68:
170:, while the term "think tank" is modern, with its origin "traced to the humanist academies and scholarly networks of the 16th and 17th centuries," Soll writes that, "in Europe, the origins of think tanks go back to the 800s when emperors and kings began arguing with the Catholic Church about taxes. A tradition of hiring teams of independent lawyers to advise monarchs about their financial and political prerogatives against the church spans from Charlemagne all the way to the 17th century, when the kings of France were still arguing about whether they had the right to appoint bishops and receive a cut of their income."
54:
3175:– one of the United States' largest home builders – with a significant advantage in pursuing a US$ 8 billion revitalization project in Hunters Point, San Francisco. In 2014, Lennar's then-regional vice president in charge of the San Francisco revitalization, Kofi Bonner was named as a Brookings senior fellow – a position as 'trusted adviser' that carries some distinction. Bruce Katz, a Brookings vice president, also offered to help Lennar "engage with national media to develop stories that highlight Lennar's innovative approach."
3233:. These groups, sometimes referred to as commissions, are a form of think tank dedicated to advising the US Presidents or the Executive branch of government. They typically focus on a specific issue and as such, might be considered similar to special interest groups. However, unlike special interest groups these committees have come under some oversight regulation and are required to make formal records available to the public. As of 2002, about 1,000 of these advisory committees were described in the FACA searchable database.
3474:(ERC) is a policy-research oriented non-profit think tank established in 1999 with a mission to facilitate sustainable economic development and good governance in the new public management system of Azerbaijan. It seeks to do this by building favorable interactions between the public, private and civil society and working with different networks both in local (EITI NGO Coalition, National Budget Group, Public Coalition Against Poverty, etc.) and international levels (PWYP, IBP, ENTO, ALDA, PASOS, WTO NGO Network etc.).
2017:
Union, analyzing and advocating for anti-authoritarian, transparent, and open governance ideas in
Central and Eastern Europe, is an opinion leader offering an alternative opinion to the public versus populism, radicalism, and authoritarian trends, reinforcing active citizens' participation in decision making, analyzing fake news, disinformation, and offering media literacy initiatives, putting forward solutions to improve the accountability, transparency, and openness of Lithuania's
3206:(FFRDCs). FFRDCs, are unique independent nonprofit entities sponsored and funded by the United States government to meet specific long-term technical needs that cannot be met by any other single organization. FFRDCs typically assist government agencies with scientific research and analysis, systems development, and systems acquisition. They bring together the expertise and outlook of government, industry, and academia to solve complex technical problems. These FFRDCs include the
3133:
3571:(TESEV) is another leading think tank. Established in 1994, TESEV is an independent non-governmental think tank, analyzing social, political and economic policy issues facing Turkey. TESEV has raised issues about Islam and democracy, combating corruption, state reform, and transparency and accountability. TESEV serve as a bridge between academic research and policy-making. Its core program areas are democratization, good governance, and foreign policy.
40:
3010:– The Center of Research for Development (Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo, Asociación Civil) is a not-for-profit think tank that undertakes research and proposes viable policy options for Mexico's economic and democratic development. The organization seeks to promote open, pluralistic debate pursuing: the Rule of Law & Democracy, market economics, social development, and strengthening Mexico-United States relations.
1752:(IFRI) was founded in 1979 and is the third oldest think tank of western Europe, after Chatham House (UK, 1920) and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Sweden, 1960). The primary goals of IFRI are to develop applied research in the field of public policy related to international issues, and foster interactive and constructive dialogue between researchers, professionals, and opinion leaders. France also hosts the
725:. After the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997, more think tanks were established by various groups of intellectuals and professionals. They have various missions and objectives including promoting civic education; undertaking research on economic, social and political policies; and promoting "public understanding of and participation in the political, economic, and social development of the Hong Kong
3342:, a Japanese policy institute, think tanks are "one of the main policy actors in democratic societies ..., assuring a pluralistic, open and accountable process of policy analysis, research, decision-making and evaluation". A study in early 2009 found a total of 5,465 think tanks worldwide. Of that number, 1,777 were based in the United States and approximately 350 in Washington, DC, alone.
869:('NCCD'), which serve to bring an inclusive policy change by supporting the Planning Commission and related government bodies with industry-specific inputs – in this case, set up at the behest of the government to direct cold chain development. Some think tanks have a fixed set of focus areas and they work towards finding out policy solutions to social problems in the respective areas.
1093:, think tanks are prolific and influential and are a government go-to. Think tanks are prolific in the Korean landscape. Many policy research organisations in Korea focus on economoy and most research is done in public think tanks. There is a strong emphasis on the knowledge-based economy and, according to one respondent, think tank research is generally considered high quality.
440:, both left-wing and right-wing policy institutes are often quoted and rarely identified as such. The result is that think tank "experts" are sometimes depicted as neutral sources without any ideological predispositions when, in fact, they represent a particular perspective. In the United States, think tank publications on education are subjected to expert review by the
1545:(Центр Содействия Экономическому Развитию) is a think tank whose major tasks are: analytic support in economic reforming and development in Uzbekistan; improving knowledge and skills of the subjects of economic development; assistance in productive dialogue between the government, civil society and private sectors on the economic development matters.
3388:(Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV)) is a Brazilian higher education institution. Its original goal was to train people for the country's public- and private-sector management. Today it hosts faculties (Law, Business, Economics, Social Sciences and Mathematics), libraries, and also research centers in Rio, São Paulo and Brasilia. It is considered by
3548:) which was established in 1969 and has headquarters in Ankara. There are also branch offices of ESAM in Istanbul, Bursa, Konya and elsewhere. ESAM has strong international relationships, especially with Muslim countries and societies. Ideologically it performs policies, produces ideas and manages projects in parallel to
1992:. LIIA is a non governmental and non partisan foundation, established in 1992, and their research and advocacy mainly focuses on Latvian foreign policy; Transatlantic relations; European Union policies, including its neighborhood policy and Eastern Partnership; and multilateral and bilateral relations with Russia.
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better (as in the
Network Functions Approach) to describe what the organisation should do. Then the shape of the organisation should follow to allow this to happen. The following framework (based on Stephen Yeo's description of think tanks' mode of work) is described in Enrique Mendizabal's blog "onthinktanks":
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published a series on think tanks that blur the line. One of the cases the journalists cited was
Brookings, where scholars paid by a seemingly independent think tank "push donors' agendas amplifying a culture of corporate influence in Washington." For example, in exchange for hundreds of thousands of
2016:
Vilnius
Institute for Policy Analysis (VIPA) is an independent non-governmental, non-profit, non-partisan policy think tank in Lithuania whose mission is to stand for the principles of open society, liberal democracy, rule of law and human rights. VIPA acts via advocacy for strong and safe European
1995:
Centre for Public policy PROVIDUS is a non governmental and non partisan association, established in 2002. Providus focuses their work (both research and advocacy) on topics especially relevant in transition and post-transition environments and Latvia in particular: good governance; criminal justice
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This functional method addresses the inherit challenge of defining a think tank. As Simon James said in 1998, "Discussion of think tanks...has a tendency to get bogged down in the vexed question of defining what we mean by 'think tank'—an exercise that often degenerates into futile semantics." It is
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1 billion per year. Think tanks may feel more free to propose and debate controversial ideas than people within government. The progressive media watchdog
Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) has identified the top 25 think tanks by media citations, noting that from 2006 to 2007 the number
1783:. Terra Nova is an independent left-leaning think tank, although it is nevertheless considered to be close to the Socialists. It works on producing reports and analyses of current public policy issues from a progressive point of view, and contributing to the intellectual renewal of social democracy.
353:
Think tanks vary by ideological perspectives, sources of funding, topical emphasis and prospective consumers. Funding may also represent who or what the institution wants to influence; in the United States, for example, "Some donors want to influence votes in
Congress or shape public opinion, others
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Located in an unassuming office building filled with boardrooms, lecture halls, and projectors in the
Finnish capital, a new entity under the joint auspices of the European Union and NATO was founded with a herculean mission. In this vein, the hybrid center is more of an in-house think tank than a
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Independent research: this would be work done with core or flexible funding that allows the researchers the liberty to choose their research questions and method. It may be long term and could emphasize 'big ideas' without direct policy relevance. However, it could emphasize a major policy problem
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is a French think tank created by
Gaspard Koenig in 2013, independent from all political parties, which aims at promoting freedoms in France, in terms of fundamental rights, economics and societal issues. GenerationLibre is described as being able to connect to the right on pro business freedom and
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The
Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the RK (KazISS) was established by the Decree of the President of RK on 16 June 1993. Since its foundation the main mission of the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as a
148:
Modern think tanks began as a phenomenon in the United
Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th centuries, with most of the rest being established in other English-speaking countries. Prior to 1945, they tended to focus on the economic issues associated with industrialization and urbanization. During the
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More independent but clearly to the left of the political spectrum are the Centro de Investigaciones de Relaciones Internacionales y Desarrollo (CIDOB) founded in 1973; and the Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) established in 1999 by Diego Hidalgo and main
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Over 50 think tanks have emerged in Iraq, particularly in the Kurdistan Region. Iraq's leading think tank is the Middle East Research Institute (MERI), based in Erbil. MERI is an independent non-governmental policy research organization, established in 2014 and publishes in English, Kurdish, and
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After 1945, the number of policy institutes increased, with many small new ones forming to express various issues and policy agendas. Until the 1940s, most think tanks were known only by the name of the institution. During the Second World War, think tanks were often referred to as "brain boxes".
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on the proliferation of think tanks is most evident in regions such as Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and parts of Southeast Asia, where there was a concerted effort by other countries to assist in the creation of independent public policy research organizations. A survey performed by the
3556:, was very concerned with the activities and brainstorming events of ESAM. In The Republic of Turkey, two presidents, four prime ministers, various ministers, many members of the parliament, and numerous mayors and bureaucrats have been members of ESAM. Currently the General Chairman of ESAM is
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are relatively new. There are at least 20 think tanks in the country, both independent and supported by government. Many of them are sister organizations of political parties, universities or companies some are independent and others are supported by government. Most Turkish think tanks provide
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or other interest groups. Think tanks range from those associated with highly academic or scholarly activities to those that are overtly ideological and pushing for particular policies, with a wide range among them in terms of the quality of their research. Later generations of think tanks have
2513:
Private sources fund about 20 to 30 "independent" Australian think tanks. The best-known of these think tanks play a much more limited role in Australian public and business policy-making than do their equivalents in the United States. However, in the past decade the number of think tanks has
2398:, a non-governmental think tank founded in 1994. It carries out research of public policy in the following spheres: domestic policy; state administration; economic policy; energy; land relations; foreign policy; social policy; international and regional security; national security and defense.
