900:
71:
720:
52:
63:
44:
943:(who personally saved Napoleon's life), were one of the units that served as the rear guard during Napoleon's retreat. This later led to the claim that just as they had been the first to enter it, they were the last to leave Russia. They sustained heavy losses during the campaign: only 26,000 of the original 98,000-strong contingent returned. The elite Vistula Legion entering Russia was about 7,000 strong; its strength at the end of the campaign was just 1,500.
707:, reduced the 5,280-strong Polish contingent to a few hundred survivors in the space of less than two years. By the time the French forces retreated from the island in 1803, about 4,000 Poles had died (either from disease or combat). Of the survivors, about 400 remained on the island, a few dozen were dispersed to the nearby islands or to the United States, and about 700 returned to France (Urbankowski claims 6,000 sent and 330 returned).
653:
33:
326:, who saw the Poles as a promising source of new recruits, and who superficially appeared receptive to the idea of liberating Poland. Dąbrowski was soon authorized by the French-allied Cisalpine Republic to create the Polish Legions, which would be part of the army of the newly created republic. This agreement, drafted by Napoleon, was signed on 9 January 1797, and marked the formal creation of the Legions.
1008:, who refused to join the Legions, arguing that Napoleon would not restore Poland in any durable form. In this regard, Kościuszko also stated that the Duchy of Warsaw was created in 1807 only because it was expedient, rather than because Napoleon supported Polish sovereignty. Nevertheless, the memory of Napoleon's Polish Legions is strong in modern
758:, and on 20 September 1806 decreed the creation of a "Northern Legion" under General Zajączek. As the Napoleon did not want to commit himself to the Polish cause, the Legion was however not explicitly Polish, and was, in Napoleon's words, a gathering of "children of the North". French armies, including the Legion units, defeated the Prussians in
2467:, Londyn, 1982. (Under the Standards of Napoleon has lists of officers of the 4th, 7th and 9th Regiments of infantry of the Duchy of Warsaw which was the Polish Division in the service of France and Napoleon in Spain. It also lists the officers and enlisted men of the Elba Squadron and contains other articles about Napoleonic Polish officers.)
833:), with two new infantry regiments added from the newly liberated Polish lands. On 21 February 1808, the Legion was relocated to France, reinforced with Poles from other French formations, and incorporated into the French army. On 31 March of that year the legion was officially named the Vistula Legion (
243:
Estimates of the strength of the Polish
Legions also vary and it is believed that between 20,000 and 30,000 men served in the Legions' ranks at any one time over the course of their existence. The WIEM Encyklopedia estimate is 21,000 for the period up to 1803. Davies suggests 25,000 for the period of
219:
Among historians there is a degree of uncertainty about the period in which the
Legions existed. Magocsi et al. notes that "the heyday of their activity" falls in the years 1797–1801, while Lerski defines the Legions as units that operated between 1797 and 1803. Similarly, Davies defines the time of
345:
The Polish soldiers serving in the Dąbrowski Legion were granted
Cisalpine citizenship and were paid the same wage as other troops. They were allowed to use their own unique Polish-style uniforms, with some French and Cisalpine symbols, and were commanded by other Polish speakers. By early February
946:
The definitive end of the Polish
Legions came with the conclusion of Napoleon's career and the abolition of the Duchy of Warsaw. The Duchy was occupied by Prussian and Russian troops following Napoleon's retreat from Russia. The Polish troops remained loyal to him until the bitter end, with Polish
695:
of Saint-Domingue, but preferred to save his main French army for more important matters, closer to home. The now inconvenient Polish units were accompanied by contingents of
Germans and Swiss French allies, as well as by French units that had fallen out of favour with Napoleon and the French high
522:
decided to release Polish soldiers – then under
Wielhorski – into Austrian custody as the Austrians claimed them to be deserters. This marked the end of the Second Legion, as only a small number of Poles were able to evade capture (the French were allowed to withdraw most of their forces
918:
in the hope of resurrecting the
Commonwealth. The Vistula Legion, withdrawn from Spain in early 1812 and reorganized into a division (with a planned strength of 10,500 that was never fully attained) was part of Napoleon's invasion forces. Poles formed the largest foreign contingent, 98,000-strong
710:
The Poles had minimal interest or desire to support the French cause in the distant colonies, once again fighting against people who only desired their own independence. The loss of that many patriotic military personnel in the
Caribbean was a serious blow to the Polish aspirations for regaining
613:
weakened as Poles were not used in any fights that seemed to directly affect the chance of Poland regaining independence. Many legionnaires, including
General Kniaziewicz, felt that they had been used by the French and resigned. Dąbrowski remained in command, and reorganized both Legions at
1003:
In analyzing the creation of the Polish
Legions, many historians have argued that Napoleon used the Poles as a source of recruits and had little desire to invest in the re-creation of the Polish state. Among the most notable of Napoleon's contemporary Polish detractors was
2460:, 1808–1814. Londyn, 1981. (The best history of the Vistula Legion contains biographical sketches of all officers and sometimes includes not only the father's name but the mothers maiden name also. It also lists the recipients of Virtuti Militari and the Legion of Honour.)
