some of the major cities like
752:, and elsewhere to gain ballot access in several states. In
717:, but ultimately did not appear on the ballot in either the
501:
to become independents, and this has also happened with the
71:
Independents sometimes choose to form a party, alliance, or
6807:"Elected Without a Party, Lieberman Will Remain a Democrat"
6106:
4336:. Carter became an independent after his criticisms of the
3640:
supporter Ian Robinson, who stood as an independent in the
234:
in recent years, as Canada has been governed by successive
1003:
won the gubernatorial election. Walker retired before the
5353:"Charlie Crist Comes Under Fire For Pulling Party Switch"
1134:, and the Democrats held control of the Senate until the
4491:"Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988"
262:. Cadman was first elected to represent the riding as a
6234:"Electoral Administration Act 2006 - Explanatory Notes"
6174:"Tycoon finances 'X Factor' party to clean up politics"
6011:"Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa suspendeu a militância no PSD"
4884:. Vancouver: UBCPress. pp. 100–102, 104–105, 133.
4714:"Current Members of Parliament - Members of Parliament"
3581:
Only one independent was elected to the Commons in the
3392:, the current president of Russia, was the head of the
3212:
were elected as independents. Under the currently used
1299:
The only independent Israeli politician elected to the
5240:
McCombs, Brady; Price, Michelle L. (9 November 2016).
4493:(in Portuguese). Palácio do Planalto. 5 October 1988.
3656:, a local activist and self-declared reincarnation of
2652:("without label") in municipal or district elections.
2363:, where one independent won, independents also won in
1976:
1473:
Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament
1467:
Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
1408:
Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament
1360:
As of May 2018, three independent MPs were elected in
763:
Several other candidates for federal races, including
6103:"History of East YorkshireLearn about East Yorkshire"
5636:"Azerbaijan election: Ruling party wins amid boycott"
5242:"GOP call to 'come home' helps Trump win big in Utah"
3709:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
3541:
Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern
3453:
Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern
3442:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
5903:
Vaduz: Landtag of the Principality of Liechtenstein.
4519:(in Portuguese). Senado Notícias. 10 February 2015.
4209:
and was re-elected for another six-year term at the
4016:
Independents are a recurrent feature of the federal
2688:
Independents for Economic, Social and Peasant Action
1076:
There have been several independents elected to the
5914:"Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein"
1383:quit the party and became independent politicians.
941:received 12.43% of the vote, and State Comptroller
929:(formerly a Democrat) received 21% of the vote. In
342:, Wilson-Raybould did not seek re-election in 2021.
301:
with 33% of the vote. Arthur lost his seat in 2011.
238:(five of the seven that have been formed since the
6384:(Webcast). Central Bedfordshire Council Webcasting
5872:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
5718:
5149:
4517:"PEC permite candidatura avulsa a cargos eletivos"
3986:in England to have an independent administration.
3481:List of UK minor party and independent MPs elected
378:Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments
125:In Canadian federal politics, members of both the
330:ran as an independent candidate in the riding of
4544:"Proposta de Emenda à Constituição nº6, de 2015"
4197:are quite rare. In modern politics, Independent
2974:; many of the ministers were not party members.
2602:Marshal Mannerheim, the 6th President of Finland
242:) with independent MPs sometimes sharing in the
27:Individual not affiliated to any political party
6723:"Dunne Welcomes UnitedFuture's Re-Registration"
6596:, results.aec.gov.au, accessed 22 November 2020
3547:. Taylor was re-elected for Wyre Forest at the
3292:since 1990 have technically been independents.
3165:The majority of the elected representatives in
2816:(since 1949) allows any individual holding the
461:2019 Newfoundland and Labrador general election
6463:Hawley, Sam; Smiley, Stephen (20 April 2022).
5559:"'Balen' canes parties with the walking stick"
3868:, who was elected UKIP Assembly group leader.
3684:. The Independent Network does not impose any
3672:MP described himself as "Independent Labour".
2989:only shortly after his appointment joined the
2874:Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters
2419:and won with just under majority of the vote.
1011:. He didn't win but received 20% of the vote.
725:presidential elections, though he did receive
3285:) four independents won seats in the Senate.
3180:was elected the first female and Independent
2679:, with 12 deputies; the centre-right liberal
2472:, there was only one independent local head:
1315:Independents have rarely been elected to the
1132:Senate Environment and Public Works Committee
1080:throughout history. Notable examples include
918:as an independent, but lost by 15,000 votes.
506:
492:
8:
5984:"The Constitution of the Republic of Poland"
5383:"Democrat David Ige elected Hawaii governor"
4047:At the dissolution of parliament before the
3734:Non-affiliated members of the House of Lords
3688:or political influence on their candidates.
2864:. In recent years, independents have formed
2527:, there are many independent members of the
715:2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
556:List of party switchers in the United States
6697:"United Future applies to be re-registered"
3566:. Law died on 25 April 2006: the resulting
3489:, but there have been very few since 1945.
2415:as a guest candidate of the administration
463:, two independent candidates were elected.
5702:(in Finnish). 14 July 2012. Archived from
3543:party was elected for the constituency of
3438:Registration of Political Parties Act 1998
3313:Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland
3106:and four elected by the technical panels.
3087:There are ten independent senators in the
2789:the candidate of all major parties except
2452:Independent candidates are different from
2335:1961 Philippine vice presidential election
2301:Ever since the first elections during the
1917:between independent candidates is banned.
1759:
1476:
6764:
6404:"Q&A: Police and crime commissioners"
6041:"Introduction to standing as a candidate"
4954:
3448:) or no ballot paper description at all.
3378:have been independents. Former president
3050:(parliament), independents accounted for
2640:handled the presidency "Very favorably".
6757:Political Parties in the Pacific Islands
5276:Office of the Vermont Secretary of State
2814:personalized proportional representation
2550:is an independent with support from the
2498:, there was one independent local head:
2487:On 6 August 2019, Ko Wen-je founded the
1720:Malaysian State Assembly Representatives
983:ran as an independent candidate for the
57:is a politician not affiliated with any
6350:"UKIP rejects new AM in row over staff"
6290:"Neil McEvoy expelled from Plaid group"
6159:"Launchdate of the Independent Network"
5892:
5890:
5351:Farrington, Brendan (27 October 2010).
5009:"Reglamento de la Asamblea Legislativa"
4482:
3186:2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
3149:, despite being a former member of the
2690:, with six deputies; and the far-right
2436:2010 House of Representatives elections
2367:. Marcos was overthrown after the 1986
1462:Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
102:was independent between 2019 and 2021.
6264:"Independent MSP Margo MacDonald dies"
5805:"Begriff: Unabhängiger Direktkandidat"
5099:"George Washington's Farewell Warning"
4324:There were two independent MPs in the
4036:. In 2013 a political party named the
3703:Independent and undescribed candidates
3487:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
2361:1978 Philippine parliamentary election
1559:Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal
1441:Amir Hamzah Azizan – appointed by the
1423:Mohd Na'im Mokhtar – appointed by the
1175:United States House of Representatives
1173:. He was an independent member of the
1026:United States House of Representatives
879:, who actually ran as a member of the
744:, Nader formed Independent Parties in
442:2009 British Columbia general election
166:—the elected members of the governing
6083:from the original on 10 November 2016
5990:from the original on 16 February 2017
5964:from the original on 16 February 2024
5928:from the original on 11 February 2022
5924:. 27 November 2002 . pp. 22–23.