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report asserted that foreign governments buy influence at many United States think tanks. According to the article: "More than a dozen prominent Washington research groups have received tens of millions of dollars from foreign governments in recent years while pushing United States government
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In 2016, in response to scrutiny about think tanks appearing to have a "conflict of interest" or lack transparency, executive vice president, Martin S. Indyk of Brookings Institution – the "most prestigious think tank in the world" admitted that they had "decided to prohibit corporations or
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Key projects: Preparation of the National human development report for Uzbekistan, Sociological "portrait" of the Uzbek businessman, Preparation of an analytical report on export procedures optimization in Uzbekistan, various industry and marketing researches in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and
157:
think tanks were established, which often guided government Cold War policy. Since 1991, more think tanks have been established in non-Western parts of the world. More than half of all think tanks that exist today were established after 1980. There are over 11,000 think tanks around the
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and became an independent corporation in 1948. In the 1970s, the phrase became more specifically defined in terms of RAND and others. During the 1980s and 1990s, the phrase evolved again to arrive at its broader contemporary meaning of an independent public policy research institute.
2541:'s i-eat-drink-think, engage in discussion, research and advocacy within a broader civics framework. Commercial think tanks like the Gartner Group, Access Economics, the Helmsman Institute, and others provide additional insight which complements not-for-profit organisations such as
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Financial channels for political parties or other interest groups – In Ecuador and Bolivia, German foundations have been able to provide funds to think tanks that work with certain political parties. This method has provided support to the system as a whole rather than individual
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Most Malaysian think tanks are related either to the government or a political party. Historically they focused on defense, politics and policy. However, in recent years, think tanks that focus on international trade, economics, and social sciences have also been founded.
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In addition to specific independent think tanks, the largest political parties have their own think tank organizations. This is mainly due to support granted by state for such activity. The corporate world has focused their efforts to central representative organization
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is a conservative American think tank founded in 1961 by futurist, military strategist, and systems theorist Herman Kahn and his colleagues at the RAND Corporation. Recent members include Mike Pompeo, the former secretary of state under Donald Trump who joined in 2021.
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In Germany all of the major parties are loosely associated with research foundations that play some role in shaping policy, but generally from the more disinterested role of providing research to support policymakers than explicitly proposing policy. These include the
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for some time, they generally lacked independence, having close associations with government ministries or corporations. There has been a veritable proliferation of "think tanks" around the world that began during the 1980s as a result of globalization, the end of the
704:, but still retain sufficient non-official status to be able to propose and debate ideas more freely. In January 2012, the first non-official think tank in mainland China, South Non-Governmental Think-Tank, was established in the Guangdong province. In 2009 the
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The UAE has been a center for political oriented think tanks which concentrate on both regional and global policy. Notable think tank have emerged in the global debate on terrorism, education & economical policies in the MENA region. Think tanks include:
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Think tanks in the Philippines could be generally categorized in terms of their linkages with the national government. Several were set up by the Philippine government for the specific purpose of providing research input into the policy-making process.
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regime, and in Chile after the fall of Pinochet, think tank staff left to form part of the new governments. In the United States, the role of major think tanks is precisely that: host scholars for a few months or years and then lose them to government
883:
Think tanks in India are growing across the length and breadth of the country as they are no longer limited to metro cities. Think tanks for the young, like RisingIndia ThinkTank, have emerged from one of the smallest city in Rajasthan state of India.
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How a policy institute addresses these largely depends on how they work, their ideology vs. evidence credentials, and the context in which they operate including funding opportunities, the degree and type of competition they have and their staff.
2281:), a policy institute that is associated with the conservative Popular Party (PP). Also linked to the PP is the Grupo de Estudios Estratégicos (GEES), which is known for its defense- and security-related research and analysis. For its part, the
133:, but some are semi-autonomous agencies within government, and some are associated with particular political parties, businesses or the military. Think tanks are often funded by individual donations, with many also accepting government grants.
3382:. Instituto Liberdade is among the Top 40 think tanks in Latin America and the Caribbean, according to the 2009 Global Go To Think Tanks Index a report from the University of Pennsylvania's Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP).
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itself when commenting on an individual's failings (in the sense that something was wrong with that person's "think tank"). Around 1958, the first organization to be regularly described in published writings as "the Think Tank" (note the
2248:(via the Anton Tunega Foundation) – Belgium-based think tank and political foundation of the European People's Party (EPP) which embodies a pan-European mindset and promotes Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political values.
1395:
3284:, during the Pinochet dictatorship, many left wing intellectuals and researchers found 'asylum' in think tanks. In Ecuador, think tanks are seen as spaces where politicians can test the soundness of their policies and government plans.
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1420:
There are several think tanks in Singapore that advise the government on various policies and as well as private ones for corporations within the region. Many of them are hosted within the local public educational institutions.
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Research done by Enrique Mendizabal shows that South American think tanks play various roles depending on their origins, historical development and relations to other policy actors. In this study, Orazio Bellettini from
1768:. There are also a number of pro-business think tanks, notably the Paris-based Fondation Concorde. The foundation focuses on increasing the competitiveness of French SME's and aims to revive entrepreneurship in France.
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rating index. However, this method of the study and assessment of policy institutes has been criticized by researchers such as Enrique Mendizabal and Goran Buldioski, Director of the Think Tank Fund, assisted by the
3319:
Influencing/advocacy: this would be work done by communications, capacity development, networking, campaigns, lobbying, etc. It is likely to be based on research based evidence emerging from independent research or
716:
In Hong Kong, early think tanks established in the late 1980s and early 1990s focused on political development, including the first direct Legislative Council members election in 1991 and the political framework of
2419:
In Britain, think tanks play a similar role to the United States, attempting to shape policy, and indeed there is some cooperation between British and American think tanks. For example, the London-based think tank
308:
For most of the 20th century, such institutes were found primarily in the United States, along with much smaller numbers in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Western Europe. Although think tanks had also existed in
6979:
1404:
is a think tank working across the Asia-Pacific on regulatory and policy issues. Their main focus is the ICT sector, although they do work in other sectors, such as agriculture and health, which can benefit from
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was created in 2003. IWEP activities aimed at research problems of the world economy, international relations, geopolitics, security, integration and Eurasia, as well as the study of the First President of the
726:
292:. However, the Center does not count itself as and is not perceived to be a think tank in the contemporary sense. During the 1960s, the phrase "think tank" was attached more broadly to meetings of experts,
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2065:(OSW), which specializes in the countries neighboring Poland and in the Baltic Sea region, the Balkans, Turkey, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Among the private think tanks notable organizations include the
4234:
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has over 100 think tanks, most of which cover not only policy research but also economy, technology and so on. Some are government related, but most of the think tanks are sponsored by the private sector.
1010:
4285:"Researchers or Corporate Allies? Think Tanks Blur the Line; Think tanks are seen as independent, but their scholars often push donors' agendas, amplifying a culture of corporate influence in Washington"
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was created in 2001 following the example of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) in the UK, although it is closely linked to (and receives funding from) the government in power.
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3273:) and other research institutes to do the same. However, in Chile, many think tanks during the 1990s seemed to endorse and maintain the legitimacy of policies implemented during the previous decade by
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of citations declined 17%. The FAIR report reveals the ideological breakdown of the citations: 37% conservative, 47% centrist, and 16% liberal. Their data show that the most-cited think tank was the
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Think tanks help shape both foreign and domestic policy. They receive funding from private donors, and members of private organizations. By 2013, the largest 21 think tanks in the US spent more than
3016:– The Center of Research and Economics Teaching (Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas) is a think tank institute focussing on "public policies", "public choice", "democracy", and "economy".
482:, set up various state-supported think tanks in the 1960s. By the 1990s, a variety of policy research centers sprang up in Africa set up by academics who sought to influence public policy in Ghana.
1293:
2439:, founded in 1951, is the oldest centre-right think tank and many of its members have gone on to serve as Members of Parliament or Members of the European Parliament. Past chairmen have included
2034:
193:, active in Paris between 1723 and 1731, was another prominent example of an early independent think tank focusing on public policy and current affairs, especially economics and foreign affairs.
3375:
1669:
2004:
Centre for European and transition studies is a think tank working under the auspices of the University of Latvia, the largest public university in the country. CETS was established in 2000.
5508:
1345:. One such think tank is the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), which focuses on policy advocacy and research particularly in the area of environment and social development.
433:(EPA), "The credibility of the EPA is defeatable, but not on the basis of ETS alone,... It must be part of a larger mosaic that concentrates all the EPA's enemies against it at one time."
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Government think tanks are also important in the United States, particularly in the security and defense field. These include the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at the
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and its contribution to the establishment and strengthening of Kazakhstan as an independent state, the development of international cooperation and the promotion of peace and stability.
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1863:
1317:
570:
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1919:(ESRI) is an independent research institute in Dublin, Ireland. Its research focuses on Ireland's economic and social development to inform policy-making and societal understanding.
413:
In some cases, corporate interests, military interests and political groups have found it useful to create policy institutes, advocacy organizations, and think tanks. For example,
2029:
All major political parties in the Netherlands have state-sponsored research foundations that play a role in shaping policy. The Dutch government also has its own think tank: the
1984:
While think tanks are not widespread in Latvia, as opposed to single-issue advocacy organizations, there are several noticeable institutions in the Latvian think tank landscape:
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658:
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Pakistan's think tanks mainly revolve around social policy, internal politics, foreign security issues, and regional geo-politics. Most of these are centered on the capital,
318:, and the emergence of transnational problems. Two-thirds of all the think tanks that exist today were established after 1970 and more than half were established since 1980.
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3013:
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501:. It has also been involved in bringing political parties together to engage in dialogue. In particular it has organised Presidential debates every election year since the
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The Finnish Institute of International Affairs is a research institute whose mission is to produce high quality, topical information on international relations and the EU.
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1749:
741:
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The Center for Strategic Studies under the President of Azerbaijan is a governmental, non-profit think tank founded in 2007. It focusses on domestic and foreign policy.
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880:(NKN) (for data and resource sharing amongst education and research institutions), if implemented properly, should help improve the quality of work done by think tanks.
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Before the 1950s, the phrase "think tank" did not refer to organizations. From its first appearances in the 1890s up to the 1950s, the phrase was most commonly used in
1076:
826:. Most are based in New Delhi, and a few are government-sponsored. There are few think tanks that promote environmentally responsible and climate resilient ideas like
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Consultancy: this would be work done by commission with specific clients and addressing one or two major questions. Consultancies often respond to an existing agenda.
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driving force behind projects such as the Club de Madrid, a group of democratic former heads of state and government, the Foreign Policy Spanish Edition and
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1425:
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3489:, Russia has 112 think tanks, while Russian think tanks claimed four of the top ten spots in 2011's "Top Thirty Think Tanks in Central and Eastern Europe".
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3339:
2989:
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3467:, Azerbaijan. The center was established in 2005. CESD focuses on policy advocacy and reform, and is involved with policy research and capacity building.
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and was conceived as a bipartisan "research center modeled on academic institutions and focused on addressing the questions of the federal government."
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Europe and its think tanks; a promise to be fulfilled. An analysis of think tanks specialised in European policy issues in the enlarged European Union
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want to position themselves or the experts they fund for future government jobs, while others want to push specific areas of research or education."
