Poles in Lithuania

1815: 1195: 1179: 1242:(not including Vilnius and Klaipėda regions), there were 65,600 Poles in Lithuania (3.2% of the total population). Although according to Polish Election Committee in fact the number of Poles was 202,026, so about 10% of total population. The Poles were concentrated in the districts of Kaunas, Kėdainiai, Kaišiadorys and Ukmergė, in each of which they constituted 20–30% of the population. In 1919, Poles owned 90% of estates larger than 100 ha. By 1928, 2,997 large estates with a total area of 555,207 ha were parceled out, and 52,935 new farms were created in their place and given to Lithuanian peasants. 1806:(formerly spelled "Evelina Dobrovolska"), but requests for name changes from the general population were low. From May 2022 when law came into action until the end of July 2023 only 337 people changed their names to include non-Lithuanian language symbols and only less than 5 of those declared to be of Polish descent. By the end of August 2023 the number of people of Polish descent that changed their names to include non-Lithuanian symbols increased to 203 which was approximately 0.11% of all Poles in Lithuania. 1512:, the Polish minority was divided into three main groups: Vilnius' inhabitants supported Lithuanian independence, the residents of Vilnius' southeastern districts and Šalčininkai were pro-Soviet, while the third group scattered throughout the country did not have a clear position. According to surveys from the spring of 1990, 47% of Poles in Lithuania supported the pro-Soviet Communist party (in contrast to 8% support among ethnic Lithuanians), while 35% supported Lithuanian independence. 1161:). It was a kind of "mixed language" serving as an interdialect of the cultural borderland. This language became a gateway to the progressive Slavization of the Lithuanian population. This led to the formation of a compact Polish language area between the Lithuanian and Belarusian language areas, with Vilnius as the center. The position of Vilnius as an important Polish cultural center influenced the development of national identities among 1447:. During 1945–1948, the Soviet Union allowed 197,000 Poles to leave to Poland; in 1956–1959, another 46,600 were able to leave. Ethnic Poles made up 80-91% of Vilnius population in 1944. All Poles in the city were required to register for resettlement. In most cases, the Soviet authorities blocked the departure of Poles who were interwar Lithuanian citizens and only 8.3% (less than 8,000) of those who registered for repatriation in 968:

then gradually decreased to 18,392 in 2005. In September 2003, there were 75 Polish-language general education schools and 52 which provided education in Polish in a combination of languages (for example Lithuanian-Polish, Lithuanian-Russian-Polish). These numbers fell to 49 and 41 in 2011, reflecting a general decline in the number of schools in Lithuania. Polish government was concerned in 2015 about the education in Polish.

6726: 6895: 6789: 2214: 988: 1487: 1462:. The Soviet census of 1959 showed 230,100 Poles concentrated in the Vilnius region (8.5% of the Lithuanian SSR's population). The Polish minority increased in size, but more slowly than other ethnic groups in Lithuania; the last Soviet census of 1989 showed 258,000 Poles (7.0% of the Lithuanian SSR's population). The Polish minority, subject in the past to massive, often voluntary 97: 6907: 2200: 2304:. In the mid-16th century, the Poles became the main group among the Podlachian gentry, which led to demands from the local deputies for the complete union of their lands with Poland. With time, Mazovians also started to predominate in Podlachian towns. The total number of Poles in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania decreased with the loss of Podlachia and lands in Ukraine. 36: 963:, one of the most important reasons to choose Russian language education was the absence of a Polish-language college and university learning in the USSR, and during Soviet times Polish minority students in Lithuania were not allowed to get college/university education across the border in Poland. Only in 2007, the first small branch of the Polish 3864:

expressed a desire to "re-unite" the country with Poland. As a result, the nationalizing Lithuanian state took measures to confiscate Polish-owned land. It also restricted Polish religious services, schools, Polish publications, Polish voting rights. Poles were often referred to in the press in this period as the "lice of the nation"

1082:. This population movement created a fertile ground for socio-cultural Polonization of Lithuanian territories. While Poles and foreigners were generally prohibited from holding public offices in the Grand Duchy, Polish people gradually gained this right through the acquisition of Lithuanian land. Poor nobles from the 1504:

organization which was founded in 1988, considered eastern Lithuania's inhabitants as Polonized Lithuanians. Due to their view of ethnicity as primordial, they argued that the Lithuanian state should work to restore their "true" identity. Although, many Poles in Lithuania do have Lithuanian ancestry,

1222:

the border between independent Lithuania and Poland was drawn more or less according to the linguistic division of the region. Nevertheless, many Poles lived in the Lithuanian state and a significant Lithuanian minority found itself within the Polish borders. The loss of Vilnius was a painful blow to

1009:

of the country and establishment of the union between Poland and Lithuania in 1385. In the 15th and 16th century, the Polish population in Lithuania was not large numerically, but the Poles enjoyed a privileged social status – they were found in highly regarded places and their culture was considered

1580:

Polish–Lithuanian relations eased only in 1994, when both countries signed a treaty of good neighborhood. The treaty protected the rights of the Polish minority in Lithuania and the Lithuanian minority in Poland. It also defined nationality as a matter of individual choice, which was contrary to the

1169:

in the 1880s slowed down the process of Polonization of the ethnically Lithuanian population, but also cemented a sense of national identity among a significant portion of the Polish-speaking Lithuanian population. The feeling of a two-tier Lithuanian-Polish national identity, present throughout the

967:

opened in Vilnius. In 1980 there were 16,400 school students instructed in Polish. Their number declined to 11,400 in 1990. In independent Lithuania between 1990 and 2001, the number of Polish mother tongue children attending schools with Polish as the language of instruction doubled to over 22,300,

254:

in 1795, almost all of Lithuania's nobility, clergy, and townspeople spoke Polish and adopted Polish culture, while still maintaining a Lithuanian identity. In the 19th century, the processes of Polonization also affected Lithuanian and Belarusian peasants and led to the formation of a long strip of

1798:

In 2022, the Seimas passed a law allowing members of ethnic minorities to use the full Latin alphabet, including q, w and x, letters which are not considered part of the Lithuanian alphabet, but not characters with diacritics (such as ł and ä), in their legal name if they declare their status as an

1598:

However, this did not significantly affect Lithuanian politics. In 1996, the special provisions that made an entry of ethno-political parties parliament easier were removed, and from then on they had to meet the usual electoral threshold. The restoration of property lost during the communist period

1330:

regime in 1926, 58 Polish schools were closed, many Poles were incarcerated, and Polish newspapers were placed under strict censorship. Poles also had difficult access to higher education. Over time, the Polish language was also removed from the Church and seminaries. The most tragic episode in the

958:

As of 1980, about 20% of Polish Lithuanian students chose Polish as the language of instruction at school. In the same year, about 60–70% of rural Polish communities chose Polish. However, even in towns with a predominantly Polish population, the share of Polish-language education was less than the

3863:

Lithuanian nationalists resented demands by Poles for greater cultural autonomy (similar to that granted to the Jewish minority), holding that most of Lithuania's Poles were really deracinated Lithuanians who merely needed to be re-Lithuanianized. Resentments were exacerbated when Lithuanian Poles

2510:

The interval between the restoration of diplomatic relations in September 1991 and the signing of the Treaty on Friendly Relations and Good Neighborly Cooperation on April 26, 1994 was probably the most difficult period for Lithuanian-Polish relations (there were even assertions that relations in

1790:

This resolution was challenged in 1999 in the Constitutional Court upon a civil case of a person of Polish ethnicity who requested his name to be entered in the passport in Polish. The Constitutional Court upheld the 1991 resolution. At the same time, it was stressed out citizen's rights to spell

1773:

The official spelling of the all non-Lithuanian (hence Polish) name in a person's passport is governed by the 31 January 1991 Resolution of the Supreme Council of Lithuania No. I-1031 "Concerning name and surname spelling in the passport of the citizen of the Republic of Lithuania". There are the

1655:

Lithuanian constitutional law stipulated that everyone (not only Poles) who has Lithuanian citizenship and resides within the country has to write their name in the Lithuanian alphabet and according to the Lithuanian pronunciation; for example, the name Kleczkowski has to be spelled Klečkovski in

1760:

street signs were considered legal in Lithuania if placed in the areas with significant Polish populations. However, the Law on National Minorities, which guaranteed this, was discontinued. As a result, such signs are now prohibited and Lithuanian courts enforce their removal under the threat of

1565:

Such a situation caused tension in Polish–Lithuanian relations. Direct rule was lifted and local elections were organised in December 1992. The ZPL also strengthened its attitude, demanding that the Polish minority be granted a number of rights, such as the establishment of a Polish university,

1499:

When Lithuania declared its independence from the Soviet Union in 1990 large part of the Polish minority, still remembering the 1950s attempts to ban Polish, was afraid that the independent Lithuanian government might want to reintroduce the Lithuanization policies. Furthermore, some Lithuanian

1098:

used the Polish language already in the 17th century. The Polish language also penetrated other social strata: the clergy, the townspeople, and even the peasants. During the Commonwealth's period, a Polish-dominated territory started to be slowly formed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, such as

4887: 1134:. During the 19th century, Poles were the largest Christian population in Vilnius. They also predominated in the municipal government of the city in the earlier half of the 19th century. The Polish-language university was re-established in Vilnius in 1803 and closed in 1832. After the 1138:, public use of the Polish language and teaching it to peasants, as well as possession of Polish books by the latter became illegal. Notwithstanding their varied ethnic roots, the members of szlachta generally opted for Polish self-identification in the course of the 19th century. 1814: 1014:

Polish peasants and settled them on uncultivated land, but they usually assimilated with Belarusians and Lithuanians peasants within few generations. In the 16th century, the largest concentrations of Poles in the GDL were located in Podlachia, the border areas of

1194: 1778:

2. In the passport of a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania, the first name and surname of persons of non-Lithuanian origin shall be spelt in Lithuanian. On the citizen's request in writing, the name and surname can be spelt in the order established as follows:

1561:

A new Citizenship Law was enacted in December 1991, that granted citizenship to every person that lived in eastern Lithuania before 1940, if they did not have citizenship of another country, thus excluding some persons that emigrated to Lithuania after the war.

4891: 1581:

definition popular among Lithuanian nationalists, and even to the definition given in Lithuania's National Minorities Right Law of 1989, which defined nationality as something inherited. The Treaty defined that to the Polish ethinic minority belongs to

1090:. The number of Poles grew also in the towns, among others in Vilnius, Kaunas, and Grodno. Vilnius became the most important center of the Polish intelligentsia in the Grand Duchy, with Poles predominating in the city in the middle of the 17th century. 722:

The adoption of Polish cultural features by the nobles, townspeople, and clergy in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, combined with an influx of migrants from Poland, created a Lithuanian variant of the Polish language. The local variety of Polish called

3218:

The Union of Lublin (1569) made Poland and Lithuania a single, federated state. Although Lithuania retained the title of grand duchy and its code of laws, its western province Podlasia which had been heavily settled by Polish colonists—was ceded to

1785:

3. The names and surnames of the persons, who have already possessed citizenship of other State, shall be written according to the passport of the State or an equivalent document available in the passport of the Republic of Lithuania on its issue.

