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Polish units of measurement

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As until then not only different units varied from town to town but also their relation to one another, in 1764 a major overhaul of the measurement system was prepared. By a royal decree of December 6, 1764 all units of measurement were to be converted to a new system, common to all of Poland and its
373:. The standardisation of other units of measurement also made some progress since the 15th century, but at a different pace. In the end this created even more confusion, as two towns could use the same units of length, but two different units of weight, although using the same terms. 200:) were used throughout the country, but their meaning differed from region to region. Most major cities in the area used their own systems of measurement, which were used in the surrounding areas as well. Among the commonly used systems were 382:
dependencies. The system relied on previously used units, but introduced a common, unified system of relations between them. It had no official name and it was not until the 19th century when it started to be called the Old Polish system (
228:. The matter was further complicated by the fact that Austrian or German systems were hardly uniform either and differed from town to town. Furthermore, the systems tended to evolve over time: in the 13th century the Kraków's 2017: 1337: 300:
only started to appear in late Middle Ages, and their usability was limited to within a small radius, some basic substitutes for modern minutes and hours were developed, based on Christian prayers. The
236:, a century later it was equivalent to 62.5 cm, then in the 16th century it shrunk to 58.6 cm and finally was equalled to standard "old Polish ell" of 59.6 cm only in 1836. 341:
While this system introduced some level of standardisation throughout the country, the systems used in various voivodeships still differed from one another. To counter this problem the
284:(basic unit of length) were created in a voivode's capital and then dispatched to all nearby towns, where they were further duplicated for everyday use. One bar was to be stored in the 288:
for comparison, while additional rods were stored in the gatehouses or toll points to be borrowed by merchants as needed. Damaging or losing a rod was punishable by law.
1137: 333:) that is the time needed to recite Hail Mary 50 times (roughly 16 minutes). Those units were never strictly defined, but is used in rural areas of Poland even today. 1382: 1332: 1376: 1904: 1651: 459:
A different system of units, although complementary and interchangeable, was used in measuring lengths for agrarian purposes. The basic unit was a step (
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ell were made equal in 1507. The same applied to ells used in Lwów and Lublin, which however were different from those in Kraków and Poznań. In 1532 the
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To add to the confusion, various goods were traditionally measured with different units, often incompatible or difficult to convert. For instance,
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Though the traditional systems were officially abandoned in the 19th century, traces of their use, especially in rural areas, were found by
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The first recorded weights and measures used in Poland were related to dimensions of human body, hence the most basic measures in use were
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From Middle Ages until the 18th century, there was no single system of measurement used in all of Poland. Traditional units like
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The traditional Polish systems of weights and measures were later replaced with those of surrounding nations (due to the
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As the weights and measures were important in everyday life of merchants, in 1420 the royal decree allowed each
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ell was aligned with the Kraków ell, which in 1565 was declared an official ell to be used in all of the
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Miary na ziemiach polskich; wystawa ze zbiorów Muzeum Ziemi Kujawskiej i Dobrzyńskiej we Włocławku
1434: 1210: 503: 89:, as well as a number of related systems borrowed from neighbouring states. The first attempt at 309:) was a non-standard unit of time comprising some 25 seconds, that is enough time to recite the 1046: 693: 1084: 989: 455:
1 ell = 2 feet = 3 sztychs = 4 quarters = 8 palms = 24 inches ( = ⅓ of a fathom ).
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Encyclopedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins
101:, introduced by a royal decree of December 6, 1764. The system was later replaced by the 1981: 1555: 1172: 1073: 955: 601: 525: 178: 2006: 1429: 1301: 1269: 1241: 928: 657: 546: 428: 113: 1986: 1274: 1264: 1249: 717: 673: 1585: 1316: 1215: 1108:(in Polish). Szreniawa: Muzeum Narodowe Rolnictwa i Przemysłu Rolno-Spożywczego. 1050: 757: 625: 406: 297: 273: 158: 150: 530: 464: 414: 233: 703: 1019: 557: 322: 285: 261:
each). However honey and mead were recorded for tax purposes in units named
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There were two sets of units of volume: one for fluids and the other for
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mentioned before and had the length of roughly 893 metres. Eight
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Outside of this set of systems was the measurement of time. As
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of 0.0127 kg). For heavier goods the basic units were a
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In measuring the distance between cities, the basic unit was
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act of 1565. Steel or copper rods used as local standard of
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1760s establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
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by the end of the 19th century (between 1872 and 1876).
