1094:. This was the first time in 16 years that PSUV did not have the majority in congress and this was not due to low voter turnout, as it was at 74.3%. Henrique Capriles a former MUD presidential candidate and the opposition coalition leader, Jesus Torrealba marked this as a change in the nation's history encouraging celebration with Torrealba stating, "Venezuela wanted a change and that change came. A new majority expressed itself and sent a clear and resounding message." Maduro stated in his televised response, "We have come with our morality and our ethics to recognize these adverse results, to accept them and to tell our Venezuela, The Constitution and democracy have triumphed", and later said "In Venezuela the opposition has not won ... For now, a counterrevolution that is at our doorstep has won".
4037:
1082:
his presidency, demonstrated by the narrow early presidential election win. Many attribute Maduro's failure to continue the same populism model successfully to his lack of charisma that Chávez capitalized on. Chávez's opposition reported to still have large love and respect for Chávez during his presidency, Eric Olsen, deputy director of the Latin
American Program at the Wilson Center reports. Olsen notes that this was not the same case with Maduro, who clearly lacks the same amount of captivating characteristics.
1074:. Opposition forces said that Henrique Capriles Radonski actually won by close to 300,000 votes and proposed evidence of voter fraud. Capriles demanded a recount that in June reaffirmed Maduro as the victor. These results sparked subsequent demonstrations and protests by those who said the recount process was also illegitimate. Maduro and his government responded with suppression of the opposition that resulted in hundreds of arrests, that Maduro claimed to be in defense of a coup he was facing.
34:
483:
849:
786:
654:
2251:
576:, power has been concentrated in the hands of the executive, institutional checks and balances have been undermined, independent media have been repressed, and opposition forces have been marginalized in governing institutions, such as congress, courts, oversight agencies, the state-owned petroleum company (PDVSA), and the military.
1364:
Up until the 1990s, Venezuela was one of the longest-running and most stable uninterrupted liberal democracies in Latin
America. Today, it is an authoritarian regime. In nineteen years, Hugo Chávez and his successor, Nicolás Maduro, managed to destroy the system of checks and balances, end free and
1128:
conglomerate who is no longer denounced as a "thief," a "parasite" and a "traitor". Changes such as the return of agricultural land and "dozens of companies" to private management have allowed the government to survive economic sanctions (though economic production and employment is still greatly
1081:
policies. Like Chávez, Nicolás Maduro has ruled by decree multiple times since he was elected in April 2013. President Maduro has ruled
Venezuela by decree for the majority of the period from 19 November 2013 through 2017. Maduro has not achieved the same level of popularity that Chávez had during
1133:
is that erstwhile socialist allies of Maduro's government who began to protest corruption and the "extravagant lives flaunted by the government's cronies in supermarkets stocked with expensive imports and luxury car showrooms", have become victims to the same security apparatus that have attacked
1102:
The strong performance by the opposition led to the reduction of the legislative powers due to the judiciary's increased scope and politicization. The
Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ), controlled by the PSUV, invalidated three deputies' elections from the opposition. When this ruling was not
897:
By the end of the 1990s, however, the now two-party system's credibility was almost nonexistent. This was mostly because of the corruption and poverty that
Venezuelans experienced as oil wealth poured in during the 1970s and the debt crisis developed during the 1980s. Democratic Action's last
1157:
There is a history of tension between church and state in the country. The
Catholic Church has accused Chavez of concentrating power in his own hands. In 2009, in the Catholic Church's Easter address to the nation, the bishops said the country's democracy was in "serious danger of collapse."
669:
United
Socialist Party of Venezuela or PSUV – (Nicolás Maduro), partially recognized. Up to 60 countries, including United States and the European Union have recognized Juan Guaidó (MUD) as the President of Venezuela. As of 2021, the European Union no longer recognizes Juan Guaidó as interim
1365:
fair elections, and terminate political rights and civil liberties. The government has delayed and canceled elections, circumvented the authority of the elected legislature, imprisoned political opponents without trial, used lethal force against protesters, and banned opposition parties.
1111:, having power to change the constitution and dismantle pre-existing officials and/or the bodies themselves. The members of the Constituent Assembly were chosen in July 2017, during elections that were largely boycotted by the opposition, with accusations of illegitimacy.
1476:
1119:
In 2020, news reports described a loosening of many socialist/redistributive economic policies—price and currency controls, stringent labor laws—by the Maduro government, along with an rapprochement with members of the capitalist community—especially
1047:(53,798,500% between 2016 and April 2019), escalating hunger, disease, crime and mortality rates, and mass emigration (almost 5 million from the country as of 2019). Extrajudicial killings of opposition by government forces are reported (by the
760:
Venezuelan politics was characterized by military rule for much of its post-independence history. From independence until 1956, Venezuela had 24 constitutions. These constitutions were frequently established by winners after successful revolts.
1058:; on an "economic war" on Venezuelan socialism waged by international sanctions, and the country's business elite; and on "years of economic mismanagement, and corruption", including a lack of maintenance and investment in oil production.
2010:
2290:
571:
before transitioning to an authoritarian system of government where political and civil rights are not protected, and elections are not free and fair. Under Chávez's rule and later under the rule of his successor
1070:, opposition leader and co founder of the political party, Primero Justicia. The Venezuelan election agency announced that Maduro won with 50.8 percent of the vote, the smallest presidential win margin since the
1515:
1020:
as a political outsider, died in office in early 2013 after a long struggle with cancer. Nearing his death, Chávez expressed his intention that his vice president would succeed him. Chavez was succeeded by
870:(AD or Acción Democrática in Spanish, founded in 1941) and its predecessors played an important role in the early years. Democratic Action led the government during Venezuela's first democratic period (
2490:
1383:
1233:, attended a conference that was intended to rekindle negotiations between Nicolás Maduro's government in Venezuela and the opposition political parties, but it had no noticeable impact.