236:, which concluded in 1803. When recounting the history of the Polish Legions, some works also describe the operations of Polish units under the French in the period after 1803; several smaller formations existed in that time, the most notable of which was the
479:. Within about a year of its formation, the Legion had become about 10,000. However, the new series of struggles proved to be much more difficult, as the anti-French coalition advanced upon Italy, now bereft of elite French units which were with Napoleon in
408:, signed on 18 October 1797, resulted in another short period of relative peace. The Legions, hopeful for a renewal of the war, were seen as the most pro-French foreign forces in the Cisalpine Republic. In May 1798 the Poles helped the French to secure the
2485:. Warszawa, I-1969, II-1976, III-1971, IV-1979. (The most scholarly comprehensive work ever done on the Polish Legions which includes biographical sketches of practically all officers including birthplaces, parents' names as well as service records.)
244:
up to 1802–1803, as does Magosci et al. Bideleux and Jeffries offer an estimate of up to 30,000 for the period up to 1801. Most of the soldiers came from the ranks of the peasantry, with only about 10 percent being drawn from the nobility.
2453:. Warszawa, 1905 (lst), 1912, (2nd) edition. (The best reference on the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw contains a list of officers of the Duchy of Warsaw from 1809 to 1814 as well as a list of officers of the Lithuanian Regiments in 1812.)
841:(5–6 July 1809) Napoleon attempted to form a second Polish Vistula Legion from Polish prisoners of war, but the new formation could not attract sufficient recruits, and in 1810 it was merged into the original Vistula Legion.
983:, the only unit he was allowed to keep as guards were the Polish Lancers. While many Poles returned to the Polish territories, a unit of about 325 men under Colonel Golaszewski fought in Napoleon's final 1815 campaign, the "
2470:
Kozlowski, Historya lgo Potem 9go Pulku Wielkiego Ksiestwa Warszawskiego, Napisana Prez Kpt. Kozlowskiego, Poznań – Kraków, 1887. (Captain Kozlowski presents a history of the 1st and later 9th regiment of the Duchy of
380:
Sources vary with regards to when the singular Dąbrowski Legion was expanded into multiple Legions. Pivka and Roffe note that in May 1797 the Legion was reorganized into two formations, the first being commanded by
869:
2602:
2597:
2499:, Wyd. A. Rembowski, Warszawa, 1899. (The best book on the Polish Light Horse of the Guard contains a complete list of all officers and enlisted men with reference to their service records.)
256:, would come to Poland's aid. France's enemies included Poland's partitioners, Prussia, Austria and Russia. Paris was the seat of two Polish organizations laying the claim to be the Polish
1012:, and Napoleon himself is often regarded as a hero and liberator there. About the Polish Legion, Napoleon himself is reputed to have said that 800 Poles would equal 8,000 enemy soldiers.
735:. In 1806, all that was left of the old Dąbrowski and Kniaziewicz's Legions was one demi-brigade, consisting of one infantry regiment and one cavalry regiment, now in the service of the
598:
on 3 December 1800. According to Davies, the Danube Legion would suffer significant casualties in the short period after the battle and the end of the campaign on 25 December that year.
899:
797:
The main period that the Legions were active was between 1797 and 1803, although some chose to continue serving the French in Italy. In 1806, two Polish battalions fought at the
412:, putting down some peasant revolts, and garrisoned Rome, which they entered on 3 May. Dąbrowski obtained a number of trophies from a Roman representative, that the Polish king,
1038:, it includes words promising "the return of the Polish army from Italy to Poland" and states that "Poland is not lost as long as we live" in reference to the Polish Legions.