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in 1569. In 1613 additional systems were created for
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The system used by Warsaw was adopted in 1360: 1291: 1157: 1138: 1124: 1116: 475:), and five sticks were equal to a cable ( 624:) of 120.6 L, and 30 bushels comprised a 66:Learn how and when to remove this message 777: 401:or łokieć in Polish - was set to 0.5955 265:(slightly more than 10 Kraków gallons). 29:This article includes a list of general 1063: 471:, 4.4665 metres), 2 rods made a stick ( 494:, although it was different from the 7: 276:. This law was later confirmed by a 545:, 32 pounds or 12.976 kg) and 377:1764 reform - the Old Polish system 1168:International System of Units (SI) 93:came with the introduction of the 35:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 553:, five stones or 64.80 kg). 337:Early attempts at standardisation 2023:Science and technology in Poland 20: 2038:Units of measurement by country 397:The basic unit of length - the 105:introduced on January 1, 1819. 2043:1810s establishments in Poland 509:The weights were based on the 1: 2013:Obsolete units of measurement 1178:US customary units (USCS/USC) 1104:Stanisław Kunikowski (1987). 684:pl:Ławka (jednostka długości) 529:, each in turn comprising 16 125:Historic weights and measures 1071:François Cardarelli (2003). 984:pl:Kwarta (jednostka wagowa) 762:pl:Włóka (miara powierzchni) 112:), only to be replaced with 964:pl:Grzywna (jednostka miar) 83:Polish units of measurement 2059: 735:pl:Łan (miara powierzchni) 612:), 4 quarters comprised a 600:), 2 measures comprised a 1231:English Engineering Units 487:) of roughly 134 metres. 321:, the first words of the 394:system introduced then. 243:was sold in units named 232:was equivalent to 64.66 1270:Quantum chromodynamical 950:Mass and monetary units 325:) was used, as was the 103:New Polish measurement 95:Old Polish measurement 50:more precise citations. 1383:centimetre–gram–second 1147:Systems of measurement 640:of 18.8445 L and 14.4 631: 619: 607: 595: 587: 579: 457: 390:), in contrast to the 1905:Biblical and Talmudic 1371:metre–kilogram–second 960:pl:Grzywna (ekonomia) 453: 423:(≈19.86cm); quarter ( 584:) of 0.9422 L or 16 253:, that is 62 Kraków 110:Partitions of Poland 87:weights and measures 388:Old-Polish measures 1377:metre–tonne–second 1173:UK imperial system 523:) composed of two 384:miary staropolskie 97:, also dubbed the 2028:Culture of Poland 2000: 1999: 1888: 1887: 1352: 1351: 1343:Foot–pound–second 1283: 1282: 1260:Heaviside–Lorentz 974:pl:Kamień (miara) 910: 909: 694:pl:Łokieć (miara) 660:as late as 1969. 76: 75: 68: 2050: 2033:Systems of units 1467:Mesures usuelles 1361: 1292: 1158: 1140: 1133: 1126: 1117: 1110: 1109: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1078: 1068: 778: 718:pl:Stopa (miara) 634: 622: 610: 598: 590: 582: 560:. Both used the 514: 513: 506:of 7144 metres. 