4158:
1337:
2018:
2576:
1654:
3365:
423:
960:
multiple times throughout his tenure, passing hundreds of laws. Chávez ruled
Venezuela by decree in 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2012. The
3331:
520:
469:
180:
2177:
2772:
3316:
1278:
1104:
337:
332:
4168:
4138:
4001:
553:
1234:
1977:
3123:
3226:
2985:
3426:
3108:
191:
2819:
3118:
2542:
1208:
456:
383:
3372:
544:, but is in practice an authoritarian system of government. Prior to the early 1990s, Venezuela was considered an unusually long-standing and stable
4163:
3846:
3831:
438:
434:
1034:
935:
3360:
3184:
413:
212:
2629:
641:
as a political outsider, died in office in early 2013, and was succeeded by Maduro (initially as interim
President, before narrowly winning the
4078:
3572:
3382:
1260:
1173:
1108:
1091:
945:
886:
came from
Democratic Action from the 1960s to the 1990s. This period, known as the "Fourth Republic", is marked by the development of the 1958
320:
315:
284:
4143:
3279:
3179:
3133:
1851:
1638:
1612:
1554:
1535:
1403:
1357:
1272:
1017:
642:
638:
564:
301:
296:
247:
225:
68:
926:. By 1998, support for Democratic Action and COPEI had fallen still further, and Hugo Chávez, a political outsider, won the 1998 election.
252:
3555:
3784:
3577:
3401:
3216:
2998:
1917:
1254:
961:
839:
587:
513:
371:
366:
3068:
875:
3921:
3491:
1266:
1001:
634:
354:
349:
2660:
2199:
1573:
3991:
3201:
2748:
2465:
2403:
Carriquiry, Alicia L. (November 2011). "Election Forensics and the 2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum as a Case Study".
825:
708:
690:
264:
3083:
769:
2130:
4093:
3501:
3196:
1071:
923:
4133:
4011:
3856:
3653:
3587:
3562:
3343:
131:
107:
4227:
4083:
3545:
3306:
3138:
3063:
3037:
3028:
3023:
2978:
2872:
2602:
1212:
1103:
accepted by the Assembly, its powers were stripped. By 2017, the old legislative body was dismissed and transformed into the
506:
406:
2299:
2901:
1947:
1709:
4016:
3741:
3611:
3461:
3326:
3148:
3073:
1305:
953:
867:
657:
594:, and several opposition parties. Opposition parties and opposition candidates have regularly been banned from contesting
174:
807:
796:
3824:
3668:
3411:
3311:
3221:
2169:
1300:
1135:
1025:, his vice president, initially as interim President, before he narrowly won the 2013 Venezuelan presidential election.
493:
2349:
1039:
Nicolás Maduro has been president of Venezuela from 2013 to the present. His rule has been marked by a continuation of
4188:
3437:
3348:
1129:
reduced), and have proceeded in exchange for an abandonment of political opposition by Mendoza. Another result of the
981:
891:
614:
257:
242:
144:
4148:
3567:
3018:
2776:
879:
803:
446:
388:
102:
1477:"From Representative Democracy to Participatory Competitive Authoritarianism: Hugo Chávez and Venezuelan Politics"
613:. PSUV and its forerunners have held the presidency since 1998, and the legislature during most of that time. The
4205:
4193:
4182:
4128:
4098:
3751:
3673:
3628:
3406:
3296:
3262:
3058:
3043:
2971:
2845:
2276:
2225:
1295:
1009:
949:
75:
61:
899:
4153:
3648:
3643:
3535:
3267:
3053:
461:
80:
2378:
2715:
4123:
3996:
3931:
3866:
3817:
3716:
3252:
1892:
1204:
1130:
977:
610:
549:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4088:
3906:
3746:
3678:
3658:
3638:
3597:
3582:
3338:
3301:
3162:
1244:
1179:
1167:
883:
863:
765:
598:. At other times, opposition parties have boycotted national elections, citing their undemocratic nature.
595:
580:
568:
277:
127:
2105:
4103:
3971:
3941:
3861:
3731:
3711:
3143:
2046:
973:
941:
843:
606:
541:
97:
92:
3540:
922:
won the 1993 presidential election with about 30% of the vote, representing a new electoral coalition
4058:
4006:
3981:
3956:
3916:
3901:
3871:
3777:
3693:
3592:
3523:
3477:
3421:
3416:
3392:
3353:
3284:
3257:
3191:
3174:
3006:
2319:
1139:
915:
591:
419:
232:
156:
4073:
4068:
4045:
4021:
3961:
3936:
3926:
3881:
3701:
3663:
3633:
3486:
3321:
3289:
3274:
3128:
2494:
1980:(in Spanish). Centro de InvestigaciĂłn de Relaciones Internacionales y desarrollo. 21 September 2006
1223:
451:
237:
3976:
3966:
3946:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3793:
3736:
3726:
3706:
3683:
3623:
3211:
3206:
2766:
2438:
2412:
1745:
1737:
1187:
1151:
1005:
2920:
149:
2793:
1134:
Maduro's opponents on the right—they have been denounced as traitors, arrested (leaders of the
4063:
3951:
3896:
3756:
2754:
2744:
2607:
2550:
2471:
2461:
2430:
1847:
1729:
1674:
1634:
1608:
1531:
1496:
1399:
1353:
1067:
1022:
993:
852:
728:
626:
583:
573:
545:
137:
1925:
3986:
3911:
3798:
3078:
2422:
1839:
1812:
1779:
1721:
1600:
1523:
1488:
1391:
1345:
1142:
parties), beaten and sometimes assassinated (the fate of radio host José Carmelo Bislick).