1535:, which doomed any prospect of a return to Soviet rule. Simultaneously, after the August Coup's failure, the Polish autonomous region was immediately declared illegal by the Lithuanian government, which instituted direct rule in those areas. 1519:(literally "Unity"), a pro-Soviet movement that opposed Lithuanian independence, was formed. Under local Polish leadership and with Soviet support, the regional authorities in Vilnius and Šalčininkai region declared an autonomous region, the 1699:

rhetoric in media, citing upcoming parliamentary elections as a motive, and asking for better treatment of the ethnic minorities. The association also filed a complaint with the Lithuanian prosecutor, asking for investigation of the issue.

4075:

Było to już po masowej "repatriacji" Polaków z Wileńszczyzny, która w latach 1945–1948 objęła 197 tys. Polaków (w tym z Wilna – 107,6 tys.) oraz kolejnej z lat 1956–1959, która umożliwiła wyjazd do Polski 46,6 tys. osób narodowości

2972:"Атлас Литовской ССР" 1981, Государственный плановый комитет Литовской ССР. Министерство высшего и среднего специального образования Литовской ССР. Главное управление геодезии и картографии при Совете Министров СССР. Москва 1981. 1651:

clause. The citizenship law was under discussion during 2007; it was deemed unconstitutional on 13 November 2006. A proposed constitutional amendment would allow the Polish minority in Lithuania to apply for Polish passports.

1842:) is an ethnic minority-based political party formed in 1994, able to exert significant political influence in the administrative districts where Poles form a majority or significant minority. This party has held seats in the 2113: 1823: 1762: 3502:

Vilnius in the mid-17th century was an impressive and wealthy city While Poles and Roman Catholicism predominated, Vilnius diverse religious and ethno-linguistic groups managed to live together in the fairly tight urban

2571:

Jeografia wschodniéy części Europy czyli Opis krajów przez wielorakie narody słowiańskie zamieszkanych : obejmujący Prussy, Xsięztwo Poznańskie, Szląsk Pruski, Gallicyą, Rzeczpospolitę Krakowską, Krolestwo Polskie i

1325:

Many Poles in Lithuania were signed in as Lithuanians in their passports, and as a result, they also were forced to attend Lithuanian schools. Polish education was organized by the "Pochodnia". After the establishment of

784:. 22,439 Poles (9.5%) speak Russian as their first language, while 17,233 (7.3%) speak Lithuanian. 6,279 Poles (2.7%) did not indicate their first language. The remaining 0.5% speak various other languages. The Polish 5221:

Moore, Irina (2019). "Linguistic landscape as an arena of conflict. Language removal, exclusion, and ethnic idenitity construction in Lithuania (Vilnius)". In Evans, Matthew; Jeffries, Lesley; O'Driscoll, Jim (eds.).

295:, the borders were changed, territorial disputes were suppressed as the Soviet Union exercised power over both countries and a significant part of the Polish population, especially the best-educated, was forcefully 1149:. Linguists distinguish between official Polish language, used in the Church and cultural activities, and colloquial language, closer to the speech of the common people. Inhabitants of a significant part of the 1583:

persons who have Lithuanian citizenship, are of Polish origin or consider themselves to belong to the Polish nationality, culture and traditions as well as viewing the Polish language as their native language.

279:. In its aftermath, the majority of the Polish population living in the Lithuanian lands found themselves within the Polish borders. However, interwar Lithuania still retained a large Polish minority. During 1664:

accepted for further consideration the petition (number 0358/2011) submitted by a Tomasz Snarski about the language rights of Polish minority, in particular about enforced Lithuanization of Polish surnames.

1566:

increasing the rights of the Polish language, increasing subsidies from the central budget, and others. ZPL took part in the 1992 parliamentary elections winning 2.07% of the votes and four seats in Seimas.

5377: 1761:

fines. The refusal of Lithuanian authorities to install or allow bilingual road signs (against the legislative base of Lithuania) in areas densely populated by Lithuanian Poles is at times described by the

1093:

Already at the beginning of the 16th century Polish became the first language of the Lithuanian magnates. In the following century it was adopted by the Lithuanian nobility in general. Even the nobility of

2773:

In the 18th century the Lithuanian nobility accepted Polish as their native language, to be more exact, they adopted the "Lithuanian" variant of the Polish language, the so-called "polszczyzna litewska"

3422: 1799:

ethnic minority and prove that their ancestors used that name. In response, several ethnically Polish Lithuanian politicians changed their legal names to be closer to the Polish spelling, most notably

1577:, AWPL). In January 1995 a new Language Law was enacted which required representatives of local institutions to know Lithuanian language, also all secondary schools were required to teach Lithuanian. 2622: 1621:

asserted that Polish educational institutions in Lithuania are severely underfunded. Similar concerns were voiced in 2007 by a Polish parliamentary commission. According to a report issued by the

1684:

as by a Lithuanian law, all the street name signs must be in a state language. as by constitutional law all names have to be in Lithuanian. Tensions have been reported between the Lithuanian

4888:"The European Parliament considers the rights of the Polish minority in Lithuania to be very important matter. Below is Mr. Tomasz Snarski's account of the Committee on Petitions' meeting" 5939: 5042: 3824:

The irredentist campaign tainted Lithuanian society with currents of hatred and revenge directed against the Poles. In fact, the largest social organization in interwar Lithuania was the

1782:

a) according to pronunciation and without grammatisation (i.e. without Lithuanian endings) or b) according to pronunciation alongside grammatisation (i.e. adding Lithuanian endings).

1444: 2935:

Jankowiak: Polacy na Wileńszczyźnie mówią gwarą białoruską (Mirosław Jankowiak (linguist, specialist in Polish and Belarusian): Poles in Vilnius region do speak Belarusian dialect)

2892:"Czym jest i co zawiera Słownik mówionej polszczyzny północnokresowej (What is "A Dictionary of oral Polish language of the north-eastern borderland" and what does it include?)" 6714: 6183: 5705: 1741:

Until 2022 Lithuania continued to enforce the Lithuanized spelling of surnames of Poles in Lithuania, with some exceptions, in spite of the 1994 Polish–Lithuanian agreement,

1704: 4736: 5274: 5099: 1730:

that the Polish minority in Lithuania is facing discrimination. As mentioned above, Petition 0358/2011 on language rights of Poles living in Lithuania was filed with the

1331:

history of Poles in interwar Lithuania was an anti-Polish demonstration organized by the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union on May 23, 1930 in Kaunas, which turned into a riot.

4673:

5 kadencja, 10 posiedzenie, 1 dzień (15.02.2006) 2 punkt porządku dziennego: Informacja Ministra Spraw Zagranicznych o zadaniach polskiej polityki zagranicznej w 2006 r.

1818:

Elderships where Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance had majority of votes during 2020 Lithuania's parliamentary election (AWPL in pink)

5352: 4737:

Memorandum to the Lithuanian Government Assessment of the progress made in implementing the 2004 recommendations of the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights

738:

and in the northeastern areas in general are very interesting variant of Polishness as this dialect developed in a foreign territory which was mostly inhabited by the

330:

districts. In the city of Vilnius alone there are more than 85,000 Poles, who make up about 15% of the Lithuanian capital's population. Most Poles in Lithuania are

5771: 5666: 5639: 1569:

In 1994, Lithuanian parliament limited participation in local elections to political parties, accordingly ZPL established Electoral Action for Lithuanian Poles (

346:

According to the Lithuanian census of 2021, the Polish minority in Lithuania numbered 183,421 persons or 6.5% of the population of Lithuania. It is the largest

1595:(the so-called "Frunda Report"), which criticized Lithuanian policy toward the Polish minority, particularly the lack of recognition of the Polish university. 5929: 2982: 6666: 5163: 4153:

Streikus, Arūnas (2016). "Religious Life in a Displaced Society: The Case of Post-war Lithuania, 1945–1960". In Balkelis, Tomas; Davoliūtė, Violeta (eds.).

2999: 296: 4959: 2472:

In a letter written to Vytautas Landsbergis in December of 1991, Polish President Lech Walesa described Lithuanian-Polish relations as "close to critical."

1643:, issued in 2007, stated that on the whole, minorities were integrated quite well into the everyday life of Lithuania. The report expressed a concern with 4706: 2830: 2619: 5934: 4308: 3841: 3017: 1873:) is an organization formed in 1989 to bring together Polish activists in Lithuania. It numbers between 6,000 and 11,000 members. Its work concerns the 1599:

was also a burning issue, which was implemented very slowly in the lands inhabited by Poles. Poles protested against the expansion of Vilnius' borders.

6350: 6072: 6692: 5465: 527:

Lithuanian municipalities with a Polish minority exceeding 15% of the total population (according to the 2021 census) are listed in the table below:

6707: 5186: 1558:. On 29 January 1991, Lithuanian government granted minorities right of schooling in their native language and use of it in official institutions. 2639: 6605: 1555: 4330:

For example, in Vilnius where in the Soviet years education in Polish was offered by some 13–14 schools, only 25 percent of the children born to

863: 594: 367: 327: 5254: 5046: 1847: 1613:

stated, in a report issued in 2001, that the Polish minority had issued complaints concerning its status in Lithuania, and that members of the

1178: 914: 632: 5494: 2301: 6168: 5899: 5755: 4640: 4621: 4602: 4583: 4540: 4521: 4502: 4466: 4354: 4137: 3748: 3564:

Weeks, Theodore. R (2013). "Jews and others in Vilna-Wilno-Vilnius: Invisible neighbors, 1831-1948". In Bartov, Omer; Weitz, Eric D. (eds.).

3468: 3393: 3354: 3310: 3277: 2766: 2649: 2433: 2406: 2379: 1436: 1532: 6566: 5203: 3825: 2348: 6673: 6024: 1238:, Polish-owned land was confiscated, Polish religious services, schools, publications and voting rights were restricted. According to the 1071:

schools and printing houses in the Grand Duchy, and the life of local protestant congregations. There were also numerous Poles among the

1055:

as the language of Lithuanian elite after the latter had switched to speaking Ruthenian and Polish at the beginning of the 16th century.