435:, ≈7.44cm); and 81:The traditional 71: 64: 60: 57: 51: 46:this article by 37:inline citations 24: 23: 16: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1970: 1944: 1884: 1828: 1782: 1701: 1590: 1393: 1348: 1321: 1279: 1236: 1194: 1149: 1144: 1114: 1113: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1033: 952: 915: 727: 674:pl:Krok (miara) 666: 654: 511: 510: 379: 355:Crown of Poland 339: 294: 127: 122: 91:standardisation 79: 72: 61: 55: 52: 42:Please help to 41: 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 2056: 2054: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2005: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1982:Absolute scale 1978: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1790: 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319:Zdrowaś Mario 316: 313:. Similarly, 312: 311:Lord's Prayer 308: 304: 299: 291: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 247: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 124: 119: 117: 115: 114:metric system 111: 106: 104: 100: 99:Warsaw system 96: 92: 88: 84: 70: 67: 59: 49: 45: 39: 38: 32: 27: 18: 17: 1930:Mesopotamian 1824:Puerto Rican 1221:Astronomical 1105: 1099: 1074: 1066: 1051:pl:Zdrowaśka 1024:pl:Wiardunek 655: 641: 637: 629: 617: 605: 593: 585: 577: 568:) of 3.7689 565: 555: 550: 542: 534: 524: 516: 512:Polish pound 508: 499: 495: 491: 489: 484: 476: 472: 468: 460: 458: 454: 448: 440: 432: 424: 418: 410: 396: 391: 387: 383: 380: 340: 330: 318: 314: 306: 302: 298:clock towers 295: 267: 262: 244: 238: 193: 185: 183: 162: 154: 146: 138: 130: 128: 107: 102: 98: 94: 82: 80: 62: 53: 34: 1794:Costa Rican 1758:Seychellois 1667:Singaporean 1462:Traditional 1317:Metrication 1255:Geometrised 1211:Avoirdupois 994:pl:Kwartnik 652:Current use 504:Polish mile 415:centimetres 361:and all of 307:paternoster 274:voivodeship 234:centimetres 48:introducing 2007:Categories 1880:Venezuelan 1865:Paraguayan 1819:Nicaraguan 1697:Vietnamese 1672:Sri Lankan 1657:Philippine 1617:Indonesian 1541:Portuguese 1435:Winchester 1338:Comparison 1288:Background 1226:Electrical 1079:. Berlin: 1058:References 1041:pl:Pacierz 923:pl:Garniec 644:made up a 519:of 0.4052 502:made up a 31:references 1875:Uruguayan 1860:Colombian 1850:Brazilian 1840:Argentine 1778:Tanzanian 1748:Mauritian 1718:Ethiopian 1682:Taiwanese 1652:Pakistani 1632:Mongolian 1607:Cambodian 1526:Norwegian 1496:Icelandic 1491:Hungarian 1484:Byzantine 1440:Exchequer 1188:Hong Kong 1047:Zdrowaśka 1020:Wiardunek 1014:pl:Skojec 933:pl:Korzec 906:0.001995 588:kwarterka 558:dry goods 413:, ≈29.78 323:Hail Mary 315:zdrowaśka 286:town hall 56:June 2022 1961:Obsolete 1956:Humorous 1910:Egyptian 1870:Peruvian 1845:Bolivian 1809:Honduran 1773:Tunisian 1753:Moroccan 1743:Malagasy 1728:Eritrean 1723:Egyptian 1713:Algerian 1642:Nepalese 1622:Japanese 1556:Scottish 1546:Romanian 1447:Estonian 1357:Historic 1333:Overview 1302:Overview 1199:Specific 1081:Springer 990:Kwartnik 943:pl:Łaszt 887:0.01995 824:17.9549 800:hectares 752:pl:Staje 745:pl:Morga 711:pl:Staje 704:pl:Piędź 526:grzywnas 345:ell and 331:różaniec 257:of 2.75 249:(0.5 of 218:Prussian 206:Galician 202:Austrian 1992:Modulor 1966:Unusual 1935:Persian 1893:Ancient 1855:Chilean 1814:Mexican 1804:Haitian 1733:Guinean 1637:Myanmar 1576:Swedish 1571:Spanish 