1090:
2015 was a strong year for the MUD opposition, taking two-thirds of the congressional sets,
871:
487:
87:
2871:
Herrera, Isayen; Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Romero, Tibisay; Urdaneta, Sheyla (19 November 2020).
1043:
socialist populist policies (at least until 2020), but also by a severe economic crisis --
33:
2905:
2580:
1201:
1121:
887:
856:
184:
3098:
2603:"Human rights activists say many Venezuelan protesters face abusive government treatment"
1604:
735:
637:
and others). Hugo Chávez, the central figure of the Venezuelan political landscape since
2688:
2515:
2143:
1592:
1520:
State Crisis in Fragile Democracies: Polarization and Political Regimes in South America
1446:
695:
Coalition of opposition parties –The Democratic Unity Table or MUD – (Jose Luis Cartaya)
3721:
3466:
3113:
3088:
1951:
1230:
1125:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1013:
969:
957:
919:
911:
680:
602:
560:
2743:. Kline, Harvey F.,, Wade, Christine J. (Ninth ed.). New York, NY. 18 July 2017.
4221:
3446:
3093:
3033:
1867:
1843:
1831:
1800:
1749:
1191:
1183:
997:
742:
714:
630:
1784:
1767:
3451:
2442:
2304:
2252:"Venezuelan Migration: The 4,500-Kilometer Gap Between Desperation and Opportunity"
2050:
2014:
903:
718:
2074:
1154:
in 1863, making it the country where this practice has been outlawed the longest.
764:
Romulo Gallegos's election as president in 1947 made him the first freely elected
1628:
1395:
3048:
2898:
1955:
1918:"Historia de Venezuela en Imágenes. CapĂtulo VIII 1973 /1983. La Gran Venezuela"
1422:
1197:
2917:
2634:
2577:"Venezuela is going to shut down for a whole week because of an energy crisis"
1527:
1492:
1349:
1194:
1040:
848:
768:
in Venezuela's history. He was removed from power by military officers in the
538:
2758:
2554:
2475:
2434:
2320:"Venezuela 2016 inflation hits 800 percent, GDP shrinks 19 percent: document"
2291:"Even sex is in crisis in Venezuela, where contraceptives are growing scarce"
1816:
1733:
1500:
1382:
Roberts, Kenneth M. (2012), Mudde, Cas; Rovira Kaltwasser, CristĂłbal (eds.),
1342:
Resisting Backsliding: Opposition Strategies against the Erosion of Democracy
601:
The PSUV was created in 2007, uniting a number of smaller parties supporting
548:
in Latin America, having transitioned to democracy in 1958. According to the
4050:
3456:
2994:
2953:
989:
968:, PSUV) was created in 2007, uniting a number of smaller parties supporting
622:
3809:
2820:"Analysis | Venezuela's controversial new Constituent Assembly, explained"
918:, 1979–1983). Confidence in the traditional parties collapsed enough that
4036:
3103:
2873:"They Championed Benezuela's Revolution. They Are Now Its Latest Victims"
2846:"Venezuela's Socialists Embrace Business, Making Partner of a 'Parasite'"
2519:
2078:
1290:
1078:
2543:"Venezuela president declares economic emergency as inflation hits 141%"
1388:
Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat or Corrective for Democracy?
1741:
1659:
1655:"EU states no longer recognise Guaido as Venezuela's interim president"
1630:
Dismantling Democracy in Venezuela: The Chávez Authoritarian Experiment
653:
2426:
2963:
2935:, "Bishop faces down threats from ruling party." 25 April 2009, p. 38
2716:"Venezuelan Opposition Claims a Rare Victory: A Legislative Majority"
2630:"Gobierno extiende por décima vez el decreto de emergencia económica"
1516:"Democratic Erosion in Venezuela, Representative Democracy in Brazil"
862:
Background to the current political landscapes is the development of
1725:
2277:"Venezuela Forces Killed Thousands, Then Covered It Up, U.N. Says."
3550:
3496:
2417:
907:
847:
652:
2948:
1893:"Venezuela: political parties | Think Tank | European Parliament"
1229:
On 25 April 2023, representatives from 19 nations, including the
1016:, the central figure of the Venezuelan political landscape since
902:) was impeached for corruption in 1993 and spent two years under
1555:"The Authoritarian Resurgence: Autocratic Legalism in Venezuela"
1066:
On 14 April 2013 elections were held between Nicolás Maduro and
3813:
2967:
2958:
2516:"Venezuela: President Maduro granted power to govern by decree"
1200:. The President of Venezuela is elected for a six-year term by
2661:"Why is Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro so controversial?"
2200:"One in three Venezuelans not getting enough to eat, UN finds"
2109:
779:
1832:"Venezuela, Exclusionary Democracy and Resistance, 1958–1998"
1222:, elected for five-year terms. Elections also take place at
2491:"Venezuelan president Maduro given power to rule by decree"
2379:"Venezuela opposition demands vote recount, protests flare"
1004:
and others). In 2008, the government expelled the US-based
748:
Venezuelan Progressive Movement or MPV – (Simon Calzadilla)
1836:
Venezuela, Exclusionary Democracy and Resistance 1958-1998
1338:""Chávez Vete Ya": The Erosion of Democracy in Venezuela"
988:, MUD), created in 2008, united much of the opposition (
621:, MUD), created in 2008, unites much of the opposition (
1384:"Populism and democracy in Venezuela under Hugo Chávez"
751:
Venezuela Project or PV – (Henrique Fernando Salas Feo)
2489:
Diaz-Struck, Emilia; Forero, Juan (19 November 2013).