5252:from the original on 23 February 2020
4943:Canadian Journal of Political Science
4932:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4606:Canadian Journal of Political Science
3828:2007 Scottish Parliamentary elections
3814:to become an independent and in 2005
3772:2003 Scottish Parliamentary elections
3691:In March 2009, the multi-millionaire
3682:Lord Nolan's Standards of Public Life
3457:Epsom and Ewell Residents Association
2981:(1969–1972), and Minister of Economy
2442:elections, and cannot participate in
2393:1998 Philippine presidential election
2373:1986 Philippine presidential election
1978:Independents in elections since 1987
1453:Salehuddin Saidin – appointed by the
1224:, former members of Democratic Party
771:), have pursued a similar strategy.
576:, which had begun to solidify as the
7:
6786:from the original on 10 January 2024
6554:from the original on 29 October 2014
6502:from the original on 21 October 2015
6414:from the original on 15 October 2014
6139:from the original on 17 October 2015
6053:from the original on 2 February 2017
5846:from the original on 26 October 2013
5836:"Ludwig Erhard war nie CDU-Mitglied"
5834:Walter Wüllenweber (25 April 2007).
5538:from the original on 10 January 2024
5411:from the original on 17 October 2014
4736:
4734:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4012:Independent politicians in Australia
3993:elected in England and Wales in the
2775:German presidential election of 2010
2345:. The first breakthrough was in the
497:, term used for legislators) of the
427:The territorial legislatures of the
372:Following the election of a Liberal
289:was elected in the Quebec riding of
6320:"Nathan Gill resigns from assembly"
5865:Wille, Herbert (31 December 2011).
4767:Connolly, Amanda; Boutilier, Alex.
4741:Burke, Ashley (22 September 2021).
4658:. Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 8.
4655:Whipped: party discipline in Canada
4400:disbanded, and all politicians are
4053:Australian House of Representatives
3261:German Minority Electoral Committee
2752:2018 Georgian presidential election
2683:, with 26 deputies; the right-wing
1232:joined Sanders and King and became
423:Provincial and territorial politics
274:, Reform's successor party, in the
32:Independence Party (disambiguation)
6805:Yoest, Patrick (8 November 2006).
6800:. BBC World News. 20 October 2006.
6798:"Clare Short resigns as Labour MP"
6444:from the original on 30 March 2015
6184:from the original on 16 March 2009
6021:from the original on 17 April 2016
5407:. Yahoo! News. 14 September 2014.
4576:from the original on 16 March 2017
4245:, independent senator for the ACT
3762:) do not have party affiliations.
3214:1921 Constitution of Liechtenstein
3202:1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein
2966:, a non-partisan (though strongly
2903:decided partially in their favor.
2712:under the banner "without label".
2566:After an inconclusive election in
2422:In the local level, former priest
2371:after he allegedly cheated in the
2303:1907 Philippine Assembly elections
1751:Sarawak State Legislative Assembly
1447:Zulkifli Hasan – appointed by the
1429:Low Kian Chuan – appointed by the
524:Jaime Heliodoro Rodríguez Calderón
499:Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica
270:and re-elected as a member of the
40:Independent Party (disambiguation)
36:Independent Group (disambiguation)
25:
6623:from the original on 14 June 2022
6528:from the original on 2 April 2015
6492:"Senate Results: South Australia"
6360:from the original on 18 July 2018
6330:from the original on 18 July 2018
6300:from the original on 18 July 2018
6270:from the original on 6 April 2014
6135:. London: Guardian. 3 June 2008.
6009:Valente, Liliana (1 April 2016).
5815:from the original on 9 April 2019
5646:from the original on 4 March 2020
5389:. 4 November 2014. Archived from
5170:from the original on Apr 11, 2020
4828:Bridgman, Aengus (6 April 2020).
4572:(in Portuguese). Senado Federal.
4550:from the original on 1 April 2017
4546:(in Portuguese). Senado Federal.
4523:from the original on 1 April 2017
3826:to become an independent. At the
3718:Electoral Administration Act 2006
3562:was elected as an independent at
3229:Prime Minister of the Netherlands
3145:between 1999 and 2006. President
3046:state: in the early elections to
2985:(1998–2002). Minister of Justice
2574:was named the first non-partisan
1731:Pahang State Legislative Assembly
1574:Iskandar Dzulkarnain Abdul Khalid
1435:Awang Sariyan – appointed by the
1169:and is running for reelection in
906:, a former Democrat, was elected
657:(in 1996 under the newly founded
6642:Gore, Charlotte (14 June 2022).
6244:from the original on 23 May 2018
6214:from the original on 23 May 2018
5717:Kervinen, Elina (14 July 2021).
5282:from the original on 28 May 2019
5272:"Vermont Election Night Results"
4243:2022 Australian federal election
3080:(parliamentary deputies) in the
3037:Independent politician (Ireland)
1844:
1808:
1784:
1741:Sabah State Legislative Assembly
1637:
1609:
1581:
1538:
1495:
1331:formed a political block called
150:parties is known to have led to
6834:Independent Candidate Directory
6438:Australian Electoral Commission
6172:Gourlay, Chris (8 March 2009).
6073:"Electoral Administration Bill"
5666:"Mustafazadə Aytən İnqlab qızı"
5506:"KONSENSUS BEBAS formed today!"
5097:Avlon, John (10 January 2017).
5064:(in Spanish). 2 September 2009.
4497:from the original on 5 May 2016
4289:, he had formed his own party (
4051:, four independents sat in the
4042:Australian Electoral Commission
3967:(Western Isles Council) in the
3644:in protest at the way chairman
2618:July 1919 presidential election
2385:1995 Philippine Senate election
2347:1967 Philippine Senate election
1967:Election Commission of Pakistan
1195:Connecticut for Lieberman Party
1144:Independence Party of Minnesota
889:Independence Party of Minnesota
622:and briefly sought election in
5746:Perälä, Elisa (14 July 2021).
5557:Ghimire, Binod (26 May 2022).
5480:Winger, Richard (2024-05-31).
5430:Watson, Kathryn (2024-05-31).
4376:there was one independent MP:
3991:police and crime commissioners
3778:were elected as Independents:
3609:because of its links with the
3319:, who was the first leader of
3096:National University of Ireland
3074:Irish general election in 2020
2883:, i.e., not affiliated to any
2496:2022 Taiwanese local elections
2470:2018 Taiwanese local elections
2387:saw two independents winning:
2328:between the Nacionalistas and
164:2011 Canadian federal election
1:
5696:"Mannerheimkin tanssi tangoa"
5512:. 7 June 2010. Archived from
3855:2007 Welsh Assembly elections
3642:Sutton Coldfield constituency
2997:, whose affiliation with the
2962:appointed by Reich President
1193:and ran under a third party (
6671:"United Future deregistered"
6587:First preferences (Tasmania)
5809:Unabhängige Direktkandidaten
5043:(in Spanish). Archived from
5011:(in Spanish). Archived from
3945:Local Government Association
3576:Blaenau Gwent People's Voice
3076:, there were 23 independent
2901:Federal Constitutional Court
2777:he was the candidate of the
2391:(who later ran and lost the
2280:
2227:
2180:
2127:
2080:
2030:
2027:
937:singer and mystery novelist
448:narrowly defeated incumbent
6748:Rich, Roland (April 2008),
5326:Large, Steve (2024-01-16).
