1399:. The Communist-dominated bloc was credited with over 80 percent of the vote, a result that was only obtained through large-scale fraud. The opposition claimed it would have won in a landslide (as much as 80 percent, by some estimates) had the election been genuine and Mikołajczyk would have likely become prime minister. In November, at a meeting with the Silesian society, Mikołajczyk was informed that he was to be arrested along with his advisor Paweł Zaleski. The arrest order was already signed. They immediately took the effort to escape. Mikołajczyk headed north, while Zaleski escaped through the southern channel. From the danger zone, Zaleski was taken away in a straw cart. His brother Jan Zaleski from Boyko helped in the escape. Paweł waited a few days with Mikołaj and his father-in-law, Aries of Kamionka in Korfantów near Głuchołazy, before a transfer was arranged. Then through the Czech Republic, Zaleski got to the west, and Mikołajczyk was taken by ship from Szczecin. This was their last stay in Poland.
1365:
85:
4028:
2448:
2113:
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1276:, called for action, without success, to stop it. The note the Foreign Minister, Count Edward Raczynski, sent on 10 December 1942 to the Governments of the United Nations was the first official denunciation by any Government of the mass extermination and of the Nazi aim of total extermination of the Jewish population. It was also the first official document singling out the sufferings of European Jews as Jews and not only as citizens of their respective countries of origin. The note of 10 December 1942 and the Polish Government efforts triggered the Declaration of the Allied Nations of 17 December 1942.
1597:
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2407:
71:
1905:
3889:
487:
473:
448:
1408:
3704:
3742:
1773:
3673:
3647:
1505:. The liquidation of the London-based government apparatus was declared accomplished on 31 December 1991. In 1992, military medals and other decorations awarded by the government in exile were officially recognized in Poland. The Act on Emoluments of a Former President of the Republic of Poland adopted in 1996 which establishes the rights, privileges, remuneration and other benefits of a former president, awarded them explicitly also to the last President-in-exile.
2243:
3819:
2195:
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1641:
2154:
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2072:
1685:
1138:
1729:
4040:
1946:
1864:
4016:
4004:
2325:
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2366:
2031:
2489:
2636:
1553:
2284:
1291:, mass graves of 10,000 Polish officers (the German investigation later found 4,443 bodies) who had been taken prisoner in 1939 and murdered by the Soviets. The Soviet government said that the Germans had fabricated the discovery. The other Allied governments, for diplomatic reasons, formally accepted this; the Polish government in exile refused to do so.
1990:
3096:
Martin
Gilbert, Auschwitz and the Allies, 1981 (Pimlico edition, p.101) "On december 10, the Polish Ambassador in London, Edward Raczynski sent Eden an extremely detailed twenty-one point summary of all the most recent information regarding the killing of Jews in Poland; confirmation, he wrote, "that
1476:
Despite these setbacks, the government in exile continued in existence. When Soviet influence over Poland came to an end in 1989, there was still a president and a cabinet of eight, meeting every two weeks in London, commanding the loyalty of about 150,000 Polish veterans and their descendants living
1294:
Stalin then severed relations with the Polish government in exile. Since it was clear that it would be the Soviet Union, not the western Allies, who would liberate Poland from the
Germans, this breach had fateful consequences for Poland. In an unfortunate coincidence, Sikorski, widely regarded as the
1415:
Meanwhile, the Polish government in exile had maintained its existence. The London Poles had to vacate the Polish embassy on
Portland Place and were left only with the president's private residence at 43 Eaton Place. The government in exile became largely symbolic of continued resistance to foreign
1338:
populations, should remain in Soviet hands, and that Poland should be compensated with lands to be annexed from
Germany. Mikołajczyk, however, refused to compromise on the question of Poland's sovereignty over her prewar eastern territories. A third matter was Mikołajczyk's insistence that Stalin
3083:
Note of the
Foreign Minister Edward Raczynski "The mass extermination of Jews in German occupied Poland, Note addressed to the Governments of the United Nations on December 10th 1942", also published (30 December 1942) by the Polish Foreign Ministry as a public document with the aim to reach the
1033:
In event of war, the term of the
President's office shall be prolonged until three months after the conclusion of peace; the President of the Republic shall then, by a special act promulgated in the Official Gazette, appoint his successor, in case the office falls vacant before the conclusion of
1343:
region) as a basis for the future Polish-Soviet border. However, this was a position that could not be defended in practice – Stalin was in occupation of the territory in question. The government-in-exile's refusal to accept the proposed new Polish borders infuriated the Allies,
1501:, the first non-Communist president of Poland since the war, received the symbols of the Polish Republic (the presidential banner, the presidential and state seals, the presidential sashes, and the original text of the 1935 Constitution) from the last president of the government in exile,
117:
1215:, extending to thousands of Polish soldiers who had been taken prisoner in 1939 by the Red Army in eastern Poland, including many Polish civilian prisoners and deportees entrapped in Siberia. The amnesty allowed the Poles to create eight military divisions known as the
3097:
the German authorities aim with systematic deliberation at the total extermination of the Jewish population of Poland" as well as of the "many thousands of Jews" whom the
Germans had deported to Poland from western and Central Europe, and from the German Reich itself."