2313:"Napoleon became the de facto liberator and restorer of Poland and, in the eyes of the Poles, their hero", Marian Kukiel, "Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861", page 78.
487:(17–19 June 1799), where it suffered heavy casualties (only two of the five battalions survived the battle, and Dąbrowski was wounded). Polish legionaries also fought at the
2516:. Cracow, 1904. (Limited edition regimental history of the 17th Lancers contains a complete listing of all officers and enlisted men of this so-called Lithuanian regiment.)
347:
365:, but that was eventually rejected by Napoleon who instead decided to use those troops on the Italian front. In April, the Legion took part in quelling the uprising in
1057:
156:
and commanded by Polish officers. They became known as the "Polish Legions", a Polish army in exile, under French command. Their best known Polish commanders included
70:
2437:, 1929. (Important first comprehensive study of the Polish Legions in Italy during the Napoleonic wars which contains many references to officers and enlisted men.)
2562:
252:
After the Third Partition of Poland (1795), many Poles believed that revolutionary France, whose public opinion was very sympathetic to the ideals of the Polish
2607:
857:
377:
signed that month, which promised peace between Austrians and French, was a blow to Polish morale, but Dąbrowski correctly assumed that it would not last.
361:. By the end of April the ranks of the Legion had swelled to 5,000. At that time Dąbrowski lobbied for a plan to push through to the Polish territories in
2592:
1283:
605:(9 February 1801), which to the disappointment of the legionnaires made no mention of Poland. The Legions was transferred to police duties in the
502:(26 March – 5 April 1799) where it is estimated that it lost about half to two thirds of its complement of 4,000 men. Its commander, General
483:. Overall, 1799 saw the Legions take significant casualties. In mid-1799, the First Legion under General Dąbrowski fought against the Russians at
1995:
A Review of Jan Pachonski and Reuel K. Wilson, Poland's Caribbean Tragedy: A Study of Polish Legions in the Haitian War of Independence 1802–1803
2587:
719:
2549:
2424:
2383:
2346:
2291:
2248:
2197:
2156:
2045:
2018:
1958:
1921:
1821:
1766:
1607:
1570:
1513:
1479:
1440:
1406:
1365:
1229:
1156:
1117:
770:), which resulted in the influx of recruits for the legion. A year later, Napoleon, having defeated the Russian armies, met with the Russian
535:
and decreed that foreign troops could now serve in the French Army. On 10 February the remnants of the Italian Legions were reorganized near
296:
did not allow for the employment of foreign troops on French soil, the French decided to use the Poles to bolster their client in Italy, the
2492:, Kraków, 1979. (Sketches of officers and some enlisted men who served in the various islands of the Caribbean during the Napoleonic wars.)
2117:
307:
148:
itself, where they joined forces with the local military. The number of Polish recruits soon reached many thousands. With support from
865:
184:
2409:
805:. In February 1807, the remaining infantry and cavalry regiments who had continued in French service in Italy were reorganized in
711:
independence. The Haitian experience cast further doubts among Poles about France's and Napoleon's good intentions toward Poland.
911:
172:
618:
into two 6,000-strong units in March 1801. On 21 December 1801 the Legions were reorganized by the French government into three
1062:
1015:
Despite their destruction, the Legions became legendary in Poland, helping to spread the civic and democratic ideals of the
1052:
732:
269:
519:
1256:
595:
293:
221:
1341:
802:
751:
476:
346:
1797 the Legion was 1,200 strong, having been bolstered by the arrival of many new recruits who had deserted from the
192:
2506:. Poznań, 1921. (One of the best early works on the San Domingo war which lists most officers and some enlisted men.)
