22:
381:
As until then not only different units varied from town to town but also their relation to one another, in 1764 a major overhaul of the measurement system was prepared. By a royal decree of
December 6, 1764 all units of measurement were to be converted to a new system, common to all of Poland and its
373:. The standardisation of other units of measurement also made some progress since the 15th century, but at a different pace. In the end this created even more confusion, as two towns could use the same units of length, but two different units of weight, although using the same terms.
200:) were used throughout the country, but their meaning differed from region to region. Most major cities in the area used their own systems of measurement, which were used in the surrounding areas as well. Among the commonly used systems were
382:
dependencies. The system relied on previously used units, but introduced a common, unified system of relations between them. It had no official name and it was not until the 19th century when it started to be called the Old Polish system (
228:. The matter was further complicated by the fact that Austrian or German systems were hardly uniform either and differed from town to town. Furthermore, the systems tended to evolve over time: in the 13th century the Kraków's
2017:
1337:
300:
only started to appear in late Middle Ages, and their usability was limited to within a small radius, some basic substitutes for modern minutes and hours were developed, based on
Christian prayers. The
236:, a century later it was equivalent to 62.5 cm, then in the 16th century it shrunk to 58.6 cm and finally was equalled to standard "old Polish ell" of 59.6 cm only in 1836.
341:
While this system introduced some level of standardisation throughout the country, the systems used in various voivodeships still differed from one another. To counter this problem the
284:(basic unit of length) were created in a voivode's capital and then dispatched to all nearby towns, where they were further duplicated for everyday use. One bar was to be stored in the
288:
for comparison, while additional rods were stored in the gatehouses or toll points to be borrowed by merchants as needed. Damaging or losing a rod was punishable by law.
1137:
333:) that is the time needed to recite Hail Mary 50 times (roughly 16 minutes). Those units were never strictly defined, but is used in rural areas of Poland even today.
1382:
1332:
1376:
1904:
1651:
459:
A different system of units, although complementary and interchangeable, was used in measuring lengths for agrarian purposes. The basic unit was a step (
349:
ell were made equal in 1507. The same applied to ells used in Lwów and Lublin, which however were different from those in Kraków and Poznań. In 1532 the
2022:
1929:
2037:
239:
To add to the confusion, various goods were traditionally measured with different units, often incompatible or difficult to convert. For instance,
2042:
1924:
1641:
1461:
2012:
1960:
1955:
1909:
1560:
1550:
1451:
221:
656:
Though the traditional systems were officially abandoned in the 19th century, traces of their use, especially in rural areas, were found by
1965:
1535:
1473:
1130:
129:
The first recorded weights and measures used in Poland were related to dimensions of human body, hence the most basic measures in use were
1899:
1686:
1939:
1914:
1767:
1515:
1823:
1342:
1088:
65:
43:
1080:
1793:
1757:
1666:
1404:
184:
From Middle Ages until the 18th century, there was no single system of measurement used in all of Poland. Traditional units like
1879:
1864:
1818:
1696:
1671:
1656:
1616:
1540:
1123:
1874:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1777:
1747:
1717:
1681:
1606:
1525:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1187:
683:
169:). With time trade relations with the neighbouring nations brought to use additional units, with names often borrowed from
1869:
1844:
1808:
1772:
1752:
1742:
1727:
1722:
1712:
1621:
1545:
1446:
1177:
1167:
201:
108:
The traditional Polish systems of weights and measures were later replaced with those of surrounding nations (due to the
1934:
1854:
1813:
1803:
1732:
1636:
1575:
1570:
1530:
1520:
1510:
1505:
1409:
1311:
1306:
1225:
1220:
1182:
1259:
1762:
1737:
1676:
1626:
1611:
1601:
1565:
1456:
1419:
1388:
225:
217:
761:
2027:
1798:
1646:
1580:
1478:
1424:
1414:
205:
689:
2032:
1691:
1230:
213:
209:
268:
As the weights and measures were important in everyday life of merchants, in 1420 the royal decree allowed each
36:
30:
1254:
1205:
734:
983:
47:
963:
353:
ell was aligned with the Kraków ell, which in 1565 was declared an official ell to be used in all of the
1146:
538:
969:
740:
109:
86:
669:
1919:
1439:
1370:
1106:
Miary na ziemiach polskich; wystawa ze zbiorów Muzeum Ziemi
Kujawskiej i Dobrzyńskiej we Włocławku
1434:
1210:
503:
89:, as well as a number of related systems borrowed from neighbouring states. The first attempt at
309:) was a non-standard unit of time comprising some 25 seconds, that is enough time to recite the
1046:
693:
1084:
989:
455:
1 ell = 2 feet = 3 sztychs = 4 quarters = 8 palms = 24 inches ( = ⅓ of a fathom ).
