354:
235:
772:
610:-which Napoleon called the Second Polish War-as they formed by far the largest foreign contingent of the Grand Army. There is no precise information on what form the peace would have taken if Napoleon had won his war against Alexander, but many Poles held to the belief that it would, at the very least, have led to a fully restored Poland, including Lithuania; a return, in other words, to the situation prior to the first partition in 1772. The whole experience of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw is one of Polish confidence in Napoleon's promise of a better future, though there is really nothing that proves he would have fulfilled these expectations.
547:
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1181:
1217:
982:
1205:
38:
492:
625:. Alexander may have hoped to transfer some of the fierce loyalty the Poles had formerly shown towards his great rival towards himself; but he merely perpetuated a myth. The hope of a liberal Poland, of Napoleon's Poland was kept alive, until it was all but destroyed in the uprising of 1830–1831. Thereafter, most of those who went into exile sought refuge in France, the home of the Napoleon myth, which gave it fresh life. In 1834, from his Paris exile,
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towards the creation of a national legend or myth, which was to sustain and comfort Poles down the decades that followed. Amongst other things, it contributed to a belief that the rest of Europe had an abiding interest in the fate of Poland, arising from
Bonaparte's support in 1797 for the formation of
692:
played a major role in Polish political life. Because of this emigration of political elites, much of the political and ideological activity of the Polish intelligentsia during the 18th and 19th centuries was done outside of the lands of partitioned Poland. Most of those political émigrés were based
645:
offered no support to the Polish rising of 1863, it did not altogether die. It received fresh encouragement in 1918, as France was the only western power that offered unqualified support to the newly independent Poland. May 5, 1921, the hundredth anniversary of
Napoleon's death, was formally marked
573:
The other lasting significance of
Napoleon's Grand Duchy is that it cast off old feudal Poland to some degree under the rule of the partitioning powers. Serfdom was abolished and a modern legal code based on the French model was introduced. Critical was the contribution the Napoleonic period made
617:, as he accepted that there could be no return to the position prevailing in 1795, when Poland had been extinguished. On his insistence, lands that had fallen to Prussia on the Third Partition, including the city of Warsaw, became part of his new 'Polish State', a
170:. Although the Polish Army has never fought against France, repeated accusations of French betrayal has influenced the relations between the two nations. It contributed to a cold attitude from Poland to France, despite their alliance since the
110:. From the 16th century onward, the two countries made more frequent attempts at alliances and political cooperation, and the French and Polish ruling houses intermarried several times. Relations gained greater significance during the reign of
565:
gave every appearance of resurrecting the Polish nation from the political grave to which it had been consigned in the partitions that ended in 1795. Russia defeated
Napoleon and made the 'independence' no more meaningful than that of
349:
was signed in 1675, however, due to external factors it was not implemented. When French princesses were Queens consorts of Poland in the 17th century, there was a second significant wave of French migration to Poland.
832:
161:
in 1939, but for the most part France did not engage in military action, thus it was accused of failing to act accordingly. France eventually also fell to the
Germans the next year, and the Poles took part in the
1605:
601:
Napoleon continued to use Poles where it suited him best. Of the fresh forces raised after the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, some 10,000 were sent to fight against the
Spanish and the British in the
743:
Poland and France were political and military allies during the interwar period. The political agreement signed in Paris on
February 19, 1921 established cooperation between them. Starting with the
859:
in 1944. Despite this, France was blamed for betraying its promise to help in Poland, due to the alliance treaty signed between Poland and France prior to World War II; later it was extended after
518:
in Poland. There was, however, never any official Polish–French alliance; in fact France was content to deflect some of its troubles by not allying itself with Poland, as Poland's neighbors,
353:
234:
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1896:
1717:
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198:
1959:
570:, which emerged from the Vienna settlement. However, the Duchy represented the hope of true independence, whereas Congress Poland was always in Russia's shadow.
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1969:
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and had less resources to spare to deal with events in France. Many French monarchists, merchants and craftsmen fled the French
Revolution to Poland.