2170:"BCV admits hyperinflation of 53,798,500% since 2016"
806:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
724:
Movement Toward Socialism or MAS – (Segundo Melendaz)
698:
Communist Party of Venezuela or PCV – (Oscar Figuera)
2350:"Venezuela in crisis: How did the country get here?"
890:
between the major parties (originally including the
4044:
3845:
3692:
3610:
3522:
3475:
3435:
3390:
3381:
3239:
3161:
3005:
2343:
2341:
2226:"What 52,000 Percent Inflation Can Do to a Country"
2069:
2067:
1675:"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"
2219:
2217:
2011:"Venezuela grants Chavez power to rule by decree"
1830:Wilpert, Gregory; Azzellini, Dario (April 2009).
944:" and fulfilled an election promise by calling a
686:Brave People's Alliance or ABP – (Richard Blanco)
2458:El ocaso del chavismo : Venezuela 2005–2015
1768:"Venezuela: political changes in the Chávez era"
1522:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 136–172,
1390:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 136–159,
874:). After an intervening decade of dictatorship (
1574:"The Path Toward Authoritarianism in Venezuela"
1344:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 98–128,
2040:
2038:
2036:
1416:
1414:
1245:Elections in Venezuela § Latest elections
906:as a result. The other main traditional party
704:Fatherland for All or PPT – (Rafael Uzcategui)
3825:
2979:
1924:(in Spanish). FundaciĂłn Polar. Archived from
1599:, Oxford University Press, pp. 327–350,
1279:2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election
701:Democratic Action or AD – (Henry Ramos Allup)
579:Politics are polarized between supporters of
554:electoral democratic country in Latin America
514:
8:
4159:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2100:
2098:
2096:
1761:
1759:
952:. Chávez was granted executive power by the
2456:Margarita., LĂłpez Maya (21 December 2016).
2348:Melimopoulos, Elizabeth (21 January 2019).
3832:
3818:
3810:
3616:
3528:
3387:
3378:
3245:
3167:
3011:
2986:
2972:
2964:
2771:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1948:"El tema: Historia democrática venezolana"
1207:and is eligible for re-election since the
521:
507:
19:
2689:"Venezuela opposition 'has key majority'"
2416:
1799:Mejia, Jorge Steven (12 September 2018).
1783:
1209:2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum
1178:Venezuela elects at a national level the
1008:, which was criticizing the government's
894:, which later dwindled in significance).
826:Learn how and when to remove this message
2959:Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela
2899:Abolitionist and Retentionist Countries.
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1766:Villa, Rafael Duarte (1 December 2005).
1593:"Venezuela's Autocratization, 1999–2021"
1054:The crisis has been variously blamed on
802:Relevant discussion may be found on the
559:After the victory of socialist populist
537:are conducted under what is nominally a
2844:Kurmanaev, Anatoly (23 February 2020).
2741:Latin American politics and development
2541:Brodzinsky, Sibylla (15 January 2016).
1317:
866:during the twentieth century, in which
22:
2764:
2144:"Venezuela sets post-Chavez poll date"
1922:La experiencia democrática 1958 / 1998
1261:2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election
1174:List of political parties in Venezuela
1018:his election to the presidency in 1998
910:, provided two Venezuelan presidents (
639:his election to the Presidency in 1998
552:Venezuela was in 2023 the third least
2788:
2786:
2683:
2681:
2655:
2653:
2372:
2370:
2300:"How Populism Helped Wreck Venezuela"
1801:"Venezuela in Crisis: A Backgrounder"
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1273:2013 Venezuelan presidential election
1051:) to include 6800 deaths as of 2019.
966:Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela
643:2013 Venezuelan presidential election
7:
1548:
1546:
1470:
1468:
1441:
1439:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
940:Chávez launched what he called the "
711:– (Didalco Antonio Bolivar Groterol)
3373:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)
2714:Neuman, William (7 December 2015).
2638:(in European Spanish). 18 July 2017
2289:Mariana Zuñiga and Anthony Faiola.
1255:2017 Venezuelan municipal elections
1035:History of Venezuela (1999–present)
962:United Socialist Party of Venezuela
936:History of Venezuela (1999–present)
840:American Confederation of Venezuela
2075:"Rule by decree passed for Chavez"
2017:. 18 December 2010. Archived from
1954:. 28 November 2006. Archived from
1605:10.1093/oso/9780197760789.003.0012
1267:2017 Venezuelan regional elections
1002:Movement for Socialism (Venezuela)
635:Movement for Socialism (Venezuela)
14:
2224:Larmer, Brook (1 November 2018).
2045:Carroll, Rory (5 December 2008).
1714:American Political Science Review
1105:New Constituent National Assembly
1077:Maduro attempted to continue the
882:saw AD excluded from power, four
4035:
4002:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3502:Ecological Movement of Venezuela
2202:. The Guardian. 24 February 2020
2180:from the original on 29 May 2019
1844:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1522
1627:Brewer-CarĂas, Allan R. (2010).
784:
567:, Venezuela gradually underwent
481:
32:
1785:10.1590/S0103-40142005000300011
689:Christian Democrats or COPEI –
3064:Restorative Liberal Revolution
2954:National Assembly of Venezuela
2575:Worely, Will (18 March 2016).
1710:"Executive Power in Venezuela"
1633:. Cambridge University Press.
1447:"Venezuela profile - Timeline"
1:
1978:"Ramón José Velásquez Mújica"
1514:Handlin, Samuel, ed. (2017),
1306:Student politics in Venezuela
986:Mesa de la Unidad Democrática
619:Mesa de la Unidad Democrática
2918:The Death Penalty Worldwide.
2601:Kraul, Chris (17 May 2017).
2298:Uri Friedman (4 June 2017).
2279:New York Times. 5 July 2019.