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3062:(1923). The Great Depression and its aftermath spawned several economic policy organizations, such as the National Planning Association (1934), the
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underscores the significance of this effort and documents the fact that most of the think tanks in these regions have been established since 1992.
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3421:, a government-affiliated think tank, in 2018 after almost two decades of operation. However, other think tanks continue to operate, include the
1698:, which acts as think tank in addition to negotiating salaries with workers unions. Furthermore, there is the Finnish Business and Policy Forum (
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3265:. New governments in Ecuador and Peru have approached policy institutes for support for already defined policies. In Bolivia, the government of
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1916:
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688:
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Mendizabal, Enrique y Kristen Sample (eds) (2009) Dime a quien escuchas... Think Tanks y Partidos Politicos en America Latina, ODI/IDEA: Lima
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and the Center for Research on Educational Access and Leadership (CREAL). The organization has close ties to former United States President
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Stone, Diane. Knowledge actors and transnational governance: The private-public policy nexus in the global agora. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
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AMAQUEN, founded in 2003, is a think tank in the field of education through its publications (rapports), international scientific journal
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237:. Carnegie charged trustees to use the fund to "hasten the abolition of international war, the foulest blot upon our civilization." The
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As of 2014, there were more than 11,000 of these institutions worldwide. Many of the more established think tanks, created during the
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1356:, conflict and stabilization. Since 2007 - 2008, I-SAPS has been analyzing public expenditure of federal and provincial governments.
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hosts most of the European Institutions, hence a large number of international think tanks are based there. Notable think tanks are
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425:. Military contractors may spend a portion of their tender on funding pro-war think tanks. According to an internal memorandum from
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and the Centre for Policy Development. In recent years regionally-based independent and non-partisan think tanks have emerged.
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A new trend, resulting from globalization, is collaboration between policy institutes in different countries. For instance, the
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6806:
628:
Afghanistan has a number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental, and corporate organizations.
3230:
3215:
2883:
2759:
2749:
2606:
2070:
1968:
1051:
1042:
997:
977:
722:
648:
Bangladesh has a number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental, and corporate organizations.
601:
130:
3560:(former minister for two different ministries, former main opposition party leader, and founder and General Chairman of the
2833:
Canada has many notable think tanks (listed in alphabetical order). Each has specific areas of interest with some overlaps.
2626:
1702:, EVA). Agricultural and regional interests, associated with The Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (
296:, and independent military planning organizations. The prototype and most prominent example of the third category was the
2806:
140:
on particular matters of policy or society. This information is then used by governments, businesses, media organizations,
6907:
6175:
3531:
research and ideas, yet they play less important roles in policy making than American think tanks. Turksam, Tasam and the
3385:
3113:
2611:
2401:
2340:
2290:
1390:
Sri Lanka has a number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental and corporate organizations.
1221:
968:
5823:
5202:
4603:
1786:
The only French Think Tank mentioned in the "think tanks to watch" list of the 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report
6904:
Think Tanks and the National Security Strategy Formulation Process: A Comparison of Current American and French Patterns
6811:
6596:
5311:
5172:
4883:
4682:
4186:
3951:
3918:
3819:
3109:
3089:
3055:
2754:
2429:
2425:
1844:
1798:
regulations issues but also to the left on issues such as basic income, gay marriage and the legalization of marijuana.
1761:
1675:
1611:
1471:
1444:
In 2017 Taiwan had 58 think tanks. As in most countries there is a mix of government- and privately-funded think tanks.
1281:
839:
823:
632:
5853:
5557:
2049:
There is a large pool of think tanks in Poland on a wide variety of subjects. The oldest state-sponsored think tank is
1305:
6573:
5149:
3192:
3184:
2969:
2959:
2676:
2671:
2523:
2456:
2217:
2161:– Global think tank committed to enhancing security, prosperity and sustainability in Europe and throughout the world.
1591:
1097:
862:
676:
293:
53:
31:
6324:
5961:
4428:
4402:
2094:
1542:
2179:) – Central-european think tank which specializes in broadly defined labor issues, labour markets, and labor policy.
1299:
3923:
2909:
2062:
1883:
1655:
Finland has several small think tanks that provide expertise in very specific fields. Notable think tanks include:
1624:
1117:
958:
911:
877:
873:
831:
670:
389:
5706:
5089:
3833:
Roberts, Priscilla (1 December 2015). "A century of international affairs think tanks in historical perspective".
30:
This article is about a type of organisation. For The decision production by special knowledge or specialist, see
5905:
5474:
4158:
3533:
3445:
According to research done by the University of Pennsylvania, there are a total of 12 think tanks in Azerbaijan.
2681:
2636:
2581:
2566:
2478:
2282:
2110:
1895:
1878:
organization set up as a joint project of Atlantische Initiative e.V. and Atlantic Initiative United States. The
1852:
1834:
1575:
850:
835:
6866:
6362:
5762:
4742:
4739:"CPR retains spot as leading India climate think tank for third year in a row | Centre for Policy Research"
3038:, founded in 1910. The Institute for Government Research, which later merged with two organizations to form the
2949:
6153:
5883:
5534:
5018:
4826:
3594:
A poll by the British firm Cast From Clay found that only 20 percent of Americans trusted think tanks in 2021.
3471:
2235:
1816:
1808:
1323:
843:
791:
718:
682:
402:
6400:
6115:
5732:
5263:
3897:
2037:, or Clingendael Institute, an independent think tank and diplomatic academy which studies various aspects of
1772:
5792:
3603:
3456:
3117:
3042:, was formed in 1916. Other early twentieth century organizations now classified as think tanks include the
2939:
2894:
2734:
2716:
2616:
2576:
2503:
2440:
2038:
1824:
1780:
1056:
1029:
781:
585:
426:
57:
6830:– issues covered by Think Tanks and methodology for reviewing trends, impact on policy 2003): Profile Books
5936:
4010:
3552:
and also influences political parties and international strategies. The founder and leader of Milli Görüş,
3540:
The oldest and most influential think tank in Turkey is ESAM (The Center for Economic and Social Research;
2327:, founded in 1999 by fifteen of the largest Swiss companies. It is supported by over 130 companies to date.
6682:
5444:
4939:
4634:
3501:
3223:
3047:
2863:
2811:
2786:
2721:
2656:
2601:
2358:
2258:
2139:
2122:
1776:
1707:
1583:
1529:
1519:
1374:
1258:
973:
580:
575:
180:
6889:
The Gauntlet: Think Tanks and Federal Research Centers Misrepresent and Suppress Other Education Research
5680:
5598:
4772:
6833:
Kelstrup, Jesper Dahl (2016): The Politics of Think Tanks in Europe. Abingdon & New York: Routledge.
3219:
3196:
3105:
3039:
2974:
1952:
1840:
1599:
1567:
1127:
1001:
396:, annually rates policy institutes worldwide in a number of categories and presents its findings in the
238:
43:
6913:
Roberts, Priscilla (2015). "A century of international affairs think tanks in historical perspective".
6709:
6657:
6548:
4565:
4356:
4205:
2242:– US-based think tank with an aim of advancing justice, education, public health and independent media.
1236:
190:
7067:, Budapest, Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative Washington DC., Urban Institute 2002
6422:
7088:
6873:
5414:
3613:
3398:
2914:
2853:
2796:
2706:
2527:
2078:
1787:
1524:
1265:
national think tank, is to maintain analytical and research support for the President of Kazakhstan.
1137:
1015:
811:
493:. The IEA undertakes and publishes research on a range of economic and governance issues confronting
7023:
6025:
5654:
4957:
4860:
4316:"Constructing "Sound Science" and "Good Epidemiology": Tobacco, Lawyers, and Public Relations Firms"
3684:
3549:
3019:
COMEXI – The Mexican Council of International Affairs (Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internacionales).
2289:(PSOE) created Fundación Ideas in 2009 and dissolved it in January 2014. Also in 2009, the centrist
1736:
6775:
Cotton, James (2016). "Chatham House and Africa c1920–1960: The Limitations of the Curtis Vision".
6478:
4231:"Another year, another ranking of think tanks (and surprise surprise, Brookings is still the best)"
3618:
3583:
3527:
3418:
3371:
2994:
2848:
2701:
2561:
2553:
to provide more targeted policy in defence, program governance, corporate governance and similar.
2482:
2348:
2274:
1461:
1060:
1033:
1024:
746:
463:
242:
71:
5289:
4517:
6940:
6792:
6108:"Parkland Institute :: Research and Education for the Common Good :: Edmonton, Alberta"
5624:
4482:
3868:
3638:
3633:
3422:
3166:
3043:
2979:
2363:
2194:
1942:
Transhuman Corporation is a research think tank that focuses on cyber and technology development.
1867:
1856:
858:
498:
253:
110:
94:
75:
5232:
5040:
1886:
is a think tank on the role of corporate and political corruption in international development.
1740:, in 2012. Each of these organizations often release forecasts concerning the national economy.
1408:
6055:
992:
7074:, Bratislava, UNDP Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 2003
6825:
6520:
6263:
4917:
4627:"The main determinants of improving learning outcomes: Analysis of PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS data"
4348:
4122:
4080:
4057:
4047:
3860:
3787:
3757:
3749:
3721:
3653:
3648:
3553:
3226:, and other organizations supporting various departments within the United States Government.
3211:
3188:
2984:
2651:
2467:
2448:
2050:
1936:
1587:
1071:
801:
786:
418:
285:
39:
5123:
5120:"NIRA Review Winter 1999: A Look at Think Tanks in the Philippines by Herman Joseph S. Kraft"
4116:
3781:
3715:
3429:(CRRC-Armenia) (which publishes the "Caucasus Barometer" annual public opinion survey of the
2097:
was founded in 2008. Contraditório is a non-profit, independent and non-partisan think tank.
2000:
Several think tanks are established and operate under the auspices of Universities, such as:
7038:
6991:
6953:
The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite, New York: The Free Press
6930:
6922:
6784:
6452:
6077:
5995:
5019:"Официальный сайт КИСИ при Президенте Республики Казахстан: Краткая информация об Институте"
4338:
4330:
3850:
3842:
3658:
3541:
3292:
3207:
3081:
3074:
2919:
2744:
2646:
2519:
2333:, the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, founded in 2000 to research
1241:
1152:
910:
Arabic. It was listed in the global ranking by the United States's Lauder Institute of the
898:
362:
301:
297:
268:
230:
61:
47:
5063:"King and People are Inseparable: Proactive Constitutional Monarch in Parliamentary System"
3088:
More recently, progressive and liberal think tanks have been established, most notably the
6969:
6895:
6880:
6633:
3280:
Spaces of debate – In this case think tanks serve as sounding boards for new policies. In
2791:
2474:
2463:
2395:
2229:
2206:
2176:
1498:
854:
234:
141:
6888:
6139:
Thomas Medvetz, "'Think Tanks in America" (2012) Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
4801:
4261:
3414:
According to a 2020 report, there are 32 think tanks or similar institutions in Armenia.