2165:
1243:
1130:
Poland and France have held intergovernmental consultations on several occasions. The last such summit took place on 2015 in Paris with
President
771:
2175:
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1874:
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camps in German-occupied Poland. Due to the German occupation of both countries, official Polish–French relations ceased in 1940–44. Some Poles
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In August 2022, Poland sent 146 firefighters and 49 vehicles to France, the largest such group from a foreign country to help extinguish the
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1322:
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2355:
2335:
2320:
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2140:
1999:
284:
1403:"Collections of the 19th century of the Polish Historical and Literary Society / Polish Library in Paris / Adam Mickiewicz Museum"
1204:
820:
607:
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3246:
3115:
3095:
3045:
3040:
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2628:
2501:
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2221:
2216:
2044:
2029:
2019:
1954:
1563:
1034:
The year 2004 marked a breakthrough in Polish-French relations. After a period of tension caused by different approaches to the
1028:
880:
3327:
3241:
3070:
3008:
2957:
2902:
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2190:
2100:
2034:
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1314:
922:
414:
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2592:
2526:
2466:
2426:
2370:
2325:
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2231:
2160:
2135:
2125:
2105:
2074:
1989:
1979:
546:
2711:
2683:
1253:
756:
732:
728:
586:, and Napoleon is only mentioned in passing. Napoleon's treatment of these soldiers was cynical in the extreme. After the
507:
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272:
264:
142:
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3306:
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2310:
2300:
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2211:
2185:
2084:
2064:
2059:
2039:
2009:
1944:
1769:
France and Her
Eastern Allies, 1919-1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno
1516:
1278:
1273:
3374:
1475:
1283:
454:
3296:
3281:
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3261:
3236:
3231:
3201:
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3100:
3090:
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2907:
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2536:
2516:
2506:
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2436:
2375:
2365:
2280:
2226:
2150:
2115:
2110:
2054:
1949:
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1912:
1031:
and nuclear power, is one of Poland's principal political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological partners.
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3003:
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2932:
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2817:
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2546:
2486:
2360:
2340:
2315:
2285:
2253:
2236:
2145:
2120:
2049:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1984:
907:
399:
3018:
3013:
2942:
2927:
2822:
2668:
2587:
2295:
2268:
2263:
2155:
2130:
2079:
2024:
1964:
926:
911:
418:
403:
3301:
1054:
957:
During the Cold War, Polish–French relations were poor, due to both countries being on the opposite sides of the
292:
579:
98:
Despite a number of cultural similarities, such as being prominent old medieval European kingdoms, belonging to
303:
1502:
816:
462:
688:
uprisings. Since the end of the 18th century, people who carried out their activities outside the country as
724:
583:
318:
299:
295:
981:
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by commemorations across the new nation. And he lives, and will continue to live, in the national anthem.
587:
752:
453:, king of Poland, who tried to continue Sobieski's efforts and align Poland and France, after losing the
1665:
Poland and the Western Powers, 1938-1939: A Study in the Interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe,
713:
680:
was an emigration of political elites from partitioned Poland from 1831 to 1870, particularly after the
614:
697:
1732:
1606:"Incendie en Gironde : l'impressionnant détachement de pompiers polonais au sud de Belin-Béliet"
1131:
693:
in France, seen by the Poles - freshly influenced by Napoleon - as the bastion of liberty in Europe.
535:
481:
346:
326:
119:
1517:"The Weimar Triangle: Over 30 years of cross-border cooperation between Germany, France and Poland"
1116:
1001:
664:
491:
477:
288:
268:
260:
225:
171:
1746:
Roberts, Geoffrey. "The Alliance that Failed: Moscow and the Triple Alliance Negotiations, 1939."
247:
Polish–French relations were nascent until the 18th century, due to geographical distance and the
1108:
1100:
1016:
990:
856:
792:
760:
744:
531:
519:
485:
163:
158:
1074:
812:
578:, recruited from amongst émigrés and other exiles living in Italy. The Polish national anthem, "
696:
It was during that era that some celebrated Poles came to live in France, such as the composer
1795:
Zawadzki, Hubert. "Between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander: The Polish Question at Tilsit, 1807."
1318:
1304:
1124:
852:
681:
523:
511:
503:
458:
338:
255:. French and Polish troops fought together as part of a larger European coalition against the
178:
123:
590:
in 1801, they were sent to the West Indies to suppress the slave revolt in the French colony
2887:
1813:
1258:
836:
824:
685:
677:
365:
Charles-Paris d'Orléans; François Louis, prince of Conti; Henri Jules, prince of Condé; and
131:
127:
122:, which, however, was not achieved. The French government sympathized with Polish rebels in
1842:
1736:
Pasztor, Maria. "France, Great Britain, and Polish conceptions of disarmament, 1957-1964."