1036:
959:
918:
1466:
419:
310:
245:
699:
679:
1631:
973:
767:
354:
174:
170:
90:
1075:
Encyclopedia of
Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins
101:, introduced by a royal decree of December 6, 1764. The system was later replaced by the
1981:
1555:
1172:
1073:
955:
601:
525:
178:
2006:
1429:
1301:
1269:
1241:
928:
657:
546:
428:
113:
1986:
1274:
1264:
1249:
717:
673:
1585:
1316:
1215:
1108:(in Polish). Szreniawa: Muzeum Narodowe Rolnictwa i Przemysłu Rolno-Spożywczego.
1050:
757:
625:
406:
297:
273:
158:
150:
530:
464:
414:
233:
703:
1019:
557:
322:
285:
261:
each). However honey and mead were recorded for tax purposes in units named
1023:
346:
342:
1115:
993:
938:
556:
There were two sets of units of volume: one for fluids and the other for
520:
358:
350:
942:
1991:
1040:
922:
799:
480:
366:
362:
269:
166:
771:
463:), equalling 3.75 of standard ell, or 2.2333 metres. Two steps made a
1661:
1013:
1009:
979:
932:
645:
613:
561:
444:
370:
326:
254:
250:
134:
1003:
999:
730:
751:
744:
710:
573:
569:
402:
258:
498:
mentioned before and had the length of roughly 893 metres. Eight
436:
405:. For trade and everyday use it was further subdivided into the
277:
240:
189:
1119:
296:
Outside of this set of systems was the measurement of time. As
398:
281:
229:
197:
142:
15:
537:
of 0.0127 kg). For heavier goods the basic units were a
490:
In measuring the distance between cities, the basic unit was
280:
act of 1565. Steel or copper rods used as local standard of
2018:
116:
by the end of the 19th century (between 1872 and 1876).
365:
in 1569. In 1613 additional systems were created for
1974:
1948:
1892:
1832:
1786:
1705:
1594:
1397:
1363:
1356:
1325:
1294:
1287:
1240:
1198:
1160:
1153:
272:to create and maintain a single system used in his
1072:
592:. For dry goods four gallons comprised a measure (
78:Traditional system of measurement used in Poland
636:) of 3618 L. For fluids, 5 gallons comprised a
451:, 3 ells or 1.787 metres in length), such that:
572:as the basic unit. This was subdivided into 4
479:of 44.665 metres). Finally 3 cables made up a
1131:
85:included two uniform yet distinct systems of
8:
630:
618:
606:
594:
586:
578:
443:, ≈2.48 centimetres), or gathered into the
357:. The system used by Warsaw was adopted in
1360:
1291:
1157:
1138:
1124:
1116:
475:), and five sticks were equal to a cable (
624:) of 120.6 L, and 30 bushels comprised a
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
777:
401:or łokieć in Polish - was set to 0.5955
265:(slightly more than 10 Kraków gallons).
29:This article includes a list of general
1063:
471:, 4.4665 metres), 2 rods made a stick (
494:, although it was different from the
7:
276:. This law was later confirmed by a
545:, 32 pounds or 12.976 kg) and
377:1764 reform - the Old Polish system
1168:International System of Units (SI)
93:came with the introduction of the
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
553:, five stones or 64.80 kg).
337:Early attempts at standardisation
2023:Science and technology in Poland
20:
2038:Units of measurement by country
397:The basic unit of length - the
105:introduced on January 1, 1819.
2043:1810s establishments in Poland
509:The weights were based on the
1:
2013:Obsolete units of measurement
1178:US customary units (USCS/USC)
1104:Stanisław Kunikowski (1987).
684:pl:Ławka (jednostka długości)
529:, each in turn comprising 16
125:Historic weights and measures
1071:François Cardarelli (2003).
984:pl:Kwarta (jednostka wagowa)
762:pl:Włóka (miara powierzchni)
112:), only to be replaced with
964:pl:Grzywna (jednostka miar)
83:Polish units of measurement
2059:
735:pl:Łan (miara powierzchni)
612:), 4 quarters comprised a
600:), 2 measures comprised a
1231:English Engineering Units
487:) of roughly 134 metres.
321:, the first words of the
394:system introduced then.
243:was sold in units named
232:was equivalent to 64.66
1270:Quantum chromodynamical
950:Mass and monetary units
325:) was used, as was the
103:New Polish measurement
95:Old Polish measurement
50:more precise citations.