6700: 5145: 1734:

in 2011. Polish Election Action in Lithuania claimed that the education legislation is discriminatory. In 2011, former Polish President

6036: 5924: 251: 5235: 4194: 3660: 3631: 3577: 3495: 3487: 3172: 2697: 2253: 1520: 897: 6012: 5402: 5380:[A lot of noise, but sluggish reality: in total letters w, x or q adapted 337 individuals, out of which Polish less than 5]. 6118: 5854: 5801: 5732: 5586: 5572: 5561: 5140: 4439: 4261: 4162: 3886: 3790: 3685: 3623: 3602: 3548: 3435: 3333: 3044: 2958: 1862: 1692: 1610: 1539: 1051:. During that period, the royal and grand ducal courts were nearly entirely composed of Polish speakers. Polish quickly supplanted 5918: 5378:"Daug triukšmo, bet vangi realybė: iš viso dokumentuose raides w, x ar q įsirašė 337 asmenys, iš jų lenkų tautybės – mažiau nei 5" 4977: 4089: 362:, the capital of Lithuania, has 85,438 Poles, or 15.4% of the city's population. Especially large Polish communities are found in 6814: 6188: 2488: 2450: 2296:

Podlachia was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between the late 13th century and 1569. The region was a sphere of old Polish-

1087: 769:

attested that many of the Vilnius Region's inhabitants who declare Polish nationality speak a Belarusian dialect which they call

4090:"Poles In Lithuania From The Second Half Of 1944 Until 1946: Choosing Between Staying Or Emigrating To Poland (English Summary)" 1617:

criticized the government of Lithuania over alleged discrimination against the Polish minority. In 2006 Polish Foreign Minister

1234:

In interwar Lithuania, people declaring Polish ethnicity were officially described as Polonized Lithuanians who needed to be re-

6652: 6304: 4094: 1800: 1657: 931: 5942:

Report by «Wspólnota Polska», Union of Poles in Lithuania and the Association of Teachers of Polish Schools in Lithuania, 2009

5524: 5310: 2227: 1183: 316: 6806: 6752: 5701: 5126: 4226: 3076: 2530: 1118:

estimated that by the end of the 18th century, Polish and Polonized people constituted 25% of the Grand Duchy's inhabitants.

1083: 4689: 5292: 2873: 2330: 6536: 6065: 5945: 5168: 3618:

Miller, Alekseĭ I. (2008). "Identity and loyalty in the language policy of the Romanov Empire at her Western Borderland".

2242: 1343: 1006: 977: 846: 575: 363: 351: 323: 338:

or Lithuanian, as their first language. Together with Vilnius City, Poles inhabit an area of approximately 4000 km.

5084: 4934: 3068: 2857: 1455: 1207: 880: 789: 613: 138: 1921: 239: 6927: 6659: 6375: 4963: 4287:"Liczebność i rozmieszczenie ludności polskiej na Litwie (Numbers and distribution of Polish population in Lithuania)" 4064:"Liczebność i rozmieszczenie ludności polskiej na Litwie (Numbers and distribution of Polish population in Lithuania)" 3828:(Vilniaus Vadavimo Safunga, or WS), which trumpeted the irredentist line in its magazine "Our Vilnius" (Mūsų Vilnius). 1524: 1166: 824: 536: 260: 3806:

MacQueen, Michael (1998). "The Context of Mass Destruction: Agents and Prerequisites of the Holocaust in Lithuania".

3385: 1989: 1688:

clergy and its Polish parishioniers in Lithuania. The Seimas voted against foreign surnames in Lithuanian passports.

1527:

in Moscow. Yedinstvo, which had never had the approval of the Polish government, collapsed after the failure of the

304: 6885: 6872: 6268: 6107: 5981: 5610: 4913: 4456: 4218: 4129: 4029: 3239: 2903: 2735: 2132: 2128: 1644: 1629: 1490:

Grey: Areas with majority Polish population in Lithuania as of early 2000s. Red: 1920–1939 Polish–Lithuanian border

964: 5959: 5832: 4334:

Polish families attended Polish schools. About 50% of them chose Russian schools, and only 10% Lithuanian schools.

2891: 1215: 1153:

used a variant of the Belarusian language, which was influenced mainly by Polish, referred to as "simple speech" (

268: 6730: 6571: 6561: 6217: 6123: 2996: 1746: 1668:

Representatives of the Lithuanian government demanded removal of illegally placed Polish names of the streets in

1625: 1587:

The situation of the Polish minority assumed international significance again in 1995 after the publication of a

1239: 556: 224: 5473: 2934: 1850:

it received just below 5% of the national vote. The party is more active in local politics and controls several

1454:

In the 1950s the remaining Polish minority was a target of several attempted campaigns of Lithuanization by the

1219: 6770: 6556: 6452: 6370: 6058: 5969: 5003: 4713: 3569: 1855: 243: 5539: 5311:"MINELRES – Minority related national legislation – Lithuania – Constitutional Court ruling on personal names" 4787: 4370:, p. 150; In reality, many Poles in Lithuania were the offspring of Polonized Lithuanians or Belarussians 4315: 3848: 6775: 5919:

Poles In Lithuania From The Second Half Of 1944 Until 1946: Choosing Between Staying Or Emigrating To Poland

2122: 2067: 1975: 1915: 995: 66: 58: 5883: 1113: 1010:

prestigious. With time Polish people became part of the local landowning class. Lithuanian nobles welcomed

6836: 4657: 3566:

Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Borderlands

2285: 1935: 1628:

in 2004, Poles in Lithuania were the second least-educated minority group in Lithuania. The branch of the

1335: 1108: 991: 46: 5183: 6831: 6765: 6631: 6600: 6485: 6205: 4186: 3652: 2802: 2723: 2118: 2020: 1660:

were forced to accept official documents with Lithuanian versions of their names. On April 24, 2012 the

1516: 1475: 1327: 759: 5895: 5879: 5861: 5846: 5780: 5578: 3060: 2890:

Grek-Pabisowa, Iryda; Biesiadowska-Magdziarz, Beata; Jankowiak, Mirosław; Ostrówka, Małgorzata (2014).

1897: 2003: 6857: 6588: 6227: 5710: 5452: 5433: 4772: 2101: 2040: 1727: 1002: 5547: 4282: 4247: 4059: 3741:

Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth Century Eastern Europe: History, Data and Analysis

1738:

criticized the government of Lithuania over its alleged discrimination against the Polish minority.

6826: 6680: 6610: 6583: 6551: 6546: 6521: 6365: 5870: 5601: 4844:

Snyder, Tim (1995). "National Myths and International Relations: Poland and Lithuania, 1989–1994".

4210: 4155:

Population Displacement in Lithuania in the Twentieth Century: Experiences, Identities and Legacies

3951: 2183: 2178: 2170: 2165: 2152: 2139: 2105: 2091: 2075: 2062: 2051: 2047: 2035: 2024: 1955: 1950: 1903: 1827: 1803: 1731: 1661: 829: 797: 792:. Most of Poles who live southwards of Vilnius speak a form of Belarusian vernacular called there " 751: 212: 158: 143: 54: 4429: 1695:

issued a letter, addressed to Lithuania's government, complaining about anti-minority (primarily,

764: 6626: 6464: 5765: 5660: 5633: 4869: 3382:

Geograficzno-polityczne uwarunkowania sytuacji mniejszości polskiej na Litwie i Łotwie po 1990 r.

3145: 1891: 1228: 1141:

In the 19th century Polish culture was spreading among the lower classes of Lithuania, mainly in

1052: 5720: 3678:

Citizenship and Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth. Poland–Lithuania in Context, 1550–1772

2157: 2080: 6021: 5865: 5674:

Kupczak, Janusz M. (1998). "Z problematyki stosunków narodowościowych na Litwie współczesnej".

4653: 4458:

Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe

6576: 6437: 6422: 6407: 6402: 6222: 6163: 5850: 5797: 5751: 5728: 5582: 5557: 5551: 5231: 4861: 4739: 4462: 4435: 4257: 4251: 4222: 4190: 4158: 4133: 4041: 3882: 3786: 3744: 3681: 3656: 3627: 3598: 3573: 3544: 3491: 3431: 3389: 3329: 3273: 3168: 3137: 3072: 3040: 2954: 2917: 2762: 2739: 2645: 2429: 2402: 2375: 2273: 1851: 1735: 1640: 1588: 1011: 662: 292: 5821: 1227:

demand for its recovery became one of the most important elements of socio-political life in

680: 6899: 6819: 6794: 6531: 6516: 6459: 6447: 6412: 6355: 6309: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6232: 6212: 6200: 6195: 6173: 6158: 6153: 6113: 6033: 4853: 3815: 3201: 3127: 2947:

Kalbų paplitimas rytų Lietuvoje (The distribution of the languages in the east of Lithuania)

2907: 2484: 2219: 1969: 1742: 1592: 1135: 834: 335: 308: 154: 17: 6045: 5991: 5100:

Związek Polaków na Litwie apeluje o zaprzestanie kampanii przeciwko mniejszościom narodowym

4286: 4063: 2951:

Lietuvos rytai; straipsnių rinkinys (The east of Lithuania; the collection of the articles)

2672: 710: 319:

were tense in the 1990s due to alleged discrimination of the Polish minority in Lithuania.

6500: 6495: 6490: 6480: 6432: 6427: 6417: 6360: 6329: 6314: 6288: 6283: 6273: 6081: 6040: 6028: 6016: 6009: 5190: 4693: 3003: 2877: 2815: 2724:"Languages in Contact and Conflict on the Territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL)" 2626: 2534: 2277: 2007: 1993: 1979: 1939: 1925: 1909: 1866: 1835: 1648: 1570: 1551: 1543: 1339: 1154: 1130:, which included the territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that were annexed by the 1079: 839: 801: 347: 331: 204: 134: 6000: 2786: 2524:

Eastern Europe's Old Memories and New Realities: Resurrecting the Polish–Lithuanian Union

2284:

in the source), which in 1825 included most of modern Lithuania, except the lands now in

2087: 731: 692: 674: 6050: 5785:

Global Convulsions: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism at the End of the Twentieth Century

2344: 994:

was the first Bishop of Vilnius. He is depicted in the fresco "Baptism of Lithuania" by

6541: 6526: 6334: 6324: 6319: 5742:

Rachuba, Andrzej (2010). "Litwini". In Kopczyński, Michał; Tygielski, Wojciech (eds.).

4981: 4178: 4126:

Germans to Poles Communism, Nationalism and Ethnic Cleansing after the Second World War

4103: 1792: 1757: 1721: 1703:

The Law on Ethnic Minorities lapsed in 2010. As of 2023 Lithuania has not ratified the

1685: 1622: 1509: 1471: 1458:, which tried to stop any teaching in Polish; those attempts, however, were stopped by 1235: 1214:

and a foiled attempt at a Polish coup of the Lithuanian government. As a result of the

1211: 1162: 1150: 1146: 1131: 1032: 781: 743: 735: 355: 312: 300: 276: 232: 171: 122: 5353:"Lithuania's justice minister changes her name under new law allowing Polish spelling" 5329:"Dobrowolska, Tomaszewski and Pietkiewicz: Poles in Lithuania gear up for name change" 2495: 2457: 1877:

of the Polish minority and engages in educational, cultural, and economic activities.