1376:, a new government established as a result of reshuffling the existing Provisional Government, established under the auspices of the Soviet occupation authorities, through inclusion of his fraction. This provided an excuse for the Western allies to approve tacitly the
1344:
particularly
Churchill, making them less inclined to oppose Stalin on issues of how Poland's postwar government would be structured. In the end, the exiles lost on both issues: Stalin re-annexed the eastern territories, as well as proceeded to impose the communist
134:
1267:
During the war, especially from 1942 on, the Polish government in exile provided the Allies with some of the earliest and most accurate accounts of the ongoing
Holocaust of European Jews and, through its representatives, like the Foreign Minister Count
141:
1038:
It was not until 29 or 30 September 1939 that Mościcki resigned. Raczkiewicz, who was already in Paris, immediately took his constitutional oath at the Polish
Embassy and became President of the Republic of Poland. Raczkiewicz then appointed General
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Many Polish exiles opposed this action, believing that this government was a façade for the establishment of Communist rule in Poland. This view was later proven correct in 1947 when the Communist-dominated Democratic Bloc won
4100:
1339:
would not set up a Communist government in postwar Poland. Mikołajczyk and his colleagues in the Polish government-in-exile insisted on making a stand in the defense of Poland's pre-1939 eastern border (retaining its
1452:
in 1956. The Soviet-installed government in Warsaw campaigned for the return of the exiles, promising decent and dignified employment in communist Polish administration and forgiveness of past transgressions. The
1382:
of Poland becoming part of the Soviet sphere of influence, and to legitimise the Warsaw government while withdrawing their recognition of the government-in-exile; France did so on 29 June 1945, followed by the
84:
4075:
3506:
1419:
In 1954, political differences led to a split in the ranks of the government in exile. One group, claiming to represent 80% of 500,000 anti-Communist Poles exiled since the war, was opposed to President
4150:
4032:
846:
3225:
according to the last official Polish census, the population was over 38% Poles (5.1 million), 37% Ukrainians (4.7 million), 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans.
1188:
4135:
922:(Home Army) resistance. Abroad, under the authority of the government-in-exile, Polish military units that had escaped the occupation fought under their own commanders as part of
1208:
4140:
1391:
on 5 July 1945. The Polish Armed Forces in exile were disbanded in 1945, and most of their members, unable to safely return to Communist Poland, settled in other countries.
3530:
4065:
3636:
1349:
3106:
Krzysztof Kania, Edward Raczynski, 1891–1993, Dyplomata i Polityk (Edward Raczynski, 1891–1993, Diplomat and Politician), Wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa, 2014, p. 232
1469:) were the last countries to withdraw recognition of the government-in-exile, though diplomatic privileges had already been withdrawn by Vatican Secretary of State
1444:. Only after Zaleski's death in 1972 did the two factions reunite. Some supporters of the government in exile eventually returned to Poland, such as Prime Minister
1212:
1022:
1364:
3627:
839:
525:
4090:
3502:
3554:
4110:
1356:, in favor of Poland becoming a republic of the Soviet Union. In November 1944, despite his mistrust of the Soviets, Mikołajczyk resigned to return to Poland.
1314:, tried to bring about a resumption of talks between Stalin and the Polish government in exile. But these efforts broke down over several matters. One was the
3578:
115:
2611:
933:, the government-in-exile remained in existence albeit without effective power. It lost recognition of the majority of states upon formation of the
832:
2017:
3222:
1373:
1034:
peace. Should the President's successor assume office, the term of his office shall expire at the end of three months after the conclusion of peace.
934:
466:
378:
4145:
3726:
2661:
1345:
809:
70:
1352:
on 31 December 1944. However, Poland preserved its status as an independent state, despite the arguments of some influential Communists, such as
550:
4115:
3801:
2447:
3388:
3312:
888:
114:
4130:
4080:
2119:
1965:
616:
3443:
1596:
4070:
3968:
2573:
3389:"The Foreign Policy of the Polish Government-in-Exile, 1939–1945: Political and Military Realities versus Polish Psychological Reality"
1051:
3620:
3214:
3021:
2717:
804:
1486:
1207:, the Polish government in exile established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union against Hitlerism, but also in order to help
950:
815:
530:
4125:
3414:
3355:
3296:
3269:
3249:
3183:
3163:
3143:
3123:
2997:
2950:
2877:
2842:
2807:
2752:
1326:). Another was Poland's postwar borders. Stalin insisted that the territories annexed by the Soviets in 1939, which had millions of
507:
401:
267:
2112:
3677:
1396:
215:
4105:
4027:
2621:
2616:
665:
560:
3526:
4095:
4085:
3793:
730:
1772:
1110:
910:
Despite the occupation of Poland by hostile powers, the government-in-exile exerted considerable influence in Poland during
365:
1183:
3831:
3613:
3438:
3013:
The Polish Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World
1196:
3941:
636:
3486:
tells the story of the Polish government-in-exile in the form of five short episodes available on the YouTube channel:
2227:
3651:
1026:
900:
750:
3914:
3902:
3550:
3042:
1996:
1696:
1564:
1441:
1304:
1269:
1153:
1018:
930:
352:
238:
2683:, Finance Minister and Minister in the Middle East for the Sikorski government; Ambassador to London for Mikolajczyk
2406:
3594:
3570:
3546:
3522:
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1904:
771:
586:
4008:
3863:
3823:
3746:
2655:
2584:
2579:
2078:
1425:
1296:
611:
555:
3574:
2222:
1684:
1050:
Most of the Polish Navy escaped to Britain, and tens of thousands of Polish soldiers and airmen escaped through
3843:
1804:
1759:
1715:
1640:
1627:
1583:
1254:
915:
760:
719:
693:
515:
3907:
3482:
2963:
1952:
1870:
1157:
1141:
1044:
1040:
641:
289:
3011:
3196:
2680:
2249:
1449:
1177:
1091:
740:
683:
673:
591:
4120:
4020:
3949:
3322:
2557:
2516:
2475:
2393:
2352:
2270:
2181:
2140:
2099:
2058:
1976:
1932:
1891:
1671:
1652:
1494:
1407:
1173:
1083:
1002:
958:
923:
904:
709:
606:
581:
453:
106:
90:
1552:
1437:
1258:
1243:
1017:) near the southern Polish border, issued a proclamation about his plan to transfer power and appointing
3936:
2434:
2311:
1728:
1490:
1250:
965:
954:
776:
735:
596:
3982:
3961:
2160:
1489:
did the government-in-exile formally pass its responsibilities and insignia onto the government of the
953:
did the government-in-exile formally pass its responsibilities and insignia onto the government of the
3871:
1204:
1169:
1075:
3773:
3759:
3754:
3200:
3046:
2649:
2413:
1784:
1502:
1454:
876:
255:
154:
3975:
3954:
3598:
3199:(1997). Włodzimierz Bonusiak; Stanisław Jan Ciesielski; Zygmunt Mańkowski; Mikołaj Iwanow (eds.).