510:. In the late 18th century both Poland and France entered a revolutionary period, with the
310:
for commemorating Henry III's succession as king of Poland (1573) and France (1574) on two
279:
in 1525. The first large wave of migration from France to Poland, consisting of persecuted
3426:
2651:
1849:
1804:
Zubrzycki, J. (1953). "Emigration from Poland in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries".
1238:
1233:
1009:
986:
969:). Other prominent members of the Polish community in France of that period have included
701:
637:
All sure of victory, cry with tears in eyes/God is with Napoleon, and Napoleon is with us!
626:
622:
618:
567:
562:
550:
506:
the French Court Royal supported the Polish confederates by sending French officers under
470:
378:
358:
322:
276:
146:
115:
107:
99:
1439:
654:
1858:
1729:
1089:
1020:
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709:
705:
603:
591:
527:
495:
256:
252:
182:
103:
17:
3421:
1788:
Weber, Pierre-Frédéric. "France, Poland, and Germany’s Eastern Border, 1945–1990." in
3460:
3450:
3438:
1096:
1070:
1047:
970:
554:
466:
329:. After his abdication in 1668, John II Casimir left for France, where he joined the
1760:
Urbaniak, George. "French involvement in the Polish-Lithuanian dispute, 1918–1920."
530:, expecting a formation of such an alliance, and seeing Polish reforms as a sign of
1925:
1817:
1310:
1120:
1078:
961:. However France was - again - a site of a thriving Polish emigrant community (see
864:
804:
788:
642:
461:
in 1737. He was a great patron of arts and science in Lorraine. He established the
154:
150:
689:
106:
religion, relations between France and Poland have only become relevant since the
1012:
which was created in 1991 to strengthen cooperation between the three countries.
1836:- Polish–French relations described on the pages of the Polish Embassy in France
1058:
1035:
896:
717:
631:
388:
307:
138:
219:
1135:
800:
723:
Some of the remnants of the 19th-century Polish community in France, i.e. the
659:
515:
111:
1852:- post-1991 relations described on the pages of the French Embassy in Poland
1066:
1057:
in Poland. The French companies with the largest presence in Poland include
876:
311:
280:
1159:
731:
and Polish Historical and Literary Society in Paris are listed by UNESCO's
1753:
Stanley, John. "French Attitudes toward Poland in the Napoleonic Period."
1866:
Henryk III Walezy w Polsce: Stosunki polsko-francuskie w latach 1566-1576
1542:
1379:
John Stanley, "French Attitudes toward Poland in the Napoleonic Period."
994:
958:
167:
621:
that had a high degree of political latitude and one that preserved the
1869:
1471:
1062:
1005:
962:
872:
868:
330:
1781:
Wandycz, Piotr S. "General Weygand and the Battle of Warsaw of 1920."
827:
in 1940, and afterwards, 23,000 Poles were deported by the Germans to
2778:
1907:
1705:
MacDonald, Callum A. "Britain, France and the April crisis of 1939."
1155:
1082:
474:
337:
in Paris. His heart was buried there. In the late 17th century, King
92:
88:
72:
61:
1741:
1658:
From Versailles to Locarno: Keys to Polish Foreign Policy, 1919-1925
1712:
Majchrowski, Tomasz and Adam Halamski. "Polish–French Relations",
1468:
Inside a Gestapo Prison: The Letters of Krystyna Wituska, 1942–1944
1686:
The Great Powers & Poland, 1919-1945: from Versailles to Yalta
1679:
God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present
1672:
God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795
1641:
1490:
The Great Powers & Poland, 1919-1945: from Versailles to Yalta
1166:
1104:
980:
770:
653:
595:
545:
490:
352:
635:, which celebrates Napoleon's entry into Lithuania in 1812 thus;
3379:
1170:
1024:
194:
190:
186:
2749:
2700:
2649:
1923:
1878:
890:
382:
240:
Coat of Arms of Henry III as King of Poland and King of France
1630:
166:
in 1944. The two countries were on opposite sides during the
1451:
Szustakowski, January (2019). "Jak uratowano skarb narodu".
