835:,"ALBANIA (TIER 2) Albania is a source country for women and children trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor, largely to Greece and Italy, where many victims are then further transited to the United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands. Albanian children, especially ethnic Roma and Egyptian, continue to be trafficked externally for forced begging. Regional and international experts consider Albania to have significantly decreased as a transit country for trafficking in Western Europe. The Government of Albania does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so. The government remained committed to monitoring and preventing trafficking at the country's main ports and produced successful interdictions. However, implementation of Albania's anti-trafficking tools remained inadequate and a critical area of concern. Greater, proactive steps in the areas of protection and reintegration are needed to ensure the safety of victims. The government must apply available laws and programs, in addition to improving prevention for vulnerable groups. Trafficking-related corruption must also be addressed.
849:
improve the initial identification, reception, protection, and reintegration procedures for returnee victims. Police slightly increased the number of ad hoc referrals made to shelters in
Albania via IOM and NGOs. Police referred 274 victims to the Vatra Center, a leading NGO in Albania providing shelter and reintegration services to victims. Notably, a number of police directorates opened their own temporary shelters to accommodate trafficking victims. However, regulations necessary for the implementation of witness-protection measures adopted in 2003 have yet to be finalized. In 2004, the Government of Albania established a witness relocation program and adopted special witness protection provisions allowing for endangered witnesses in trafficking cases to testify via remote video link. The program remains unfunded.
842:
more than ten years' imprisonment. In
September 2004, the government adopted legislation that includes broad civil asset forfeiture provisions, requiring the accused trafficker to prove the legitimacy of sources of wealth. Prosecutors, however, had yet to employ the forfeiture provisions. Serious resource constraints and corruption among government officials continued to hamper anti-trafficking efforts. The government continued to investigate police involvement in trafficking; in 2004, four police officers were investigated for offenses related to trafficking. The government did not prosecute or convict any officials for trafficking complicity during the reporting period.
2218:
1482:
43:
518:
2061:
1640:
1554:
2516:
504:
2399:
650:
has received reports of incidents in which members of the
Albanian police are alleged to have ill-treated people during their arrest or detention, some people even died as a result of this treatment. According to reports, detainees have frequently been injured, the injuries which they have sustained
841:
In 2004, the
Government of Albania continued to arrest, prosecute, and convict traffickers. Its courts prosecuted 132 traffickers and handed down 121 convictions. Commendably, over half of the sentences during the reporting period were over five years in length and 30 traffickers were sentenced to
637:
Albania is a country of origin and country of transit for persons, primarily women and children, trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The
Albanian government has shown some commitment to combat trafficking but has been criticised for not fully complying with the minimum standards for
697:
Human rights in
Albania are violated by the Government which have targeted the Greek minority population via police and secret service according to Human Rights organisations. Greek communities have been targeted by development projects and had their homes demolished in alleged ethnic targeting
848:
The government provided some facilities and personnel to assist trafficking victims, and operates its own
National Reception Center; NGOs have two additional shelters. The government has begun work on a national referral mechanism involving law enforcement, social services, and NGO partners to
855:
In 2004, the government conducted few prevention programs, and continued to reply primarily on NGOs and international organizations to carry out such activities. The
Ministry of Education began to incorporate prevention activities into school curricula. In 2004, the government adopted a newly
701:
Also, the ethnic Greek minority complained about the government’s unwillingness to recognize ethnic Greek towns outside communist-era “minority zones,” to utilize Greek in official documents and on public signs in ethnic Greek areas, or to include more ethnic Greeks in public administration.
856:
improved
Strategic Framework and National Action Plan that outlines a comprehensive and targeted approach to trafficking. However, few aspects of the plan have been funded or initiated. In February 2005, the government also finalized its Child Trafficking Strategy and Action Plan. "
671:
The
Commissioner for Protection from Discrimination has raised concerns regarding the family registration law that discriminates against women. As a result heads of households, who are overwhelmingly men have the right to change family residency without their partners’ permission.
667:
Nearly 60% of women in rural areas suffer physical or psychological violence and nearly 8% are victims of sexual violence. Protection orders are often violated. In 2014 the Albanian Helsinki Committee (AHC) reported that the number of female murder victims is still high.