4044:
3921:
3876:
3766:
2675:
2372:
2037:
1433:
1055:
884:
745:
704:
335:
2454:
2242:
1262:
1168:, where it was recognized by all the Allied governments. Politically, it was a coalition of the
1006:
348:
3085:
3741:
3716:
3410:
3351:
3343:
3292:
3284:
3265:
3245:
3210:
3179:
3159:
3139:
3119:
3052:
3017:
2993:
2946:
2873:
2838:
2831:
2803:
2748:
2713:
2536:
2194:
1498:
1315:
1311:
1280:
1239:
1126:
1079:
304:
3836:
2693:
2687:
2495:
2201:
1740:
1470:
1353:
1180:, although these parties maintained only a vestigial existence in the circumstances of war.
1099:
1095:
1071:
1062:
to continue the fight in France. Many Poles subsequently took part in Allied operations: in
1047:
stepped down, Raczkiewicz also made Sikorski Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces.
977:
621:
3691:
3605:
3487:
941:, while the last country to withdraw its diplomatic recognition on 19 October 1972 was the
3582:
3558:
3534:
3510:
3439:
Statement of the Polish government in exile following the death of General Sikorski (1943)
3317:
3207:
Sovietization of Education in Eastern Lesser Poland During the Soviet Occupation 1939–1941
2665:
2529:
1458:
1087:
868:
208:
51:
17:
3686:
2331:
1118:
2153:
1164:
from 2 December 1939 until June 1940. Escaping from France, the government relocated to
961:, while the liquidation of its apparatus was declared accomplished on 31 December 1991.
3672:
3660:
2071:
1911:
1608:
1421:
1388:
1246:, which together with other, earlier-created Polish units fought alongside the Allies.
1228:
1192:
985:
938:
76:
4059:
3806:
2641:
2601:
2591:
1384:
1378:
1327:
1103:
919:
764:
723:
697:
3453:
1945:
1863:
1137:
3721:
2324:
1466:
1235:
1232:
1114:
946:
911:
896:
892:
786:
318:
3407:
In the Shadow of Auschwitz: The Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1939–1942
3209:]. Kielce: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego. pp. 294–.
2365:
2030:
3424:
1416:
occupation of Poland while retaining some important archives from prewar Poland.
113:
3818:
3708:
3703:
2290:
1445:
1429:
1224:
1216:
2488:
929:
After the war, as the Polish territory came under the control of the communist
3788:
3588:
3564:
3540:
3516:
3492:
3470:
2631:
1273:
1129:, formed in the USSR in 1944, remained there and fought under Soviet command.
1059:
678:
3475:(1943) about Nazi crimes and Nazi lies created by Polish government in exile.
3202:
Sowietyzacja oświaty w Małopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecką okupacją 1939–1941
3056:
937:
on 5 July 1945 though continued to be hosted and informally supported by the
3454:
Polish Chancellery website: Prime Ministers IInd Republic of Poland in exile
1303:
in July 1943. He was succeeded as head of the Polish government in exile by
1300:
658:
1121:, intended to fight Nazi Germany in the USSR, but instead transferred via
4039:
2721:
1462:
1284:
942:
322:
3448:
2915:
Bogusław Brodecki; Zbigniew Wawer; Tadeusz Kondracki; Janusz Błaszczyk.
2283:
1989:
1424:'s continuation in office when his seven-year term expired. It formed a
4015:
4003:
3646:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1025:, as his successor. This was done in accordance with Article 24 of the
1014:
3888:
3858:
1288:
1165:
1161:
1149:
1067:
1063:
981:
973:
880:
480:
194:
188:
167:
3374:, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, zeszyt 154 (T. XXXVII/3, 1997, p. 474
3400:
God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present
1406:
1363:
1340:
1182:
1136:
969:
626:
182:
1279:
In April 1943, the Germans announced that they had discovered at
1319:
1220:
1122:
1010:
3609:
3426:
The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War
1148:
The Polish government in exile, based first in Paris, then in
3459:
Polish World War II website on the Polish government in exile
2658:, alternative President of the Republic of Poland (1972–1990)
3086:
http://www.projectinposterum.org/docs/mass_extermination.htm
3458:
3444:
Publications on the Polish government (in exile) 1939–1990
4101:
People from wartime administrations in Poland (1939–1947)
3542:"Republic in Exile, Episode 3: Polish Voice in the World"
1144:, first Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile.