1872:Council on Foreign Relations
1396:10.1017/cbo9781139152365.008
1301:Public Ministry of Venezuela
1109:Constituent Assembly in 1999
1056:low oil prices in early 2015
946:Constituent Assembly in 1999
3438:Democratic Unity Roundtable
3427:People's Electoral Movement
3361:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
2923:. Retrieved 19 August 2006.
2897:Amnesty International USA.
2176:(in Spanish). 28 May 2019.
2133:retrieved 22 September 2009
1336:Gamboa, Laura, ed. (2022),
982:Democratic Unity Roundtable
892:Democratic Republican Union
878:) and the fall of dictator
615:Democratic Unity Roundtable
414:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
213:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
4244:
3134:2017 constitutional crisis
1572:Boersner, Adriana (2021).
1475:Mainwaring, Scott (2012).
1242:
1171:
1165:
1107:. This was similar to the
1068:Henrique Capriles Radonski
1032:
933:
837:
734:Progressive Wave or AP – (
565:1998 presidential election
4177:
4144:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4033:
3771:
3619:
3531:
3407:Movement We Are Venezuela
3263:Human rights in Venezuela
3248:
3170:
3109:1992 coup d'Ă©tat attempts
3044:Revolution of the Reforms
3014:
1591:Corrales, Javier (2024),
1553:Corrales, Javier (2015).
1528:10.1017/9781108233682.005
1493:10.1017/S1537592712002629
1350:10.1017/9781009164085.004
1296:Human rights in Venezuela
950:Constitution of Venezuela
4164:Turks and Caicos Islands
3840:Politics of the Americas
3280:Administrative divisions
3139:2019 presidential crisis
3119:2002 coup d'Ă©tat attempt
3054:Revindicating Revolution
2908:Retrieved 19 August 2006
2106:"Hugo Chavez Fast Facts"
1868:"Venezuela's Chavez Era"
1817:10.6017/eurj.v14i1.10333
1481:Perspectives on Politics
1421:V-Dem Institute (2023).
1150:Venezuela abolished the
948:, which drafted the new
707:For Social Democracy or
670:president of Venezuela.
3253:Corruption in Venezuela
2949:Presidency of Venezuela
2904:2 February 2007 at the
1249:Most recent elections:
1131:economic liberalization
978:Fifth Republic Movement
611:Fifth Republic Movement
550:V-Dem Democracy indices
470:Chávez's foreign policy
69:Constitutions of States
4079:British Virgin Islands
3578:Science and technology
3492:Movement for Socialism
3402:United Socialist Party
3124:2002–03 general strike
1897:www.europarl.europa.eu
1277:constituent assembly:
1180:President of Venezuela
1168:Elections in Venezuela
864:democracy in Venezuela
859:
727:Popular Will or VP – (
661:
588:United Socialist Party
569:democratic backsliding
435:Diplomatic missions of
4228:Politics of Venezuela
3992:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2775:) CS1 maint: others (
1708:Lott, Leo B. (1956).
1597:When Democracy Breaks
1578:Oxford Bibliographies
974:Bolivarian Revolution
942:Bolivarian Revolution
884:Venezuelan presidents
851:
844:Republic of Venezuela
745:– (Americo De Grazia)
741:The Radical Cause or
679:A New Time or UNT – (
674:Non-governing parties
656:
607:Bolivarian Revolution
542:presidential republic
535:politics of Venezuela
25:Politics of Venezuela
3478:Agreement for Change
3417:For Social Democracy
3393:Great Patriotic Pole
3258:Torture in Venezuela
3227:World Heritage Sites
3202:Environmental issues
1559:Journal of Democracy
924:National Convergence
916:Luis Herrera Campins
880:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
795:factual accuracy is
770:1948 Venezuelan coup
691:Juan Carlos Alvarado
592:Great Patriotic Pole
488:Venezuela portal
194:since 5 January 2021
4169:U.S. Virgin Islands
4012:Trinidad and Tobago
3857:Antigua and Barbuda
3664:List of Venezuelans
3487:Progressive Advance
3275:Crisis in Venezuela
3029:War of Independence
2495:The Washington Post
2405:Statistical Science
1453:. 19 September 2012
1423:"The V-Dem Dataset"
1216:(Asamblea Nacional)
900:Carlos Andrés Pérez
649:Parties and leaders
586:, organized as the
3922:Dominican Republic
3654:Indigenous peoples
3588:Telecommunications
3185:metropolitan areas
2877:The New York Times
2850:The New York Times
2720:The New York Times
2460:. Editorial Alfa.
2377:Ellsworth, Brian.
2258:. 26 November 2019
2230:The New York Times
1958:on 7 February 2007
1928:on 6 February 2007
1663:. 25 January 2021.
1188:head of government
1006:Human Rights Watch
860:
662:
108:Capital punishment
4215:
4214:
3807:
3806:
3767:
3766:
3606:
3605:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3462:Democratic Action
3327:National Assembly
3307:Foreign relations
3235:
3234:
3157:
3156:
3024:Captaincy General
2695:. 7 December 2015
2608:Los Angeles Times
2427:10.1214/11-STS379
2326:. 20 January 2017
2081:. 19 January 2007
2047:"A family affair"
1853:978-1-4051-8464-9
1772:Estudos Avançados
1640:978-1-139-49235-5
1614:978-0-19-776078-9
1537:978-1-108-41542-2
1405:978-1-107-02385-7
1359:978-1-009-16408-5
1226:and local level.