611:. However, since 1992, under the leadership of the Democratic Party, several liberalizing reforms have been implemented. Today, Albania is a developed country, which is a model of historical continuity and a model of development of values and traditions, throughout the
651:
include bruises, broken teeth or cuts which required medical treatment or even admissions to hospitals. Some cases of ill-treatment have amounted to torture. Many of these violations have been committed against members or supporters of the
680:
In 2015 UNICEF reported that 77% of children have been subjected to some form of violent punishment at home. Hundreds of children are being forced to beg or subjected to other forms of forced labour within the country and even abroad.
698:
Greeks from Southern Albania, where homes are systematically demolished. Also, according to Amnesty International there were cases of mistreatment of members of Greek minority by the authorities.
169:
2021:
1800:
450:
445:
2849:
1391:
1688:
1678:
547:
1683:
887:
1441:
711:
2734:
2586:
1416:
604:
1080:
402:
2977:
2392:
2377:
2156:
1604:
484:
366:
356:
634:). The end of communism has contributed to an increase in human trafficking, with the majority of victims being women forced into prostitution.
2907:
2016:
466:
462:
2114:
2054:
2026:
1960:
2842:
2109:
1793:
1633:
1326:
936:
374:
314:
309:
304:
158:
150:
1753:
1738:
1731:
1673:
290:
285:
280:
241:
221:
3114:
2927:
1805:
397:
174:
1381:
1361:
1260:
1050:
1028:
1017:
1006:
2952:
2672:
2607:
2581:
2039:
1955:
1833:
1616:
1426:
1366:
1336:
540:
361:
91:
1386:
817:
3173:
2642:
2306:
2221:
1214:
119:
111:
3142:
3039:
3034:
2835:
2387:
194:
2627:
2622:
2576:
2181:
1599:
1341:
995:
791:
716:
125:
3147:
2999:
2612:
2463:
2121:
1939:
1828:
1421:
1255:
1194:
721:
340:
335:
330:
2687:
3152:
2632:
2382:
1986:
1721:
1643:
1628:
1509:
1462:
1401:
1073:
630:
533:
438:
417:
3099:
2617:
2591:
2330:
2239:
2194:
2176:
2084:
1996:
1879:
1467:
1396:
1346:
1270:
584:
412:
387:
1436:
2989:
2892:
2760:
2325:
2211:
2166:
2161:
2104:
2099:
2064:
2011:
1768:
1562:
1524:
1431:
652:
392:
3004:
2354:
2199:
2171:
2094:
1748:
1623:
1557:
1514:
1225:
233:
105:
97:
3069:
3029:
3009:
891:
659:
and former political prisoners. Prosecutions of police officers for torture or ill-treatment appear to be rare.
3132:
3079:
3054:
2912:
2770:
2089:
1519:
1406:
1265:
474:
208:
3084:
3109:
3059:
3019:
2972:
2967:
2957:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2917:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2807:
2712:
2637:
2428:
2315:
2259:
1934:
1701:
1547:
1457:
1411:
1351:
1300:
1285:
1245:
1189:
1178:
1066:
56:
3137:
3104:
3094:
3074:
3064:
3049:
3044:
3024:
2994:
2962:
2947:
2922:
2858:
2729:
2705:
2320:
1976:
1864:
1838:
1648:
1534:
1356:
731:
588:
489:
3089:
3014:
2984:
2724:
2667:
2438:
2423:
1981:
1859:
1788:
1706:
647:
407:
164:
145:
2515:
2549:
2453:
2340:
2131:
1783:
1658:
1611:
1490:
1280:
262:
83:
2717:
2443:
2372:
2079:
1929:
1823:
1763:
1758:
1743:
1580:
1376:
1315:
246:
228:
187:
138:
76:
33:
2402:
984:
972:
960:
2800:
2793:
2765:
2141:
1916:
1897:
1874:
1843:
1542:
1290:
1250:
1204:
1101:
1093:
1230:
1039:
638:
the elimination of trafficking and failing to develop effective measures in witness protection.
2739:
2695:
2677:
2448:
2367:
2348:
2279:
2274:
2264:
1275:
1240:
1199:
832:
797:
787:
726:
656:
624:
568:
479:
2816:
2662:
2506:
2293:
2284:
2217:
2204:
1331:
1305:
576:
17:
2700:
2539:
2486:
2269:
2126:
1235:
1128:
868:
821:
522:
154:
115:
912:
786:. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (Organization : U.S.). New York: Human Rights Watch.