1029:, adopted in April 1935. Article 24 provided as follows:
1481:
Dissolution and recognition in the Third Polish Republic
1189:
The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland
390:• Diplomatic recognition withdrawn by last country
336:
Government evacuated from Poland and interred in Romania
1432:
to exercise the functions of head of state, comprising
1310:
During 1943 and 1944, the Allied leaders, particularly
1493:
at a special ceremony held on 22 December 1990 at the
1191:", by the Polish government-in-exile addressed to the
957:
at a special ceremony held on 22 December 1990 at the
4076:
Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland
3518:"Republic in Exile, Episode 2: Poland Outside Poland"
2921:
The Poles on the Battlefronts of the Second World War
1348:
established on 22 July 1944 by renaming it into the
1272:
and the courier of the Polish Underground movement,
3994:
3933:
3885:
3855:
3815:
3785:
3738:
3700:
3669:
3643:
3307:
3305:
1411:
Seat of the Presidents of Poland-in-exile in London
1113:of July 1941 Polish soldiers taken prisoner by the
411:
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388:
375:
362:
345:
332:
314:
295:
280:
266:
245:
228:
214:
204:
160:
150:
34:
3051:. Sampson Low, Marston & Co. pp. 19, 26.
402:Handover of national insignia to Warsaw government
4151:World War II governments in exile based in London
27:Government of Poland in exile (London, 1940–1990)
1372:On 28 June 1945, Mikołajczyk took office in the
1350:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland
3391:in: John S. Micgiel and Piotr S. Wandycz eds.,
3037:
3035:
3033:
2782:Jozef Pilsudski, Waclaw Jedrzejewicz (Editor).
2778:
2776:
2774:
1238:. These Polish units formed the basis for the
1031:
926:forces in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.
3449:Stamp Issues by the Polish government in exile
2853:
2851:
2716:on his inauguration. Died on 10 April 2010 in
1477:in Britain, including 35,000 in London alone.
1295:most capable of the Polish exile leaders, was
4136:States and territories disestablished in 1990
3621:
3070:
3068:
3066:
873:Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na uchodźstwie
865:Government of the Republic of Poland in exile
840:
413:• Liquidation of apparatus accomplished
8:
2964:"Pignerolle dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale"
2794:
2792:
1227:, where they were desperately needed by the
41:
3590:"Republic in Exile, Episode 5: Free Poland"
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
1001:On 17 September 1939, the President of the
4141:States and territories established in 1939
3628:
3614:
3606:
3566:"Republic in Exile, Episode 4: Solidarity"
2980:Sampson Low, Marston & Co 1948 Page 17
2784:Poland in the British Parliament 1939–1945
2612:Polish resistance movement in World War II
1517:
847:
833:
502:
31:
3366:
3364:
3637:Governments in exile during World War II
3280:
3278:
3223:Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
3221:Of the 13.5 million civilians living in
3084:public opinions of the Free World. See:
2865:
2863:
1816:
1374:Provisional Government of National Unity
1360:Provisional Government of National Unity
935:Provisional Government of National Unity
467:Provisional Government of National Unity
4066:20th century in the City of Westminster
3727:French Committee of National Liberation
2737:
2705:
2662:Polish Committee of National Liberation
1525:
1346:Polish Committee of National Liberation
514:
3261:John Coutouvidis & Jamie Reynolds
3241:John Coutouvidis & Jamie Reynolds
3175:John Coutouvidis & Jamie Reynolds
3010:Tadeusz Piotrowski (2004). "Amnesty".
2768:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1962 Page 39
1027:Constitution of the Republic of Poland
887:of September 1939, and the subsequent
3995:Unrecognised or non-autonomous bodies
2917:Polacy na frontach II wojny światowej
1837:
1461:and finally (on 19 October 1972) the
1213:the Kremlin signed a one-time amnesty
1125:to fight with US and British forces.
964:The government-in-exile was based in
410:
397:
387:
374:
361:
344:
331:
327:
294:
279:
275:
265:
244:
227:
223:
213:
7:
3393:Reflections on Polish Foreign Policy
2670:Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego
1009:, who was then in the small town of
3494:"Republic in Exile, Episode 1: War"
2574:Polish contribution to World War II
1368:Standard of the President in exile.
379:Loss of wide diplomatic recognition
3016:. McFarland. pp. 93–94, 102.
2744:John Coutouvidis, Jamie Reynolds.
2718:2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash
949:). However, only after the end of
25:
3358:, Paperback First Edition, p. 45.
3321:. 19 January 1959. Archived from
2857:Coutouvidis and Reynolds, Page 26
2652:, special envoy of the government
4091:History of Poland (1989–present)
4038:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3935:
3887:
3857:
3817:
3787:
3740:
3702:
3671:
3645:
3299:, Paperback First Edition, p. 8.