531:
With the end of the Cisalpine Republic, the Legions were reorganized in France, as Napoleon ascended to power as the
801:, where they were defeated by British troops. In 1807, veterans of the Polish Legion formed the backbone of the new
288:, especially to Italy and to France. Eventually, the Agency was successful in convincing the French government (the
1019:
throughout the country. The legionnaires formed a cadre for the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw and also later for the
976:
728:
579:
575:
340:
253:
744:
647:
436:
353:
The Dąbrowski Legion was first used against the Austrians and their allies in Italy. In March 1797 it garrisoned
233:
204:
109:
968:
960:
849:
484:
362:
731:, the Polish troops in Italy had been renamed the 1st Polish Legion (1e Legion Polonaise) and attached to the
200:
2612:
1031:
1020:
492:
303:
157:
36:
1291:
591:
503:
972:
964:
602:
544:
515:
405:
51:
1432:
Francja wobec Sejmu Wielkiego: zarys stosunków dyplomatycznych między Francją a Polską w latach 1788–1792
261:
2509:
861:
774:
571:
488:
203:
and would go on to fight alongside the French army in numerous campaigns, culminating in the disastrous
113:
931:
river when the Grande Armée entered Russia and, as part of the Imperial Guard, the first unit to enter
444:
431:
By the end of 1798 the Legions under Kniaziewicz were fighting against the anti-French forces from the
62:
43:
224:
defines them as units operating in the period of 1797–1801 (in 1801 the Legions were reorganized into
2519:
2514:
Histoire Du 17ième Régiment De Cavalerie Polonaise Ðe Lanciers Du Comte Michel Tyszkiewlcz, 1812–1815
940:
873:
853:
743:, turning the Austrian attack on 24 November 1805, but on 3 July 1806 it suffered a severe defeat at
394:
311:
273:
196:
1252:
885:
740:
661:
548:
386:
358:
257:
208:
2417:
Poland's Caribbean Tragedy: A Study of Polish Legions in the Haitian War of Independence 1802–1803
1729:
991:. After Napoleon's second and final defeat, some are said to have accompanied him to his exile on
2442:
2006:
988:
936:
782:
688:
676:
606:
323:
297:
149:
2430:
2240:
Spanish Carlism and Polish Nationalism: The Borderlands of Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries
428:
standard which subsequently became part of the Legions' colors, accompanying them from then on.
2372:
Paul Robert Magocsi; Jean W. Sedlar; Robert A. Kann; Charles Jevich; Joseph Rothschild (1974).
1947:
Paul Robert Magocsi; Jean W. Sedlar; Robert A. Kann; Charles Jevich; Joseph Rothschild (1974).
1596:
Paul Robert Magocsi; Jean W. Sedlar; Robert A. Kann; Charles Jevich; Joseph Rothschild (1974).
1502:
Paul Robert Magocsi; Jean W. Sedlar; Robert A. Kann; Charles Jevich; Joseph Rothschild (1974).
1145:
Paul Robert Magocsi; Jean W. Sedlar; Robert A. Kann; Charles Jevich; Joseph Rothschild (1974).
1026:
The Legions are also notable as the source of one of the themes contained in the future Polish
880: – also fought in Spain. They distinguished themselves many times there, including at the
2545:
2476:
War of Lost Hope, Polish Accounts of the Napoleonic Expedition to Saint Domingue, 1801 to 1804
2420:
2379:
2342:
2336:
2287:
2244:
2193:
2152:
2146:
2121:
2080:
2041:
2014:
1954:
1917:
1856:
1817:
1762:
1667:
1631:
1603:
1566:
1509:
1475:
1469:
1436:
1402:
1361:
1355:
1287:
1225:
1219:
1152:
1113:
1107:
1016:
948:
881:
759:
736:
700:
559:
507:
432:
413:
382:
229:
161:
121:
2373:
2238:
2187:
1948:
1695:
1597:
1503:
1146:
2283:
2035:
1911:
1811:
1756:
1560:
1396:
1047:
1035:
838:
452:
421:
374:
370:
289:
281:
165:
116:
and her allies would come to Poland's aid. France's enemies included Poland's partitioners,
652:
17:
1027:
956:
952:
798:
786:
456:
448:
188:
176:
141:
86:
2322:
1697:
Henryk Dąbrowski twórca legionów polskich we Włoszech, 1755–1818: wspomnienie historyczne
915:
98:
1723:
543:) as a 9,000-strong unit (although soon reduced to 5,000) that would become part of the
191:
was created in 1807, many of the veterans of the Legions formed a core around which the
924:
845:
763:
684:
657:
425:
417:
237:
125:
102:
32:
884:
in 1811, where they fought to a draw against a combined force of British, Spanish and
2581:
2567:
1005:
955:(30–31 October 1813), where they sustained major losses. The Legion was recreated at
755:
587:
563:
398:
390:
153:
137:
2276:
2021:, p. 155-165 (chapter IV 'Legions', subchapter I 'Dzieje idei' (History of an idea))
1994:
992:
984:
889:
818:
704:
699:
The Haitian campaign proved disastrous for the legionnaires. Combat casualties and
668:
623:
622:, with the Italian (First) Legion forming the core of the First and Second Foreign
619:
532:
480:
409:
225:
822:
574:. The Danube Legion, bolstered by Karwowski's cavalry unit, fought as part of the
498:
The Second Legion also suffered heavily; particularly in the first battles on the
2221:
1887:
1430:
514:, which was soon placed under siege by the Austrians. Finally, at the end of the
180:
1886:, Chwała Oręża Polskiego 14 (35), Rzeczpospolita, 23 October 2006. Pages 8–11.