2021:, building a network of open society values oriented experts, civil activists and NGO's.
2007:
or Defense research centre in 1992 under the auspices of the National Academy of Defense.
1610:
Bulgaria has a number of think tanks providing expertise and shaping policies, including
4381:
3146:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1900:
In Greece there are many think tanks, also called research organisations or institutes.
6980:"Rapid knowledge: 'Bridging research and policy' at the Overseas Development Institute"
6958:
6841:
6302:
4343:
3643:
3430:
3390:
3063:
2444:
2245:
2209:) – Think tank focusing on ethnic minorities living in Slovakia, especially Hungarians.
1930:
1792:
1765:
1664:
938:
927:
751:
449:
210:
79:
6423:"on the business model and how this affects what think tanks do « on think tanks"
5341:
3034:
As the classification is most often used today, the oldest American think tank is the
7082:
7042:
6944:
6836:
6820:
6796:
6203:"Center for American Progress, group tied to Obama, under fire from Israel advocates"
5914:
5822:. TTCSP Global Go To Think Tank Index Reports. 12. (12). University of Pennsylvania.
4540:
4450:
3872:
3355:
2452:
2421:
2324:
2127:
2018:
1379:
479:
322:
222:
154:
106:
6769:
Thinking the unthinkable: think tanks and the economic counter revolution; 1931–1983
6397:""Think Tanks as an Emergent Field" — Publication — Social Science Research Council"
2473:
Since 2000, a number of influential centre-right think tanks have emerged including
6807:
Goodman, John C. "What is a Think Tank?" National Center for Policy Analysis, 2005.
3561:
3452:
3379:
3164:
corporate-backed foundations from making anonymous contributions." In August 2016,
3093:
1957:
1871:
393:
272:
7024:"Garbage Cans, Recycling Bins or Think Tanks? Three Myths about Policy Institutes"
6788:
2138:
The Foundation for the Advancement of Economics (FREN) was founded in 2005 by the
1352:(I-SAPS) which works in the fields of education, health, disaster risk reduction,
4713:"CSE top environment policy think tank in India; 16th in the world: Global Index"
3451:, or CESD; in Azeri, Azerbaijan, İqtisadi və Sosial İnkişaf Mərkəzi (İSİM) is an
4258:"Mirror, mirror on the wall... tell me who is the best think tank in the world?"
3557:
3266:
2305:
1731:
1090:
953:
700:
In China a number of think tanks are sponsored by governmental agencies such as
276:
257:
137:
17:
5394:
task force dedicated to debunking propaganda or tracking hackers in cyberspace.
2514:
increased substantially. Prominent Australian conservative think tanks include
417:
was formed in the mid-1990s to dispute research finding an association between
4595:
3433:, the "Enlight" Public Research Center, and the AMBERD research center at the
3308:
First, policy institutes may work in or base their funding on one or more of:
3291:
Expert cadres of policy-makers and politicians – In Peru after the end of the
3243:
2061:(PISM) established in 1947. Another notable state-sponsored think tank is the
1875:
1396:
Lakshman Kadirgamar Institute of International Relations and Strategic Studies
1353:
1181:
761:
345:, are focused on international affairs, security studies, and foreign policy.
281:
167:
122:
6926:
5815:
5319:
3864:
3846:
3401:
is a Brazilian think tank focusing on public, climate, and digital security.
3362:
issues. Argentina ranks fifth in the number of these institutions worldwide.
3073:
In collaboration with the Douglas Aircraft Company, the Air Force set up the
5845:
5146:"Singapore Institute of International Affairs top local think tank: Ranking"
4334:
4061:
3608:
3359:
2538:
2436:
2309:
1595:
1401:
1342:
1231:
114:
6867:
Dime a quien escuchas... Think Tanks y Partidos Politicos en America Latina
6565:
4352:
6803:
Dickson, Paul. "Think Tanks". New York: Ballantine Books, 1972. 397 pages.
6328:
5965:
4424:
4398:
1939:(Think tank for Action on Social Change) is an Irish left-wing think tank.
4657:
4041:
3628:
2571:
2498:
Most Australian think tanks are based at universities – for example, the
1563:
374:
342:
315:
150:
118:
102:
98:
6935:
6745:
Do Think Tanks Matter? Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes.
4541:"Rapport sur la qualité du système d'éducation et de formation au Maroc"
3855:
3202:
The government funds, wholly or in part, activities at approximately 30
1398:
is a policy-studies institute that is often referred to as a think tank.
454:
officials to adopt policies that often reflect the donors' priorities."
201:
Several major current think tanks were founded in the 19th century. The
7016:
Capturing the Political Imagination: Think Tanks and the Policy Process
5702:
5437:"Activities in a nutshell: Research, forecasting and policy assessment"
4077:
Capturing the Political Imagination: Think Tanks and the Policy Process
3258:
3254:
2376:
2354:
2158:
366:
249:
126:
6352:"Think tanks and political parties in Latin America, Background Paper"
5466:
4476:
Eric Lipton; Brooke Williams; Nicholas Confessore (6 September 2014).
4150:
4043:
A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day
3077:
in 1946 to develop weapons technology and strategic defense analysis.
2277:
presides over the Fundación para el Analisis y los Estudios Sociales (
2113:(SAR), founded in 1996, is a Romanian think tank for policy research.
6656:(Report). University of Pennsylvania. 18 January 2012. Archived from
6234:"The Inner Workings of Think Tanks: Transparify Gives Us a Good Look"
6149:
5754:
4738:
3172:
2899:
2344:
2301:
422:
378:
370:
206:
6995:
5875:
5530:
5022:
3685:"Intelligence Contract Funneled to Pro-War Think Tank Establishment"
2093:
is one of the oldest Portuguese civic associations and think tanks.
1646:
is a classic liberal/free-market conservative think tank in Denmark.
7065:
Managing Think Tanks: Practical Guidance for Maturing Organizations
5728:
5647:"Centre for European and Transition Studies – University of Latvia"
5255:
4989:"Central Asian Cooperation: Experts Outline the Benefits and Risks"
4451:"Think Tank Review Project | National Education Policy Center"
1254:
the Foundation of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
5910:"Onward – the Tory think tank on a mission to remake conservatism"
5784:
4914:"Think Tanks in Israel | Jewish Federations of North America"
3281:
3007:
2507:
2090:
1996:
policy; tolerance and inclusive public policy and European policy.
1757:
1643:
1579:
1163:
1005:
494:
310:
66:
52:
38:
7058:
Think Tank Traditions: Policy Research and the Politics of Ideas.
6915:
International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis
6761:, Studies and Research No 35, October, Paris, Notre Europe, 2004
4689:. Lauder Institute, University of Pennsylvania. 31 January 2018.
3754:
Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics, and Methods
2232:) – Australian-based think tank focusing on public policy issues.
5785:"avenir suisse | think tank for economic and social issues"
4510:"The Think Tank of Quality Education - AMAQUEN Higher Education"
3997:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements.
3464:
3262:
2330:
2278:
1962:
1764:
and think tank researching security issues of relevance for the
1726:
are associated with the Labour Institute for Economic Research (
6686:
6176:"Scoop: Pompeo to stay in DC and join Hudson Institute - Axios"
6107:
5436:
4626:
3783:
What Should Think Tanks Do?: A Strategic Guide to Policy Impact
3717:
Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action
3324:
Second, policy institutes may base their work or arguments on:
3100:
2712:
The Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research
983:
Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace
6507:. 25 January 2009. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012
5590:
4764:
4687:
Think Tanks and Civil Societies Programs Univ. of Pennsylvania
3497:
Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation
3460:
3394:
magazine to be a top-five "policymaker think tank" worldwide.
3270:
3126:
865:. Think tanks with a development focus include those like the
489:, which was founded in 1989 when the country was ruled by the
136:
Think tanks publish articles and studies, and sometimes draft
6851:
Globalisation, Policy Transfer And Policy Research Institutes
6812:
Fan, Maureen. "Capital Brain Trust Puts Stamp on the World",
6547:. the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program. Archived from
3378:, located in the South Region of the country, in the city of
1294:
Institute for Pioneering of Education and Economic Excellence
6298:"Researchers or Corporate Allies? Think Tanks Blur the Line"
5373:"Inside a European Center to Combat Russia's Hybrid Warfare"
3816:"Think Tanks and the Transnationalization of Foreign Policy"
2035:
Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael
1348:
Another policy research institute based in Islamabad is the
1011:
IPCRI – Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information
2285:
is independent but close to left-wing ideas. The Socialist
1670:
European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats
6501:"Argentina, quinto país en el mundo en centros de estudio"
6449:"NIRA's World Directory of Think Tanks 2002: Introduction"
5620:
5205:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China (Taiwan).
3229:
Similar to the above quasi-governmental organizations are
6297:
5646:
4965:
4852:
4566:"Nearly half of respondents in study admit to plagiarism"
1021:
Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies
6017:
5256:"Think Tank and Policy Discourses in the Czech Republic"
5229:"Центр содействия экономическому развитию в Узбекистане"
3750:"Public Policy Analysis and Think Tanks, by Diane Stone"
3714:
McGann, James G.; Weaver, Robert Kent (1 January 2002).
3313:
that requires a thorough research and action investment.
1187:
Global Industrial and Social Progress Research Institute
4509:
3370:
Working on public policies, Brazil hosts, for example,
2293:(UPyD) created Fundación Progreso y Democracia (FPyD).
1965:– Italian Institute for International Political Studies
1864:
German Institute for International and Security Affairs
1318:
Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology
571:
Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa
27:
Organization that performs policy research and advocacy
6627:
Armenian Think Tanks Are Facing Old and New Challenges
6135:
6133:
4958:"Об ИМЭП | Институт мировой экономики и политики"
3748:
Fischer, Frank; Miller, Gerald J. (21 December 2006).
3580:
Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
3512:
Institute of World Economy and International Relations
2386:(CPLR), a non-governmental think tank founded in 1996.
922:
There are many think tank teams in Israel, including:
6959:
Snider, J.H. "Strengthen Think Tank Accountability",
6085:
5471:
FIIA – The Finnish Institute of International Affairs
5228:
5036:
4658:"Nongovernmental think-tank inaugurated in Guangdong"
4187:"Washington's Think Tanks: Factories to Call Our Own"
3376:
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul
3050:(1919, and now known as the Century Foundation), the
2213:
International think tanks with presence in Slovakia:
1926:(IIEA) focuses on European and International affairs.
1910:
Category:Think tanks based in the Republic of Ireland
1177:
Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
659:
Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs
591:
Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa
6047:
5316:Åland Islands Peace Institute - Ålands fredsinstitut
3952:"How Think Tanks Became Engines of Royal Propaganda"
3269:
has been working with Non-Government Organizations (
1771:
On the left, the main think tanks in France are the
1457:
Institute for National Defense and Security Research
1252:
Institute of World Economics and Politics (IWEP) at
853:
is a global think tank that works on issues such as
290:
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
6859:
Comparative Think Tanks, Politics And Public Policy
5285:
5148:. Channel NewsAsia. 2 February 2016. Archived from
3818:. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from
3374:, a University-based Center at Tecnopuc inside the
2945:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
2526:. Prominent leftist Australian think tanks include
183:and Jacques Dupuy and also known after 1635 as the
6752:Think Tanks, the Brain Trusts of US Foreign Policy
6708:Rojansky, Matthew; Shapiro, Jeremy (28 May 2021).