42:
1869:
1295:
814:
780:
689:
At least 70 families are in a self-imposed confinement due to fear of revenge attacks.
608:
517:
3167:
2544:
2433:
2519:
2302:
1921:
87:
2524:
600:
454:
422:
2476:
2407:
1148:
2252:
1371:
1168:
1143:
1110:
801:
2827:
2496:
2481:
1711:
1163:
1158:
1138:
1133:
101:
754:
2471:
2362:
1481:
1153:
1123:
1118:
1089:
612:
580:
572:
563:
509:
2529:
2491:
1058:
2534:
869:
ALBANIA: FAILURE TO END POLICE ILL-TREATMENT AND DEATHS IN CUSTODY
1716:
2831:
1062:
2744:
882:
880:
878:
876:
937:"Οι Αλβανοί αρπάζουν σπίτια από τους Βορειοηπειρώτες"
655:. Other victims include homosexuals, members of the
607:
was labeled one of the most repressive countries in
3123:
2865:
2753:
2686:
2655:
2600:
2569:
2562:
2505:
2462:
2416:
2339:
2301:
2292:
2251:
2238:
2149:
2140:
2072:
2048:
2004:
1995:
1969:
1948:
1909:
1896:
1852:
1814:
1776:
1730:
1666:
1657:
1592:
1579:
1533:
1502:
1489:
1450:
1314:
1213:
1177:
1109:
1100:
779:
693:Human rights violations against the Greek minority
722:Internet censorship and surveillance in Albania
2843:
1074:
749:
747:
541:
8:
864:
862:
2850:
2836:
2828:
2566:
2298:
2248:
2244:
2146:
2001:
1906:
1902:
1663:
1589:
1585:
1499:
1495:
1106:
1081:
1067:
1059:
712:Accession of Albania to the European Union
548:
534:
28:
663:Violence and discrimination against women
1412:Albanian resistance during World War II
743:
446:Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs
31:
2398:
782:Human rights in post-communist Albania
623:There has been a growing awareness of
7:
642:Torture and death by the authorities
627:as a human rights issue in Europe (
25:
1352:Principality of Albania (1914–25)
1337:Provisional Government of Albania
975:ALBANIA 2009 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT]
973:United States Department of State
963:ALBANIA 2008 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT]
961:United States Department of State
2514:
2397:
2216:
2060:
2059:
1639:
1638:
1553:
1552:
1480:
1051:ALBANIA 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
1040:ALBANIA 2015 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
1029:ALBANIA 2014 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
1018:ALBANIA 2013 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
1007:ALBANIA 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
996:ALBANIA 2011 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
985:ALBANIA 2010 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
516:
502:
41:
2735:Orders, decorations and medals
1342:Albania during the Balkan Wars
717:Freedom of religion in Albania
1:
1382:Albanian Republic (1925–1928)
1256:Massacre of the Albanian Beys
913:"Albania: The Greek Minority"
646:Since the beginning of 1994,
1387:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)
1362:Autonomous Province of Korçë
631:Human trafficking in Albania
1422:Orthography Congress (1972)
1417:Communist Albania (1946–91)
1397:Italian invasion of Albania
1347:Republic of Central Albania
1327:Declaration of Independence
1271:Albanian National Awakening
579:, the general condition of
18:Police brutality in Albania
3190:
1392:Union with Italian kingdom
560:Current issues concerning
2787:
2247:
1905:
1588:
1498:
1478:
888:"Human Rights in Albania"
676:Violence against children
585:human and sex trafficking
1407:The Holocaust in Albania
1266:Uprising of Dervish Cara
778:Fred., Abrahams (1996).