823:, among others. France itself fell to Germany following the
799:, however, the French soon withdrew in what is known as the
1774:
Wandycz, Piotr S. "French Diplomats in Poland 1919-1926."
641:
Although the legend declined over the years, especially as
1455:(in Polish). Wojskowy Instytut Wydawniczy. pp. 6–7.
3410:
1466:
Wituska, Krystyna (2006). Tomaszewski, Irene (ed.).
3388:
3367:
3346:
3320:
3129:
2966:
2895:
2790:
2616:
2575:
2399:
2199:
2093:
1937:
1721:Nieuwazny, Andrzej. "Napoleon and Polish identity"
803:. During the German invasion, Poland evacuated its
44:
606:. However, the Poles were most enthusiastic about
480:. In the mid-18th century, his daughter, Princess
137:Following the rebirth of independent Poland after
1861:. Świat Polonii. - on 1940 Polish Army in France
1123:. Polish mineurs' descendants are also found in
1050:from both countries have been organized yearly.
1000:Polish-French relations have improved after the
345:and tried to forge a Polish–French alliance. An
1585:"Polish-French intergovernmental consultations"
1503:"French and British Betrayal of Poland in 1939"
582:", is a celebration of the legion's commander,
267:was formed, however it fell through after King
1269:List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland
1264:List of twin towns and sister cities in France
815:formed in France under the command of General
514:being a major influence on the reforms of the
469:, and he commissioned the construction of the
199:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
2761:
1890:
1564:"Polsko-francuskie konsultacje międzyrządowe"
1543:"France's New Media Star? The Polish Plumber"
457:, retired to France, where he became duke of
8:
1042:negotiations, relations improved. After the
484:was the queen consort of France and wife of
343:Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien
30:
1806:Population Studies: A Journal of Demography
925:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
779:members murdered by the Germans in 1944 in
759:was signed in 1921 and continued until the
417:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
298:, but he abdicated the next year to become
2768:
2754:
2746:
2697:
2646:
1934:
1920:
1897:
1883:
1875:
361:at Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Paris
177:Currently, both countries are part of the
1790:France and the German Question, 1945–1990
1367:Stosunki polsko–francuskie w toku dziejów
1353:Stosunki polsko–francuskie w toku dziejów
1339:Stosunki polsko–francuskie w toku dziejów
1092:", which appeared in France around 2005.
1044:accession of Poland to the European Union
945:Learn how and when to remove this message
747:that aided France in World War I and the
613:Polish national determination did impact
437:Learn how and when to remove this message
1656:Cienciala, Anna, and Titus Komarnicki.
819:in late 1939. Polish units included the
807:to France. During the subsequent German
473:, Nancy's stunning main city square and
3417:
1295:
1244:List of Ambassadors of France to Poland
1176:
1027:, as well as a permanent member of the
861:large territories in the East of Poland
369:were candidates for the Polish throne.
271:was defeated and captured by troops of
1088:Controversy was caused by the phrase "
855:. Polish troops also took part in the
534:influence, were busy carrying out the
251:'s lack of involvement in the wars of
130:but did not intervene. At that time a
29:
1306:The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571)
1198:Consulate-General of France in Kraków
1053:France is the largest contributor of
498:, King of Poland and Duke of Lorraine
95:, which date back several centuries.
87:are relations between the nations of
7:
1103:region, in the metropolitan area of
1099:live in France, concentrated in the
1015:France, as a founding member of the
989:(left) and Prime Minister of Poland
923:adding citations to reliable sources
415:adding citations to reliable sources
197:. Poland is also an observer in the
118:with the hope of resurrecting their
1783:Journal of Central European Affairs
1776:Journal of Central European Affairs
1222:Consulate-General of Poland in Lyon
670:"Un bon bougre!... Nom de Dieu!..."
228:, king of Poland and king of France
172:fall of communism in Poland in 1989
325:, were married to French princess
25:
1714:Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy
867:, which eventually became modern
749:French Military Mission to Poland
3444:
3432:
3420:
2886:
2777:
1906:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1046:on May 1, 2004, meetings of the
895:
387:
233:
218:
66:
55:
36:
1428:League of Nations Treaty Series
1029:United Nations Security Council
881:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
757:Franco-Polish Military Alliance
1818:10.1080/00324728.1953.10414889
1315:American Philosophical Society
716:and much later, the scientist
672:("Good chap!... Good God!...")