6291:
6289:
5037:"Jauhar Academy of Social Sciences (JASS) 柔佛社会科学院"
4046:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 141.
2727:New South Wales Institute for Educational Research
2375:There are more than 100 registered think tanks in
1580:European Centre of International Political Economy
1039:The Center for the Study of Philanthropy in Israel
742:Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong
665:Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies
5987:
3517:Moscow State Institute of International Relations
3354:is home to 122 think tanks, many specializing in
3204:Federally Funded Research and Development Centers
2782:Child Poverty Action Group (Aotearoa New Zealand)
1143:Korea Institute for International Economic Policy
706:China Center for International Economic Exchanges
6747:Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002.
6683:"TESEV Türkiye Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etüdler Vakfı"
6525:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6296:Lipton, Eric; Williams, Brooke (7 August 2016).
5090:"KP continues to increase spending on education"
4283:Lipton, Eric; Williams, Brooke (7 August 2016).
2404:, a non-governmental think tank founded in 2021.
2392:, a non-governmental think tank founded in 1994.
1710:, are researched by Pellervo Economic Research (
702:Development Research Center of the State Council
607:South African Institute of International Affairs
6865:Mendizabal, Enrique and Kristen Sample (2009) "
4964:(in Russian). 17 September 2014. Archived from
4211:. the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program.
3253:Legitimize policies – This has been clearer in
2622:Committee for Economic Development of Australia
1924:Institute of International and European Affairs
179:, created in Paris around 1620 by the brothers
7060:Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.
6844:: What Conservatives Know That Liberals Don't.
6671:– via Foreign Policy Research Institute.
5962:"AIMS - Atlantic Institute for Market Studies"
3569:Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation
3449:The Center for Economic and Social Development
3187:, the Center for Naval Warfare Studies at the
3122:Center for Strategic and International Studies
2905:Centre for International Governance Innovation
2502:– or are government-funded – for example, the
2320:Think tanks based within Switzerland include:
1990:the Latvian Institute of International Affairs
1411:is an interdisciplinary think tank in Colombo.
894:Centre for Strategic and International Studies
300:, which was founded in 1946 as an offshoot of
6078:"Institute on Governance – Leading Expertise"
4478:"Foreign Powers Buy Influence at Think Tanks"
4382:"How Big Tobacco Helped Create 'the Junkman'"
3576:International Strategic Research Organisation
2587:Australian Institute of International Affairs
1754:European Union Institute for Security Studies
1447:Taiwanese think tanks in alphabetical order:
1434:S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies
1133:The Economic Information and Education Center
989:International Institute for Counter-Terrorism
838:. There are other prominent think tanks like
431:United States Environmental Protection Agency
275:or especially in a pejorative context to the
8:
6883:", Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
6597:"2020 Global Go To Think Tanks Index Report"
4944:A Global Consultancy and Platform for Change
3896:. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from
2592:Australian Institute of Policy & Science
1880:Institute for Media and Communication Policy
1832:
1716:Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions
1426:Singapore Institute of International Affairs
1288:Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs
1192:Institute for International Monetary Affairs
777:Hong Kong People's Council on Housing Policy
444:'s "Think Twice" think tank review project.
436:According to the progressive media watchdog
184:
174:
7070:UNDP – United Nations Development Program.
6846:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
6601:University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons
5820:TTCSP Global Go to Think Tank Index Reports
5816:"2016 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report"
5677:"Latvijas Nacionālā aizsardzības akadēmija"
5558:"2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report"
5501:"Perussuomalaiset aloitti jättiselvityksen"
5173:"2017 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report"
4888:TTCSP Global Go to Think Tank Index Reports
4884:"2016 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report"
4683:"2017 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report"
3919:"2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report"
3891:"2013 Global Go to Think Tank Index Report"
3340:National Institute for Research Advancement
3171:dollars the Brookings Institution provided
2990:Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
2632:Crowther Centre for Learning and Innovation
2530:, Per Capita, the Australia Institute, the
1750:French Institute of International Relations
1452:Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research
1227:National Institute for Research Advancement
876:(to automate administrative processes) and
653:Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies
6862:, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing
5203:"Taiwan-Asia Exchange Foundation launched"
4314:Ong, Elisa K.; Glantz, Stanton A. (2001).
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
3574:Other notable Turkish think tanks are the
3036:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
2817:New Zealand Institute of Economic Research
2771:Think tanks based in New Zealand include:
1775:, which is organizationally linked to the
1704:Maa- ja metsätaloustuottajain Keskusliitto
1688:Finnish Institute of International Affairs
867:National Centre for Cold-chain Development
797:One Country Two Systems Research Institute
415:The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition
359:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
241:was founded shortly thereafter in 1916 by
227:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
145:tended to be more ideologically oriented.
6934:
4342:
4180:
4178:
4176:
3854:
3786:. Stanford University Press. p. 41.
3427:Caucasus Research Resource Center-Armenia
2551:Australian Institute of Company Directors
2415:List of think tanks in the United Kingdom
2165:Central European Labour Studies Institute
2059:Polish Institute of International Affairs
1682:Research Institute of the Finnish Economy
1312:Jeffrey Cheah Institute on Southeast Asia
1277:Notable think tanks in Malaysia include:
1212:Japan Institute for National Fundamentals
613:South African Institute of Race Relations
6651:The Global Go To Think Tanks Report 2011
6475:"Foreign Policy, January/February, 2009"
5937:"Who are Australia's major think tanks?"
4121:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3995:Edmund Jan Osmanczyk and Anthony Mango,
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3624:List of think tanks in the United States
3405:Transcontinental countries (Asia-Europe)
3331:Applied, empirical or synthesis research
3030:List of think tanks in the United States
2879:Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
2802:Motu Economic and Public Policy Research
2777:Centre for Strategic Studies New Zealand
2432:and have remained sister organisations.
2173:Stredoeurópsky inštitút pre výskum práce
2033:. The Netherlands furthermore hosts the
2031:Scientific Council for Government Policy
1217:Japan Institute of International Affairs
1148:Korea Institute of Public Administration
807:Policy Innovation and Co-ordination Unit
767:Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee
597:Institute for Justice and Reconciliation
518:The Institute of Economic Affairs, Ghana
487:The Institute of Economic Affairs, Ghana
4916:. Jewishfederations.org. Archived from
4853:"MERI - Middle East Research Institute"
3670:
3546:Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkezi
2935:Institute for Research on Public Policy
2869:Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives
2697:Lowy Institute for International Policy
2308:think tank and book publisher based in
1933:is a conservative, Catholic think tank.
1494:Thailand Development Research Institute
1350:Institute of Social and Policy Sciences
1337:List of research institutes in Pakistan
1207:Japan Center for International Exchange
1077:Institute for National Security Studies
998:Israel Center for Third Sector Research
964:Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research
949:The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
386:Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program
331:Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program
7056:Stone, Diane, and Andrew Denham, eds.
6720:from the original on 28 September 2022
6518:
5235:from the original on 21 September 2011
4987:Bulatkulova, Saniya (19 August 2022).
4940:"Think tank landscape scan 2022 Korea"
4431:from the original on 21 September 2012
3720:. Transaction Publishers. p. 51.
3435:Armenian State University of Economics
2807:New Zealand Centre for Global Studies
2627:Consumer Policy Research Centre (CPRC)
1917:Economic and Social Research Institute
1720:Suomen Ammattiliittojen Keskusjärjestö
1079:, affiliated with Tel Aviv University.
933:Jerusalem Institute for Market Studies
689:Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies
508:Notable think tanks in Ghana include:
6984:Public Administration and Development
6264:"The Incredible Shrinking Think Tank"
6244:from the original on 16 December 2014
6213:from the original on 21 December 2013
5709:from the original on 14 November 2020
5477:from the original on 22 February 2018
5447:from the original on 22 February 2018
5352:from the original on 4 September 2021
5266:from the original on 28 December 2021
4863:from the original on 13 February 2018
4596:"The Journal of Quality in Education"
4539:Naji, Abdennasser (1 December 2010).
4425:"The Incredible Shrinking Think Tank"
4405:from the original on 8 September 2012
3962:from the original on 12 December 2021
3584:Wise Men Center for Strategic Studies
3537:are the leading information sources.
3507:Institute for US and Canadian Studies
3492:Notable Russian think tanks include:
2844:Atlantic Institute for Market Studies
2692:Laboratory for Visionary Architecture
2687:Issues Deliberation Australia/America
2662:Infrastructure Partnerships Australia
2597:Australian Strategic Policy Institute
2547:Australian Strategic Policy Institute
2335:security sector governance and reform
2154:Think tanks originating in Slovakia:
1515:Al Mesbar Studies and Research Centre
1482:Taiwan Institute of Economic Research
1123:Korea International Trade Association
1108:The Asan Institute for Policy Studies
1048:Israel Institute for Advanced Studies
822:India has the world's second-largest
638:Centre for Conflict and Peace Studies
554:Heritage Institute for Policy Studies
513:IMANI Centre for Policy and Education
381:, where it was closed in April 2022.
7:
7052:from the original on 9 October 2022.
6576:from the original on 25 January 2022
6429:from the original on 7 November 2010
6201:Wallstein, Peter (19 January 2012).
6182:from the original on 8 November 2021
5998:from the original on 21 October 2011
5735:from the original on 1 November 2022
5601:from the original on 8 February 2013
5407:"Crisis Management Initiative (CMI)"
5383:from the original on 18 January 2018
5209:from the original on 6 November 2018
5100:from the original on 12 October 2022
4894:from the original on 30 October 2019
4576:from the original on 26 October 2022
4490:from the original on 5 November 2014
4457:from the original on 1 November 2011
4218:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4193:from the original on 21 August 2010.
4021:from the original on 26 January 2013
3917:G. McGann, James (28 January 2022).
3912:
3910:
3889:G. McGann, James (22 January 2014).
3884:
3882:
3775:
3773:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3250:Seek political support for policies.
3052:National Bureau of Economic Research
2740:Strategic and Defence Studies Centre
2451:'s longest-serving Cabinet Minister
2390:Center for Policy Studies in Ukraine
1430:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
985:, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
559:Puntland Development Research Center
537:and international events (CIMQUSEF).
503:Ghanaian presidential election, 1996
491:Provisional National Defence Council
438:Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting
78:, founded in 1919 by U.S. President
6477:. Foreignpolicy.com. Archived from
6048:"Frontier Centre For Public Policy"
6028:from the original on 10 August 2019
5886:from the original on 18 August 2016
5856:from the original on 28 August 2016
5729:"O nadácií – Nadácia Antona Tunegu"
5657:from the original on 20 August 2016
5499:Tamminen, Jenni (28 October 2012).