105:, mainly from 1797 to 1803, although some units continued to serve until 1815.
810:
766:
and Poles under Dąbrowski entered former Polish territories (near the city of
680:
536:
510:
on 5 April. The remainder of the Second Legion became part of the garrison at
285:
232:
notes that the Legions ended with the death of most of their personnel in the
129:
2523:
583:
144:
to France (leading to the expression, "the Polish Legions in Italy") and to
2013:(Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist), Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warsaw, 1997,
767:
475:
The end of the 1798 and the beginning of 1799 marked the beginning of the
357:, and by the end of the month it took part in its first combat during the
904:
397:. In July 1797 the Legions suppressed another insurrection, this time in
2408:
List based on the compilation of Polish Genealogical Society of America
814:
806:
389:, each numbering about 3,750 infantry, not counting artillery support.
117:
2572:
2530:, Providence, R.I., London, 1962, (2nd) ed. New York, 1978, (3rd) ed.
1009:
932:
893:
877:
837:). By mid-1808 the Vistula Legion had a strength of 6,000. After the
785:
they agreed that a new, small Polish state under French control (the
778:
692:
610:
552:
511:
464:
366:
354:
211:, including the Legions, and allied states like the Duchy of Warsaw.
145:
2497:Żródła do Historii Pulku Polskiego Lekkokonnego Gwardii Napoleona I
1725:
The history of Poland: from the earliest period to the present time
747:. Many Polish officers served in French army or allied formations.
634:), and the Danube (Second) Legion, the Third Foreign Demi-Brigade (
928:
920:
898:
826:
672:
651:
615:
499:
460:
440:
393:, however, states that the Second Legion was formed in 1798 under
319:
315:
133:
69:
61:
56:
50:
42:
31:
870:
1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish)
980:
771:
75:
864:
army which greatly outnumbered them, capturing their commander
667:
In 1802, France sent most of the disgruntled legionnaires (two
2446:, The Journal of the International Napoleonic Society, 1/2/98
793:
After the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw: the Vistula Legion
443:
fortress allowed the creation of a Legion cavalry unit under
876:
in 1808. Another Polish cavalry regiment – the Vistula
919:(the entire French Grande Armée was about 600,000 strong).
754:, Napoleon decided to encourage Polish defections from the
128:. Many Polish soldiers, officers, and volunteers therefore
439:
on 4 December. Soon afterward, supplies from the captured
284:. Many Polish soldiers, officers and volunteers therefore
97:) were several Polish military units that served with the
888:
troops. Their effectiveness in that battle inspired the
2544:, 2011, a novel about the origin of the Polish Legion,
2367:
2365:
2325:. World History at KMLA. Accessed on 20 September 2012.
1942:
1940:
1591:
1589:
896:
units equipped with Polish-style uniforms and weapons.
1140:
1138:
1136:
27:
Polish military units that served with the French Army
1700:(in Polish). Spółka Wydawnicza Polska. pp. 35–36
1463:
1461:
1459:
1435:. Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. p. 130.
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
523:
under the condition that they would remain neutral).
179:
saw combat in most of Napoleon's campaigns, from the
2603:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1815
2148:
God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes
1805:
1554:
1552:
1221:
God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
152:, Polish military units were formed, bearing Polish
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1689:
1687:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1284:"Legiony Polskie – WIEM, darmowa encyklopedia"
856:, a small Franco-Polish force managed to repulse a
335:
War of the First Coalition: Polish Legions in Italy
306:, a former high-ranking officer in the army of the
2275:
2120:. Kasprzyk.demon.co.uk. 1921-03-17. Archived from
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
55:Banner of the 1st Legion of the Polish Legions in
2598:Military units and formations established in 1797
2335:Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (12 October 2007).