4880:Macfarlane, Emmett (2021).
4470:Third party (United States)
4374:50th New Zealand Parliament
4326:49th New Zealand Parliament
4034:National Party of Australia
3469:East Yorkshire Independents
3245:Voters' Electoral Committee
2897:fraktionsloser Abgeordneter
2891:. In 1989 the Bundestag MP
2881:fraktionsloser Abgeordneter
2554:. Radev was elected in the
2426:was elected as governor of
1769:Parliamentary Constituency
1277:geographical constituencies
1088:) in the 19th century, and
1028:has also seen a handful of
645:, billionaire entrepreneur
511:) of the municipalities of
6871:
5803:Martin Fehndrich (2012) .
5078:(in Spanish). 4 March 2016
5062:"Código Electoral Nº 8765"
4718:House of Commons of Canada
4026:Liberal Party of Australia
4009:
3949:City of London Corporation
3727:
3478:
3382:declined an offer to join
3034:
2999:Christian Democratic Union
2958:(1932–1933). The last two
2834:Bundestag election in 1949
2730:2017 presidential election
2722:2007 presidential election
2556:2016 presidential election
1723:
1470:
1405:
537:
481:Constitution of Costa Rica
383:Independent Senators Group
354:Governor General of Canada
232:House of Commons of Canada
109:
29:
6434:"Australian Independents"
6077:United Kingdom parliament
5614:OnlineKhabar English News
5588:OnlineKhabar English News
4956:10.1017/S0008423921000548
4949:(4): 840, 841, 845, 846.
4618:10.1017/s0008423913000632
3989:Roughly a quarter of the
3965:Comhairle nan Eilean Siar
3792:Strathkelvin and Bearsden
3253:komitet wyborczy wyborców
3227:has been the independent
3206:Governor of Liechtenstein
2710:president of the Republic
2576:Prime Minister of Croatia
2552:Bulgarian Socialist Party
1881:
1795:
1681:
1635:
1536:
1493:
1275:, and are not rare among
1273:functional constituencies
1157:, independent politician
769:Connecticut for Lieberman
729:of the popular vote as a
600:. Washington feared that
592:faction, centered around
580:faction, centered around
280:Progressive Conservatives
55:non-affiliated politician
6836:(archived 26 March 2018)
6766:10.22459/pppi.04.2008.01
6046:. Electoral Commission.
4846:10.1177/1354068820911345
4040:was registered with the
3961:Shetland Islands Council
3518:general election of 1997
3465:Derwentside Independents
3210:Landtag of Liechtenstein
2946:(1925–1926), the former
2737:Ministry of the Interior
2681:Independents of the Left
2633:National Coalition Party
2409:Pwersa ng Masa coalition
1929:was elected as Mayor of
1486:Parliament Constituency
1391:Homeland Fighters' Party
1213:and is running again in
1020:House of Representatives
444:, independent candidate
391:Progressive Senate Group
369:elected Prime Minister.
291:Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier
193:44th Canadian Parliament
160:41st Canadian Parliament
116:Independent Conservative
6850:Independent politicians
6548:"Senator Jacqui Lambie"
5220:Encyclopedia Britannica
4989:. CBC News. 17 May 2019
4038:Australian Independents
4018:Parliament of Australia
3953:Isles of Scilly Council
3902:directly elected mayors
3812:Scottish National Party
3808:West of Scotland region
3356:Social Democratic Party
3348:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
2830:plurality voting system
2505:, County magistrate of
2395:as an independent) and
2369:People Power Revolution
2315:first elections in 1916
2313:was first created, its
1959:General Elections, 2008
1802:Ahmad Irshadi Abdullah
1222:presidency of Joe Biden
943:Carole Keeton Strayhorn
681:conservative candidate
387:Canadian Senators Group
96:Democratic Labour Party
51:non-partisan politician
6522:"Senator John Madigan"
5034:"Consulta 104-2012 J*"
4652:Marland, Alex (2020).
4450:Non-partisan democracy
4022:Australian Labor Party
3957:Orkney Islands Council
3654:Arthur Uther Pendragon
3650:Salisbury constituency
3629:(formerly Labour) and
3309:Aleksander Kwaśniewski
2928:German Imperial states
2870:Free Voters of Bavaria
2820:to stand for a direct
2622:National Progressive's
2603:
1349:(Kulim-Bandar Bharu),
1339:Zahrain Mohamed Hashim
1329:People's Justice Party
1124:change of party status
1084:of Illinois (a former
614:was expelled from the
507:
493:
485:freedom of association
6855:Political terminology
6592:10 April 2021 at the
6574:Senator Glenn Lazarus
6266:. BBC. 4 April 2014.
6133:"Martin Bell Profile"
4287:next general election
4285:. By the time of the
4239:Jacqui Lambie Network
4211:2013 federal election
4207:2007 federal election
4122:), and Helen Haines (
4112:2022 federal election
4049:2019 federal election
3820:Mid Scotland and Fife
3675:On 23 March 2005 the
3607:Ulster Unionist Party
3549:2005 general election
3533:2001 general election
3503:1970 general election
3360:political affiliation
3352:president of Portugal
3277:The situation in the
3169:are independendents.
3025:Guðni Th. Jóhannesson
2818:passive right to vote
2626:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
2601:
2545:President of Bulgaria
2489:Taiwan People's Party
1455:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
1449:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
1443:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
1437:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
1431:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
1425:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
1419:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
1397:Dewan Negara (Senate)
1376:as of December 2018.
1355:Mohsin Fadzli Samsuri
1236:. They are viewed as
1234:Independent Democrats
1007:but ran again in the
864:Lowell P. Weicker Jr.
758:Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
733:in his home state of
590:Democratic-Republican
437:consensus governments
429:Northwest Territories
356:on the advice of the
317:Cumberland—Colchester
299:2008 federal election
295:2006 federal election
276:2000 federal election
268:1997 federal election
240:2004 federal election
212:2021 federal election
184:official party status
152:Members of Parliament
18:Political independent
6649:ABC News (Australia)
6410:. 12 November 2013.
6326:. 27 December 2017.
5461:The Arizona Republic
5050:on 16 December 2023.
4612:(4): 774, 789, 793.
3980:Central Bedfordshire
3900:The introduction of
3358:, but suspended his
3325:Bronisław Komorowski
3311:was a leader of the
3119:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
3021:President of Iceland
2771:President of Germany
2756:President of Georgia
2748:Salome Zourabichvili
2614:President of Finland
2612:, who served as the
2444:party-list elections
2401:2001 EDSA Revolution
1933:in 2022. Similarly,
1630:Suhaili Abdul Rahman
1364:, but later joining
1305:Shmuel Flatto-Sharon
1199:Independent Democrat
1078:United States Senate
914:, he campaigned for
328:Jody Wilson-Raybould
236:minority governments
172:New Democratic Party
30:For other uses, see
5642:. 1 November 2015.