3048:The Pattern of Soviet Domination
2978:The Pattern of Soviet Domination
2923:) Warsaw: Bellona. 2005. Page 29
2634:
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2405:
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2111:
2070:
2029:
1988:
1944:
1903:
1862:
1841:
1771:
1727:
1683:
1639:
1595:
1551:
524:
485:
471:
446:
111:
83:
69:
4111:Poland–United Kingdom relations
2871:Sikorski: Soldier and Statesman
2786:. Volume I, 1946. Pages 317–318
2622:Polish Armed Forces in the East
2617:Polish Armed Forces in the West
2554:
2513:
2472:
2431:
2390:
2349:
2308:
2267:
2178:
2137:
2096:
2055:
2014:
1973:
1929:
1888:
1205:war against the Soviets in 1941
1117:in 1939, were released to form
988:until its dissolution in 1990.
968:during 1939 and 1940, first in
883:formed in the aftermath of the
4146:United Kingdom in World War II
3348:The Poles in Britain 1940–2000
3289:The Poles in Britain 1940–2000
2943:Poland in the Second World War
2836:The Poles in Britain 1940–2000
2800:Poland in the Second World War
1820:
1521:
914:through the structures of the
903:, which brought to an end the
757:Non-integrated but recognizing
731:National Military Organization
43:Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
1:
4116:Polish diaspora organizations
2580:Association of Armed Struggle
684:National Security Corps (PKB)
3230:Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie
2552:4 years, 258 days
2511:9 years, 246 days
2470:3 years, 363 days
2388:4 years, 349 days
2347:9 years, 277 days
2053:2 years, 215 days
1971:2 years, 344 days
1624:24 years, 304 days
1448:in 1955 and his predecessor
1209:Poles persecuted by the NKVD
1043:to be prime minister. After
4131:Political history of Poland
4081:Former governments in exile
3387:Cienciala, Anna M. (2005).
2429:1 year, 359 days
2219:
2176:3 years, 74 days
2135:1 year, 171 days
2094:1 year, 223 days
2012:1 year, 133 days
1756:3 years, 102 days
1668:6 years, 349 days
1580:7 years, 249 days
1428:in July 1954, and set up a
1176:, the Labour Party and the
1086:, in North Africa (notably
976:. From 1940, following the
751:Confederation of the Nation
531:History of Poland 1939–1945
347:• Presidency ceded by
38:Republic of Poland in exile
4167:
4071:Cold War history of Poland
3219:– via Google Books.
2571:
2265:1 year, 13 days
2223:Polish Independence League
1801:1 year, 156 days
1248:
980:, the government moved to
918:and its military arm, the
863:, officially known as the
861:Polish government-in-exile
772:Jewish Combat Organization
18:Polish government in Exile
3423:Kochanski, Halik (2012).
3026:– via Google Books.
2712:Transferred authority to
2656:Juliusz Nowina-Sokolnicki
1840:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1712:7 years, 0 days
1540:
1426:Council of National Unity
1219:. They were evacuated to
1111:Sikorski–Mayski agreement
425:
421:
366:Sikorski–Mayski agreement
328:
310:
276:
262:
224:
101:
65:
60:
4126:Polish Underground State
3844:Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
2764:Count Edward Raczynski.
1697:Edward Bernard Raczyński
1487:communist rule in Poland
1255:The Black Book of Poland
1203:When Germany launched a
951:communist rule in Poland
931:Polish People's Republic
916:Polish Underground State
3802:Grand Duchess Charlotte
3398:Davies, Norman (2005).
2932:Brodecki et al, Page 37
2681:Henryk Leon Strasburger
1509:Government and politics
741:Camp of Fighting Poland
573:Political organizations
4106:Poland in World War II
2976:Stanislaw Mikolajczyk
2906:Garlinski, Pages 55–56
2897:Garlinski, Pages 17–18
2869:Keith Sword (Editor).
2669:
2585:Związek Walki Zbrojnej
2476:Polish Socialist Party
2353:Polish Socialist Party
2079:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski
2059:Polish Socialist Party
1561:Raczkiewicz, Władysław
1495:Royal Castle in Warsaw
1485:Only after the end of
1412:
1369:
1330:in addition to mostly
1297:killed in an air crash
1200:
1174:Polish Socialist Party
1145:
1084:Battle of the Atlantic
1036:
984:, and remained in the
959:Royal Castle in Warsaw
905:Second Polish Republic
872:
674:Armed Resistance (ZWZ)
654:Military organizations
607:Camp of National Unity
582:Polish Socialist Party
454:Second Polish Republic
107:Poland Is Not Yet Lost
42:
4096:Paris in World War II
4086:Governments in Poland
3915:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
3903:Władysław Raczkiewicz
3471:Anti-Nazi color film
3405:Engel, David (2014).
3043:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
2018:Polish People's Party
1997:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
1565:Władysław Raczkiewicz
1491:Third Polish Republic
1410:
1403:Later postwar history
1367:
1305:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
1251:The Polish White Book
1186:
1158:Château de Pignerolle
1154:Władysław Raczkiewicz
1140:
1090:), Italy (notably at
1023:Marshal of the Senate
1019:Władysław Raczkiewicz
955:Third Polish Republic
777:Jewish Military Union
736:National Armed Forces
642:Polish Workers' Party
637:National Radical Camp
627:Betar (Zionist youth)
481:Third Polish Republic
353:Władysław Raczkiewicz
239:Władysław Raczkiewicz
205:Common languages
3581:30 June 2017 at the
3557:30 June 2017 at the
3549:(26 December 2014),
3533:30 June 2017 at the
3525:(19 December 2014),
3509:30 June 2017 at the
3501:(12 December 2014),
3350:, Frank Cass, 2004,
3325:on 19 September 2009
3291:, Frank Cass, 2004,
3197:Elżbieta Trela-Mazur
2989:Wojciech Roszkowski
2250:Stanisław Mackiewicz
1781:Kaczorowski, Ryszard
1649:Ostrowski, Stanisław
1450:Stanisław Mackiewicz
1211:. On 12 August 1941
1170:Polish Peasant Party
889:occupation of Poland
716:Partially integrated
666:Service for Poland's
3774:Georgios Papandreou
3760:Emmanouil Tsouderos
3597:(16 January 2015),
3409:. UNC Press Books.