1213:National Assembly
994:Project Venezuela
954:National Assembly
914:, 1969–1974, and
868:Democratic Action
853:Miraflores Palace
836:
835:
828:
658:National Assembly
627:Project Venezuela
546:liberal democracy
531:
530:
457:Visa requirements
407:Foreign relations
289:Recent elections
285:Political parties
226:Federal divisions
175:National Assembly
4235:
4134:Saint Barthélemy
4094:Falkland Islands
4039:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3811:
3787:
3780:
3617:
3529:
3480:
3440:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3246:
3168:
3084:1958 coup d'Ă©tat
3079:El Trienio Adeco
3012:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2915:
2909:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2879:. New York Times
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2852:. New York Times
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2800:. 5 January 2018
2798:freedomhouse.org
2790:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2762:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2420:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2232:. New York Times
2221:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2174:Venezuela Al Dia
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2102:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2042:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2007:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1838:. pp. 1–6.
1827:
1821:
1820:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1705:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1333:
1239:Latest elections
1218:has 165 members
1205:plurality voting
1092:a super majority
831:
824:
820:
817:
811:
808:reliably sourced
788:
787:
780:
523:
516:
509:
486:
485:
484:
187:
36:
20:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4189:Central America
4173:
4048:
4040:
4031:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3808:
3803:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3763:
3688:
3669:Public holidays
3602:
3506:
3476:
3471:
3436:
3431:
3412:Communist Party
3391:
3377:
3312:Law enforcement
3231:
3222:Natural Regions
3153:
3001:
2992:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2916:
2912:
2906:Wayback Machine
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2824:Washington Post
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2581:The Independent
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2522:. 16 March 2015
2514:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2468:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2297:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2150:. 10 March 2013
2142:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2009:
2008:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1778:(55): 153–172.
1765:
1764:
1757:
1726:10.2307/1951677
1707:
1706:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1406:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1360:
1335:
1334:
1319:
1314:
1287:
1259:parliamentary:
1247:
1241:
1202:direct election
1176:
1170:
1164:
1148:
1122:Lorenzo Mendoza
1117:
1100:
1088:
1064:
1037:
1031:
938:
932:
888:Punto Fijo Pact
857:executive power
846:
838:Main articles:
832:
821:
815:
812:
801:
793:This section's
789:
785:
778:
758:
676:
667:
665:Governing party
651:
590:(PSUV) and the
527:
498:
494:Other countries
482:
480:
475:
474:
466:
447:Nationality law
443:
431:
420:Felix Plasencia
409:
399:
398:
393:
376:
359:
342:
325:
314:Parliamentary:
308:
280:
270:
269:
228:
218:
217:
208:
200:
199:
192:Jorge RodrĂguez
185:Dinorah Figuera
179:
170:
162:
161:
150:Delcy RodrĂguez
123:
115:
114:
57:
56:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4241:
4239:
4231:
4230:
4220:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:Sint Eustatius
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4084:Cayman Islands
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3722:Miss Venezuela
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3583:Stock Exchange
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3467:Come Venezuela
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3349:Vice President
3346:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:National parks
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3114:Vargas tragedy
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3089:Puntofijo Pact
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3069:1902–03 crisis
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2943:External links
2941:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2910:
2890:
2863:
2836:
2811:
2782:
2749:
2732:
2706:
2677:
2649:
2621:
2593:
2567:
2533:
2507:
2481:
2466:
2448:
2411:(4): 471–478.
2395:
2366:
2337:
2311:
2281:
2269:
2256:World Bank.org
2243:
2213:
2191:
2161:
2135:
2123:
2112:. 16 July 2013
2092:
2063:
2032:
2021:on 12 May 2016
1991:
1969:
1950:(in Spanish).
1939:
1909:
1884:
1859:
1852:
1822:
1791:
1755:
1720:(2): 422–441.
1691:
1666:
1646:
1639:
1619:
1613:
1583:
1564:
1542:
1536:
1506:
1487:(4): 955–967.
1464:
1435:
1410:
1404:
1369:
1358:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1271:presidential:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1243:Main article:
1240:
1237:
1231:European Union
1166:Main article:
1163:
1160:
1147:
1144:
1126:Empresas Polar
1116:
1113:
1099:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1063:
1060:
1049:United Nations
1045:hyperinflation
1033:Main article:
1030:
1027:
1023:Nicolás Maduro
976:with Chávez's
958:rule by decree
934:Main article:
931:
928:
920:Rafael Caldera
912:Rafael Caldera
855:, seat of the
834:
833:
792:
790:
783:
777:
774:
757:
754:
753:
752:
749:
746:
739:
732:
729:Leopoldo Lopez
725:
722:
712:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
687:
684:
681:Manuel Rosales
675:
672:
666:
663:
650:
647:
609:with Chávez's
584:Nicolás Maduro
574:Nicolás Maduro
529:
528:
526:
525:
518:
511:
503:
500:
499:
497:
496:
490:
477:
476:
473:
472:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
442:
441:
430:
429:
428:
427:
410:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:
392:
391:
386:
379:
377:
375:
374:
369:
362:
360:
358:
357:
352:
345:
343:
341:
340:
335:
328:
326:
324:
323:
318:
311:
309:
307:
306:
299:
295:Presidential:
292:
287:
281:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
262:
261:
260:
258:Municipalities
255:
250:
245:
235:
229:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
196:
195:
190:Disputed with
188:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
153:
152:
145:Vice President
142:
141:
140:
138:Nicolás Maduro
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
85:
84:
83:
78:
73:
72:
71:
58:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
45:
42:
41:
38:
37:
29:
28:
23:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4240:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4208:
4207:
4206:South America
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4183:North America