5286:"Prague Security Studies Institute"
4999:from the original on 7 October 2022
4827:"Why think tanks struggle in India"
4011:"No More Thinking With Think Tanks"
3695:from the original on 6 October 2021
2642:Doctors Reform Society of Australia
1988:The oldest think tank in Latvia is
1696:Confederation of Finnish Industries
1113:Samsung Economic Research Institute
944:Israel Council on Foreign Relations
737:Bauhinia Foundation Research Centre
328:Foreign Policy Research Institute's
173:Soll cites as an early example the
6327:. 18 November 2002. Archived from
6274:from the original on 18 April 2018
6156:from the original on 14 April 2015
5371:Standish, Reid (18 January 2018).
5292:from the original on 19 March 2022
5183:from the original on 30 March 2019
5043:from the original on 15 March 2022
4833:from the original on 29 March 2014
4693:from the original on 30 March 2019
4237:from the original on 11 March 2023
4161:from the original on 17 April 2020
4149:Fetherling, George (12 May 2008).
3780:Selee, Andrew Dan (31 July 2013).
3068:Committee for Economic Development
2965:Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation
2859:Caledon Institute of Social Policy
2556:Think tanks in Australia include:
2516:the Centre for Independent Studies
1572:Centre for European Policy Studies
1066:The Jewish People Policy Institute
828:Centre for Science and Environment
732:Think tanks in Hong Kong include:
25:
6118:from the original on 28 July 2016
6052:Frontier Centre For Public Policy
5795:from the original on 22 July 2016
5679:. 5 November 2013. Archived from
5627:from the original on 24 July 2016
5537:from the original on 29 July 2016
5413:. 23 January 2017. Archived from
4745:from the original on 25 June 2020
4719:from the original on 25 June 2020
4637:from the original on 16 June 2021
4606:from the original on 16 June 2021
4520:from the original on 16 June 2021
4388:, Third Quarter 2000, PRWatch.com
4380:Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber
4323:American Journal of Public Health
4295:from the original on 11 July 2019
4260:. Goran's Musings. Archived from
3487:Foreign Policy Research Institute
2925:Frontier Centre for Public Policy
2889:Canadian Policy Research Networks
2874:Canadian Global Affairs Institute
2839:Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada
2667:Institute for Economics and Peace
2384:Centre of Policy and Legal Reform
2287:Partido Socialista Obrero Español
2183:Forum Minority Research Institute
2067:Institute for Structural Research
1882:deals with media-related issues.
1631:Prague Security Studies Institute
1306:Jauhar Academy of Social Sciences
1197:Institute of Developing Economies
757:The Global Institute for Tomorrow
7043:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2007.00649.x
6777:South African Historical Journal
6710:"Why Everyone Hates Think Tanks"
6607:from the original on 22 May 2021
6542:"The Global "Go-To Think Tanks""
6232:Cohen, Rick (12 December 2014).
6058:from the original on 12 May 2022
5826:from the original on 6 June 2017
5511:from the original on 14 May 2021
5021:. 3 January 2007. Archived from
4775:from the original on 7 July 2020
4206:"The Global "Go-To Think Tanks""
4185:Singer, Peter (13 August 2010).
4040:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000).
3985:, Paris: Belin, pp. 112–115
3983:La France des Lumières 1715-1789
3981:Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire (2011),
3931:from the original on 22 May 2021
3334:Theoretical or academic research
3131:
2199:Fórum inštitút pre výskum menšín
2077:(ISP) on social policy, and the
1866:is a foreign policy think tank.
1734:established its own think tank,
1202:The International Academic Forum
1172:Asian Development Bank Institute
928:Shaharit - Creating Common Cause
442:National Education Policy Center
6899:New Educational Foundations, 4.
6685:. 25 April 2001. Archived from
5988:"Canada West Foundation |"
5964:. 7 August 2010. Archived from
5765:from the original on 8 May 2020
5571:from the original on 7 May 2021
5069:from the original on 6 May 2021
4656:Linping, He (18 January 2012).
3950:Soll, Jacob (1 February 2017).
3756:. CRC Press. pp. 149–157.
3683:Fang, Lee (15 September 2021).
3096:and other prominent Democrats.
3060:Social Science Research Council
2930:Institute for Quantum Computing
1543:Center for Economic Development
1477:Taiwan Foundation for Democracy
1467:Taiwan Asia Exchange Foundation
1103:National Assembly Budget Office
772:Hong Kong Democratic Foundation
203:Royal United Services Institute
153:, many more American and other
6754:. Wiesbaden: VS Springer 2013.
6425:. Onthinktanks.wordpress.com.
5179:. University of Pennsylvania.
4890:. University of Pennsylvania.
3216:Institute for Defense Analyses
2884:Canadian International Council
2760:Western Australia Policy Forum
2750:Transport and Logistics Centre
2607:Centre for Independent Studies
2537:Some think tanks, such as the
2071:The Casimir Pulaski Foundation
1969:Istituto Affari Internazionali
1300:Maritime Institute of Malaysia
1052:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1043:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
978:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
723:Sino-British Joint Declaration
602:Institute for Security Studies
131:non-governmental organizations
1:
6789:10.1080/02582473.2016.1182206
4189:. the Brookings Institution.
3328:Ideology, values or interests
3114:American Enterprise Institute
2612:Centre for Policy Development
2402:Transatlantic Dialogue Center
2341:Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute
2291:Union, Progress and Democracy
2187:Fórum Kisebbségkutató Intézet
1849:Free Democratic Party-aligned
1660:Åland Islands Peace Institute
1222:Mitsubishi Research Institute
969:Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute
727:Special Administrative Region
271:to colloquially refer to the
6828:– Six Faces of Global Change
6451:. 2 May 2006. Archived from
5122:. Nira.or.jp. Archived from
5088:Khan, Javed (14 July 2016).
3110:Council on Foreign Relations
3090:Center for American Progress
3056:Council on Foreign Relations
2755:United States Studies Centre
2430:Paris Peace Conference, 1919
2426:Council on Foreign Relations
2057:). The second oldest is the
1845:Friedrich Naumann Foundation
1762:agency of the European Union
1728:Palkansaajien tutkimuslaitos
1700:Elinkeinoelämän valtuuskunta
1676:Crisis Management Initiative
1612:Institute of Modern Politics
1472:Taiwan Competitiveness Forum
1282:Academy of Sciences Malaysia
914:as 46th in the Middle East.
840:Observer Research Foundation
633:Afghanistan Analysts Network
233:, in 1910 by philanthropist
6886:Phelps, Richard P. (2015).
6350:Mendizabal Enrique (2009).
4009:Tevi Troy (May–June 2012).
3231:Federal Advisory Committees
3193:Strategic Studies Institute
3185:National Defense University
3179:U.S. government think tanks
2970:National Citizens Coalition
2960:Montreal Economic Institute
2955:Macdonald–Laurier Institute
2677:International Energy Centre
2672:Institute of Public Affairs
2524:Institute of Public Affairs
2457:Chancellor of the Exchequer
2428:were both conceived at the
2222:Inštitút pre verejné otázky
2218:Institute of Public Affairs
2075:Institute of Public Affairs
1592:Global Governance Institute
1098:Korea Development Institute
863:Foresight (futures studies)
842:, Tillotoma Foundation and
677:International Growth Centre
32:Think tank (disambiguation)
7105:
7018:, London: Frank Cass, 1996
6757:Boucher, Stephen, et al.,
6399:. Ssrc.org. Archived from
5411:Institute for NGO Research
4427:. FAIR. 22 February 1999.
4401:. FAIR. 22 February 1999.
3924:University of Pennsylvania
3417:The government closed the
3237:South American think tanks
3048:The Twentieth Century Fund
3027:
2950:International Policy Forum
2910:Conference Board of Canada
2824:North American think tanks
2412:
2069:(IBS) on economic policy,
2063:Centre for Eastern Studies
1907:
1893:
1884:Transparency International
1813:Christian Democratic Union
1625:European Values Think-Tank
1334:
1118:Center for Free Enterprise
959:Israel Democracy Institute
912:University of Pennsylvania
878:National Knowledge Network
874:National e-Governance Plan
832:Centre for Policy Research
671:Centre for Policy Dialogue
461:
390:University of Pennsylvania
105:concerning topics such as
29:
4882:McGann, James G. (2017).
3534:Journal of Turkish Weekly
3275:the military dictatorship
3140:This article needs to be
2682:International WaterCentre
2637:Development Policy Centre
2582:Australian Fabian Society
2567:Asia Education Foundation
2479:Centre for Social Justice
2357:, which hosts the annual
2111:Romanian Academic Society
1896:List of Greek think tanks
1853:Rosa Luxemburg Foundation
1833:
1576:Centre for the New Europe
1324:Islamic Renaissance Front
851:Strategic Foresight Group
836:World Resources Institute
478:Ghana's first president,
176:Académie des frères Dupuy
7072:Thinking the Unthinkable
6927:10.1177/0020702015590591
6872:Medvetz, Thomas (2012) "
6771:, London: Fontana, 1995.
6595:McGann, James G (2020).
4115:Medvetz, Thomas (2012).
4079:. Routledge. p. 9.
3999:London: Routledge, 2004.
3847:10.1177/0020702015590591
3472:Economic Research Center
2343:(GDI), conceived by the
2236:Open Society Foundations
2095:Contraditório think tank
1817:Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
1809:Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung
1712:Pellervon taloustutkimus
844:Centre for Civil Society
792:Our Hong Kong Foundation
719:One Country, Two Systems
683:Making Our Economy Right
485:One such think tank was
398:Global Go-To Think Tanks
256:think tanks appeared in
186:cabinet des frères Dupuy
6894:9 February 2015 at the
6879:11 October 2012 at the
6638:SSRN Electronic Journal
6632:3 December 2022 at the
6082:Institute on Governance
5705:. vilniusinstitute.lt.
4335:10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1749
3604:Collective intelligence
3457:non-profit organization
3386:Fundação Getulio Vargas
3118:The Heritage Foundation
2940:Institute on Governance
2895:Canadian Tax Foundation
2735:Samuel Griffith Society
2717:Menzies Research Centre
2617:Chifley Research Centre
2577:The Australia Institute
2504:Productivity Commission
2073:on foreign policy, the
2039:international relations
1841:aligned with the Greens
1821:Social Democratic Party
1724:Social Democratic Party
782:The Lion Rock Institute
586:Helen Suzman Foundation
427:Philip Morris Companies
225:-based think tank, the
205:was founded in 1831 in
166:According to historian
129:. Most think tanks are
58:The Heritage Foundation
6874:Think Tanks in America
5814:McGann, James (2017).
5533:. Fondation Concorde.