1561:Serbian 1551:Russian 1531:Ottoman 1521:Maltese 1511:Latvian 1506:Italian 1452:Finnish 1430:English 1410:Cypriot 1405:Cornish 1312:History 1307:Outline 1242:Natural 1183:Chinese 1161:General 1154:Current 1037:Pacierz 956:Grzywna 919:Garniec 867:0.1995 846:0.5985 793:Kopanka 772:pl:Źreb 750:Staje ( 716:Stopa ( 709:Staje ( 602:quarter 566:garniec 481:furlong 367:Vilnius 363:Masovia 303:pacierz 270:voivode 255:gallons 226:Breslau 222:Russian 120:History 44:improve 1987:N-body 1925:Indian 1900:Arabic 1763:Somali 1738:Libyan 1706:Africa 1677:Syrian 1627:Korean 1612:Indian 1602:Afghan 1566:Slovak 1536:Polish 1474:German 1457:French 1420:Danish 1398:Europe 1364:Metric 1295:Metric 1275:Stoney 1265:Planck 1250:Atomic 1087:  1010:Skojec 1004:pl:Łut 980:Kwarta 970:Kamień 929:Korzec 913:Volume 884:562.50 821:506250 796:Łokieć 690:Łokieć 664:Length 646:barrel 620:korzec 614:bushel 608:ćwierć 596:miarka 580:kwarta 574:quarts 570:litres 562:gallon 551:cetnar 543:kamień 445:fathom 425:ćwierć 420:sztych 403:metres 371:Kaunas 347:Poznań 343:Kraków 327:Rosary 317:(from 263:rączka 259:litres 251:barrel 246:achtel 214:Kraków 210:Danzig 194:łokieć 175:Arabic 171:German 161:) and 139:łokieć 135:fathom 33:, but 1975:Other 1940:Roman 1920:Hindu 1915:Greek 1799:Cuban 1687:Tatar 1647:Omani 1586:Welsh 1581:Swiss 1501:Irish 1479:Greek 1425:Dutch 1415:Czech 1385:(CGS) 1379:(MTS) 1373:(MKS) 1345:(FPS) 1326:UK/US 939:Łaszt 903:56.25 843:16875 787:Sznur 784:Morga 781:Włóka 758:Włóka 741:Morga 700:Piędź 680:Ławka 642:konew 638:konew 632:łaszt 539:stone 500:staje 496:staje 492:staje 485:staje 477:sznur 473:laska 449:sążeń 411:stopa 386:, or 359:Płock 351:Płock 192:) or 186:stopa 179:Czech 155:stopa 147:piędź 131:sążeń 1692:Thai 1662:Pegu 1595:Asia 1233:(US) 1216:Troy 1085:ISBN 1031:Time 864:5625 818:9000 790:Pręt 768:Źreb 725:Area 670:Krok 626:last 531:lots 517:funt 469:pręt 461:krok 437:inch 433:dłoń 429:palm 407:foot 369:and 305:(or 278:Sejm 241:beer 224:and 190:foot 167:jump 163:skok 159:foot 151:span 1000:Łut 861:100 840:300 815:900 731:Łan 535:łut 465:rod 441:cal 417:); 399:ell 392:new 282:ell 230:ell 198:ell 177:or 153:), 145:), 143:ell 137:), 2009:: 1083:. 962:; 881:10 858:10 837:30 812:90 809:30 521:kg 220:, 216:, 212:, 208:, 204:, 181:. 173:, 1139:e 1132:t 1125:v 1093:. 1053:) 1049:( 1043:) 1039:( 1026:) 1022:( 1016:) 1012:( 1006:) 1002:( 996:) 992:( 986:) 982:( 976:) 972:( 966:) 958:( 945:) 941:( 935:) 931:( 925:) 921:( 900:1 878:1 855:1 834:3 831:1 806:1 774:) 770:( 764:) 760:( 754:) 747:) 743:( 737:) 733:( 720:) 713:) 706:) 702:( 696:) 692:( 686:) 682:( 676:) 672:( 628:( 616:( 604:( 576:( 564:( 549:( 541:( 533:( 515:( 483:( 467:( 447:( 439:( 431:( 409:( 329:( 196:( 188:( 165:( 157:( 149:( 141:( 133:( 69:) 63:( 58:) 54:( 40:.

Index

references
inline citations
improve
introducing
Learn how and when to remove this message
weights and measures
standardisation
Partitions of Poland
metric system
fathom
ell
span
foot
jump
German
Arabic
Czech
foot
ell
Austrian
Galician
Danzig
Kraków
Prussian
Russian
Breslau
ell
centimetres
beer
achtel

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