5532:The Himalayan Times
5393:on 5 November 2014.
5129:Library of Congress
4398:Niue People's Party
4299:Taito Phillip Field
3997:were independents.
3754:. Additionally the
3677:Independent Network
3574:of the local party
3182:President of Kosovo
3151:Christian Democracy
3052:7% of seats in 1922
2964:Paul von Hindenburg
2956:Kurt von Schleicher
2916:heads of government
2910:of 1871, the first
2885:parliamentary group
2826:electoral districts
2706:Alexandre Millerand
2635:from 2012 to 2018,
2610:C. G. E. Mannerheim
2588:Estonian presidents
1979:
1775:State Constituency
1531:Mohd Azizi Abu Naim
1417:– appointed by the
1415:Sivarraajh Chandran
1353:(Nibong Tebal) and
1337:. The members were
1269:Legislative Council
1032:. Examples include
1030:independent members
925:, state legislator
910:as an independent.
908:lieutenant governor
872:A Connecticut Party
838:from Rhode Island;
483:, which guarantees
374:majority government
332:Vancouver Granville
225:Richmond—Arthabaska
112:Independent Liberal
6811:The New York Times
5901:125 Jahre Landtag.
5563:The Kathmandu Post
5486:Ballot Access News
5156:The New York Times
4465:Syncretic politics
4118:), Zali Steggall (
3870:Dafydd Elis-Thomas
3824:Conservative Party
3362:on the day of his
3305:Tadeusz Mazowiecki
3143:President of Italy
2924:executive officers
2908:German unification
2799:Federal Convention
2604:
2458:barangay elections
2381:multi-party system
2307:Nacionalista Party
1977:
1238:moderate Democrats
731:write-in candidate
586:Alexander Hamilton
336:SNC-Lavalin affair
204:electoral district
168:Conservative Party
5725:Helsingin Sanomat
5700:Ilkka-Pohjalainen
5516:on 19 April 2018.
5455:Sinema, Kyrsten.
5301:Bohannon, Molly.
5194:RealClearPolitics
5103:POLITICO Magazine
4665:978-0-7748-6498-5
4570:"Senador Reguffe"
4445:Independent voter
4440:Benjamin Franklin
4291:New Zealand First
4184:Teal independents
4030:Australian Greens
3984:unitary authority
3982:became the first
3760:Church of England
3666:Respect Coalition
3597:, the member for
3461:Devizes Guardians
3200:According to the
3147:Sergio Mattarella
3100:Dublin University
3044:foundation of the
2912:Reich Chancellors
2695:Independent Group
2572:Tihomir Orešković
2533:Aytən Mustafayeva
2529:National Assembly
2446:as independents.
2413:as vice president
2389:Juan Ponce Enrile
2351:Magnolia Antonino
2341:narrowly lost to
2339:Sergio Osmeña Jr.
2299:
2298:
1905:
1904:
1799:Nominated member
1717:
1716:
1602:Zulkafperi Hanapi
1289:Indian Parliament
1108:Kenneth S. Wherry
1090:Harry F. Byrd Jr.
699:George H. W. Bush
691:Electoral College
574:political parties
566:George Washington
307:, the MP for the
272:Canadian Alliance
208:Spadina—Fort York
16:(Redirected from
6862:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6801:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6768:
6754:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6729:. 13 August 2013
6719:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6622:
6616:. 20 June 2022.
6611:
6603:
6597:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6178:The Sunday Times
6169:
6163:
6162:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6109:on 27 April 2015
6105:. Archived from
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6052:
6045:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5963:
5952:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5910:
5904:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5784:on 23 March 2019
5780:. Archived from
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5722:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5706:on 21 July 2021.
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5672:. Archived from
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5359:. Archived from
5348:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5158:. 11 June 1992.
5153:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5038:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4958:
4934:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4877:
4866:
4865:
4840:(5): 1009–1016.
4825:
4812:
4811:
4810:: 8, 17, 18, 24.
4803:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4738:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4649:
4638:
4637:
4597:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4487:
4455:Radical centrism
4435:Electoral reform
4346:2011 by-election
4319:Tuariki Delamere
4275:1993 by-election
3832:four years later
3758:(bishops of the
3695:established the
3623:Liberal Democrat
3475:House of Commons
3415:political savage
3374:All of Russia's
3266:Tickets such as
3155:Democratic Party
3137:(2018–2021) and
2893:Thomas Wüppesahl
2872:in 2008 and the
2862:Northern Germany
2860:, especially in
2779:Social Democrats
2677:Independent Left
2397:Gregorio Honasan
2357:Ferdinand Marcos
2326:two-party system
2294:
2287:
2269:
2262:
2244:
2237:
2219:
2212:
2194:
2187:
2169:
2162:
2144:
2137:
2119:
2112:
2094:
2087:
2069:
2062:
2044:
2037:
2019:
2012:
1980:
1949:, respectively.
1901:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1760:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1713:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1477:
1347:Zulkifli Noordin
1324:are quite rare.
1179:Vermont-at-large
1118:Vermont senator
1103:George W. Norris
987:of the State of
898:, State Senator
854:from Texas; and
812:James B. Longley
620:Democratic Party
606:Farewell Address
594:Thomas Jefferson
510:
496:
471:Current laws in
450:Attorney General
446:Vicki Huntington
256:British Columbia
244:balance of power
206:, or riding, of
178:, following the
162:, following the
138:House of Commons
127:House of Commons
121:Federal politics
21:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6840:
6839:
6830:
6825:
6816:
6814:
6804:
6796:
6792:
6791:
6783:
6777:
6752:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6732:
6730:
6721:
6720:
6716:
6706:
6704:
6695:
6694:
6690:
6680:
6678:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6654:
6652:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6609:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6594:Wayback Machine
6585:
6581:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6557:
6555:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6531:
6529:
6520:
6519:
6515:
6505:
6503:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6475:
6473:
6462:
6461:
6457:
6447:
6445:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6417:
6415:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6387:
6385:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6363:
6361:
6356:. 6 July 2018.
6348:
6347:
6343:
6333:
6331:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6296:. 6 July 2018.
6288:
6287:
6283:
6273:
6271:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6247:
6245:
6238:Legislation.gov
6232:
6231:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6208:Lesiglation.gov
6202:
6201:
6197:
6187:
6185:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6142:
6140:
6131:
6126:
6122:
6112:
6110:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6086:
6084:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6024:
6022:
6008:
6007:
6003:
5993:
5991:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5931:
5929:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5895:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5849:
5847:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5818:
5816:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5787:
5785:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5730:
5728:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5679:
5677:
5676:on 15 June 2018
5664:
5663:
5659:
5649:
5647:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5619:
5617:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5565:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5541:
5539:
5534:. 25 May 2022.
5526:
5525:
5521:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5490:
5488:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5465:
5463:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5440:
5438:
5436:www.cbsnews.com
5429:
5428:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5364:
5363:on 5 March 2016
5357:Huffington Post
5350:
5349:
5345:
5336:
5334:
5332:www.cbsnews.com
5325:
5324:
5320:
5311:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5283:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5224:
5222:
5214:Levy, Michael.