1383:centimetre–gram–second
1147:Systems of measurement
640:of 18.8445 L and 14.4
631:
619:
607:
595:
587:
579:
457:
390:), in contrast to the
1905:Biblical and Talmudic
1371:metre–kilogram–second
960:pl:Grzywna (ekonomia)
453:
423:(≈19.86cm); quarter (
584:) of 0.9422 L or 16
253:, that is 62 Kraków
110:Partitions of Poland
87:weights and measures
388:Old-Polish measures
1377:metre–tonne–second
1173:UK imperial system
523:) composed of two
384:miary staropolskie
97:, also dubbed the
2028:Culture of Poland
2000:
1999:
1888:
1887:
1352:
1351:
1343:Foot–pound–second
1283:
1282:
1260:Heaviside–Lorentz
974:pl:Kamień (miara)
910:
909:
694:pl:Łokieć (miara)
660:as late as 1969.
76:
75:
68:
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582:
560:. Both used the
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435:, ≈7.44cm); and
81:The traditional
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766:
763:
759:
756:
753:
749:
746:
742:
739:
736:
732:
729:
728:
724:
719:
715:
712:
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688:
685:
681:
678:
675:
671:
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667:
663:
661:
659:
658:ethnographers
651:
649:
648:of 271.36 L.
647:
643:
639:
635:
633:
627:
623:
621:
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611:
609:
603:
599:
597:
591:
589:
583:
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567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
547:Hundredweight
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:
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518:
507:
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497:
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442:
438:
434:
430:
427:, ≈14.89cm);
426:
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389:
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376:
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372:
368:
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334:
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328:
324:
320:
319:Zdrowaś Mario
316:
313:. Similarly,
312:
311:Lord's Prayer
308:
304:
299:
291:
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283:
279:
275:
271:
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119:
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114:metric system
111:
106:
104:
100:
99:Warsaw system
96:
92:
88:
84:
70:
67:
59:
49:
45:
39:
38:
32:
27:
18:
17:
1930:Mesopotamian
1824:Puerto Rican
1221:Astronomical
1105:
1099:
1074:
1066:
1051:pl:Zdrowaśka
1024:pl:Wiardunek
655:
641:
637:
629:
617:
605:
593:
585:
577:
568:) of 3.7689
565:
555:
550:
542:
534:
524:
516:
512:Polish pound
508:
499:
495:
491:
489:
484:
476:
472:
468:
460:
458:
454:
448:
440:
432:
424:
418:
410:
396:
391:
387:
383:
380:
340:
330:
318:
314:
306:
302:
298:clock towers
295:
267:
262:
244:
238:
193:
185:
183:
162:
154:
146:
138:
130:
128:
107:
102:
98:
94:
82:
80:
62:
53:
34:
1794:Costa Rican
1758:Seychellois
1667:Singaporean
1462:Traditional
1317:Metrication
1255:Geometrised
1211:Avoirdupois
994:pl:Kwartnik
652:Current use
504:Polish mile
415:centimetres
361:and all of
307:paternoster
274:voivodeship
234:centimetres
48:introducing
2007:Categories
1880:Venezuelan
1865:Paraguayan
1819:Nicaraguan
1697:Vietnamese
1672:Sri Lankan
1657:Philippine
1617:Indonesian
1541:Portuguese
1435:Winchester
1338:Comparison
1288:Background
1226:Electrical
1079:. Berlin:
1058:References
1041:pl:Pacierz
923:pl:Garniec
644:made up a
519:of 0.4052
502:made up a
31:references
1875:Uruguayan
1860:Colombian
1850:Brazilian
1840:Argentine
1778:Tanzanian
1748:Mauritian
1718:Ethiopian
1682:Taiwanese
1652:Pakistani
1632:Mongolian
1607:Cambodian
1526:Norwegian
1496:Icelandic
1491:Hungarian