3157:Death in the Forest
3117:Death in the Forest
2991:The Shadow of Yalta
2650:Tadeusz Chciuk-Celt
2414:Zygmunt Muchniewski
2120:Tadeusz Tomaszewski
1785:Ryszard Kaczorowski
1753:19 July 1989 †
1653:Stanisław Ostrowski
1621:8 April 1972 †
1503:Ryszard Kaczorowski
1455:Republic of Ireland
877:government in exile
805:Cultural activities
256:Ryszard Kaczorowski
155:Government in exile
3962:Slobodan Jovanović
3922:Tomasz Arciszewski
3908:Władysław Sikorski
3877:Johan Nygaardsvold
3767:Sofoklis Venizelos
3573:(9 January 2015),
3372:Władysław Sikorski
3313:"Phantoms in Rome"
2888:Garlinski, Page 49
2845:Chapter 4, Page 33
2676:Ignacy Schwarzbart
2672:; PKWN), 1944–1945
2373:Aleksander Zawisza
2341:10 September 1955
2303:10 September 1955
2161:Roman Odzierzyński
2132:25 September 1950
2038:Tomasz Arciszewski
1953:Władysław Sikorski
1880:30 September 1939
1871:Władysław Sikorski
1577:6 June 1947 †
1434:Tomasz Arciszewski
1413:
1370:
1231:, hard pressed by
1201:
1146:
1142:Władysław Sikorski
1045:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
1041:Władysław Sikorski
885:Invasion of Poland
746:Pomeranian Griffin
710:Peasant Battalions
705:Gwardia Ludowa WRN
617:Jewish Labour Bund
290:Władysław Sikorski
4053:
4052:
3717:Charles de Gaulle
3599:Polish Embassy UK
3575:Polish Embassy UK
3551:Polish Embassy UK
3527:Polish Embassy UK
3503:Polish Embassy UK
3488:Polish Embassy UK
3483:Republic in Exile
3473:Calling Mr. Smith
3344:Peter D. Stachura
3285:Peter D. Stachura
3135:Louis Fitzgibbon
2832:Peter D. Stachura
2798:Jozef Garlinski.
2565:
2564:
2549:22 December 1990
2537:Edward Szczepanik
2170:25 December 1950
2091:10 February 1949
2047:29 November 1944
2009:24 November 1944
1810:
1809:
1791:
1747:
1737:Sabbat, Kazimierz
1703:
1693:Raczyński, Edward
1659:
1615:
1574:30 September 1939
1571:
1397:a rigged election
1312:Winston Churchill
1242:, led by General
1106:, and elsewhere.
1080:Battle of Britain
857:
856:
816:History of Poland
690:Mostly integrated
518:Underground State
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
459:
458:
358:30 September 1939
341:17 September 1939
305:Edward Szczepanik
300:
297:• 1986–1990
285:
282:• 1939–1943
250:
247:• 1989–1990
233:
230:• 1939–1947
143:
36:Government of the
16:(Redirected from
4158:
4043:
4042:
4031:
4030:
4019:
4018:
4007:
4006:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3969:Miloš Trifunović
3966:
3959:
3953:Prime Minister:
3940:
3939:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3906:Prime Minister:
3892:
3891:
3875:Prime Minister:
3862:
3861:
3848:
3841:
3837:Dirk Jan de Geer
3835:Prime Minister:
3832:Queen Wilhelmina
3822:
3821:
3805:Prime Minister:
3792:
3791:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3758:Prime Minister:
3745:
3744:
3731:
3707:
3706:
3690:Prime Minister:
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3659:Prime Minister:
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3630:
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3370:Roman Wapiński,
3368:
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3335:
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3330:
3309:
3300:
3282:
3273:
3263:Poland 1939–1947
3259:
3253:
3243:Poland 1939–1947
3239:
3233:
3232:, Wrocław, 1997.