1078:

The influx of Poles to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania significantly increased after the

6921: 6911: 6593: 6085: 5259: 4873: 4331: 3149: 2345:"Population by religious community to which they attributed themselves and ethnicity" 2205: 1669: 1618: 1467: 1463: 1448: 1187: 960: 793: 774: 191: 148: 5902:[Surnames of Suvalkai and Augustavas region. Outline of Polonization (II)]. 4802: 3881:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. p. 189. 6380: 4817: 4672: 2144: 1874: 1673: 1440: 1127: 780:

Out of the 234,989 Poles in Lithuania, 187,918 (80.0%) consider Polish to be their

747: 307:. At the same time, a significant number of Poles relocated from nearby regions of 288: 280: 247: 62: 5553:

Taming Nationalism?: Political Community Building in the Post-Soviet Baltic States

5448: 5429: 4253:

Taming Nationalism?: Political Community Building in the Post-Soviet Baltic States

1044: 987: 4752: 4686: 3780: 2570: 2527: 2423: 2396: 2369: 1791:

their name whatever they like in areas "not linked with the sphere of use of the

322:

Currently, the Polish population is grouped in the Vilnius region, primarily the

6862: 6743: 6442: 5495:"Litewski rząd powołał wiceministra ds. mniejszości narodowych :: polityka" 5141:"Situation of Polish minorities in Lithuania is a discrimination of EU citizens" 4857: 4028:

Srebrakowski, Aleksander (2000). Brazis, Romuald; Wołkonowski, Jarosław (eds.).

3620:

Romanov Empire and Nationalism: Essays in the Methodology of Historical Research

2870: 1677: 1224: 1056: 959:

percentage of Poles. Even though, historically, Poles tended to strongly oppose

739: 264: 187: 183: 5293:"MINELRES – Minority related national legislation – Lithuania – Personal Names" 5112: 3132: 3115: 1486: 1005:. Poles started to migrate to the Grand Duchy in more noticeable numbers after 6852: 6784: 2195: 1681: 1142: 1068: 949: 686: 256: 96: 5204:"Polacy na Litwie zapiszą nazwisko w oryginalnej wersji. Jeśli pracują w MSZ" 4938: 4865: 4831: 4183:

The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

4045: 3141: 3037:

Social and Cultural Relations in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Microhistories

2921: 2743: 1231:

and resulted in the emergence of hostility and resentment against the Poles.

6734: 6725: 6178: 5692: 5227: 5113:"Statement by Knut Vollebaek, OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities" 5021: 3875:

It was the only census carried out in Lithuania during the interwar period.

2247: 1206:

From 1918 to 1921 there were several conflicts, such as the activity of the

1095: 1067:

to Polish. Since the second half of the 16th century, Poles predominated in

1020: 1016: 785: 698: 668: 228: 4396: 2912: 1538:

In April 1989, another more moderate organization of Lithuanian Poles, the

3819: 3236:

The Cambridge History of Poland: From Augustus II to Pilsudski (1697–1935)

2880:. Data from Statistikos Departamentas, 2001 Population and Housing Census. 2789:(in Polish). Polska Akademia Umiejętności, Komisja Języka Polskiego: 80–85 2673:"Census 2021. Largest ethnic groups in Vilnius county (predefined tables)" 1656:

official documents. Poles who registered for Lithuanian citizenship after

6867: 6100: 6010:

Srebrakowski A., Rozwój polskojęzycznej prasy na terenie Litwy po 1944 r.

2232: 1609:

Tensions arose regarding Polish education and the spelling of names. The

1199: 1126:

Until the 1830s, Polish was the administrative language in the so called

1048: 755: 727:

became the native tongue of the Lithuanian nobility in the 18th century.

5069: 2489:"From Solidarity to Partnership: Lithuanian-Polish Relations 1988–1998" 2297: 2125:) – (as of 2011) vice-minister of culture in ethnic minorities affairs. 2015: 1633: 1501: 1072: 1028: 1024: 656: 359: 272: 2031:) – former minister of energy, former vice-minister of foreign affairs 5946:

The Polish national minority in Lithuania : three reports later.

4935:"Przedstawiciel rządu na powiat wileński narusza Konwencję Ramową RE" 4401: 2331:"Tautinių mažumų departamentas prie Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės" 1843: 1459: 1104: 1100: 1040: 1036: 704: 5973: 5900:"Suvalkų ir Augustavo krašto pavardės. Polonizacijos apybraiža (II)" 5007: 4960:"Strona nie została znaleziona — EUROPEJSKA FUNDACJA PRAW CZŁOWIEKA" 2114:

Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance

1824:

Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance

5992:

Przestrzeganie praw polskiej grupy etnicznej w Republice Litewskiej

5950: 5845:

Zbigniew Kurcz, "Mniejszość polska na Wileńszczyźnie", Wydawnictwo

5727:(in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Historii PAN; Fundacja Pogranicze. 5615:. Vol. I – Vilniaus Istorija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Edukologija. 5275:"Ethnic street signs raise old tensions over identity in Lithuania" 5043:"Seimas votes against original foreign surnames in passports again" 3649:

The Soviet-Polish Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe

354:. Poles are concentrated in the Vilnius Region. Most Poles live in 5837: 5529: 5328: 5164:"Lithuanian education act is 'discrimination' say Polish minority" 2398:

Race, Ethnicity and Nation: Perspectives from Kinship and Genetics

2237: 1813: 1528: 1485: 1360: 1193: 1064: 1060: 986: 816: 5653:

Hostages of history. The Polish minority in post-Soviet Lithuania

3541:

The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe

3018:"The meeting of deputy ministers of education – Poland–Lithuania" 2494:. Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review, 1998, issue 2. Archived from 5255:"Dyskryminacja Polaków na Litwie. Zbierają pieniądze na grzywnę" 2511:

this period were "in some ways even worse than before the war").

1614: 387: 284: 6696: 6054: 6022:

Srebrakowski A., Szkolnictwo polskojęzyczne na Litwie 1944–1991

5649:

Zakładnicy historii. Mniejszość polska w postradzieckiej Litwie

5626:

National Relations in the Vilnius Region in the Years 1920–1939

4788:

Mickiewicz czy Mickevičius? WALKA O POLSKIE NAZWISKA NA LITWIE

2300:

settlement and was governed according to the Polish law since

815:

Absolute numbers with Polish language education at Lithuanian

29: 5781:"Nationality Questions in the Baltic. The Lithuanian Example" 5468:

Kultūros ministerijoje pradėjo dirbti trečiasis viceministras

3785:. Vilnius: Lietuvos rašytojų sąjungos leidykla. p. 263. 3424:

Deklasacja drobnej szlachty na Litwie i Białorusi w XIX wieku

2603: 2601: 2456:. Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review. p. 5. Archived from 948:

Absolute number with Polish language education at Lithuanian

5994:(Respecting the rights of the Polish minority in Lithuania) 5622:

Stosunki narodowościowe na Wileńszczyźnie w latach 1920–1939

4696:, Komisja Spraw Emigracji i Łączności z Polakami za Granicą. 4030:"Historyczne podłoże współczesnych postaw Polaków na Litwie" 2698:"Rodiklių duomenų bazė - Oficialiosios statistikos portalas" 382: 2981:

Mercator – Education information, documentation, research.

1523:. The same Polish politicians later voiced support for the 531:

Poles in Lithuania according to the 2021 Lithuanian census

255:

land with a predominantly Polish population, stretching to

3326:

Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations

3251: 3249: 2985:

see: graph on p.16 (PDF file, 2.2 MB) Accessed 2008-01-14.

2858:""Mowa prosta" jest dla mnie synonimem gwary białoruskiej" 1445:

forcibly exchanged population between Poland and Lithuania

4492: 4490: 4344: 4342: 3035:

Butterwick, Richard; Pawlikowska, Wioletta, eds. (2019).

2583:

Atlas of Lithuanian SSR, Moscow, 1981 (in Russian), p.129

1170:

period, had to give way to a clear national declaration.

5813:

Kultura Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Analizy i obrazy

3270:

The Union of Lublin, Polish Federalism in the Golden Age

2644:. Lietuvos statistikos departamentas. 2012. p. 20. 1750: 734:'s article published in 1931, the Polish dialect in the 5921:, The Lithuanian Institute of History, January 19, 2006 5820:

Turska, Halina (1930). "Język polski na Wileńsczyzne".

4818:

Michal Klečkovskis walczy o rodowe nazwisko Kleczkowski

2250:, Polish cultural association in the interwar Lithuania 5748:

Under a Common Sky. Peoples of the former Commonwealth

4009:"Drugi Powszechny Spis Ludności z dnia 9 XII 1931 r". 3726: 3714: 2451:"Is Lithuania a Northern or Central European Country?" 1846:(Parliament of Lithuania) for the past decade. In the 1346:, which had a significant Polish speaking population. 6883: 4890:. European Foundation of Human Rights. Archived from 4803:

Polak z Wilna walczy o polską pisownię swego nazwiska

3165:

Multinational Lithuania: History of Ethnic Minorities

2526:, East European Politics and Societies 1993; 7; 370, 1107:(since the early 15th century). The Polish historian 1059:

gave another impetus to the spread of Polish, as the

358:(170,919 people, or 21% of the county's population); 6046:

Srebrakowski A., Statystyczny obraz Polaków z Litwy.

4654:

Lithuania -Country Reports on Human Rights Practices

4434:. Aldershot: Cornell University Press. p. 130. 3952:"National minorities in the Baltic states 1919–1940" 1765:

and some Polish media as linguistic discrimination.

1334:

A large portion of the Vilnius area was part of the

1186:

of Polish minority in Lithuania (in brown) in 1923,

334:

and speak Polish, although a minority of them speak

6845: 6804: 6750: 6644: 6619: 6509: 6473: 6395: 6343: 6297: 6241: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6092: 5744:

Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej

5403:"Asmenvardžius Lietuvoje pasikeitė jau 752 asmenys" 4256:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 147–148. 4215:

Polacy w niepodległym państwie litewskim. 1918–1940

1705:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

177: 164: 128: 116: 106: 5723:; Bronius Makauskas (2005). Andrzej Koryna (ed.). 5525:"Etnografinės Lietuvos Rytinės ir Pietinės Sienos" 3676:Friedrich, Karin; Pendzich, Barbara, eds. (2009). 1972:– a Polish autonomist leader during the late 1980s 1854:. It cooperates with other minorities, mainly the 750:, and to prove this Otrębski provided examples of 350:in modern Lithuania, the second largest being the 250:of its elite and upper classes. At the end of the 5940:Observance of Polish minority rights in Lithuania 4846:East European Politics and Societies and Cultures 4660:, February 23, 2001. Accessed September 14, 2007. 2325: 2323: 2321: 4687:Posiedzenie Komisji w dniu 11 kwietnia 2007 roku 4314:. Stanford University. p. 4. Archived from 3847:. Stanford University. p. 4. Archived from 3202:"History of Belarus. Lithuanian and Polish rule" 1636:educates mostly members of the Polish minority. 1174:Interwar period and Second World War (1918–1944) 263:led to conflicts between both groups. Following 5405:[Names already changed by 752 people]. 3766:P.O.W.: (Polska Organizacja Wojskowa) Lietuvoje 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 1063:and other religious texts were translated from 796:", that contains many substratical relics from 788:spoken by Lithuanian Poles is classified under 231:'s total population, are the country's largest 5962:(Polonia worldwide) with section on Lithuania 5224:The Routledge Handbook of Language in Conflict 4773:Polish press review – Government & Economy 3430:. Oficyna Wydawnicza "Ajaks". pp. 10–11. 2487:; Evaldas Ignatavičius; Izolda Bričkovskienė. 2428:. University of Washington Press. p. 63. 1550:, ZPL), was established. Its first leader was 1505:they considered themselves ethnically Polish. 283:, the Polish population was persecuted by the 267:and the rebirth of both states, there was the 6708: 6066: 5930:The Polish language in education in Lithuania 3973:Bitter glory: Poland and its fate, 1918–1939. 3109: 3107: 2968: 2966: 2058:) – secretary of Ministry of National Defence 1165:peasants in the region. The emergence of the 1001:First Polish people in Lithuania were mainly 65:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 8: 5874:(in Lithuanian). Vol. 9. pp. 7–11. 4753:"Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas" 4277: 4275: 4273: 3996: 3984: 3937: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3098: 3007:. ENRI-East Research Report #8. 2011. p. 18. 2759:National minorities in Lithuania: an outline 2607: 2592: 1190:, based on the election results in Lithuania 373: 89: 5725:Kraje bałtyckie w latach przełomu 1934–1944 5085:Litwa: Polacy zwracają się do władz o pomoc 4461:. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. 4307:Fearon, James D.; Laitin, David D. (2006). 3840:Fearon, James D.; Laitin, David D. (2006). 3782:Mykolas Sleževičius: advokatas ir politikas 3779:Julius, Būtėnas; Mečys Mackevičius (1995). 3467:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTopolska1987 ( 3353:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTopolska2002 ( 3309:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTopolska1987 ( 3229: 3227: 6715: 6701: 6693: 6143: 6136: 6073: 6059: 6051: 5770:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5665:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5638:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4639:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBudryte2005 ( 4620:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBudryte2005 ( 4601:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBudryte2005 ( 4582:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBudryte2005 ( 4539:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBudryte2005 ( 4520:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBudryte2005 ( 4501:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBudryte2005 ( 4353:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBudryte2005 ( 4242: 4240: 4238: 3879:Lietuvos gyventojai: Per du tūkstantmečius 3514: 2983:The Polish language education in Lithuania 2896:Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 2641:Lithuanian 2011 Population Census in Brief 1774:following options. The law says, in part: 1591:report prepared by a commission headed by 1451:in 1945–1946 managed to leave for Poland. 1353: 1244: 811: 529: 372: 101:Polish minority marching in Vilnius (2008) 88: 5984:(Fate of Polish population in Lithuania) 5715:. Superintendent of Government Documents. 4914:"Przecież jestem Snarski, a nie Snarskis" 4707:"RAXEN_CC National Focal Point Lithuania" 3702:Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia Vol. 11 3450: 3408: 3367: 3292: 3255: 3187: 3131: 2911: 2871:Population by ethnicity and mother tongue 2787:"Język Polski. 1931, nr 3 (maj/czerwiec)" 2785:Nitsch, Kazimierz; Otrębski, Jan (1931). 2374:. Cornell University Press. p. 230. 1470:, and recently to voluntary processes of 1246:Polish schools in the interwar Lithuania 1223:Lithuanian aspirations and identity. The 315:. After Lithuania regained independence, 6034:Srebrakowski A., Polacy w Litewskiej SRR 5953:(Organizations of Polonia in Lithuania) 5811:Trimonienė, Rita (2006). "Polonizacja". 5158: 5156: 4423: 4421: 4419: 3462: 3380:Leśniewska-Napierała, Katarzyna (2015). 3348: 3304: 3272:. East European Monographs. p. 62. 2829:Martinkėnas, Vincas (19 December 2016). 1177: 1122:Lithuania under Russian rule (1795–1918) 242:, there was an influx of Poles into the 6890: 6667:Polish population transfers (1944–1946) 5886:[Polish-speaking Lithuanians]. 5866:"Lietuviškos ir nelietuviškos pavardės" 5620:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz, Joanna (2010). 5540:"Lietuvos gyventojai tautybės požiūriu" 4634: 4615: 4596: 4577: 4534: 4515: 4496: 4367: 4348: 3526: 2546: 2317: 2265: 1556:1991 Lithuanian independence referendum 259:and including Vilnius. The rise of the 5833:"Sąmokslas prieš lietuviškas pavardes" 5763: 5658: 5631: 5574:Baltic Independence and Russian Empire 5249: 5247: 5045:. Lithuaniatribune.com. Archived from 3768:. Kaunas: Spaudos fondas. p. 184. 2856:Jankowiak, Miroslaw (26 August 2015). 2811: 2800: 2425:The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795 1848:2020 Lithuanian parliamentary election 1763:Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania 983:Grand Duchy of Lithuania (before 1795) 4834:, Tygodnik Wileńszczyzny, no.31, 2005 4390: 4388: 2945:Valerijus Čekmonas, Laima Grumadaitė 1474:, shows many and increasing signs of 223:, estimated at 183,000 people in the 7: 4916:(in Polish). Wyborcza.pl. 2002-02-03 4565: 4553: 4481: 4379: 3826:League for the Liberation of Vilnius 2831:"Vilniaus ir jo apylinkių čiabuviai" 2558: 2522:Stephen R. Burant and Voytek Zubek, 2349:Department of Statistics (Lithuania) 117:Regions with significant populations 5647:Jundo-Kaliszewska, Barbara (2019). 5146:European Foundation of Human Rights 3543:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 137. 2902:(49). Institute of Slavic Studies, 2620:Data from Statistikos Departamentas 1711:Difficulties of the Polish minority 1268:Number of Polish elementary schools 1202:Lithuanian state, between 1923–1924 5783:. In van Horne, Winston A. (ed.). 5193:". Radio Poland. 7 September 2011. 3488:Northern Illinois University Press 3484:Vilnius between Nations, 1795–2000 2371:Vilnius between Nations, 1795–2000 2254:Polish National Territorial Region 1521:Polish National Territorial Region 1355:Polish population in 1959 (≥ 20%) 1287:Number of employed Polish teachers 652:Top 10 cities by number of Poles: 25: 6119:Polish occupation zone in Germany 5925:Chronology for Poles in Lithuania 5792:Srebrakowski, Aleksander (2001). 5556:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. 5184:Walesa declines Lithuanian honour 4455:Petersen, Roger D. (2002-09-02). 3624:Central European University Press 3421:Sikorska-Kulesza, Joanna (1995). 2368:Weeks, Theodore R. (2015-12-04). 2177:Zbigniew Balcewicz – politician ( 1863:Association of Poles in Lithuania 1693:Association of Poles in Lithuania 1611:United States Department of State 1540:Association of Poles in Lithuania 368:Šalčininkai District Municipality 6905: 6893: 6787: 6724: 5982:Losy ludności polskiej na Litwie 5849:, Wrocław 2005, ISSN 0239-6661, 5455:. Last accessed 20 January 2007. 5436:. Last accessed 20 January 2007. 5430:AKCJA WYBORCZA POLAKÓW NA LITWIE 4088:Stravinskienė, Vitalija (2004). 3234:Reddaway he, W. F., ed. (1950). 2997:The Polish Minority in Lithuania 2212: 2198: 2164:Irena Litwinowicz – politician ( 2151:Michał Mackiewicz – politician ( 1840:Akcja Wyborcza Polaków na Litwie 1756:In 1989–2010, Lithuanian-Polish 1575:Akcja Wyborcza Polaków na Litwie 95: 49:to read and navigate comfortably 34: 6674:Repatriation of Poles (1955–59) 6653:Colonization attempts by Poland 6003:(Lithuanian law on minorities) 5884:"Lenkiškai kalbantys lietuviai" 5598:Poland: the conquest of history 5538:Butkus, A. (16 December 2015). 5409:(in Lithuanian). 21 August 2023 4431:Ethnic Politics After Communism 3328:. Viking Penguin. p. 261. 2422:Stone, Daniel Z. (2014-07-01). 2401:. Berghahn Books. p. 152. 1658:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1533:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 1439:and shortly after the war, the 1342:, particularly the area of the 5702:Committee for a Free Lithuania 5384:(in Lithuanian). 4 August 2023 4775:. Wirtualna Polska, 10/08/2007 3808:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 3595:A History of the Baltic States 3208:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 3163:Potašenko, Grigorijus (2008). 730:According to Polish professor 252:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1: 5951:Organizacje Polonii na Litwie 5796:(in Polish). Adam Marszałek. 4852:(2). SAGE Publications: 322. 4805:, Gazeta Wyborcza, 2005-07-25 3597:. Palgrave. pp. 62, 66. 3120:Lithuanian Historical Studies 3114:Gudavičius, Edvardas (1997). 2243:Lithuanian minority in Poland 1832:Lietuvos lenkų rinkimų akcija 1743:Lithuanian legislative system 1344:Republic of Central Lithuania 978:History of Poles in Lithuania 364:Vilnius District Municipality 5689:Lithuania: Stepping Westward 5523:Budreckis, Algirdas (1967). 4095:Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 3877:Vaitiekūnas, Stasys (2006). 3743:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 179. 3268:Harry E. Dembkowski (1982). 3116:"Lithuania's Road to Europe" 1949:Medard Czobot – politician ( 1456:Communist Party of Lithuania 1208:Polish Military Organisation 1167:Lithuanian national movement 790:Northern Borderlands dialect 366:(46% of the population) and 261:Lithuanian national movement 139:Northern Borderlands dialect 18:Polish minority in Lithuania 6660:Ethnic minorities in Poland 5972:(in Polish). Archived from 5935:Discrimination in Lithuania 5815:. Kraków. pp. 544–560. 5779:Senn, Alfred Erich (1997). 5750:] (in Polish). Warsaw. 5571:Clemens, Walter C. (1991). 4858:10.1177/0888325495009002007 4832:Kleczkowski czy Klečkovski? 3727:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010 3715:Januszewska-Jurkiewicz 2010 3482:Weeks, Theodore R. (2015). 