557:, named after King Stanisław I
285:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
273:Charles V of Austria and Spain
249:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
3477:Bilateral relations of France
3472:Bilateral relations of Poland
3396:Diplomatic missions of Poland
2722:Diplomatic missions of France
2712:French entry into World War I
1369:(in Polish). 1941. p. 7.
1355:(in Polish). 1941. p. 5.
1341:(in Polish). 1941. p. 3.
733:Memory of the World Programme
357:Tomb effigy of heart of King
143:Poland and France were allies
1975:Democratic Republic of Congo
1693:Russia and Europe, 1825-1878
1476:Wayne State University Press
1284:Poland in the European Union
1149:Resident diplomatic missions
841:German prisoner-of-war camps
455:War of the Polish Succession
2784:Foreign relations of Poland
2717:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2136:Dominica, (Commonwealth of)
1913:Foreign relations of France
1700:Russia and Europe 1789-1825
1698:Lobanov-Rostovsky, Andrei.
1691:Lobanov-Rostovsky, Andrei.
1642:Embassy of Poland in France
1631:Embassy of France in Poland
1612:(in French). 15 August 2022
1186:Embassy of France in Warsaw
1169:and a consulate-general in
1158:and a consulate-general in
608:the 1812 war against Russia
561:Napoleon's creation of the
3493:
1843:Stosunki francusko-polskie
1748:European History Quarterly
1303:Kenneth M. Setton (1984).
1210:Embassy of Poland in Paris
508:Charles François Dumouriez
376:
259:invasion of Europe at the
120:recently occupied homeland
2884:
2707:
2696:
2659:
2645:
1933:
1919:
1859:Wojsko Polskie we Francji
1762:Journal of Baltic Studies
1165:Poland has an embassy in
1154:France has an embassy in
1055:foreign direct investment
825:German invasion of France
761:German invasion of Poland
665:Le Père Duchesne Illustré
283:, occurred following the
153:. France declared war on
78:
65:
54:
35:
1960:Central African Republic
1834:Echanges franco-polonais
1755:Canadian Slavonic Papers
1381:Canadian Slavonic Papers
1279:Germany–Poland relations
1274:France–Ukraine relations
502:During the anti-Russian
341:married French princess
304:Order of the Holy Spirit
3467:France–Poland relations
2679:Commonwealth of Nations
1757:49.3-4 (2007): 209–227.
1738:Acta Poloniae Historica
1707:European Studies Review
1383:49.3-4 (2007): 209-227.
1239:French people in Poland
821:1st Grenadiers Division
787:France declared war on
451:Stanisław I Leszczyński
210:Before the 18th century
85:Polish–French relations
31:Polish–French relations
18:Polish-French relations
3368:Multilateral relations
1785:19#4 4 (1960): 357–65.
1688:(UP of America, 1985).
1492:(UP of America, 1985).
1254:Franco-Polish alliance
997:
839:were also deported to
833:German-occupied France
784:
729:Adam Mickiewicz Museum
718:Maria Skłodowska-Curie
708:or entrepreneurs like
673:
558:
499:
367:Louis, prince of Condé
362:
335:Saint-Germain-des-Prés
265:Franco-Polish alliance
132:large Polish community
1970:Republic of the Congo
1778:23#$ (1964): 440–50.
1750:26.3 (1996): 383–414.
1440:Text of the agreement
1430:, vol. 18, pp. 12-13.
1040:European Constitution
1004:. Poland, France and
984:
774:
657:
629:wrote his epic poem,
549:
494:
463:Académie de Stanislas
356:
327:Ludwika Maria Gonzaga
306:was dedicated to the
102:and sharing a common
3111:United Arab Emirates
2386:United Arab Emirates
1799:7.2 (2009): 110–124.
1740:90 (2004): 113–155.
1725:, Vol. 48, May 1998
1709:2.2 (1972): 151–169.
985:President of France
919:improve this section
857:liberation of France
809:occupation of Poland
584:Jan Henryk Dąbrowski
536:partitions of Poland
504:Confederation of Bar
411:improve this section
333:and became abbot of
263:in 1396. In 1524, a
164:liberation of France
100:Western civilization
3389:Diplomatic missions
2166:Trinidad and Tobago
1764:16.1 (1985): 52–63.