3227:
3193:
3187:
3177:Poland 1939–1947
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2941:Jozef Garlinski
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2830:Wojciech Rojek,
2828:
2811:
2796:
2787:
2780:
2769:
2766:In Allied London
2762:
2756:
2746:Poland 1939–1947
2742:
2725:
2710:
2694:Szmul Zygielbojm
2688:Western betrayal
2644:
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2211:18 January 1954
2208:
2202:Jerzy Hryniewski
2197:
2173:8 December 1953
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1838:Political party
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1798:22 December 1990
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1471:Domenico Tardini
1442:Edward Raczyński
1438:Władysław Anders
1430:Council of Three
1354:Wanda Wasilewska
1270:Edward Raczyński
1259:Raczyński's Note
1244:Władysław Anders
1152:, France, where
849:
842:
835:
818:during 1939–1945
761:Armed Resistance
720:Armed Resistance
694:Armed Resistance
622:Hashomer Hatzair
612:Democratic Party
528:
503:
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407:22 December 1990
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178:Capital in Exile
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3872:King Haakon VII
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3583:Wayback Machine
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3559:Wayback Machine
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3511:Wayback Machine
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1854:Time in office
1835:Term of office
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1813:Prime ministers
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1459:Francoist Spain
1405:
1362:
1318:(and others at
1265:
1263:Witold's Report
1240:Polish II Corps
1135:
1133:Wartime history
1007:Ignacy Mościcki
1003:Polish Republic
999:
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901:Slovak Republic
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1422:August Zaleski
1404:
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1389:United Kingdom
1361:
1358:
1316:Katyń massacre
1197:United Nations
1193:wartime allies
1178:National Party
1134:
1131:
1127:Berling's Army
1058:or across the
998:
995:
993:
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986:United Kingdom
978:Fall of France
939:United Kingdom
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3271:
3270:0-7185-1211-1
3267:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3252:Pages 103–104
3251:
3250:0-7185-1211-1
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2606:Armia Krajowa
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:Szare Szeregi
2593:
2590:
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2586:
2581:
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2546:8 April 1986
2545:
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2527:
2524:
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2510:
2508:8 April 1986
2507:
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2483:
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2467:15 July 1976
2466:
2464:18 July 1972
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2442:
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2426:13 July 1972
2425:
2423:20 July 1970
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2382:25 June 1965
2381:
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2344:14 June 1965
2343:
2340:
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2310:
2306:33 days
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2019:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2006:14 July 1943
2005:
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1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1970:
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1962:25 July 1940
1961:
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1924:25 July 1940
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1883:19 July 1940
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1398:
1392:
1390:
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1385:United States
1381:
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1379:fait accompli
1375:
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1198:
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1179:
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1163:
1159:
1156:lived at the
1155:
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1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1104:Wilhelmshaven
1101:
1097:
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1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:), in France
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1053:
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1046:
1042:
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1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:Establishment
996:
991:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
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967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
920:Armia Krajowa
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
850:
845:
843:
838:
836:
831:
830:
828:
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813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
796:
795:
788:
785:
784:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
766:
762:
759:authority of
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
725:
721:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
699:
695:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
669:
668:Victory (SZP)
663:
662:
660:
651:
650:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
602:Minor parties
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
577:Major parties
570:
569:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
537:
536:
532:
527:
523:
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504:
484:
482:
479:
478:
470:
468:
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441:
440:
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383:
380:
370:
367:
357:
354:
350:
340:
337:
324:
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261:
257:
253:
240:
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196:
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176:
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156:
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149:
108:
104:
100:
94:
86:
78:
72:
64:
59:
53:
46:
33:
30:
19:
3983:Ivan Šubašić
3893:
3722:Henri Giraud
3687:Edvard Beneš
3481:
3472:
3425:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3382:Bibliography
3371:
3347:
3339:
3327:. Retrieved
3323:the original
3316:
3288:
3262:
3257:
3242:
3237:
3229:
3220:
3206:
3201:
3191:
3176:
3171:
3156:
3155:J.K.Zawodny
3151:
3136:
3131:
3116:
3115:J.K.Zawodny
3111:
3102:
3092:
3079:
3074:Engel (2014)
3047:
3012:
3005:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2958:
2942:
2937:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2870:
2835:
2799:
2783:
2765:
2760:
2745:
2740:
2708:
2605:
2595:
2583:
2568:Armed forces
2535:
2494:
2453:
2412:
2385:9 June 1970
2371:
2332:Antoni Pająk
2330:
2289:
2259:8 June 1954
2248:
2214:13 May 1954
2200:
2159:
2118:
2088:2 July 1947
2077:
2050:2 July 1947
2036:
1995:
1951:
1927:6 days
1910:
1869:
1851:Left office
1848:Took office
1795:19 July 1989
1783:
1750:8 April 1986
1739:
1709:8 April 1986
1706:8 April 1979
1695:
1662:9 April 1972
1651:
1607:
1563:
1484:
1475:
1467:Vatican City
1418:
1414:
1393:
1377:
1371:
1309:
1293:
1278:
1266:
1236:Afrika Korps
1202:
1195:of the then-
1147:
1119:Anders' Army
1115:Soviet Union
1108:
1049:
1037:
1032:
1000:
972:and then in
963:
947:Vatican City
928:
912:World War II
909:
897:Soviet Union
864:
860:
858:
787:Armia Ludowa
597:Labour Party
545:
436:Succeeded by
435:
430:
371:30 July 1941
319:World War II
177:
171:
102:
91:Coat of arms
29:
4033:Philippines
3986:(1944–1945)
3979:(1943–1944)
3965:(1942–1943)
3958:(1941–1942)
3925:(1944–1945)
3918:(1943–1944)
3911:(1939–1943)
3901:President:
3847:(1940–1945)
3824:Netherlands
3777:(1944–1945)
3763:(1941–1944)
3730:(1943–1945)
3685:President:
3395:. New York.