2237:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz; John Radzilowski (2003).
2140:
2138:
1878:
1876:
1354:Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (12 October 2007).
310:, began his work in 1796 – a year after the
220:their existence as five to six years. The Polish
39:, the most famous commander of the Polish Legions
2435:Histoire Des Légions Polonaises en Italie, Paris
2269:
2267:
1474:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 102–103.
848:in Spain, the Vistula Legion gained fame at the
1717:
1715:
1058:List of Polish legionnaires (Napoleonic period)
2451:Wojsko Polskie. Ksiestwo Warszawskie 1807–1814
2378:. University of Washington Press. p. 32.
2338:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis And Change
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2029:
2027:
1953:. University of Washington Press. p. 30.
1910:Otto Von Pivka; Michael Roffe (15 June 1974).
1810:Otto Von Pivka; Michael Roffe (15 June 1974).
1755:Otto Von Pivka; Michael Roffe (15 June 1974).
1602:. University of Washington Press. p. 29.
1559:Otto Von Pivka; Michael Roffe (15 June 1974).
1508:. University of Washington Press. p. 28.
1395:Otto Von Pivka; Michael Roffe (15 June 1974).
1357:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis And Change
1151:. University of Washington Press. p. 31.
2085:. CUP Archive. p. 226. GGKEY:2G7C1LPZ3RN
1861:. CUP Archive. p. 225. GGKEY:2G7C1LPZ3RN
1672:. CUP Archive. p. 224. GGKEY:2G7C1LPZ3RN
1636:. CUP Archive. p. 223. GGKEY:2G7C1LPZ3RN
1224:. Oxford University Press. pp. 216–217.
1101:
1099:
1097:
562:organized the 6,000-strong Third Legion (the
292:) to organize a Polish military unit. As the
8:
2528:The Anatomy of Glory, Napoleon and His Guard
2483:Legiony Polskie. Prawda i Legenda, 1794–1807
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
723:Polish lancers charging on Scottish infantry
601:The size of the Legions decreased after the
594:(15 July). Polish forces also fought in the
416:, had sent there after his victory over the
1112:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 104.
914:, the Poles and Lithuanians rallied to his
2223:Wspomnienia wojskowe Wojciecha Dobieckiego
471:War of the Second Coalition: Italian front
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2040:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 5.
1471:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945
1109:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945
979:, when Napoleon was forced into exile on
527:War of the Second Coalition: German front
171:The Polish Legions serving alongside the
2192:. Harvard University Press. p. 53.
2151:. Oxford University Press. p. 218.
1340:George Nafziger and Tad J. Kwiatkowski,
835:Légion de la Vistule, Legia Nadwiślańska
718:
2037:Napoleon's Italian Campaigns: 1805–1815
1073:
935:. They distinguished themselves in the
322:, where his idea received support from
240:, which existed between 1808 and 1813.
2282:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
2243:. Transaction Publishers. p. 47.
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
715:Wars of the Third and Fourth Coalition
2490:Polacy Na Antylach i Morzu Karaibskim
2443:Polish Projects of Napoleon Bonaparte
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1344:. Napoleon. No. 1 : January 1996
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
312:total destruction of the Commonwealth
207:in 1812, which marked the end of the
7:
2011:Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
570:) to fight against the Austrians in
520:François-Philippe de Foissac-Latour
518:(April–July), the French commander
2608:Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)
2568:Polish Army of the Napoleonic Wars
2419:. East European Monographs, 1986.
112:in 1795, many Poles believed that
25:
2341:. Psychology Press. p. 280.
2079:William Fiddian Reddaway (1971).
1855:William Fiddian Reddaway (1971).
1666:William Fiddian Reddaway (1971).
1630:William Fiddian Reddaway (1971).
1360:. Psychology Press. p. 279.
975:. After Napoleon's defeat in the
927:were the first unit to cross the
691:). Napoleon wanted to regain the
199:. This force fought a victorious
2593:1815 disestablishments in Poland
2563:Napoleon and the Duchy of Warsaw
2504:Polacy Na San Domingo, 1802–1809
2415:Jan Pachonski, Reuel K. Wilson.
2375:A History of East Central Europe
2274:Mieczysław B. Biskupski (2000).
1950:A History of East Central Europe
1916:. Osprey Publishing. p. 7.
1816:. Osprey Publishing. p. 6.