2722:Bednarczuk, Leszek (2013). 2098:) –– politician, journalist 2014:) – former deputy mayor of 1726:There are opinions in some 1525:Soviet coup attempt of 1991 1508:According to the historian 758:. In 2015, Polish linguist 57:content into sub-articles, 6944: 6147:Central and Eastern Europe 5847:Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego 5070:Polacy atakowani w mediach 4130:Cambridge University Press 3593:Andreas, Kasekamp (2018). 3539:Kamusella, Tomasz (2008). 3240:Cambridge University Press 3167:. Šviesa. pp. 23–25. 3133:10.30965/25386565-00201002 2904:Polish Academy of Sciences 2228:Lithuania–Poland relations 2044:) – politician, journalist 1719: 1645:Lithuanian nationality law 1500:nationalists, notably the 1145:and to a lesser degree in 975: 317:Lithuania–Poland relations 6782: 6741: 6124:Poles in the Soviet Union 6001:Polacy na Litwie w prawie 5826:(in Polish). Vol. I. 5449:ZWIĄZEK POLAKÓW NA LITWIE 5087:, interia.pl, 21-05-2008 3975:Hippocrene Books. p. 255. 3971:Richard M. Watt. (1998). 3950:Łossowski, Piotr (1972). 3739:Eberhardt, Piotr (1996). 3039:. Routledge. p. 25. 2994:Arvydas Matulionis et al. 2138:Alina Orłowska – singer ( 1871:Związek Polaków na Litwie 1795:pointed out in the law". 1626:Fundamental Rights Agency 1548:Związek Polaków na Litwie 1350:Soviet period (1944–1990) 1240:Lithuanian census of 1923 947: 814: 400:— 225:Lithuanian census of 2021 182: 169: 133: 121: 111: 94: 27:Ethnic group in Lithuania 6108:Polish-Lithuanian people 5917:Vitalija Stravinskienė, 5655:] (in Polish). Łódź. 5609:Šapoka, Adolfas (2013). 5596:Sanford, George (1999). 5210:(in Polish). 2018-08-12. 4428:Robert G. Moser (2005). 3647:Borzecki, Jerzy (2008). 3570:Indiana University Press 2757:Saulius Kaubrys (2002). 1856:Lithuanian Russian Union 1482:In independent Lithuania 305:Polish People's Republic 244:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 5823:Wilno i Ziemia Wilenska 5794:Polacy w Litewskiej SSR 4219:University of Białystok 3959:Acta Poloniae Historica 3764:Juozas, Rainys (1936). 3324:Davies, Norman (2012). 2133:University of Białystok 1630:University of Białystok 1437:World War II expulsions 1086:rented land from local 1075:residing in Lithuania. 965:University of Białystok 271:, whose main focus was 240:Polish–Lithuanian union 6305:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5831:Veblaitis, P. (1956). 5706:"Extension of Remarks" 5700:Lipscomb, Glenard P.; 4658:US Department of State 4157:. Brill. p. 223. 4124:Service, Hugo (2013). 3680:. Brill. p. 275. 2953:Vilnius 1993; p. 132; 2913:10.11649/sfps.2014.024 2810:Cite journal requires 2281: 2182: 2169: 2156: 2143: 2123:Stanislavas Vidtmannas 2109: 2095: 2079: 2066: 2061:Leokadia Poczykowska ( 2055: 2039: 2028: 2011: 1997: 1983: 1954: 1943: 1929: 1922:Sofija Pšibiliauskienė 1870: 1839: 1831: 1819: 1788: 1691:In late May 2008, the 1574: 1547: 1491: 1336:Second Polish Republic 1203: 1191: 1158: 998: 216: 208: 5004:"The Divine Painting" 4395:Grunskis, Eugenijus. 4187:Yale University Press 3653:Yale University Press 2021:Jarosław Niewierowicz 2000:) – basketball player 1998:Krzysztof Ławrynowicz 1986:) – basketball player 1894:– president of Poland 1817: 1776: 1769:Name/surname spelling 1489: 1216:Polish–Lithuanian War 1197: 1181: 1003:enslaved war captives 990: 825:District municipality 374:Historical population 269:Polish–Lithuanian War 178:Related ethnic groups 112:183,000 (2021 census) 6858:Prussian Lithuanians 6606:United Arab Emirates 5978:(Poles in Lithuania) 5711:Congressional Record 5687:Lane, A. T. (2001). 5602:Taylor & Francis 5453:Encyklopedia Interia 5434:Encyklopedia Interia 5281:. 21 September 2016. 4211:Buchowski, Krzysztof 2761:. Vaga. p. 14. 2728:Acta Baltico‑Slavica 2501:on February 25, 2009 2395:Wade, Peter (2007). 2131:– dean of branch of 2129:Jarosław Wołkonowski 2102:Waldemar Tomaszewski 2068:Leokadija Počikovska 1554:. ZPL supported the 1109:Władysław Wielhorski 1027:, and the cities of 996:Włodzimierz Tetmajer 725:Polszczyzna Litewska 595:Šalčininkai district 146:dialects (primarily 6681:Polish Diaspora Day 5896:Zinkevičius, Zigmas 5882:(31 January 2014). 5880:Zinkevičius, Zigmas 5862:Zinkevičius, Zigmas 5713:Vol. 104 – Appendix 5072:, rp.pl, 21-05-2008 4790:, TVN24, 22.10.2008 3820:10.1093/hgs/12.1.27 3190:, pp. 28, 118. 3061:Błaszczyk, Grzegorz 2629:Accessed 2009-08-09 2286:Suwałki Governorate 2110:Valdemar Tomaševski 1984:Dariusz Ławrynowicz 1936:Marija Lastauskienė 1804:Ewelina Dobrowolska 1732:European Parliament 1662:European Parliament 1647:, which contains a 1356: 1247: 1220:Żeligowski's mutiny 992:Andrzej Jastrzębiec 633:Švenčionys district 532: 375: 91: 6928:Poles in Lithuania 6039:2020-07-16 at the 6027:2019-04-01 at the 6015:2019-04-01 at the 5970:"Polacy na Litwie" 5960:Polonia na świecie 5898:(21 August 2018). 5579:St. Martin's Press 5263:. 20 January 2014. 5189:2017-10-14 at the 4984:on 13 January 2015 4692:2007-12-21 at the 4637:, p. 161-162. 4568:, p. 254-255. 4189:. pp. 91–92. 3388:. pp. 37–38. 3386:University of Łódź 3200:Marples, David R. 3002:2014-03-09 at the 2876:2007-09-29 at the 2625:2016-12-20 at the 2537:(BEHIND A PAYWALL) 2533:2020-05-24 at the 2449:Evaldas Nekrasas. 2272:The number is for 2119:Stanisław Widtmann 2074:Ewelina Saszenko ( 2034:Czesław Okińczyc ( 2029:Jaroslav Neverovič 1990:Kšyštof Lavrinovič 1930:Zofia Przybylewska 1900:– Polish statesman 1892:Gabriel Narutowicz 1852:municipal councils 1820: 1515:In November 1988, 1492: 1478:with Lithuanians. 1354: 1245: 1229:interwar Lithuania 1204: 1192: 999: 972:History until 1990 952:schools was 5,600 760:Mirosław Jankowiak 530: 201:Poles of Lithuania 90:Poles of Lithuania 6881: 6880: 6807:ethnic minorities 6753:ethnic minorities 6690: 6689: 6640: 6639: 6391: 6390: 6086:Polish minorities 5990:Jan Sienkiewicz, 5757:978-83-11-11724-2 4894:on August 2, 2012 4740:Council of Europe 4468:978-0-521-00774-0 4139:978-1-107-67148-5 4011:Statystyka Polski 3997:Srebrakowski 2001 3985:Srebrakowski 2001 3938:Srebrakowski 2001 3926:Srebrakowski 2001 3914:Srebrakowski 2001 3902:Srebrakowski 2001 3750:978-0-7656-1833-7 3411:, pp. 73–74. 3395:978-83-7969-952-0 3279:978-0-88033-009-1 3099:Srebrakowski 2001 3065:Litwa współczesna 2768:978-5-415-01651-8 2651:978-9955-797-16-6 2608:Srebrakowski 2001 2593:Srebrakowski 2001 2435:978-0-295-80362-3 2408:978-1-84545-355-8 2381:978-1-5017-5808-9 2282:Gubernia wileńska 2274:Vilna Governorate 1976:Darjuš Lavrinovič 1916:Michał Pius Römer 1641:Council of Europe 1615:Polish Parliament 1589:Council of Europe 1433: 1432: 1323: 1322: 956: 955: 756:Tutejszy language 650: 649: 545:Total population 525: 524: 293:Post-World War II 197: 196: 84: 83: 16:(Redirected from 6935: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6889: 6797: 6795:Lithuania portal 6792: 6791: 6790: 6729: 6728: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6694: 6144: 6137: 6114:Great Emigration 6075: 6068: 6061: 6052: 6006: 5997: 5987: 5977: 5965: 5956: 5907: 5906:(in Lithuanian). 5891: 5890:(in Lithuanian). 5875: 5842: 5827: 5816: 5807: 5788: 5775: 5769: 5761: 5738: 5721:Łossowski, Piotr 5716: 5696: 5683: 5670: 5664: 5656: 5643: 5637: 5629: 5628:]. Katowice. 5616: 5605: 5592: 5567: 5543: 5534: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5472:. Archived from 5462: 5456: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5251: 5242: 5241: 5226:(1st ed.). 5218: 5212: 5211: 5200: 5194: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5127:"Liste complète" 5123: 5117: 5116: 5109: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5006:. Archived from 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4980:. Archived from 4974: 4968: 4967: 4962:. Archived from 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4937:. Archived from 4931: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4841: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4749: 4743: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4718: 4712:. Archived from 4711: 4703: 4697: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4494: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4425: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4392: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4320: 4313: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4283:Eberhardt, Piotr 4279: 4268: 4267: 4244: 4233: 4232: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4102:. Archived from 4085: 4079: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4060:Eberhardt, Piotr 4056: 4050: 4049: 4034:Studium Vilnense 4025: 4019: 4018: 4006: 4000: 3999:, p. 50-51. 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3853: 3846: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3429: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3135: 3126:(1): 20–21, 25. 3111: 3102: 3101:, pp. 23–25 3096: 3083: 3082: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3014: 3008: 2992: 2986: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2961: 2943: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2915: 2906:: 278–298, 301. 2887: 2881: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2636: 2630: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2500: 2493: 2485:Antanas Valionis 2481: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2462: 2455: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2327: 2305: 2294: 2288: 2270: 2222: 2220:Lithuania portal 2217: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2184:Zbignev Balcevič 2171:Irena Litvinovič 2004:Artur Liudkovski 1970:Anicet Brodawski 1956:Medardas Čobotas 1904:Wiktor Budzyński 1801:Justice Minister 1747:the Constitution 1698: 1639:A report by the 1370:City of Vilnius 1357: 1306:Number of pupils 1248: 1117: 1007:Christianization 812: 768: 576:Vilnius district 548:Number of Poles 533: 389: 384: 376: 352:Russian minority 309:Byelorussian SSR 246:and the gradual 221:Lithuanian Poles 209:Polacy na Litwie 107:Total population 99: 92: 79: 76: 70: 38: 37: 30: 21: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6884: 6882: 6877: 6841: 6800: 6793: 6788: 6786: 6780: 6746: 6737: 6723: 6721: 6691: 6686: 6636: 6615: 6505: 6469: 6387: 6339: 6298:Southern Europe 6293: 6242:Northern Europe 6237: 6128: 6088: 6082:Polish diaspora 6079: 6041:Wayback Machine 6029:Wayback Machine 6017:Wayback Machine 6004: 5995: 5985: 5968: 5963: 5954: 5914: 5894: 5878: 5860: 5830: 5819: 5810: 5804: 5791: 5778: 5762: 5758: 5741: 5735: 5719: 5704:(29 May 1958). 5699: 5686: 5673: 5657: 5646: 5630: 5619: 5608: 5595: 5589: 5581:. p. 150. 5570: 5564: 5546: 5537: 5522: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5479: 5477: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5412: 5410: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5387: 5385: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5362: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5337: 5335: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5315:www.minelres.lv 5309: 5308: 5304: 5297:www.minelres.lv 5291: 5290: 5286: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5253: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5230:. p. 387. 