1521:auswaertiges-amt.de
1134:and Prime Minister
991:Mateusz Morawiecki
863:was annexed by the
775:Memorial plaque to
658:Jarosław Dąbrowski
588:Treaty of Lunéville
580:Dąbrowski's Mazurka
478:World Heritage Site
289:Henry III of France
269:Francis I of France
261:Battle of Nicopolis
134:settled in France.
32:
27:Bilateral relations
1864:Maciej Serwanski,
1848:2007-09-27 at the
1767:Wandycz, Piotr S.
1109:coal-mining region
1101:Nord-Pas de Calais
1095:About one million
1017:European Community
998:
817:Władysław Sikorski
795:in 1939, and then
785:
674:
559:
500:
363:
317:Two Polish kings,
287:of 1572. In 1573,
116:allies of Napoleon
114:, when Poles were
3408:
3407:
3027:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2692:
2691:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
1663:Cienciala, Anna.
1309:. Vol. III.
1132:François Hollande
1002:fall of communism
955:
954:
947:
853:French Resistance
813:a new Polish Army
777:Polish resistance
755:(1919–1921), the
753:Polish–Soviet War
512:French Revolution
482:Marie Leszczyńska
447:
446:
439:
339:John III Sobieski
319:Władysław IV Vasa
179:Council of Europe
82:
81:
16:(Redirected from
3484:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3424:
3416:
3338:Papua New Guinea
3024:Kurdistan Region
3021:
2890:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2698:
2647:
2603:Papua New Guinea
2274:Kurdistan Region
2179:
1935:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1876:
1857:
1841:
1832:
1821:
1677:Davies, Norman.
1670:Davies, Norman.
1644:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1300:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1008:are part of the
950:
943:
939:
936:
930:
899:
891:
837:prisoners of war
797:attacked Germany
678:Great Emigration
650:Great Emigration
615:Czar Alexander I
442:
435:
431:
428:
422:
391:
383:
237:
222:
70:
69:
59:
58:
40:
33:
21:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3419:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3384:
3363:
3342:
3316:
3125:
2962:
2891:
2882:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2744:
2735:
2703:
2688:
2655:
2633:
2612:
2571:
2395:
2195:
2177:
2089:
1929:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1855:
1850:Wayback Machine
1839:
1830:
1827:
1803:
1653:
1651:Further reading
1648:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1392:Zubrzycki, 1953
1391:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1317:. p. 312.
1302:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1234:Poles in France
1230:
1223:
1220:
1211:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1187:
1184:
1151:
1075:Crédit Agricole
1010:Weimar Triangle
987:Emmanuel Macron
979:
951:
940:
934:
931:
916:
900:
889:
769:
741:
739:Interwar period
720:(Marie Curie).
702:Adam Mickiewicz
700:, writers like
698:Frédéric Chopin
652:
627:Adam Mickiewicz
623:Napoleonic code
619:satellite state
568:Congress Poland
563:Duchy of Warsaw
551:Place Stanislas
544:
471:Place Stanislas
443:
432:
426:
423:
408:
392:
381:
379:Polish Jacobins
375:
359:John II Casimir
347:alliance treaty
323:John II Casimir
277:Battle of Pavia
245:
244:
243:
242:
241:
238:
230:
229:
223:
212:
207:
147:interwar period
108:Renaissance era
71:
67:
60:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3375:European Union
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3354:Czechoslovakia
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3312:United Kingdom
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3172:Czech Republic
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
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2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2684:United Nations
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2567:United Kingdom
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:Czech Republic
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1853:
1837:
1826:
1825:External links
1823:
1812:(3): 248–272.
1801:
1800:
1797:Central Europe
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1734:
1719:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1634:
1623:
1597:
1576:
1555:
1534:
1523:. 4 March 2022
1508:
1494:
1481:
1478:. p. xxi.
1458:
1453:Polska Zbrojna
1443:
1432:
1419:
1394:
1385:
1372:
1358:
1344:
1330:
1323:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:Polish Legions
1246:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1150:
1147:
1143:2022 wildfires
1090:Polish Plumber
1048:heads of state
1021:European Union
978:
975:
967:Jerzy Giedroyc
953:
952:
903:
901:
894:
888:
885:
883:in 1990–1991.