5213:
5212:
5208:
5198:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5171:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5105:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5047:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5018:
5016:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4936:
4935:
4924:
4914:
4912:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4879:
4878:
4869:
4827:
4826:
4815:
4805:
4804:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4732:
4722:
4720:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4666:
4651:
4650:
4641:
4599:
4598:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4553:
4551:
4542:Reguffe, José.
4541:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4420:Party switching
4410:
4390:
4303:Gordon Copeland
4255:
4199:Brian Harradine
4152:Allegra Spender
4014:
4008:
4003:
3930:Ken Livingstone
3926:Mayor of London
3898:
3896:Local elections
3804:Campbell Martin
3796:Margo MacDonald
3768:
3756:Lords Spiritual
3740:
3738:Lords Spiritual
3728:Main articles:
3726:
3707:Part II of the
3705:
3670:George Galloway
3512:was elected at
3483:
3477:
3434:
3417:) symbol: (-).
3402:
3380:Dmitry Medvedev
3372:
3345:
3321:Law and Justice
3237:
3222:
3220:The Netherlands
3198:
3178:Atifete Jahjaga
3175:
3163:
3116:Prime Ministers
3112:
3098:and three from
3039:
3033:
3017:
2952:Franz von Papen
2846:local elections
2764:
2745:
2726:Emmanuel Macron
2673:technical group
2658:Action Libérale
2646:
2596:
2584:
2564:
2541:
2521:
2516:
2503:Chung Tung-chin
2466:
2343:Emmanuel Pelaez
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
1975:
1963:Tehreek-e-Insaf
1955:
1923:
1910:
1882:
1845:
1843:
1809:
1807:
1785:
1783:
1758:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1682:
1638:
1636:
1610:
1608:
1582:
1580:
1539:
1537:
1496:
1494:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1366:Pakatan Harapan
1345:(Wangsa Maju),
1334:Konsensus Bebas
1313:
1297:
1285:
1263:Around half of
1261:
1256:
1251:
1116:
1074:
1022:
1017:
927:Barbara Merrill
912:Two years later
777:
677:elections, and
563:
558:
536:
521:
469:
425:
416:
349:
340:43rd Parliament
176:42nd Parliament
140:
123:
118:
108:
98:(PDT) in 2016.
87:
82:
73:technical group
59:political party
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6868:
6866:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6829:
6828:External links
6826:
6824:
6823:
6802:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6775:
6740:
6714:
6703:. 11 June 2013
6688:
6662:
6634:
6598:
6579:
6565:
6539:
6513:
6483:
6455:
6425:
6395:
6371:
6341:
6311:
6281:
6255:
6225:
6195:
6164:
6150:
6120:
6094:
6064:
6032:
6001:
5975:
5939:
5905:
5886:
5857:
5826:
5795:
5765:
5738:
5709:
5687:
5657:
5627:
5601:
5575:
5549:
5519:
5510:Wee Choo Keong
5497:
5472:
5447:
5422:
5396:
5374:
5343:
5318:
5293:
5263:
5232:
5206:
5181:
5141:
5115:
5089:
5067:
5053:
5025:
5000:
4978:
4922:
4897:
4890:
4867:
4834:Party Politics
4813:
4785:
4759:
4730:
4705:
4679:
4664:
4639:
4587:
4561:
4534:
4508:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4415:Nonpartisanism
4411:
4409:
4406:
4389:
4386:
4283:National Party
4273:, who won the
4271:Winston Peters
4254:
4251:
4010:Main article:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3969:Outer Hebrides
3906:Stoke-on-Trent
3897:
3894:
3849:and his wife,
3816:Brian Monteith
3780:Dennis Canavan
3767:
3764:
3748:not affiliated
3744:House of Lords
3725:
3724:House of Lords
3722:
3704:
3701:
3631:Nadine Dorries
3591:2017 elections
3537:Richard Taylor
3499:Merthyr Tydfil
3476:
3473:
3433:
3432:United Kingdom
3430:
3426:Prime Minister
3411:politisk vilde
3401:
3398:
3390:Vladimir Putin
3371:
3368:
3350:, the current
3344:
3341:
3317:Lech Kaczyński
3302:Prime Minister
3268:Civic Platform
3236:
3233:
3221:
3218:
3204:the appointed
3197:
3194:
3174:
3171:
3162:
3159:
3135:Giuseppe Conte
3127:Giuliano Amato
3111:
3108:
3035:Main article:
3032:
3029:
3016:
3013:
3003:party chairman
2991:Free Democrats
2763:
2760:
2744:
2741:
2650:sans étiquette
2645:
2642:
2637:Sauli Niinistö
2595:
2592:
2583:
2580:
2563:
2560:
2540:
2537:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2485:
2484:
2465:
2462:
2424:Eddie Panlilio
2405:Noli de Castro
2377:Corazon Aquino
2337:, independent
2297:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:Vice President
1987:
1984:
1974:
1971:
1954:
1951:
1922:
1919:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1860:Bandar Kuching
1857:
1854:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1724:Main article:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:Verdon Bahanda
1655:
1650:
1647:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1597:Tanjong Karang
1594:
1591:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1471:Main article:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1411:
1406:Main article:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1343:Wee Choo Keong
1341:(Bayan Baru),
1312:
1309:
1296:
1293:
1284:
1281:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1243:17th Amendment
1226:Kyrsten Sinema
1159:Bernie Sanders
1148:Paul Wellstone
1136:2002 elections
1115:
1112:
1073:
1070:
1034:Bernie Sanders
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
981:Mufi Hannemann
939:Kinky Friedman
832:Lincoln Chafee
776:
773:
707:Bernie Sanders
628:Tyler Democrat
570:U.S. president
562:
559:
535:
532:
520:
517:
468:
465:
424:
421:
415:
412:
366:Justin Trudeau
358:Prime Minister
348:
345:
344:
343:
324:
302:
283:
266:member in the
139:
136:
122:
119:
107:
104:
100:Jair Bolsonaro
86:
83:
81:
78:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6867:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6812:
6808:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6782:
6778:
6776:9781921313752
6772:
6767:
6762:
6759:, ANU Press,
6758:
6751:
6744:
6741:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6702:
6698:
6692:
6689:
6677:. 31 May 2013
6676:
6672:
6666:
6663:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6638:
6635:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6602:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6583:
6580:
6575:
6569:
6566:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6540:
6527:
6523:
6517:
6514:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6487:
6484:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6459:
6456:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6426:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6399:
6396:
6383:
6382:
6375:
6372:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6256:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6226:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6168:
6165:
6160:
6154:
6151:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6121:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6095:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6065:
6049:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6005:
6002:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5960:
5956:
5949:
5943:
5940:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5861:
5858:
5845:
5842:(in German).