4180:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4099:French Guiana
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:United States
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3835:
3830:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:Justice First
3445:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:El Carupanazo
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:reunification
3035:
3034:Gran Colombia
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2750:9780813350509
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2467:9788417014254
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:head of state
1181:
1175:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1152:death penalty
1146:Miscellaneous
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1072:1968 election
1069:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Justice First
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
937:
929:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
854:
850:
845:
841:
830:
827:
819:
809:
805:
799:
798:
791:
782:
781:
775:
773:
771:
767:
762:
755:
750:
747:
744:
740:
737:
733:
730:
726:
723:
720:
716:
715:Justice First
713:
710:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
692:
688:
685:
682:
678:
677:
673:
671:
664:
659:
655:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:Justice First
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
582:
577:
575:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:
536:
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
505:
504:
502:
501:
495:
492:
491:
489:
479:
478:
471:
468:
467:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
436:
433:
432:
425:
421:
417:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
403:
402:
390:
387:
385:
382:Referendums:
381:
380:
378:
373:
370:
368:
364:
363:
361:
356:
353:
351:
347:
346:
344:
339:
336:
334:
331:Constituent:
330:
329:
327:
322:
319:
317:
313:
312:
310:
305:
304:
300:
298:
294:
293:
291:
290:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
274:
273:
266:
263:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
248:Constitutions
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
227:
222:
221:
214:
211:
210:
204:
203:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
166:
165:
158:
155:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
139:
136:
135:
133:
129:
126:
125:
119:
118:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
82:
79:
77:
74:
70:
67:
66:
65:
64:
63:
60:
59:
52:
49:
48:
44:
43:
40:
39:
35:
31:
30:
26:
21:
18:
16:
4204:
4181:
4154:Sint Maarten
4139:Saint Martin
4046:Dependencies
4026:
3752:coat of arms
3629:Demographics
3573:Oil industry
3563:Cooperatives
3452:Popular Will
3297:Constitution
3240:
3149:Coups d'Ă©tat
3099:El Porteñazo
3074:World War II
2932:
2928:
2913:
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2876:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2849:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2823:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2797:
2740:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2692:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:
2640:. Retrieved
2633:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2606:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2547:The Guardian
2546:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2484:
2457:
2451:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2382:
2357:. Retrieved
2353:
2328:. Retrieved
2323:
2314:
2305:The Atlantic
2303:
2284:
2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2255:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2229:
2204:. Retrieved
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2173:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2147:
2138:
2131:Reuters News
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2083:. Retrieved
2054:. Retrieved
2051:The Guardian
2023:. Retrieved
2019:the original
2015:Daily Nation
1982:. Retrieved
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
1921:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1871:
1862:
1835:
1825:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1775:
1771:
1717:
1713:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:
1669:
1658:
1649:
1629:
1622:
1596:
1586:
1577:
1567:
1558:
1519:
1509:
1484:
1480:
1455:. Retrieved
1450:
1426:. Retrieved
1387:
1363:
1341:
1248:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1177:
1156:
1149:
1118:
1101:
1089:
1076:
1065:
1053:
1038:
1029:2013–Present
1010:Human rights
985:
965:
939:
904:house arrest
896:
861:
822:
813:
794:
763:
759:
736:Henri Falcon
719:Julio Borges
668:
618:
600:
578:
558:
534:
532:
439:in Venezuela
302:
265:Dependencies
253:Legislatures
76:Human rights
62:Constitution
50:Constitution
24:
17:
15:
4124:Puerto Rico
4051:territories
3997:Saint Lucia
3932:El Salvador
3649:Immigration
3536:Agriculture
3197:Earthquakes
3059:1895 crisis
3049:Federal War
3019:New Granada
2883:20 November
2856:20 November
2829:26 November
2804:26 November
2794:"Venezuela"
2725:26 November
2699:26 November
2560:24 February
2262:20 November
1952:GlobovisiĂłn
1679:www.cia.gov
1253:municipal:
1224:state level
1220:(diputados)
1198:legislature
1014:Hugo Chávez
970:Hugo Chávez
898:president (
603:Hugo Chávez
561:Hugo Chávez
462:Visa policy
365:Municipal:
169:Legislature
103:Nationality
81:LGBT rights
4119:Montserrat
4114:Martinique
4109:Guadeloupe
3907:Costa Rica
3712:Literature
3644:Healthcare
3144:Civil wars
2933:The Tablet
2921:InfoPlease
2670:21 October
2635:La Patilla
2388:21 October
2354:Al Jazeera
2236:2 November
2154:21 October
1984:21 January
1962:21 January
1932:21 January
1684:21 October
1428:14 October
1312:References
1265:regional:
1192:unicameral
1172:See also:
1041:Bolivarian
743:La Causa R
418:Minister:
348:Regional:
4194:Caribbean
4104:Greenland
4027:Venezuela
3972:Nicaragua
3942:Guatemala
3862:Argentina
3847:Sovereign
3679:Squatting
3659:Languages
3639:Education
3598:Transport
3546:Companies
3457:A New Era
3339:President
3332:President
3302:Elections
3163:Geography
2995:Venezuela
2767:cite book
2759:962551647
2665:USA TODAY
2555:0261-3077
2476:973928217
2435:0883-4237
2418:1205.3009
1750:143931136
1734:0003-0554
1501:1537-5927
1162:Elections
1136:Communist
990:A New Era
930:1999–2013
876:1948–1958
872:1945–1948
816:July 2018
804:talk page
776:1958–1999
766:president
717:or PJ – (
623:A New Era
596:elections
581:President
278:Elections
243:Governors
207:Judiciary
181:President
128:President
122:Executive
4222:Category
4059:Anguilla
4007:Suriname
3982:Paraguay
3957:Honduras
3917:Dominica
3902:Colombia
3872:Barbados
3794:Category
3732:Religion
3674:Refugees
3634:Diaspora
3541:Currency
3422:Tupamaro
3366:In exile
3322:Missions
3317:Military
3241:Politics
3104:Caracazo
2999:articles
2902:Archived
2693:BBC News
2526:27 April
2520:BBC News
2500:27 April
2359:23 March
2206:10 March
2178:Archived
2148:BBC News
2079:BBC News
1805:Elements
1451:BBC News
1291:Chavismo
1285:See also
1140:Tupamaro
1079:Chavismo
1012:record.