4118:Think Tanks in America
3545:
3502:Carnegie Moscow Center
3224:MIT Lincoln Laboratory
2864:Canada West Foundation
2812:New Zealand Initiative
2787:Helen Clark Foundation
2722:National Civic Council
2657:H. R. Nicholls Society
2602:The Brisbane Institute
2359:Horasis Global Meeting
2283:Fundación Alternativas
2273:Former Prime Minister
2259:Elcano Royal Institute
2123:Valdai Discussion Club
1835:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung
1829:Christian Social Union
1777:French Socialist Party
1584:European Policy Centre
1530:Orient Research Centre
1520:Dubai Economic Council
1375:Valdai Discussion Club
1259:Republic of Kazakhstan
1057:The Jewish Arab Center
1030:The Begin-Sadat Center
581:FW de Klerk Foundation
576:Free Market Foundation
403:Open Society Institute
185:
175:
82:
64:
50:
7031:Public Administration
7022:Stone, Diane (2007).
6978:Stone, Diane (2009).
6968:23 April 2009 at the
6856:McGann, James (2006)
6853:, Edward Elgar, 2005.
5755:"About Chatham House"
5703:"vilniusinstitute.lt"
4662:People's Daily Online
4570:University World News
4453:. Nepc.colorado.edu.
4229:Mendizabal, Enrique.
4075:Stone, Diane (2013).
3835:International Journal
3220:Aerospace Corporation
3197:U.S. Army War College
3106:Brookings Institution
3040:Brookings Institution
2975:North-South Institute
2089:Founded in 1970, the
2051:The Western Institute
1953:Bruno Leoni Institute
1825:Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung
1773:Fondation Jean-Jaurès
1600:Sport and Citizenship
1128:The Yeouido Institute
1002:Ben Gurion University
824:number of think tanks
721:", manifested in the
535:Quality in Education,
239:Brookings Institution
70:
60:, founded in 1973 in
56:
46:, founded in 1916 in
44:Brookings Institution
42:
6750:Arin, Kubilay Yado:
6112:Parklandinstitute.ca
6088:on 11 September 2014
5565:Repository.upenn.edu
5531:"Fondation Concorde"
5065:. 24 November 2020.
4741:. 21 December 2021.
4399:"What's in a Label?"
3614:Internet think tanks
3246:suggests that they:
2915:Council of Canadians
2797:McGuinness Institute
2707:The McKell Institute
2528:the McKell Institute
2489:Oceanian think tanks
2144:Faculty of Economics
1554:European think tanks
1525:Gulf Research Center
1505:United Arab Emirates
1138:Jeju Peace Institute
1016:The Milken Institute
974:Floersheimer Studies
872:Initiatives such as
812:Professional Commons
361:operates offices in
294:electronic computers
248:In the early 1920s,
7063:Struyk, Raymond J.
7002:on 20 February 2010
6816:(16 May 2005): B01.
6743:Abelson, Donald E.
6554:on 19 October 2011.
6331:on 18 November 2002
6238:Nonprofit Quarterly
6207:The Washington Post
5126:on 11 November 2012
4946:. 18 November 2022.
4807:on 22 February 2014
4625:Naji, Abdennasser.
4600:journal.amaquen.org
3903:on 12 January 2016.
3619:List of think tanks
3528:Turkish think tanks
3419:Noravank Foundation
3372:Instituto Liberdade
3277:headed by Pinochet.
2995:Public Policy Forum
2854:C.D. Howe Institute
2849:Broadbent Institute
2702:The Green Institute
2562:Air Power Australia
2500:Melbourne Institute
2349:Gottlieb Duttweiler
2140:Belgrade University
2053:in Poznań (Polish:
1870:is an independent,
1462:Prospect Foundation
1424:Among them are the
1061:University of Haifa
1034:Bar Ilan University
1025:Tel Aviv University
747:Central Policy Unit
469:African think tanks
464:List of think tanks
284:and the use of the
243:Robert S. Brookings
72:Stanford University
6963:(3 February 2009).
6767:Cockett, Richard,
6152:. Tax Foundation.
5846:"GDI – Geschichte"
5683:on 5 November 2013
5417:on 24 January 2018
5348:. On Think Tanks.
5152:on 3 February 2016
5025:on 3 January 2007.
4920:on 3 February 2012
4483:The New York Times
4289:The New York Times
4264:on 13 January 2012
4256:Buldioski, Goran.
4233:. On Think Tanks.
3639:Mass communication
3634:Mass collaboration
3423:Caucasus Institute
3167:The New York Times
3108:, followed by the
3044:Hoover Institution
2980:Parkland Institute
2481:and most recently
2441:Conservative Party
2366:, founded in 1979.
2079:Sobieski Institute
1868:Atlantic Community
859:Peace and Conflict
499:Sub-Saharan Africa
458:Global think tanks
191:Club de l'Entresol
111:political strategy
95:research institute
83:
76:Hoover Institution
65:
51:
6951:Smith, James. A.
6902:Ranquet, Robert.
6869:", ODI/IDEA: Lima
6570:Igarapé Institute
6481:on 7 January 2010
6368:on 8 October 2010
5941:www.govconnex.com
5556:James G. McGann.
5171:McGann, James G.
4765:"About WRI India"
4384:, Vol. 7, No. 3,
4329:(11): 1749–1757.
3793:978-0-8047-8929-5
3763:978-1-4200-1700-7
3727:978-1-4128-3989-1
3654:Strategic studies
3649:School of thought
3554:Necmettin Erbakan
3485:According to the
3399:Igarapé Institute
3338:According to the
3212:MITRE Corporation
3189:Naval War College
3161:
3160:
2985:Pembina Institute
2652:Grattan Institute
2468:Christopher Bland
2449:Margaret Thatcher
2364:Liberal Institute
2055:Instytut Zachodni
1974:Trinità dei Monti
1588:Friends of Europe
1432:(ISEAS), and the
1072:The Shalem Center
802:Path of Democracy
787:New Century Forum
619:Asian think tanks
429:referring to the
419:second-hand smoke
229:, was founded in
16:(Redirected from
7096:
7053:
7051:
7028:
7011:
7009:
7007:
6998:. Archived from
6948:
6938:
6800:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6689:on 25 April 2001
6679:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6663:on 24 March 2012
6662:
6655:
6647:
6641:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6546:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6524:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6367:
6361:. Archived from
6356:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6293:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6270:. 1 March 2008.
6260:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6084:. Archived from
6074:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5968:on 7 August 2010
5958:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5789:Avenir-suisse.ch
5781:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5562:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5482:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5390:
5388:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5346:onthinktanks.org
5342:"Demos Helsinki"
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5322:on 25 March 2013
5318:. Archived from
5308:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4993:The Astana Times
4984:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4806:
4800:. Archived from
4799:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4395:
4389:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4362:on 11 April 2003
4361:
4355:. Archived from
4346:
4320:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4182:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4112:
4091:
4090:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4006:
4000:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3914:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3858:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3822:on 29 June 2011.
3811:
3798:
3797:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3745:
3732:
3731:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3680:
3659:TED (conference)
3582:(SETA), and the
3208:RAND Corporation
3156:
3153:
3147:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3082:Hudson Institute
3075:RAND Corporation
3066:(1937), and the
3058:(1921), and the
2920:Fraser Institute
2745:Sydney Institute
2647:Evatt Foundation
2520:Sydney Institute
2275:José Maria Aznar
1838:
1837:
1823:-aligned), the
1796:
1602:, among others.
1242:Tokyo Foundation
1153:Sejong Institute
899:Setara Institute
377:and formerly in
363:Washington, D.C.
302:Douglas Aircraft
298:RAND Corporation
286:definite article
269:American English
231:Washington, D.C.
188:
178:
142:social movements
91:policy institute
62:Washington, D.C.
48:Washington, D.C.
21:
18:Policy institute
7104:
7103:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7079:
7078:
7077:
7049:
7026:
7021:
7005:
7003:
6996:10.1002/pad.540
6977:
6970:Wayback Machine
6912:
6896:Wayback Machine
6881:Wayback Machine
6814:Washington Post
6774:
6739:
6737:Further reading
6734:
6733:
6723:
6721:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6692:
6690:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6653:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6634:Wayback Machine
6625:Vardan Atoyan,
6624:
6620:
6610:
6608:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6579:
6577:
6566:"About Igarapé"
6564:
6563:
6559:
6551:
6544:
6540:McGann, James.
6539:
6538:
6534:
6517:
6510:
6508:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6482:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6458:
6456:
6447:
6446:
6442:
6432:
6430:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6403:on 25 June 2010
6395:
6394:
6390:
6385:
6381:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6354:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6334:
6332:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6308:
6306:
6295:
6294:
6287:
6277:
6275:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6247:
6245:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6216:
6214:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6185:
6183:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6159:
6157:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6131:
6121:
6119:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6061:
6059:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6031:
6029:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6001:
5999:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5971:
5969:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5945:
5943:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5918:
5908:(18 May 2018).
5904:
5903:
5899:
5889:
5887:
5874:
5873:
5869:
5859:
5857:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5829:
5827:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5798:
5796:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5766:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5738:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5660:
5658:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5630:
5628:
5623:. providus.lv.
5619:
5618:
5614:
5604:
5602:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5574:
5572:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5540:
5538:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5514:
5512:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5480:
5478:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5448:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5420:
5418:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5386:
5384:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5295:
5293:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5254:Cisar, Ondrej.
5253:
5252:
5248:
5238:
5236:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5153:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5127:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5101:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5072:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5002:
5000:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4971:
4969:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4897:
4895:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4836:
4834:
4829:. 21 May 2013.
4825:
4824:
4820:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4795:"NeGP overview"
4793:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4776:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4722:
4720:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4694:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4609:
4607:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4549:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4523:
4521:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4491:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4460:
4458:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4296:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4215:
4208:
4204:McGann, James.
4203:
4202:
4198:
4184:
4183:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4114:
4113:
4094:
4087:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4054:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3956:Tablet Magazine
3949:
3948:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3814:McGann, James.
3813:
3812:
3801:
3794:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3747:
3746:
3735:
3728:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3682:
3681:
3672:
3667:
3600:
3592:
3525:
3483:
3443:
3412:
3407:
3368:
3348:
3239:
3181:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3136:
3132:
3032:
3026:
3004:
2999:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2792:Maxim Institute
2769:
2764:
2496:
2491:
2475:Policy Exchange
2464:British Telecom
2417:
2411:
2396:Razumkov Centre
2373:
2318:
2299:
2255:
2152:
2136:
2119:
2107:
2087:
2047:
2027:
2014:
1982:
1949:
1912:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1831:-aligned), the
1815:-aligned), the
1804:
1790:
1788:GenerationLibre
1746:
1722:, SAK) and the
1706:, MTK) and the
1653:
1640:
1620:
1608:
1561:
1556:
1538:
1507:
1490:
1442:
1418:
1409:Verité Research
1388:
1371:
1362:
1339:
1333:
1271:
1250:
1237:Shōwa Kenkyūkai
1161:
1087:
1082:
920:
907:
890:
855:Water Diplomacy
820:
714:
698:
646:
626:
621:
567:
550:
527:
476:
471:
466:
460:
411:
388:(TTCSP) at the
351:
339:
258:the Netherlands
235:Andrew Carnegie
219:
199:
164:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7102:
7100:
7092:
7091:
7081:
7080:
7076:
7075:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7037:(2): 259–278.