5841:
5837:
5830:
5827:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5796:
5783:
5779:
5778:Site du sénat
5775:
5769:
5766:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5739:
5726:
5721:
5713:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5658:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5628:
5616:. 25 May 2022
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5590:. 24 May 2022
5589:
5585:
5579:
5576:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5550:
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5523:
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5406:
5400:
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5388:
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5378:
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5358:
5354:
5347:
5344:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5319:
5308:
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5297:
5294:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5251:
5247:
5243:
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5221:
5217:
5210:
5207:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5145:
5142:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5116:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5090:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5015:on 2022-02-08
5014:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4893:
4891:9780774866224
4887:
4883:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4760:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4694:. 27 May 2019
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4648:
4646:
4644:
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4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4535:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4378:Brendan Horan
4375:
4371:
4370:2011 election
4367:
4366:David Seymour
4363:
4359:
4355:
4354:United Future
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4334:Hone Harawira
4331:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4235:Glenn Lazarus
4232:
4231:Jacqui Lambie
4228:
4224:
4223:2016 election
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4203:Nick Xenophon
4200:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4176:Sophie Scamps
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4093:Zali Steggall
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4073:Kerryn Phelps
4070:
4066:
4065:Cathy McGowan
4062:
4058:
4057:Andrew Wilkie
4054:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3995:2012 election
3992:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:first elected
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3910:Middlesbrough
3907:
3903:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3866:Neil Hamilton
3863:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:2016 election
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3752:crossbenchers
3749:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3668:was founded,
3667:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3611:Conservatives
3608:
3605:who left the
3604:
3600:
3596:
3595:Sylvia Hermon
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3564:Blaenau Gwent
3561:
3557:
3556:2005 election
3552:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3522:Neil Hamilton
3519:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3497:MP, held his
3496:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3394:United Russia
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:United Russia
3381:
3377:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3272:2001 election
3269:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:Liechtenstein
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3133:(2011–2013),
3132:
3129:(2000–2001),
3128:
3125:(1995–1996),
3124:
3123:Lamberto Dini
3121:(1993–1994),
3120:
3117:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:10.5% in 1927
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2995:Ludwig Erhard
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:Werner Müller
2980:
2979:Hans Leussink
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2942:(1922–1923),
2941:
2937:
2934:period after
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:Joachim Gauck
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:Radical Party
2659:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2600:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2507:Miaoli County
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2417:K-4 coalition
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2330:Liberal Party
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1935:Harka Sampang
1932:
1928:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:Kuala Kangsar
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:Bukit Gantang
1552:
1549:
1547:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:Zahari Kechik
1514:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:Maszlee Malik
1384:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:was a former
1188:
1187:Joe Lieberman
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1062:Paul Mitchell
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Victor Berger
1047:
1043:
1042:Frazier Reams
1040:of Virginia,
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:2018 election
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
966:Kendrick Meek
963:
959:
958:Charlie Crist
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
935:country music
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:Jesse Ventura
873:
869:
865:
862:from Alaska.
861:
857:
853:
849:
846:from Oregon;
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:Shadrach Bond
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
772:
770:
767:(who created
766:
765:Joe Lieberman
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:Evan McMullin
680:
679:"Never Trump"
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:John Anderson
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
598:James Madison
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
534:United States
533:
531:
529:
525:
518:
516:
514:
509:
504:
500:
495:
490:
486:
482:
477:
474:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
451:
447:
443:
438:
434:
430:
422:
420:
413:
411:
408:
402:
400:
399:Andrew Scheer
394:
392:
388:
384:
379:
376:in 2015, the
375:
370:
367:
362:
359:
355:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
219:, MP for the
218:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
188:
185:
181:
180:2015 election
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
155:
153:
149:
145:
137:
135:
132:
128:
120:
117:
113:
105:
103:
101:
97:
93:
84:
79:
77:
74:
69:
66:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6815:. Retrieved
6810:
6756:
6743:
6731:. Retrieved
6726:
6717:
6705:. Retrieved
6700:
6691:
6679:. Retrieved
6674:
6665:
6653:. Retrieved
6647:
6637:
6625:. Retrieved
6613:
6601:
6582:
6573:
6568:
6556:. Retrieved
6542:
6530:. Retrieved
6516:
6504:. Retrieved
6495:
6486:
6474:. Retrieved
6468:
6458:
6446:. Retrieved
6437:
6428:
6416:. Retrieved
6407:
6398:
6386:. Retrieved
6380:
6374:
6362:. Retrieved
6353:
6344:
6332:. Retrieved
6323:
6314:
6302:. Retrieved
6293:
6284:
6272:. Retrieved
6258:
6246:. Retrieved
6237:
6228:
6216:. Retrieved
6207:
6198:
6186:. Retrieved
6167:
6153:
6141:. Retrieved
6123:
6111:. Retrieved
6107:the original
6097:
6085:. Retrieved
6076:
6067:
6055:. Retrieved
6035:
6025:15 September
6023:. Retrieved
6014:
6004:
5992:. Retrieved
5978:
5966:. Retrieved
5955:regierung.li
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4330:Chris Carter
4323:
4315:Frank Grover
4311:Alamein Kopu
4268:
4264:by-elections
4256:
4247:David Pocock
4219:John Madigan
4193:Independent
4192:
4172:North Sydney
4144:Monique Ryan
4109:
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4101:Helen Haines
4095:(Member for
4083:(Member for
4075:(Member for
4067:(Member for
4059:(Member for
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3973:
3942:
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3924:. The first
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3730:Crossbencher
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3674:
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3238:
3231:since 2024.
3223:
3199:
3176:
3164:
3139:Mario Draghi
3113:
3086:
3071:
3068:
3056:8.5% in 1923
3048:Dáil Éireann
3040:
3018:
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2987:Klaus Kinkel
2976:
2968:Conservative
2954:(1932), and
2940:Wilhelm Cuno
2919:
2905:
2896:
2889:fraktionslos
2888:
2880:
2878:
2854:city council
2807:
2803:Luise Rinser
2795:World War II
2765:
2746:
2734:
2714:
2708:was elected
2703:
2698:
2670:
2665:
2654:
2649:
2647:
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2605:
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2433:
2421:
2355:
2323:
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1956:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1873:See Chee How
1868:Batu Lintang
1749:
1739:
1729:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1673:Riduan Rubin
1385:
1378:
1374:Dewan Rakyat
1359:
1351:Tan Tee Beng
1332:
1326:
1317:Dewan Rakyat
1314:
1298:
1286:
1262:
1219:
1152:
1140:Dean Barkley
1120:Jim Jeffords
1117:
1075:
1058:Justin Amash
1038:Virgil Goode
1036:of Vermont,
1023:
985:governorship
970:
947:
920:
900:Henry Howell
893:
881:Reform Party
840:Julius Meier
830:from Maine;
808:Edward Coles
792:Rhode Island
778:
762:
739:
727:more than 5%
695:Bill Clinton
659:Reform Party
636:
610:
602:partisanship
568:is the only
564:
522:
478:
470:
426:
417:
403:
395:
371:
363:
350:
326:In 2019, MP
287:André Arthur
285:Independent
260:Surrey North
252:Chuck Cadman
229:
189:
156:
148:Conservative
141:
124:
92:José Reguffe
88:
70:
67:
63:
54:
50:
46:
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6418:27 November
6128:Martin Bell
6087:10 November
6057:10 November
5968:15 February
5932:15 February
5879:24 December
5875:(in German)
5788:25 February
5415:29 November
5367:26 December
5286:12 November
5256:23 February
5225:23 February
5199:23 February
5174:23 February
5134:24 February
5108:24 February
4910:Global News
4773:Global News
4752:23 February
4723:23 February
4698:23 February
4425:Backbencher
4358:Peter Dunne
4342:Māori Party
4295:Peter Dunne
4253:New Zealand
4188:Climate 200
4160:Kate Chaney
4081:Julia Banks
3890:Mandy Jones
3886:Neil McEvoy
3878:Leanne Wood
3874:Plaid Cymru
3862:Nathan Gill
3822:) left the
3810:) left the
3802:). In 2004
3788:Jean Turner
3658:King Arthur
3638:Aston Villa
3568:by-election
3545:Wyre Forest
3510:Martin Bell
3508:Journalist
3364:swearing-in
3294:Lech Wałęsa
3270:during the
3239:The Polish
3225:Dick Schoof
3153:and of the
3131:Mario Monti
3023:(currently
2950:politician
2944:Hans Luther
2936:World War I
2866:Free Voters
2628:, who won.