222:Administrative divisions
175:Leader of the Opposition
3174:Human rights in Albania
2859:Human rights in Europe
1246:Islamization of Albania
1236:Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini
1190:Principality of Arbanon
833:U.S Department of State
204:(ordinary jurisdiction)
2908:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1427:Post-Communist Albania
1402:German Nazi occupation
1357:World War I in Albania
1226:Skanderbeg's rebellion
732:LGBT rights in Albania
463:Diplomatic missions of
2725:Epitaph of Gllavenica
648:Amnesty International
603:'s rule (1944-1985),
112:Deputy Prime Minister
2157:Archaeological sites
1667:Vetting Institutions
1367:Italian protectorate
1281:Congress of Manastir
1261:Revolts of 1833–1839
571:, isolated cases of
199:Administrative Court
195:Constitutional Court
3124:States with limited
2378:Research institutes
1940:State Supreme Audit
1377:Republic of Mirdita
523:Politics portal
513: •
34:Politics of Albania
2195:Adriatic Sea Coast
2122:Telecommunications
1829:Capital punishment
1722:Prosecutor General
1291:Malissori uprising
1251:Albanian Pashaliks
1205:House of Kastrioti
1195:Kingdom of Albania
820:2008-02-14 at the
629:see main article:
3161:
3160:
2825:
2824:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2651:
2650:
2558:
2557:
2550:Cognac Skënderbeu
2357:
2309:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2222:Images of Albania
2190:
2189:
2049:Natural resources
2040:Hydropower plants
2035:
2034:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1697:
1696:
1634:Political parties
1629:Foreign relations
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1476:
1475:
1432:1997 Civil Unrest
1276:League of Prizren
1200:Despotate of Arta
815:Council of Europe
625:human trafficking
619:Human trafficking
605:Communist Albania
569:domestic violence
558:
557:
485:Visa requirements
439:Foreign relations
376:Political parties
202:Court of Justice
16:(Redirected from
3181:
2866:Sovereign states
2852:
2845:
2838:
2829:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2567:
2518:
2401:
2400:
2353:
2305:
2299:
2249:
2245:
2220:
2200:Ionian Sea Coast
2147:
2063:
2062:
2002:
1956:Shopping centers
1925:
1907:
1903:
1880:Border crossings
1754:Cities and towns
1664:
1642:
1641:
1590:
1586:
1556:
1555:
1500:
1496:
1484:
1306:Kimza Government
1107:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1004:
998:
993:
987:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
951:
949:
948:
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
890:. Archived from
884:
871:
866:
857:
830:
824:
812:
806:
805:
785:
775:
769:
768:
766:
765:
751:
577:police brutality
562:human rights in
550:
543:
536:
525:
521:
520:
512:
508:
506:
505:
270:Recent elections
205:
45:
29:
21:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3143:Northern Cyprus
3125:
3119:
3040:North Macedonia
2861:
2856:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2775:
2761:Public holidays
2749:
2682:
2647:
2596:
2554:
2501:
2458:
2412:
2335:
2288:
2226:
2186:
2136:
2127:Posta Shqiptare
2068:
2044:
2031:
1991:
1965:
1944:
1923:
1884:
1870:Organized crime
1848:
1810:
1772:
1726:
1693:
1653:
1567:
1563:Protected areas
1529:
1485:
1472:
1446:
1437:NATO membership
1320:
1318:
1310:
1231:League of Lezhë
1219:
1217:
1209:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1096:
1087:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1001:
994:
990:
983:
979:
971:
967:
959:
955:
946:
944:
935:
934:
930:
921:
919:
911:
910:
906:
897:
895:
886:
885:
874:
867:
860:
831:
827:
822:Wayback Machine
813:
809:
794:
777:
776:
772:
763:
761:
759:www.amnesty.org
753:
752:
745:
740:
708:
695:
687:
685:Revenge attacks
678:
665:
653:Socialist Party
644:
621:
597:
554:
515:
514:
503:
501:
500:
495:
494:
475:Nationality law
471:
459:
441:
431:
430:
427:
371:
345:
321:
295:
265:
255:
254:
251:
224:
214:
213:
203:
190:
180:
179:
155:Lindita Nikolla
141:
131:
130:
116:Belinda Balluku
79:
69:
68:
59:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3115:United Kingdom
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2928:Czech Republic
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2275:Noble families
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2209:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
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2316:Architecture