1484:Byzantine
1440:Exchequer
1188:Hong Kong
1047:Zdrowaśka
1020:Wiardunek
1014:pl:Skojec
933:pl:Korzec
906:0.001995
588:kwarterka
558:dry goods
413:, ≈29.78
323:Hail Mary
315:zdrowaśka
286:town hall
56:June 2022
1961:Obsolete
1956:Humorous
1910:Egyptian
1870:Peruvian
1845:Bolivian
1809:Honduran
1773:Tunisian
1753:Moroccan
1743:Malagasy
1728:Eritrean
1723:Egyptian
1713:Algerian
1642:Nepalese
1622:Japanese
1556:Scottish
1546:Romanian
1447:Estonian
1357:Historic
1333:Overview
1302:Overview
1199:Specific
1081:Springer
990:Kwartnik
943:pl:Łaszt
887:0.01995
824:17.9549
800:hectares
752:pl:Staje
745:pl:Morga
711:pl:Staje
704:pl:Piędź
526:grzywnas
345:ell and
331:różaniec
257:of 2.75
249:(0.5 of
218:Prussian
206:Galician
202:Austrian
1992:Modulor
1966:Unusual
1935:Persian
1893:Ancient
1855:Chilean
1814:Mexican
1804:Haitian
1733:Guinean
1637:Myanmar
1576:Swedish
1571:Spanish
1561:Serbian
1551:Russian
1531:Ottoman
1521:Maltese
1511:Latvian
1506:Italian
1452:Finnish
1430:English
1410:Cypriot
1405:Cornish
1312:History
1307:Outline
1242:Natural
1183:Chinese
1161:General
1154:Current
1037:Pacierz
956:Grzywna
919:Garniec
867:0.1995
846:0.5985
793:Kopanka
772:pl:Źreb
750:Staje (
716:Stopa (
709:Staje (
602:quarter
566:garniec
481:furlong
367:Vilnius
363:Masovia
303:pacierz
270:voivode
255:gallons
226:Breslau
222:Russian
120:History
44:improve
1987:N-body
1925:Indian
1900:Arabic
1763:Somali
1738:Libyan
1706:Africa
1677:Syrian
1627:Korean
1612:Indian
1602:Afghan
1566:Slovak
1536:Polish
1474:German
1457:French
1420:Danish
1398:Europe
1364:Metric
1295:Metric
1275:Stoney
1265:Planck
1250:Atomic
1087:
1010:Skojec
1004:pl:Łut
980:Kwarta
970:Kamień
929:Korzec
913:Volume
884:562.50
821:506250
796:Łokieć
690:Łokieć
664:Length
646:barrel
620:korzec
614:bushel
608:ćwierć
596:miarka
580:kwarta
574:quarts
570:litres
562:gallon
551:cetnar
543:kamień
445:fathom
425:ćwierć
420:sztych
403:metres
371:Kaunas
347:Poznań
343:Kraków
327:Rosary
317:(from
263:rączka
259:litres
251:barrel
246:achtel
214:Kraków
210:Danzig
194:łokieć
175:Arabic
171:German
161:) and
139:łokieć
135:fathom
33:, but
1975:Other
1940:Roman
1920:Hindu
1915:Greek
1799:Cuban
1687:Tatar
1647:Omani
1586:Welsh
1581:Swiss
1501:Irish
1479:Greek
1425:Dutch
1415:Czech
1385:(CGS)
1379:(MTS)
1373:(MKS)
1345:(FPS)
1326:UK/US
939:Łaszt
903:56.25
843:16875
787:Sznur
784:Morga
781:Włóka
758:Włóka
741:Morga
700:Piędź
680:Ławka
642:konew
638:konew
632:łaszt
539:stone
500:staje
496:staje
492:staje
485:staje
477:sznur
473:laska
449:sążeń
411:stopa
386:, or
359:Płock
351:Płock
192:) or
186:stopa
179:Czech
155:stopa
147:piędź
131:sążeń
1692:Thai
1662:Pegu
1595:Asia
1233:(US)
1216:Troy
1085:ISBN
1031:Time
864:5625
818:9000
790:Pręt
768:Źreb
725:Area
670:Krok
626:last
531:lots
517:funt
469:pręt
461:krok
437:inch
433:dłoń
429:palm
407:foot
369:and
305:(or
278:Sejm
241:beer
224:and
190:foot
167:jump
163:skok
159:foot
151:span
1000:Łut
861:100
840:300
815:900
731:Łan
535:łut
465:rod
441:cal
417:);
399:ell
392:new
282:ell
230:ell
198:ell
177:or
153:),
145:),
143:ell
137:),
2009::
1083:.
962:;
881:10
858:10
837:30
812:90
809:30
521:kg
220:,
216:,
212:,
208:,
204:,
181:.
173:,
1139:e
1132:t
1125:v
1093:.
1053:)
1049:(
1043:)
1039:(
1026:)
1022:(
1016:)
1012:(
1006:)
1002:(
996:)
992:(
986:)
982:(
976:)
972:(
966:)
958:(
945:)
941:(
935:)
931:(
925:)
921:(
900:1
878:1
855:1
834:3
831:1
806:1
774:)
770:(
764:)
760:(
754:)
747:)
743:(
737:)
733:(
720:)
713:)
706:)
702:(
696:)
692:(
686:)
682:(
676:)
672:(
628:(
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467:(
447:(
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409:(
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63:(
58:)
54:(
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