5220: 5219: 5215: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5191:Wayback Machine 5181: 5177: 5162: 5161: 5154: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5052: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4944: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4735: 4731: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4694:Wayback Machine 4683: 4682: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4427: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4406: 4405:(in Lithuanian) 4394: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4292: 4290: 4281: 4280: 4271: 4264: 4246: 4245: 4236: 4229: 4221:. p. 293. 4209: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4179:Snyder, Timothy 4177: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4132:. p. 312. 4123: 4122: 4118: 4109: 4107: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4069: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3970: 3966: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3515:Trimonienė 2006 3513: 3509: 3498: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3427: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3247: 3233: 3232: 3225: 3211: 3209: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3113: 3112: 3105: 3097: 3086: 3079: 3071:. p. 317. 3059: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3004:Wayback Machine 2993: 2989: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2964: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2929: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2878:Wayback Machine 2869: 2865: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2837:(in Lithuanian) 2828: 2827: 2823: 2809: 2799: 2792: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2702:Osp.stat.gov.lt 2696: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2677:osp.stat.gov.lt 2671: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2627:Wayback Machine 2618: 2614: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2535:Wayback Machine 2521: 2517: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2351: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2328: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2308: 2295: 2291: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2158:Michal Mackevič 2088:Jan Sienkiewicz 2081:Evelina Sašenko 2012:Artur Ludkowski 1966: 1944:Maria Lastowska 1910:Kanuty Rusiecki 1898:Józef Piłsudski 1888: 1883: 1881:Prominent Poles 1812: 1771: 1753:" for details. 1749:, see section " 1724: 1718: 1713: 1696: 1649:right of return 1607: 1552:Jan Sienkiewicz 1497: 1484: 1352: 1340:interwar period 1176: 1124: 1111: 1103:, northeast of 1080:Union of Lublin 985: 980: 974: 819:schools (1980) 810: 762: 720: 614:Trakai district 348:ethnic minority 344: 311:to Vilnius and 275:and the nearby 233:ethnic minority 219:), also called 217:Lietuvos lenkai 157: 153: 142: 102: 87: 80: 74: 71: 52: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6941: 6939: 6931: 6930: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6902: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6811: 6809: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6757: 6755: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6697: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6648: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6586: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6376:United Kingdom 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6344:Western Europe 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6171: 6169:Czech Republic 6166: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6031: 6019: 6007: 5998: 5988: 5979: 5976:on 2005-04-03. 5966: 5957: 5948: 5943: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5913: 5912:External links 5910: 5909: 5908: 5892: 5876: 5864:(2010-11-20). 5858: 5843: 5828: 5817: 5808: 5802: 5789: 5776: 5756: 5739: 5733: 5717: 5697: 5684: 5671: 5644: 5617: 5606: 5593: 5587: 5568: 5562: 5548:Dovile Budryte 5544: 5535: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5486: 5457: 5438: 5419: 5394: 5369: 5344: 5320: 5302: 5284: 5266: 5243: 5237:978-1138643840 5236: 5213: 5195: 5175: 5152: 5132: 5118: 5104: 5089: 5074: 5059: 5034: 5013: 5010:on 2006-10-06. 4995: 4969: 4966:on 2013-02-17. 4951: 4926: 4905: 4879: 4836: 4821: 4807: 4792: 4777: 4765: 4744: 4742:, 16 May 2007. 4729: 4698: 4676: 4662: 4646: 4627: 4618:, p. 162. 4608: 4599:, p. 160. 4589: 4580:, p. 158. 4570: 4558: 4556:, p. 255. 4546: 4537:, p. 155. 4527: 4518:, p. 154. 4508: 4499:, p. 153. 4486: 4484:, p. 253. 4474: 4467: 4447: 4440: 4415: 4384: 4382:, p. 252. 4372: 4360: 4351:, p. 148. 4338: 4299: 4269: 4262: 4248:Dovile Budryte 4234: 4227: 4202: 4196:978-0300105865 4195: 4170: 4163: 4145: 4138: 4116: 4080: 4051: 4020: 4001: 3989: 3977: 3964: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3887: 3868: 3832: 3798: 3791: 3771: 3756: 3749: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3693: 3686: 3668: 3662:978-0300121216 3661: 3639: 3633:978-9639776197 3632: 3626:. p. 70. 3610: 3603: 3585: 3579:978-0253006356 3578: 3572:. p. 84. 3556: 3549: 3531: 3519: 3517:, p. 554. 3507: 3497:978-0875807300 3496: 3490:. p. 16. 3474: 3465:, p. 155. 3455: 3451:Potašenko 2008 3443: 3436: 3413: 3409:Potašenko 2008 3401: 3394: 3372: 3368:Potašenko 2008 3360: 3351:, p. 192. 3341: 3334: 3316: 3307:, p. 160. 3297: 3295:, p. 118. 3293:Potašenko 2008 3285: 3278: 3260: 3256:Potašenko 2008 3245: 3242:. p. 437. 3223: 3206:britannica.com 3192: 3188:Potašenko 2008 3180: 3174:978-5430052508 3173: 3155: 3103: 3084: 3077: 3052: 3045: 3027: 3022:www.msz.gov.pl 3009: 2987: 2974: 2962: 2938: 2927: 2882: 2863: 2848: 2821: 2812:|journal= 2777: 2767: 2749: 2714: 2689: 2664: 2650: 2631: 2612: 2597: 2585: 2576: 2563: 2561:, p. 209. 2551: 2539: 2515: 2476: 2441: 2434: 2414: 2407: 2387: 2380: 2360: 2336: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2289: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2209: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2175: 2162: 2149: 2136: 2126: 2116: 2112:) – leader of 2099: 2085: 2072: 2071:) – politician 2059: 2048:Artur Płokszto 2045: 2041:Česlav Okinčic 2032: 2018: 2001: 1987: 1973: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1947: 1933: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1811: 1808: 1793:state language 1770: 1767: 1722:Lithuanization 1717: 1716:Discrimination 1714: 1712: 1709: 1686:Roman Catholic 1623:European Union 1606: 1603: 1510:Alfred E. Senn 1496: 1493: 1483: 1480: 1472:Lithuanization 1431: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1351: 1348: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1212:Sejny uprising 1175: 1172: 1163:Roman Catholic 1151:Vilnius region 1132:Russian Empire 1123: 1120: 984: 981: 973: 970: 954: 953: 945: 944: 941: 938: 935: 928: 927: 924: 921: 918: 911: 910: 907: 904: 901: 894: 893: 890: 887: 884: 877: 876: 873: 870: 867: 860: 859: 856: 853: 850: 843: 842: 837: 832: 827: 821: 820: 809: 806: 782:first language 752:Lithuanianisms 736:Vilnius Region 719: 716: 715: 714: 708: 702: 696: 690: 684: 678: 672: 666: 660: 648: 647: 644: 641: 638: 637:1,692 km 635: 629: 628: 625: 622: 619: 618:1,208 km 616: 610: 609: 606: 603: 600: 599:1,491 km 597: 591: 590: 587: 584: 581: 580:2,129 km 578: 572: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 553: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 523: 522: 519: 516: 512: 511: 508: 505: 501: 500: 497: 494: 490: 489: 486: 483: 479: 478: 475: 472: 468: 467: 464: 461: 457: 456: 453: 450: 446: 445: 442: 439: 435: 434: 431: 428: 424: 423: 420: 417: 413: 412: 409: 406: 402: 401: 398: 395: 391: 390: 385: 380: 356:Vilnius County 343: 340: 332:Roman Catholic 313:Vilnius region 301:Lithuanian SSR 195: 194: 180: 179: 175: 174: 172:Roman Catholic 170:Predominantly 167: 166: 162: 161: 131: 130: 126: 125: 123:Vilnius County 119: 118: 114: 113: 109: 108: 104: 103: 100: 85: 82: 81: 61:it, or adding 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6940: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6913: 6903: 6901: 6891: 6887: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6803: 6796: 6785: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6731:Ethnic groups 6727: 6718: 6713: 6711: 6706: 6704: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6448:United States 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6076: 6071: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5871:Gimtoji kalba 5867: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5855:83-229-2601-4 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5803:83-7174-857-4 5799: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5734:83-88909-42-8 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5588:0-312-04806-8 5584: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5569: 5565: 5563:0-7546-3757-3 5559: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5476:on 2012-08-04 5475: 5471: 5469: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5420: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5359:. 25 May 2022 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5260:Polskie Radio 5256: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5149:. 9 May 2017. 5148: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5060: 5049:on 2012-03-01 5048: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4941:on 2008-01-04 4940: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4766: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4730: 4719:on 2007-06-10 4715: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4612: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4579: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4531: 4528: 4523: 4517: 4512: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4475: 4470: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4451: 4448: 4443: 4441:0-8014-7276-8 4437: 4433: 4432: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4397:""Jedinstvo"" 4391: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4333: 4321:on 2012-10-15 4317: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4263:0-7546-3757-3 4259: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4166: 4164:9789004314092 4160: 4156: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4117: 4106:on 2007-09-27 4105: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4036:(in Polish). 4035: 4031: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4013:(in Polish). 4012: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3990: 3987:, p. 41. 3986: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3943: 3940:, p. 40. 3939: 3934: 3931: 3928:, p. 36. 3927: 3922: 3919: 3916:, p. 38. 3915: 3910: 3907: 3904:, p. 37. 3903: 3898: 3895: 3890: 3888:5-420-01585-4 3884: 3880: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3854:on 2012-10-15 3850: 3843: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3792:9986-413-31-1 3788: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3732: 3729:, p. 45. 3728: 3723: 3720: 3717:, p. 43. 3716: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3689: 3687:9789004169838 3683: 3679: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3658: 3655:. p. 2. 3654: 3650: 3643: 3640: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3604:9781137573643 3600: 3596: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3550:9780230550704 3546: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3529:, p. 34. 