2260:Demographics
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1961:Supermarkets
1935:Trade unions
1816:Human rights
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1702:Constitution
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1548:Biodiversity
1442:EU Accession
1316:Independence
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892:the original
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64:Human rights
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2055:Oil and gas
1977:Agriculture
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1218:(1385–1912)
1182:(1190–1385)
1179:Middle Ages
917:www.hrw.org
838:Prosecution
755:"Countries"
601:Enver Hoxha
589:LGBT rights
490:Visa policy
455:Igli Hasani
349:Referendums
139:Legislature
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2990:Kazakhstan
2893:Azerbaijan
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2477:Fustanella
2439:Secularism
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2393:Publishers
2373:Literature
2115:structures
1982:Healthcare
1924:(currency)
1806:Opposition
1707:Corruption
1600:Government
1149:Dassaretii
947:2019-06-19
943:(in Greek)
922:2019-06-19
898:2017-11-02
852:Prevention
845:Protection
793:1564321606
764:2019-06-19
738:References
467:in Albania
165:Committees
146:Parliament
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1510:Mountains
1503:Landscape
1491:Geography
1372:Vlora War
1169:Taulantii
1144:Bylliones
1111:Illyrians
263:Elections
188:Judiciary
84:President
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3085:Slovenia
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2913:Bulgaria
2817:Category
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2633:Swimming
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2570:Football
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2482:Xhubleta
2464:Costumes
2444:Religion
2403:Proverbs
2368:Language
2349:Alphabet
2331:Theatres
2280:Diaspora
2177:Churches
2095:Railways
2085:Aviation
2080:Highways
1970:Industry
1930:Taxation
1860:Military
1853:Security
1824:Abortion
1794:speakers
1789:Assembly
1764:Villages
1759:Communes
1744:Counties
1712:EURALIUS
1644:Treaties
1605:agencies
1581:Politics
1468:Archives
1463:Timeline
1451:See also
1164:Parthini
1159:Labeatae
1139:Balaites
1134:Amantini
1094:articles
818:Archived
802:34677470
706:See also
567:include
480:Passport
451:Minister
247:Villages
229:Counties
102:Edi Rama
3110:Ukraine
3060:Romania
3020:Moldova
2978:Ireland
2973:Iceland
2968:Hungary
2958:Germany
2953:Georgia
2943:Finland
2938:Estonia
2933:Denmark
2918:Croatia
2903:Belgium
2898:Belarus
2888:Austria
2883:Armenia
2878:Andorra
2873:Albania
2794:Outline
2766:Smoking
2688:Symbols
2618:Cycling
2587:Players
2507:Cuisine
2472:Qeleshe
2363:Abetare
2355:scripts
2326:Museums
2294:Culture
2240:Society
2212:Beaches
2205:riviera
2167:Mosques
2162:Castles
2142:Tourism
2105:Tunnels
2100:Bridges
1917:Banking
1910:Finance
1898:Economy
1875:Prisons
1801:Members
1558:Habitat
1543:Climate
1525:Islands
1458:Origins
1154:Enchele
1129:Amantes
1124:Albanoi
1119:Ardiaei
1102:History
1090:Albania
613:Balkans
599:During
595:History
581:prisons
573:torture
564:Albania
510:Albania
170:Members
151:Speaker
126:Cabinet
3138:Kosovo
3105:Turkey
3095:Sweden
3075:Serbia
3065:Russia
3050:Poland
3045:Norway
3025:Monaco
2995:Latvia
2963:Greece
2948:France
2923:Cyprus
2678:Cinema
2563:Sports
2530:Kabuni
2520:Gjellë
2492:Opinga
2449:Nevruz
2270:Tribes
2265:Census
2253:People
2172:Tekkes
2065:Mining
1997:Energy
1949:Retail
1865:Police
1515:Rivers
1332:Anthem
1092:
800:
790:
575:, and
507:
242:Cities
3090:Spain
3015:Malta
2985:Italy
2801:Index
2754:Other
2673:Radio
2663:Music
2582:Clubs
2285:Women
2090:Ports
2022:OSHEE
1520:Lakes
423:LIBRA
418:PBDNJ
324:Local
2706:list
2701:Flag
2545:Wine
2540:Beer
2535:Raki
2487:Brez
2429:Besa
2012:KESH
1922:Lek
1839:LGBT
1769:Maps
1739:NUTS
1717:SPAK
1617:list
798:OCLC
788:ISBN
587:and
403:PDIU
367:1998
362:1997
357:1994
341:2023
336:2019
331:2015
316:next
310:2021
305:2017
291:2022
286:2017
281:2012
159:list
120:list
106:list
92:list
2745:.al
2434:Oda
2303:Art
2027:ERE
2017:OST
1689:KPK
1684:ONM
1679:IKP
1674:KPA
408:FRD
398:LSI
3170::
939:.
915:.
875:^
861:^
796:.
757:.
746:^
615:.
591:.
583:,
465:/
453::
413:PR
393:PS
388:PD
153::
114::
100::
86::
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