1761:. Osprey Publishing. p. 5.
1599:A History of East Central Europe
1565:. Osprey Publishing. p. 4.
1505:A History of East Central Europe
1401:. Osprey Publishing. p. 3.
1148:A History of East Central Europe
829:, into a Polish-Italian Legion (
558:In 1800 or 1799 (sources vary),
136:under French rule or serving as
2082:The Cambridge History of Poland
1858:The Cambridge History of Poland
1669:The Cambridge History of Poland
1633:The Cambridge History of Poland
2323:The Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–1813
1728:. J. & J. Harper. p.
947:units holding their ground at
586:, garrisoning the fortress of
424:in 1683; amongst these was an
308:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
66:Polish Legion soldier in Italy
47:Infantry of the Vistula Legion
1:
2588:1797 establishments in Poland
2186:Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980).
2034:Frederick C. Schneid (2002).
1694:Klemens Kołaczkowski (1901).
1053:History of Poland (1795-1918)
959:in early 1814, and fought at
270:Franciszek Ksawery Dmochowski
132:, especially to the parts of
2189:The United States and Poland
872:distinguished itself at the
679:(on the Caribbean island of
2220:Dobiecki, Wojciech (1862).
803:Army of the Duchy of Warsaw
752:War of the Fourth Coalition
477:War of the Second Coalition
467:capitulated on 23 January.
447:. The Poles then fought at
437:Battle of Civita Castellana
201:war against Austria in 1809
91:Legiony Polskie we Włoszech
18:Polish Legions (Napoleonic)
2629:
1063:Polish–Russian War of 1792
999:Assessment and remembrance
977:War of the Sixth Coalition
729:War of the Third Coalition
645:
341:War of the First Coalition
338:
314:. At that time he went to
254:Constitution of 3 May 1791
2465:Pod Sztandarami Napoleona
1997:, Hartford Web Publishing
1468:Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996).
1342:The Polish Vistula Legion
1106:Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996).
951:(15–19 October 1813) and
648:Saint-Domingue expedition
636:3e Demi-Brigade Étrangère
632:2e Demi-Brigade Étrangère
539:into the Italian Legion (
234:Saint-Domingue expedition
110:Third Partition of Poland
2449:Bronisław Gembarzewski,
2118:"Revolution and Rebirth"
1913:Napoleon's Polish Troops
1813:Napoleon's Polish Troops
1758:Napoleon's Polish Troops
1562:Napoleon's Polish Troops
1398:Napoleon's Polish Troops
987:", participating in the
850:Second Siege of Zaragoza
491:(15 July 1799), and the
435:, defeating them at the
1722:James Fletcher (1833).
1021:Army of Congress Poland
912:Napoleon invaded Russia
547:. The Legion fought at
493:Second Battle of Zurich
74:Dąbrowski's entry into
2495:Aleksander Rembowski,
2145:Norman Davies (2005).
1218:Norman Davies (2005).
907:
745:Sant'Eufemia a Maiella
724:
664:
406:Treaty of Campo Formio
90:
78:
67:
59:
48:
40:
2278:The History of Poland
1429:Henryk Kocój (2001).
902:
722:
655:
596:Battle of Hohenlinden
592:armistice of Parsdorf
504:Franciszek Rymkiewicz
339:Further information:
215:Timeframe and numbers
73:
65:
54:
46:
35:
1032:Mazurek Dąbrowskiego
892:to create their own
874:Battle of Somosierra
868:in the process. The
854:Battle of Fuengirola
789:) would be created.