3329:9 September
2810:Pages 48–49
2714:Lech Wałęsa
2558:Independent
2542:(1915–2005)
2517:Independent
2501:(1913–1989)
2460:(1899–1983)
2419:(1896–1979)
2394:Independent
2378:(1896–1977)
2337:(1893–1965)
2296:(1904–1964)
2291:Hugon Hanke
2271:Independent
2255:(1896–1966)
2226: [
2207:(1895–1978)
2182:Independent
2166:(1892–1975)
2141:Independent
2125:(1881–1950)
2100:Independent
2084:(1895–1966)
2043:(1877–1955)
2002:(1901–1966)
1977:Independent
1966:4 July 1943
1958:(1881–1943)
1933:Independent
1917:(1883–1972)
1892:Independent
1876:(1881–1943)
1831:(born–died)
1805:Independent
1790:(1919–2010)
1760:Independent
1746:(1913–1989)
1716:Independent
1702:(1891–1993)
1658:(1892–1982)
1628:Independent
1618:9 June 1947
1614:(1883–1972)
1584:Independent
1570:(1885–1947)
1535:Left office
1532:Took office
1499:Lech Wałęsa
1446:Hugon Hanke
1225:Middle East
1217:Anders Army
875:), was the
540:Authorities
431:Preceded by
384:5 July 1945
197:(1940–1990)
185:(1939–1940)
93:(1956–1990)
4060:Categories
3942:Yugoslavia
3794:Luxembourg
3692:Jan Šrámek
3465:Multimedia
2834:(Editor).
2732:References
2592:Grey Ranks
1514:Presidents
1436:, General
1336:Belarusian
1281:Katyn Wood
1274:Jan Karski
1249:See also:
1109:Under the
1060:Baltic Sea
899:, and the
782:Opposition
679:Gray Ranks
632:Opposition
556:Parliament
546:Government
3346:, Editor
3287:, Editor
3228:Also in:
3057:247048466
2602:Home Army
1825:Portrait
1529:President
1526:Portrait
1473:in 1959.
1332:Ukrainian
1301:Gibraltar
1082:, in the
1078:, in the
810:Education
765:Home Army
724:Home Army
698:Home Army
216:President
61:1939–1990
4045:Thailand
3579:Archived
3555:Archived
3531:Archived
3507:Archived
3272:Page 107
3146:Page 126
3045:(1948).
2722:Smolensk
2628:See also
1463:Holy See
1285:Smolensk
1233:Rommel's
1223:and the
943:Holy See
508:a series
506:Part of
323:Cold War
4021:Denmark
4009:Austria
3652:Belgium
3595:YouTube
3571:YouTube
3547:YouTube
3523:YouTube
3499:YouTube
3186:Page 88
3166:Page 24
3126:Page 15
3000:Page 27
2953:Page 81
2755:Page 20
1324:Kharkiv
1320:Kalinin
1283:, near
1229:British
1092:Cassino
1076:in 1944
1072:in 1940
1056:Romania
1052:Hungary
1015:Ukraine
992:History
893:Germany
400:•
377:•
364:•
334:•
284:(first)
232:(first)
172:de jure
161:Capital
103:Anthem:
3972:(1943)
3894:Poland
3864:Norway
3840:(1940)
3770:(1944)
3747:Greece
3709:France
3413:
3354:
3295:
3268:
3248:
3213:
3182:
3162:
3142:
3122:
3055:
3020:
2996:
2949:
2876:
2841:
2806:
2751:
2666:Polish
2588:, ZWZ)
1541:Party
1497:where
1440:, and
1289:Russia
1261:, and
1199:, 1942
1172:, the
1166:London
1162:Angers
1150:Angers
1100:Arnhem
1098:), at
1096:Ancona
1088:Tobruk
1068:Narvik
1064:Norway
1021:, the
982:London
974:Angers
966:France
924:Allied
895:, the
881:Poland
869:Polish
561:Courts
516:Polish
510:on the
299:(last)
272:
249:(last)
220:
209:Polish
195:London
191:(1940)
189:Angers
168:Warsaw
151:Status
105:
52:Polish
48:
3205:[
2700:Notes
2230:]
1341:Kresy
1328:Poles
1160:near
1013:(now
970:Paris
945:(the
718:with
692:with
183:Paris
3411:ISBN
3352:ISBN
3331:2023
3318:Time
3293:ISBN
3266:ISBN
3246:ISBN
3211:ISBN
3180:ISBN
3160:ISBN
3140:ISBN
3120:ISBN
3053:OCLC
3018:ISBN
2994:ISBN
2947:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2839:ISBN
2804:ISBN
2749:ISBN
1842:Ref.
1828:Name
1387:and
1334:and
1322:and
1221:Iran
1123:Iran
1094:and
1074:and
1054:and
1011:Kuty
859:The
763:and
722:and
696:and
321:and
77:Flag
3593:on
3569:on
3545:on
3521:on
3497:on
2720:in
2525:16
2484:15
2443:14
2402:13
2361:12
2320:11
2279:10
1821:No.
1672:PPS
1522:No.
1299:at
891:by
879:of
351:to
4062::
3981:,
3974:,
3967:,
3960:,
3920:,
3913:,
3842:,
3772:,
3765:,
3363:^
3315:.
3304:^
3277:^
3065:^
3032:^
2945:,
2862:^
2850:^
2815:^
2802:,
2791:^
2773:^
2668::
2238:9
2228:pl
2190:8
2149:7
2108:6
2067:5
2026:4
1985:3
1968:†
1941:1
1900:2
1859:1
1457:,
1307:.
1287:,
1257:,
1253:,
1102:,
1005:,
907:.
871::
3629:e
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3577:(
3561:)
3553:(
3537:)
3529:(
3513:)
3505:(
3419:.
3333:.
3059:.
2966:.
2919:(
2724:.
2690:"
2686:"
2664:(
2608:)
2604:(
2598:)
2594:(
2582:(
1766:6
1722:5
1678:4
1634:3
1590:2
1546:1
1465:(
1187:"
1066:(
867:(
848:e
841:t
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174:)
170:(
54:)
50:(
20:)
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