793:invaded Poland
781:Malay-le-Grand
768:
765:
740:
737:
725:Polish Library
710:Louis Wolowski
706:Cyprian Norwid
651:
648:
604:Peninsular War
592:Saint-Domingue
576:Polish Legions
543:
542:Napoleonic era
540:
449:In the 1730s,
445:
444:
395:
393:
386:
374:
371:
300:king of France
296:king of Poland
253:Western Europe
239:
232:
231:
224:
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
183:European Union
159:invaded Poland
104:Roman Catholic
80:
79:
76:
75:
64:
52:
51:
49:
46:
45:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3489:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
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3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:United States
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Liechtenstein
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
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2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
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2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
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2382:
2379:
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2357:
2354:
2352:
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2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
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2314:
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2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
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2262:
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2257:
2255:
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2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
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2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:United States
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
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3106:Turkmenistan
3081:Saudi Arabia
2848:South Africa
2652:Multilateral
2624:Soviet Union
2521:
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2346:Saudi Arabia
2070:South Africa
1870:JSTOR review
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1097:ethnic Poles
1094:
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1079:Saint Gobain
1052:
1033:
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999:
956:
941:
932:
917:Please help
905:
865:Soviet Union
829:slave labour
805:gold reserve
786:
767:World War II
742:
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695:
675:
669:
663:
643:Napoleon III
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594:, or modern
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409:Please help
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373:18th century
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155:Nazi Germany
151:World War II
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3333:New Zealand
3302:Switzerland
3257:Netherlands
3086:South Korea
3076:Philippines
3061:North Korea
2974:Afghanistan
2853:South Sudan
2598:New Zealand
2557:Switzerland
2512:Netherlands
2356:South Korea
2336:Philippines
2321:North Korea
2207:Afghanistan
2141:El Salvador
2000:Ivory Coast
1856:(in Polish)
1840:(in Polish)
1831:(in French)
1716:(01/2005),
1616:3 September
1488:Jan Karski,
1412:21 February
1145:in France.
1036:Iraq crisis
993:(right) in
849:became part
751:during the
660:caricatured
632:Pan Tadeusz
496:Stanisław I
308:Holy Spirit
145:during the
139:World War I
3461:Categories
3359:Yugoslavia
3247:Luxembourg
3116:Uzbekistan
3096:Tajikistan
3046:Kyrgyzstan
3041:Kazakhstan
2989:Bangladesh
2984:Azerbaijan
2629:Yugoslavia
2502:Luxembourg
2291:Kazakhstan
2222:Bangladesh
2217:Azerbaijan
2178:(historic)
2045:Mozambique
2030:Mauritania
2020:Madagascar
1955:Cape Verde
1407:UNESCO.org
1290:References
1136:Ewa Kopacz
879:after the
801:Phoney War
532:Jacobinite