2548:Rumen Radev
2479:, Mayor of
2454:nonpartisan
2309:. When the
1973:Philippines
1939:Gopal Hamal
1908:North Korea
1837:Juil Nuatim
1230:Joe Manchin
1220:During the
1128:Dick Cheney
1095:Wayne Morse
1082:David Davis
1001:Bill Walker
962:Marco Rubio
868:Connecticut
856:Bill Walker
848:Sam Houston
818:as well as
709:ran in the
667:Ralph Nader
663:Green Party
457:Delta South
453:Wally Oppal
313:2007 budget
309:Nova Scotia
217:Alain Rayes
199:, from the
197:Kevin Vuong
47:independent
6844:Categories
6817:8 November
6727:Scoop News
6176:. London:
6143:18 October
6015:Observador
5922:Strasbourg
5819:13 October
5680:29 January
5650:29 January
5491:2024-06-23
5466:2024-06-23
5441:2024-06-23
5337:2024-06-23
5312:2024-06-23
5019:2021-05-02
4993:17 October
4808:IRPP Study
4674:1156987615
4477:References
4460:Swing vote
4307:Tau Henare
4168:Kylea Tink
4136:Zoe Daniel
4110:After the
3918:Hartlepool
3693:Paul Judge
3646:Doug Ellis
3627:Eric Joyce
3599:North Down
3572:Dai Davies
3479:See also:
3467:, and the
3422:Government
3376:presidents
3298:Solidarity
3290:presidents
3184:since the
3072:After the
3064:9% in 1932
2972:Nazi Party
2922:served as
2906:After the
2699:apparentés
2692:monarchist
2624:candidate
2531:, such as
2525:Azerbaijan
2519:Azerbaijan
2494:After the
2468:After the
1927:Balen Shah
1526:Gua Musang
1207:Angus King
1114:Since 2000
1110:in 1942.
1086:Republican
820:Angus King
746:New Mexico
665:candidate
661:), former
647:Ross Perot
632:Henry Clay
616:Whig Party
612:John Tyler
588:, and the
582:John Adams
578:Federalist
538:See also:
528:Nuevo León
473:Costa Rica
467:Costa Rica
305:Bill Casey
258:riding of
223:riding of
110:See also:
6733:22 August
6707:22 August
6681:22 August
5897:Paul Vogt
5752:Iltalehti
5164:0362-4331
4973:243704273
4965:0008-4239
4862:216428911
4854:1354-0688
4634:155036384
4626:0008-4239
4372:. In the
4241:. At the
4229:Senators
4180:Mackellar
4156:Wentworth
4140:Goldstein
4120:Warringah
4097:Warringah
4077:Wentworth
4032:, or the
4006:Australia
3922:Mansfield
3872:left the
3860:In 2016,
3851:Trish Law
3842:Peter Law
3697:Jury Team
3560:Peter Law
3446:annibynol
3104:Taoiseach
3008:Der Stern
2876:in 2019.
2850:districts
2810:Bundestag
2718:José Bové
2704:In 1920,
2666:apparenté
2477:Ko Wen-je
1986:President
1947:Dhangadhi
1931:Kathmandu
1265:Hong Kong
1259:Hong Kong
1054:Wisconsin
993:David Ige
975:, former
956:governor
885:Minnesota
561:President
494:diputados
459:. In the
414:Criticism
250:In 2004,
6781:archived
6618:Archived
6590:Archived
6558:19 April
6552:Archived
6532:19 April
6526:Archived
6506:19 April
6500:Archived
6496:ABC News
6470:ABC News
6448:19 April
6442:Archived
6412:Archived
6408:BBC News
6358:Archived
6354:BBC News
6328:Archived
6324:BBC News
6298:Archived
6294:BBC News
6268:Archived
6242:Archived
6212:Archived
6182:Archived
6137:Archived
6113:19 April
6081:Archived
6048:Archived
6019:Archived
5994:31 March
5988:Archived
5986:. Sejm.
5959:Archived
5926:Archived
5899:(1987).
5850:7 August
5844:Archived
5840:stern.de
5813:Archived
5644:Archived
5640:BBC News
5536:Archived
5409:Archived
5280:Archived
5250:Archived
5168:Archived
4915:28 March
4580:31 March
4574:Archived
4554:31 March
4548:Archived
4527:31 March
4521:Archived
4501:31 March
4495:Archived
4430:Centrism
4408:See also
4402:de facto
4279:Tauranga
4217:Senator
4195:senators
4085:Chisholm
3800:Lothians
3774:, three
3686:ideology
3603:Unionist
3570:elected
3343:Portugal
3257:Kukiz'15
2960:cabinets
2856:or even
2791:The Left
2750:won the
2685:agrarian
2660:and the
2539:Bulgaria
2440:district
2428:Pampanga
2018:23 / 214
1953:Pakistan
1832:Limbahau
1697:Selangor
1685:Kelantan
1589:Selangor
1503:Kelantan
1402:Senators
1322:Senators
1311:Malaysia
1191:Democrat
1101:senator
1099:Nebraska
1066:Michigan
1015:Congress
977:Honolulu
916:governor
904:Virginia
780:Illinois
775:Governor
750:Delaware
508:alcaldes
489:deputies
407:lobbying
129:and the
80:Americas
6550:. APH.
6476:5 March
6274:4 April
5246:AP NEWS
4692:CTVNews
4174:), and
4148:Kooyong
4079:), and
4061:Denison
4001:Oceania
3914:Bedford
3770:In the
3539:of the
3531:At the
3516:in the
3420:In the
3407:Riksdag
3190:Balkans
3031:Ireland
3015:Iceland
2926:of the
2920:de jure
2842:Landtag
2824:in the
2822:mandate
2808:In the
2762:Germany
2743:Georgia
2720:in the
2607:Marshal
2594:Finland
2582:Estonia
2562:Croatia
2434:In the
2293:6 / 316
2268:2 / 304
2243:4 / 297
2218:6 / 293
2193:7 / 286
2168:4 / 271
2143:4 / 261
2118:8 / 256
2093:7 / 220
2068:7 / 220
2043:6 / 216
1897:Sarawak
1852:Sarawak
1778:Member
1489:Member
1301:Knesset
1142:of the
954:Florida
735:Vermont
669:in the
513:cantons
433:Nunavut
293:in the
201:Ontario
144:Liberal
6773:
6655:7 July
6627:7 July
6388:1 June
6364:6 July
6334:6 July
6304:6 July
6248:22 May
6218:22 May
6188:10 May
5758:7 June
5731:7 June
5620:26 May
5594:26 May
5568:26 May
5542:26 May
5307:Forbes
5162:
4971:
4963:
4888:
4860:
4852:
4672:
4662:
4632:
4624:
4309:, and
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4028:, the
4024:, the
3951:, the
3932:, was
3794:) and
3736:, and
3514:Tatton
3495:Labour
3463:, the
3459:, the
3455:, the
3400:Sweden
3370:Russia
3331:) and
3288:Three
3279:Senate
3247:(pol.