7019:
7014:Stone, Diane.
7012:
6990:(4): 303–315.
6975:
6972:
6956:
6949:
6921:(4): 535–555.
6910:
6900:
6884:
6870:
6863:
6854:
6849:Ladi, Stella.
6847:
6842:Moral Politics
6837:Lakoff, George
6834:
6831:
6818:
6809:
6804:
6801:
6783:(2): 147–162.
6772:
6765:
6755:
6748:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6714:Foreign Policy
6700:
6674:
6642:
6618:
6587:
6557:
6532:
6492:
6466:
6440:
6414:
6388:
6379:
6342:
6316:
6303:New York Times
6285:
6255:
6224:
6193:
6167:
6141:
6129:
6099:
6069:
6039:
6009:
5979:
5953:
5928:
5897:
5867:
5837:
5806:
5776:
5746:
5720:
5694:
5668:
5638:
5612:
5582:
5548:
5522:
5491:
5467:"Introduction"
5458:
5428:
5398:
5377:Foreign Policy
5363:
5333:
5303:
5277:
5246:
5220:
5194:
5163:
5137:
5111:
5080:
5054:
5028:
5010:
4979:
4968:on 13 May 2014
4949:
4931:
4905:
4874:
4857:www.meri-k.org
4844:
4818:
4786:
4756:
4730:
4704:
4674:
4648:
4617:
4587:
4557:
4531:
4501:
4468:
4442:
4416:
4390:
4373:
4306:
4275:
4248:
4221:
4196:
4172:
4141:
4127:
4092:
4086:978-1136309045
4085:
4067:
4052:
4032:
4001:
3988:
3973:
3942:
3906:
3878:
3841:(4): 535–555.
3825:
3799:
3792:
3769:
3762:
3733:
3726:
3706:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3644:Overton window
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3590:Public opinion
3588:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3482:
3479:
3442:
3439:
3431:South Caucasus
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3391:Foreign Policy
3367:
3364:
3347:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3320:consultancies.
3317:
3314:
3298:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3251:
3238:
3235:
3180:
3177:
3159:
3158:
3139:
3137:
3130:
3064:Tax Foundation
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3011:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
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4545:Researchgate
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3955:
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3935:28 September
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3922:
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3838:
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3828:
3820:the original
3782:
3753:
3716:
3709:
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3688:
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3586:(BİLGESAM).
3573:
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3562:Saadet Party
3539:
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3469:
3455:think tank,
3447:
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3094:Barack Obama
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565:South Africa
534:
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435:
412:
394:James McGann
383:
356:
352:
340:
337:21st century
320:
307:
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262:
247:
220:
217:20th century
200:
197:19th century
172:
165:
147:
135:
90:
86:
84:
36:
7089:Think tanks
6693:19 February
6667:19 February
6459:19 February
6335:19 February
6278:30 December
6248:21 December
6217:26 February
5972:19 February
5946:23 November
5830:22 February
5713:14 November
5687:19 February
5481:22 February
5451:22 February
5356:4 September
5326:22 February
5288:. Pssi.cz.
5270:2 September
5094:Daily Times
4867:13 February
4366:29 November
4268:28 November
4241:28 November
3966:12 December
3558:Recai Kutan
3550:Milli Görüş
3267:Evo Morales
2891:(disbanded)
2767:New Zealand
2462:and former
2316:Switzerland
2306:free market
2025:Netherlands
1791: [
1756:(EUISS), a
1732:Finns Party
1730:, PT). The
1586:(EPC), the
1578:(CNE), the
1360:Philippines
1091:South Korea
1085:South Korea
954:Adva Center
849:In Mumbai,
624:Afghanistan
277:human brain
221:The oldest
138:legislation
6826:Futurewise
6580:25 January
6505:Clarin.com
6485:2 November
6433:2 November
6407:2 November
6359:Odi.org.uk
6186:8 November
6150:"About Us"
5880:Libinst.ch
5739:1 November
5505:Uusi Suomi
5421:23 January
5387:22 January
5239:2 November
5231:. Ced.uz.
5104:12 October
4924:2 November
4580:26 October
4494:6 December
4461:2 November
4155:The Walrus
4134:28 October
4025:20 January
3665:References
3441:Azerbaijan
3244:Grupo FARO
3191:, and the
3120:, and the
3028:See also:
2731:Per Capita
2549:, and the
2413:See also:
1908:See also:
1876:non-profit
1851:) and the
1781:Terra Nova
1536:Uzbekistan
1354:governance
1335:See also:
1248:Kazakhstan
1182:Genron NPO
762:HKGolden50
644:Bangladesh
288:) was the
282:title case
252:and other
213:in 1884.
209:, and the
168:Jacob Soll
123:technology
87:think tank
6945:155138921
6797:164140516
6092:18 August
6022:Cardus.ca
5876:"twitter"
5177:upenn.edu
5003:7 October
4769:WRI INDIA
4165:6 January
3873:155138921
3865:0020-7020
3699:9 October
3609:Futurists
3463:based in
3360:economics
3352:Argentina
3346:Argentina
2539:Illawarra
2494:Australia
2466:chairman
2437:Bow Group
2347:-founder
2310:Stockholm
2195:Hungarian
2012:Lithuania
1857:Die Linke
1596:Liberales
1416:Singapore
1402:LIRNEasia
1386:Sri Lanka
1343:Islamabad
1296:(INSPIRE)
1232:Rousoukai
993:Herziliya
888:Indonesia
712:Hong Kong
392:, led by
273:braincase
254:far-right
115:economics
7083:Category
7047:Archived
6966:Archived
6961:Politico
6906:, 1997.
6892:Archived
6877:Archived
6718:Archived
6630:Archived
6605:Archived
6574:Archived
6521:cite web
6427:Archived
6309:9 August
6272:Archived
6242:Archived
6211:Archived
6180:Archived
6160:14 April
6154:Archived
6116:Archived
6056:Archived
6026:Archived
6018:"Cardus"
5996:Archived
5921:19 March
5884:Archived
5854:Archived
5824:Archived
5793:Archived
5763:Archived
5733:Archived
5707:Archived
5655:Archived
5625:Archived
5599:Archived
5569:Archived
5535:Archived
5509:Archived
5475:Archived
5445:Archived
5381:Archived
5350:Archived
5296:19 March
5290:Archived
5264:Archived
5260:Academia
5233:Archived
5207:Archived
5181:Archived
5098:Archived
5067:Archived
5047:19 March
5041:Archived
4997:Archived
4892:Archived
4861:Archived
4831:Archived
4773:Archived
4743:Archived
4717:Archived
4697:10 March
4691:Archived
4635:Archived
4631:Cimqusef
4604:Archived
4574:Archived
4518:Archived
4488:Archived
4455:Archived
4429:Archived
4403:Archived
4386:PR Watch
4353:11684593
4299:7 August
4293:Archived
4235:Archived
4213:Archived
4191:Archived
4159:Archived
4062:52849131
4019:Archived
3960:Archived
3929:Archived
3693:Archived
3629:Lobbying
3598:See also
3293:Fujimori
3152:May 2023
3070:(1943).
3046:(1919),
2572:Asialink
2522:and the
2424:and the
2351:in 1946.
2150:Slovakia
2085:Portugal
1606:Bulgaria
1574:(CEPS),
1564:Brussels
1488:Thailand
1428:(SIIA),
1331:Pakistan
1269:Malaysia
409:Advocacy
375:Brussels
343:Cold War
316:Cold War
151:Cold War
119:military
103:advocacy
99:research
7006:23 July
6955:, 1991.
6511:29 July
6372:29 July
6122:29 July
6032:29 July
6002:29 July
5890:29 July
5860:29 July
5799:29 July
5661:29 July
5631:29 July
5605:29 July
5595:Liia.lv
5575:29 July
5541:29 July
5156:29 July
5130:14 June
4972:29 July
4962:Iwep.kz
4898:19 July
4811:1 March
4779:24 June
4749:24 June
4723:24 June
4641:15 June
4610:15 June
4550:15 June
4524:15 June
4514:AMAQUEN
4435:29 July
4409:29 July
4344:1446868
3542:Turkish
3410:Armenia
3296:employ.
3259:Bolivia
3255:Ecuador
3195:at the
3142:updated
2506:or the
2443:leader
2377:Ukraine
2371:Ukraine
2355:Horasis
2159:GLOBSEC
2105:Romania
1904:Ireland
1802:Germany
1760:-based
1651:Finland
1638:Denmark
1594:(GGI),
1568:Bruegel
1559:Belgium
1320:(MIGHT)
1290:(IDEAS)
1059:(JAC),
1050:at the
1041:at the
1004:of the
976:at the
667:(BIPSS)
661:(BILIA)
609:(SAIIA)
593:(IDASA)
548:Somalia
525:Morocco
447:A 2014
367:Beijing
250:fascist
162:History
155:Western
127:culture
93:, is a
6943:
6795:
6062:11 May
5992:Cwf.ca
5850:Gdi.ch
5769:26 May
5591:"Home"
5515:14 May
4667:30 May
4351:
4341:
4125:
4083:
4060:
4050:
3871:
3863:
3790:
3760:
3724:
3523:Turkey
3481:Russia
3425:, the
3366:Brazil
3222:, the
3218:, the
3214:, the
3210:, the
3173:Lennar
3112:, the
3002:Mexico
2900:Cardus
2829:Canada
2545:, the
2518:, the
2483:Onward
2345:Migros
2302:Timbro
2297:Sweden
2230:Slovak
2207:Slovak
2177:Slovak
2134:Serbia
2117:Russia
2045:Poland
1980:Latvia
1890:Greece
1779:, and
1744:France
1684:(Etla)
1633:(PSSI)
1598:, and
1590:, the
1570:, the
1541:CED –
1440:Taiwan
1369:Russia
1308:(JASS)
1302:(MIMA)
1068:(JPPI)
991:– IDC
935:(JIMS)
918:Israel
691:(BILS)
685:(MOER)
655:(BIDS)
423:cancer
379:Moscow
371:Beirut
207:London
189:. The
181:Pierre
158:world.
125:, and
7050:(PDF)
7027:(PDF)
6941:S2CID
6793:S2CID
6661:(PDF)
6654:(PDF)
6552:(PDF)
6545:(PDF)
6366:(PDF)
6355:(PDF)
5651:Lu.lv
5561:(PDF)
5073:6 May
4805:(PDF)
4798:(PDF)
4360:(PDF)
4319:(PDF)
4216:(PDF)
4209:(PDF)
3901:(PDF)
3894:(PDF)
3869:S2CID
3453:Azeri
3288:CSOs.
3282:Chile
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