516:Great Sejm
377:See also:
312:Pentecosts
112:Napoleon I
3400:in Poland
3328:Australia
3242:Lithuania
3071:Palestine
3009:Indonesia
2958:Venezuela
2903:Argentina
2726:in France
2702:Diplomacy
2654:relations
2583:Australia
2351:Singapore
2331:Palestine
2259:Indonesia
2242:Hong Kong
2191:Venezuela
2101:Argentina
2035:Mauritius
1928:relations
1926:Bilateral
1610:Sud Ouest
1115:) around
1067:Carrefour
977:Post-1991
906:does not
877:Lithuania
745:Blue Army
398:does not
281:Huguenots
226:Henry III
3427:Politics
3287:Slovakia
3267:Portugal
3207:Holy See
3157:Bulgaria
3066:Pakistan
3056:Mongolia
3051:Malaysia
2923:Colombia
2896:Americas
2878:Zimbabwe
2858:Tanzania
2808:Ethiopia
2674:Americas
2593:Kiribati
2527:Portugal
2467:Holy See
2427:Bulgaria
2371:Thailand
2326:Pakistan
2306:Malaysia
2232:Cambodia
2161:Suriname
2126:Colombia
2106:Barbados
2094:Americas
2075:Tanzania
1990:Ethiopia
1980:Djibouti
1846:Archived
1426:Text in
1228:See also
1107:and the
1038:and the
995:Brussels
959:Cold War
935:May 2024
887:Cold War
791:when it
783:, France
682:November
486:Louis XV
459:Lorraine
427:May 2024
168:Cold War
157:when it
3413:Portals
3321:Oceania
3307:Ukraine
3272:Romania
3252:Moldova
3222:Ireland
3217:Iceland
3212:Hungary
3197:Germany
3187:Finland
3182:Estonia
3177:Denmark
3162:Croatia
3152:Belgium
3147:Belarus
3142:Austria
3137:Albania
3121:Vietnam
2999:Georgia
2979:Armenia
2953:Uruguay
2863:Tunisia
2843:Senegal
2838:Nigeria
2833:Namibia
2828:Morocco
2798:Algeria
2608:Vanuatu
2576:Oceania
2562:Ukraine
2532:Romania
2482:Ireland
2477:Iceland
2472:Hungary
2457:Germany
2452:Finland
2447:Denmark
2432:Croatia
2422:Belgium
2417:Austria
2412:Andorra
2407:Albania
2391:Vietnam
2311:Myanmar
2301:Lebanon
2249:Georgia
2212:Armenia
2186:Uruguay
2085:Tunisia
2065:Somalia
2060:Senegal
2040:Morocco
2010:Liberia
1945:Algeria
1792:(2019).
1771:(1962).
1590:28 July
1569:28 July
1548:28 July
1527:14 June
1472:Detroit
1125:Auberny
1063:Vivendi
1006:Germany
963:Kultura
927:removed
912:sources
873:Ukraine
869:Belarus
851:of the
789:Germany
714:Citroen
690:emigres
686:January
524:Austria
520:Prussia
419:removed
404:sources
331:Jesuits
293:elected
275:in the
257:Ottoman
205:History
3451:Poland
3439:France
3347:Former
3297:Sweden
3282:Serbia
3277:Russia
3262:Norway
3237:Latvia
3232:Kosovo
3202:Greece
3192:France
3167:Cyprus
3130:Europe
3101:Turkey
3091:Taiwan
3031:Israel
2938:Mexico
2913:Canada
2908:Brazil
2873:Zambia
2868:Uganda
2791:Africa
2664:Africa
2617:Former
2552:Sweden
2542:Serbia
2537:Russia
2522:Poland
2517:Norway
2507:Monaco
2492:Kosovo
2462:Greece
2437:Cyprus
2400:Europe
2376:Turkey
2366:Taiwan
2281:Israel
2227:Brunei
2176:Texas
2151:Mexico
2116:Canada
2111:Brazil
2055:Rwanda
1950:Angola
1938:Africa
1742:online
1702:(1968)
1695:(1954)
1681:(2005)
1674:(2005)
1667:(1968)
1660:(1984)
1321:
1160:Kraków
1156:Warsaw
1083:Auchan
1071:Casino
1059:Orange
1023:, and
528:Russia
526:, and
475:UNESCO
93:France
89:Poland
73:France
62:Poland
3292:Spain
3227:Italy
3036:Japan
3004:India
2994:China
2933:Haiti
2918:Chile
2818:Libya
2813:Kenya
2803:Egypt
2730:Paris
2547:Spain
2487:Italy
2361:Syria
2341:Qatar
2316:Nepal
2286:Japan
2254:India
2237:China
2146:Haiti
2121:Chile
2050:Niger
2015:Libya
2005:Kenya
1995:Gabon
1985:Egypt
1167:Paris
1105:Lille
596:Haiti
555:Nancy
467:Nancy
3380:NATO
3019:Iraq
3014:Iran
2967:Asia
2943:Peru
2928:Cuba
2823:Mali
2669:Asia
2588:Fiji
2296:Laos
2269:Iraq
2264:Iran
2200:Asia
2156:Peru
2131:Cuba
2080:Togo
2025:Mali
1965:Chad
1731:and
1618:2022
1592:2020
1571:2020
1550:2020
1529:2023
1414:2021
1319:ISBN
1171:Lyon
1119:and
1117:Lens
1081:and
1025:NATO
965:and
910:any
908:cite
875:and
843:and
712:and
684:and
676:The
402:any
400:cite
321:and
291:was
195:OSCE
193:and
191:OECD
187:NATO
149:and
128:1863
126:and
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91:and
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