797:disputed
660:building
452:Passport
93:Abortion
4089:Curaçao
4074:Bonaire
4069:Bermuda
4022:Uruguay
3962:Jamaica
3937:Grenada
3927:Ecuador
3882:Bolivia
3867:Bahamas
3778:Outline
3742:Symbols
3707:Cuisine
3694:Culture
3612:Society
3593:Tourism
3524:Economy
3383:Parties
3354:Cabinet
3285:Regions
3192:Climate
3175:Borders
3007:History
2642:19 July
2443:9646736
2324:Reuters
1742:1951677
1660:Reuters
1195:federal
1124:of the
992:(UNT),
756:History
709:PODEMOS
625:(UNT),
563:in the
539:federal
233:Regions
157:Cabinet
3977:Panama
3967:Mexico
3947:Guyana
3892:Canada
3887:Brazil
3877:Belize
3849:states
3799:Portal
3747:anthem
3702:Cinema
3568:Energy
3290:States
3180:Cities
3129:Crisis
2997:
2757:
2747:
2614:22 May
2586:12 May
2553:
2474:
2464:
2441:
2433:
2184:5 June
2116:12 May
2085:12 May
2056:12 May
2025:12 May
1902:30 May
1877:30 May
1850:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1637:
1611:
1534:
1499:
1457:30 May
1402:
1356:
1211:) The
1190:and a
980:. The
238:States
98:Labour
4064:Aruba
3952:Haiti
3897:Chile
3785:Index
3737:Sport
3727:Music
3717:Media
3684:Women
3624:Crime
3551:PDVSA
3497:COPEI
3212:Flora
3207:Fauna
2439:S2CID
2413:arXiv
2330:1 May
1746:S2CID
1738:JSTOR
908:Copei
4129:Saba
4049:and
3987:Peru
3912:Cuba
3757:flag
3344:List
3268:LGBT
2885:2020
2858:2020
2831:2018
2806:2018
2777:link
2773:link
2755:OCLC
2745:ISBN
2727:2018
2701:2018
2672:2018
2644:2017
2616:2017
2588:2016
2562:2016
2551:ISSN
2528:2015
2502:2015
2472:OCLC
2462:ISBN
2431:ISSN
2390:2018
2361:2019
2332:2017
2264:2020
2238:2018
2208:2020
2186:2019
2156:2018
2118:2016
2087:2016
2058:2016
2027:2016
1986:2007
1964:2007
1934:2007
1904:2024
1879:2024
1848:ISBN
1730:ISSN
1686:2018
1635:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1497:ISSN
1459:2024
1430:2023
1400:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1186:and
1138:and
1115:2020
1098:2017
1086:2015
1062:2013
842:and
533:The
424:list
389:2017
384:2009
372:2018
367:2017
355:2021
350:2017
338:2017
333:1999
321:2020
316:2015
303:2024
297:2018
132:list
3556:CVG
2423:doi
2383:U.S
2110:CNN
1840:doi
1813:doi
1780:doi
1722:doi
1601:doi
1524:doi
1489:doi
1392:doi
1346:doi
1182:as
972:'s
956:to
645:).
605:'s
88:Law
53:Law
4224::
2875:.
2848:.
2822:.
2796:.
2785:^
2769:}}
2765:{{
2753:.
2718:.
2691:.
2680:^
2663:.
2652:^
2632:.
2605:.
2579:.
2549:.
2545:.
2518:.
2493:.
2470:.
2437:.
2429:.
2421:.
2409:26
2407:.
2381:.
2369:^
2352:.
2340:^
2322:.
2302:.
2296:*
2254:.
2228:.
2216:^
2172:.
2146:.
2108:.
2095:^
2077:.
2066:^
2049:.
2035:^
2013:.
1994:^
1920:.
1895:.
1870:.
1846:.
1834:.
1811:.
1809:14
1807:.
1803:.
1776:19
1774:.
1770:.
1758:^
1744:.
1736:.
1728:.
1718:50
1716:.
1712:.
1694:^
1677:.
1657:.
1607:,
1595:,
1576:.
1557:.
1545:^
1530:,
1518:,
1495:.
1485:10
1483:.
1479:.
1467:^
1449:.
1438:^
1413:^
1398:,
1386:,
1372:^
1362:,
1352:,
1340:,
1320:^
1000:,
996:,
772:.
633:,
629:,
556:.
437:/
183::
134:)
3833:e
3826:t
3819:v
3040:)
3036:(
2987:e
2980:t
2973:v
2887:.
2860:.
2833:.
2808:.
2779:)
2761:.
2729:.
2703:.
2674:.
2646:.
2618:.
2590:.
2564:.
2530:.
2504:.
2478:.
2445:.
2425::
2415::
2392:.
2363:.
2334:.
2308:.
2293:.
2266:.
2240:.
2210:.
2188:.
2158:.
2120:.
2089:.
2060:.
2029:.
1988:.
1966:.
1936:.
1906:.
1881:.
1856:.
1842::
1819:.
1815::
1788:.
1782::
1752:.
1724::
1688:.
1643:.
1603::
1580:.
1561:.
1526::
1503:.
1491::
1461:.
1432:.
1394::
1348::
984:(
964:(
829:)
823:(
818:)
814:(
810:.
800:.
738:)
731:)
721:)
683:)
617:(
522:e
515:t
508:v
426:)
422:(
130:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