727:By 1805, during the
642:The Haitian campaign
506:, was killed at the
304:Jan Henryk Dąbrowski
183:, through Italy and
158:Jan Henryk Dąbrowski
114:Revolutionary France
93:; also known as the
37:Jan Henryk Dąbrowski
2542:Song of the Legions
2440:Elena I. Fedosova,
1882:Andrzej Nieuważny,
809:, in the cities of
781:and in the ensuing
671:, 5,280 strong) to
662:January Suchodolski
603:Treaty of Lunéville
359:Ten Days of Brescia
330:Operational history
294:French Constitution
258:government-in-exile
2510:Joseph Tyszkiewicz
2463:Stanisław Kirkor,
2458:Legia Nadwislanska
2456:Stanisław Kirkor,
2007:Bohdan Urbankowski
989:Battle of Waterloo
939:and, under Prince
937:Battle of Borodino
908:
783:Treaties of Tilsit
725:
689:French West Indies
677:Haitian Revolution
665:
656:Polish Legions in
607:Kingdom of Etruria
541:La Legion Italique
385:and the second by
324:Napoleon Bonaparte
298:Cisalpine Republic
205:invasion of Russia
150:Napoleon Bonaparte
79:
68:
60:
49:
41:
2550:978-0-9568853-0-2
2502:A.M. Skałkowski,
2425:978-0-88033-093-0
2385:978-0-295-95358-8
2348:978-0-415-36626-7
2293:978-0-313-30571-9
2250:978-0-9679960-5-9
2199:978-0-674-92685-1
2158:978-0-19-925340-1
2047:978-0-275-96875-5
2019:978-83-7001-914-3
1960:978-0-295-95358-8
1923:978-0-85045-198-6
1823:978-0-85045-198-6
1768:978-0-85045-198-6
1609:978-0-295-95358-8
1572:978-0-85045-198-6
1515:978-0-295-95358-8
1481:978-0-313-26007-0
1442:978-83-233-1489-9
1408:978-0-85045-198-6
1367:978-0-415-36626-7
1288:WIEM Encyklopedia
1253:"Legiony polskie"
1231:978-0-19-925340-1
1158:978-0-295-95358-8
1119:978-0-313-26007-0
1017:French Revolution
941:Józef Poniatowski
882:Battle of Albuera
737:Kingdom of Naples
701:tropical diseases
576:Army of the Rhine
560:Karol Kniaziewicz
508:Battle of Magnano
445:Andrzej Karwowski
433:Kingdom of Naples
414:John III Sobieski
383:Karol Kniaziewicz
230:WIEM Encyklopedia
209:Napoleonic empire
197:Józef Poniatowski
195:was raised under
162:Karol Kniaziewicz
95:Dąbrowski Legions
16:(Redirected from
2620:
2573:Napoleon.gery.pl
2474:Jonathan North,
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1290:. Archived from
1280:
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1257:PWN Encyklopedia
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1103:
1048:Great Emigration
839:Battle of Wagram
831:PolaccoItalienne
733:Kingdom of Italy
703:, including the
683:, known then as
675:to put down the
495:(26 September).
387:Józef Wielhorski
375:Treaty of Leoben
371:Veronese Easters
222:PWN Encyklopedia
142:sister republics
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2540:Michael Large,
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2520:Henry Lachougue
2488:Jan Pachonski,
2481:Jan Pachonski,
2478:. London, 2018.
2431:Leonard Chodźko
2405:
2403:Further reading
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799:battle of Maida
795:
787:Duchy of Warsaw
739:. It fought at
717:
650:
644:
609:. The Legions'
582:, Bernheim and
568:Legion du Rhine
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516:Siege of Mantua
473:
422:siege of Vienna
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177:Napoleonic Wars
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228:). The Polish
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369:, known as
187:. When the
181:West Indies
175:during the
173:French Army
99:French Army
2582:Categories
2256:24 October
2128:2011-09-08
1298:2012-05-10
1262:2012-05-10
1069:References
1006:Kościuszko
905:Napoleon I
886:Portuguese
681:Hispaniola
646:See also:
590:after the
537:Marseilles
262:Deputation
108:After the
2524:Ann Brown
973:St-Dizier
852:. In the
823:Friedland
696:command.
584:Offenburg
566:, or the
549:Peschiera
290:Directory
286:emigrated
266:Deputacja
130:emigrated
2471:Warsaw.)
1042:See also
961:Soissons
815:Neustadt
449:Magliano
272:and the
2535:Fiction
949:Leipzig
923:of the
862:Spanish
858:British
811:Breslau
807:Silesia
762:at the
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463:before
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693:colony
687:, the
611:morale
553:Mantua
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465:Naples
453:Falari
391:Davies
373:. The
367:Verona
355:Mantua
274:Agency
260:, the
146:France
126:Russia
87:Polish
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673:Haiti
616:Milan
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481:Egypt
461:Capua
457:Calvi
441:Gaeta
320:Milan
316:Paris
280:) of
268:) of
185:Egypt
134:Italy
57:Italy
2546:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2393:2012
2380:ISBN
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2288:ISBN
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2245:ISBN
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2015:ISBN
1968:2012
1955:ISBN
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1918:ISBN
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