3235:Poland
3173:Kosovo
3167:Jersey
3161:Jersey
3092:Seanad
3062:, and
2948:Centre
2932:Weimar
2783:Greens
2644:France
2514:Europe
2481:Taipei
2464:Taiwan
2349:where
2311:Senate
2286:5 / 12
2261:1 / 12
2236:3 / 12
2211:2 / 12
2186:1 / 12
2161:1 / 12
2136:0 / 12
2111:5 / 13
2086:1 / 12
2061:1 / 12
2036:0 / 24
2011:0 / 24
1995:House
1992:Senate
1945:&
1943:Dharan
1885:Pahang
1879:Total
1849:
1813:
1792:Pahang
1789:
1763:State
1756:1 / 82
1746:1 / 73
1736:1 / 47
1703:Labuan
1642:
1625:Labuan
1617:Labuan
1614:
1586:
1543:
1500:
1480:State
1295:Israel
1072:Senate
1056:, and
997:Valdez
989:Hawaii
979:mayor
800:Alaska
798:, and
788:Oregon
554:, and
519:Mexico
503:mayors
347:Senate
264:Reform
221:Quebec
131:Senate
106:Canada
85:Brazil
38:, and
6784:(PDF)
6753:(PDF)
6675:Stuff
6621:(PDF)
6610:(PDF)
6576:, APH
6051:(PDF)
6044:(PDF)
5962:(PDF)
5951:(PDF)
5082:2 May
5048:(PDF)
5037:(PDF)
4969:S2CID
4858:S2CID
4630:S2CID
4364:with
4356:with
4116:Clark
4089:Clark
3652:, is
3110:Italy
2858:mayor
2838:state
2785:, in
1921:Nepal
1894:(1),
1891:Sabah
1888:(1),
1856:P195
1824:Papar
1820:P175
1816:Sabah
1709:Sabah
1700:(1),
1694:(2),
1691:Perak
1688:(2),
1679:Total
1668:Tenom
1664:P181
1653:Kudat
1645:Sabah
1546:Perak
1389:quit
1283:India
1254:China
931:Texas
923:Maine
796:Texas
784:Maine
626:as a
6819:2006
6813:. CQ
6771:ISBN
6735:2021
6709:2021
6683:2021
6657:2022
6629:2022
6560:2015
6534:2015
6508:2015
6478:2023
6450:2015
6420:2014
6390:2023
6366:2018
6336:2018
6306:2018
6276:2014
6250:2018
6220:2018
6190:2009
6145:2012
6115:2015
6089:2016
6059:2016
6027:2019
5996:2017
5970:2024
5934:2024
5881:2023
5852:2012
5821:2012
5790:2017
5760:2022
5733:2022
5682:2020
5652:2020
5622:2022
5596:2022
5570:2022
5544:2022
5417:2014
5387:KITV
5369:2019
5288:2016
5258:2020
5227:2020
5201:2020
5176:2020
5160:ISSN
5136:2020
5110:2020
5084:2021
4995:2020
4961:ISSN
4917:2022
4886:ISBN
4850:ISSN
4780:2022
4754:2022
4725:2022
4700:2022
4670:OCLC
4660:ISBN
4622:ISSN
4582:2017
4556:2017
4529:2017
4503:2017
4394:Niue
4388:Niue
4360:and
4350:Mana
4332:and
4317:and
4260:1943
4233:and
4124:Indi
4105:Indi
4069:Indi
3976:2023
3963:and
3920:and
3776:MSPs
3742:The
3601:, a
3589:and
3587:2015
3583:2010
3526:1951
3436:The
3283:2023
3241:Sejm
3114:The
3089:26th
3082:Dáil
3019:The
2787:2012
2781:and
2586:All
2568:2015
2543:The
2365:1984
2333:the
2319:1941
2281:None
2278:Lost
2275:2022
2250:2019
2231:Lost
2228:None
2225:2016
2200:2013
2181:None
2178:Lost
2175:2010
2150:2007
2128:None
2125:2004
2100:2001
2081:None
2078:Lost
2075:1998
2050:1995
2031:None
2028:None
2025:1992
2000:1987
1983:Year
1937:and
1772:No.
1766:No.
1649:P167
1621:P166
1593:P095
1565:P067
1550:P059
1522:P032
1511:Jeli
1507:P030
1483:No.
1381:UMNO
1362:GE14
1303:was
1249:Asia
1228:and
1215:2024
1211:2018
1203:2012
1183:2006
1177:for
1171:2024
1167:2018
1165:and
1163:2012
1155:2006
1060:and
1046:Ohio
1024:The
1009:2022
973:2014
950:2010
896:1971
860:2014
852:1859
844:1930
836:2010
828:1998
826:and
824:1994
816:1974
806:and
754:2024
742:2008
723:2020
721:nor
719:2016
713:and
711:2016
703:Utah
697:and
687:2016
675:2000
673:and
671:1996
655:1996
653:and
651:1992
643:1980
624:1844
596:and
584:and
435:are
431:and
389:and
321:2019
146:and
114:and
6761:doi
6701:RNZ
4951:doi
4842:doi
4747:CBC
4614:doi
4392:In
4362:ACT
4277:in
4227:PUP
4215:DLP
4166:),
4158:),
4150:),
4142:),
4134:),
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4071:),
4063:),
3974:In
3786:),
3680:to
3625:),
3337:PiS
3307:).
3249:KWW
3078:TDs
2701:).
2523:In
2131:Won
1900:(1)
1864:N11
1828:N27
1712:(2)
1706:(1)
1370:PKR
1267:'s
1217:.
1153:In
1064:of
1052:of
1044:of
971:In
948:In
902:of
894:In
883:'s
866:of
858:in
850:in
842:in
834:in
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814:in
740:In
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649:in
641:in
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6779:,
6769:,
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6725:.
6699:.
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6524:.
6498:.
6494:.
6467:.
6440:.
6436:.
6406:.
6352:.
6322:.
6292:.
6240:.
6236:.
6210:.
6206:.
6180:.
6079:.
6075:.
6017:.
6013:.
5957:.
5953:.
5920:.
5916:.
5889:^
5869:.
5838:.
5811:.
5807:.
5776:.
5750:.
5723:.
5698:.
5668:.
5638:.
5612:.
5586:.
5561:.
5530:.
5508:.
5484:.
5459:.
5434:.
5385:.
5355:.
5330:.
5305:.
5278:.
5274:.
5248:.
5244:.
5218:.
5192:.
5166:.
5154:.
5127:.
5101:.
5039:.
4967:.
4959:.
4947:54
4945:.
4941:.
4925:^
4908:.
4870:^
4856:.
4848:.
4838:27
4836:.
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