3528: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3464: 3463:Topolska 1987 3459: 3456: 3453:, p. 73. 3452: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3437:83-85621-37-7 3433: 3426: 3425: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3384:(in Polish). 3383: 3376: 3373: 3370:, p. 76. 3369: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3350: 3349:Topolska 2002 3345: 3342: 3337: 3335:9780143122951 3331: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3312: 3306: 3305:Topolska 1987 3301: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3261: 3258:, p. 28. 3257: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3046:9781032093055 3042: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2959:9986-09-002-4 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2898:(in Polish). 2897: 2893: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2804: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2715: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2653: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2616: 2613: 2610:, p. 98. 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2595:, p. 71. 2594: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2549:, p. 99. 2548: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2463:on 2009-02-25 2459: 2452: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2418: 2415: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2391: 2388: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2364: 2361: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2210: 2207: 2206:Poland portal 2196: 2191: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2056:Artur Plokšto 2053: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1886:Prior to 1940 1885: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1816: 1810:Organizations 1809: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1619:Stefan Meller 1616: 1612: 1604: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1593:György Frunda 1590: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1494: 1488: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468:Sovietization 1465: 1464:Russification 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1449:Kaunas Region 1446: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1329: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1198:Poles in the 1196: 1189: 1188:interpolation 1185: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1136:1863 uprising 1133: 1129: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1004: 997: 993: 989: 982: 979: 971: 969: 966: 962: 961:Russification 951: 946: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 929: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 912: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 895: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 878: 874: 871: 868: 866:/ Soleczniki 865: 862: 861: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 844: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 822: 818: 813: 807: 805: 803: 799: 795: 794:simple speech 791: 787: 783: 778: 776: 775:simple speech 772: 766: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 717: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 654: 653: 645: 642: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 626: 623: 620: 617: 615: 612: 611: 607: 604: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 588: 585: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 569: 566: 563: 560: 558: 555: 554: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 534: 528: 520: 517: 514: 513: 509: 506: 503: 502: 498: 495: 492: 491: 487: 484: 481: 480: 476: 473: 470: 469: 465: 462: 459: 458: 454: 451: 448: 447: 443: 440: 437: 436: 432: 429: 426: 425: 421: 418: 415: 414: 410: 407: 404: 403: 399: 396: 393: 392: 386: 381: 378: 377: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 341: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 173: 168: 163: 160: 156: 151: 150: 149:Simple speech 145: 140: 136: 132: 127: 124: 120: 115: 110: 105: 98: 93: 78: 68: 64: 60: 56: 50: 48: 43:This article 41: 32: 31: 19: 6760: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6601:Turkmenistan 6486:South Africa 6381:White Polish 6278: 6206:Transnistria 6106: 6099: 5974:the original 5903: 5887: 5869: 5836: 5822: 5812: 5793: 5784: 5747: 5743: 5724: 5709: 5688: 5679: 5675: 5652: 5648: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5597: 5573: 5552: 5528: 5517:Bibliography 5502:. Retrieved 5498: 5489: 5478:. Retrieved 5474:the original 5467: 5460: 5441: 5422: 5411:. Retrieved 5406: 5397: 5386:. Retrieved 5381: 5372: 5361:. Retrieved 5356: 5347: 5336:. Retrieved 5332: 5323: 5314: 5305: 5296: 5287: 5278: 5269: 5258: 5223: 5216: 5208:www.tvp.info 5207: 5198: 5178: 5169:Radio Poland 5167: 5144: 5135: 5121: 5107: 5102:, 21-05-2008 5092: 5077: 5062: 5051:. Retrieved 5047:the original 5037: 5025:. Retrieved 5016: 5008:the original 4998: 4986:. Retrieved 4982:the original 4978:"New Page 1" 4972: 4964:the original 4954: 4943:. Retrieved 4939:the original 4929: 4918:. Retrieved 4908: 4896:. Retrieved 4892:the original 4882: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4824: 4810: 4795: 4780: 4768: 4756:. Retrieved 4747: 4732: 4721:. Retrieved 4714:the original 4701: 4679: 4665: 4649: 4635:Budryte 2005 4630: 4616:Budryte 2005 4611: 4597:Budryte 2005 4592: 4578:Budryte 2005 4573: 4561: 4549: 4535:Budryte 2005 4530: 4516:Budryte 2005 4511: 4497:Budryte 2005 4477: 4457: 4450: 4430: 4407:. Retrieved 4400: 4375: 4368:Clemens 1991 4363: 4349:Budryte 2005 4329: 4323:. Retrieved 4316:the original 4302: 4291:. Retrieved 4252: 4214: 4205: 4182: 4173: 4154: 4148: 4125: 4119: 4108:. Retrieved 4104:the original 4099: 4093: 4083: 4074: 4068:. Retrieved 4054: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4014: 4010: 4004: 3992: 3980: 3972: 3967: 3958: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3878: 3871: 3862: 3856:. Retrieved 3849:the original 3835: 3823: 3814:(1): 22–48. 3811: 3807: 3801: 3781: 3774: 3765: 3759: 3740: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3701: 3696: 3677: 3671: 3648: 3642: 3619: 3613: 3594: 3588: 3565: 3559: 3540: 3534: 3527:Rachuba 2010 3522: 3510: 3501: 3483: 3477: 3458: 3446: 3423: 3416: 3404: 3381: 3375: 3363: 3344: 3325: 3319: 3300: 3288: 3269: 3263: 3235: 3217: 3212:10 September 3210:. Retrieved 3205: 3195: 3183: 3164: 3158: 3123: 3119: 3064: 3055: 3036: 3030: 3021: 3012: 2995: 2990: 2977: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2930: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2866: 2860:(in Polish). 2851: 2839:. Retrieved 2834: 2824: 2803:cite journal 2791:. Retrieved 2780: 2772: 2758: 2752: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2705:. Retrieved 2701: 2692: 2680:. Retrieved 2676: 2667: 2655:. Retrieved 2640: 2634: 2615: 2588: 2579: 2566: 2554: 2547:Sanford 1999 2542: 2523: 2518: 2509: 2503:. Retrieved 2496:the original 2479: 2471: 2465:. Retrieved 2458:the original 2444: 2424: 2417: 2397: 2390: 2370: 2363: 2352:. Retrieved 2339: 2292: 2268: 2145:Alina Orlova 2096:Jan Senkevič 1906:– politician 1875:civil rights 1860: 1821: 1797: 1789: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1755: 1740: 1728:Polish media 1725: 1702: 1697:anti-Polish) 1690: 1674:Raudondvaris 1667: 1654: 1638: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1537: 1514: 1507: 1498: 1476:assimilation 1453: 1441:Soviet Union 1434: 1386:Šalčininkai 1333: 1324: 1305: 1286: 1267: 1233: 1205: 1184:Interwar map 1140: 1128:Western Krai 1125: 1092: 1077: 1000: 957: 917:/ Święciany 900:/ Szyrwinty 779: 770: 746:(mostly) or 732:Jan Otrębski 729: 724: 721: 651: 561:401 km 557:Vilnius city 537:Municipality 526: 345: 321: 289:Nazi Germany 281:World War II 248:Polonization 237: 220: 200: 198: 147: 86:Ethnic group 72: 44: 6863:Samogitians 6771:Belarusians 6744:Lithuanians 6632:New Zealand 6567:Philippines 6371:Netherlands 6228:Switzerland 6005:(in Polish) 5996:(in Polish) 5986:(in Polish) 5964:(in Polish) 5955:(in Polish) 5676:Politologia 5446:(in Polish) 5427:(in Polish) 5097:(in Polish) 5082:(in Polish) 5067:(in Polish) 4829:(in Polish) 4815:(in Polish) 4800:(in Polish) 4785:(in Polish) 4684:(in Polish) 4670:(in Polish) 4309:"Lithuania" 4289:(in Polish) 4066:(in Polish) 4017:(34). 1939. 3842:"Lithuania" 2707:28 February 1736:Lech Wałęsa 1435:During the 1418:Švenčionys 1338:during the 1236:Lithuanized 1225:irredentist 1159:mowa prosta 1147:Aukštaitija 1112: [ 1057:Reformation 864:Šalčininkai 771:mowa prosta 763: [ 744:Belarusized 740:Lithuanians 663:Šalčininkai 551:Percentage 328:Šalčininkai 297:transferred 265:World War I 238:During the 227:or 6.5% of 188:Lithuanians 184:Belarusians 63:subheadings 6853:Kursenieki 6776:Ukrainians 6611:Uzbekistan 6594:Polonezköy 6584:Tajikistan 6552:Kyrgyzstan 6547:Kazakhstan 6522:Azerbaijan 6366:Luxembourg 6351:after 2004 6184:after WWII 6093:Historical 5480:2012-08-13 5413:2023-08-21 5388:2023-08-05 5363:2022-05-26 5338:2022-05-26 5053:2013-10-25 4945:2007-12-28 4920:2013-10-25 4723:2007-08-16 4409:2022-08-20 4332:monoethnic 4325:2008-06-02 4293:2008-06-02 4228:8387881066 4110:2008-06-02 4070:2008-06-02 3858:2008-06-02 3078:8301106670 2841:3 November 2793:3 November 2682:6 February 2505:2008-03-29 2467:2008-03-30 2354:2015-11-10 2312:References 2179:Lithuanian 2166:Lithuanian 2153:Lithuanian 2140:Lithuanian 2135:in Vilnius 2106:Lithuanian 2092:Lithuanian 2084:) – singer 2076:Lithuanian 2063:Lithuanian 2052:Lithuanian 2036:Lithuanian 2025:Lithuanian 1964:Since 1990 1951:Lithuanian 1938:– writer ( 1924:– writer ( 1828:Lithuanian 1720:See also: 1670:Maišiagala 1605:After 2000 1394:Nemenčinė 1328:Valdemaras 1262:1928/1929 1259:1927/1928 1256:1926/1927 1253:1925/1926 1069:Protestant 976:See also: 915:Švenčionys 830:Lithuanian 798:Lithuanian 711:Švenčionys 342:Statistics 257:Daugavpils 213:Lithuanian 159:Lithuanian 144:Belarusian 75:April 2022 59:condensing 6900:Lithuania 6837:Armenians 6735:Lithuania 6627:Australia 6465:Venezuela 6403:Argentina 6279:Lithuania 6179:Ruhrpolen 5766:cite book 5693:Routledge 5661:cite book 5634:cite book 5228:Routledge 4874:143672062 4866:0888-3254 4566:Senn 1997 4554:Senn 1997 4482:Senn 1997 4380:Senn 1997 4076:polskiej. 4046:1648-7907 3961:(25): 98. 3150:221629792 3142:2538-6565 2922:2392-2435 2744:0065-1044 2559:Lane 2001 2248:Pochodnia 1912:– painter 1758:bilingual 1517:Yedinstvo 1495:1990–2000 1402:Eišiškės 1096:Samogitia 1053:Ruthenian 1045:Kėdainiai 1021:Lithuania 1017:Samogitia 898:Širvintos 808:Education 786:regiolect 748:Polonized 742:who were 718:Languages 699:Visaginas 693:Grigiškės 675:Nemenčinė 669:Lentvaris 299:from the 229:Lithuania 129:Languages 67:talk page 55:splitting 53:Consider 6922:Category 6868:Tutejszy 6832:Latvians 6805:Smaller 6766:Russians 6751:Largest 6645:See also 6577:Buryatia 6562:Pakistan 6501:Zimbabwe 6491:Tanzania 6438:Paraguay 6423:Colombia 6396:Americas 6223:Slovakia 6164:Bulgaria 6133:Diaspora 6101:Lechites 6037:Archived 6025:Archived 6013:Archived 5904:alkas.lt 5888:alkas.lt 5550:(2005). 5504:25 April 5499:Kresy.pl 5187:Archived 5027:25 April 4988:25 April 4758:25 April 4690:Archived 4250:(2005). 4213:(1999). 4181:(2003). 4040:(2): 6. 3063:(1992). 3000:Archived 2874:Archived 2835:Alkas.lt 2657:5 August 2623:Archived 2531:Archived 2298:Mazovian 2233:Krajowcy 2192:See also 1918:– lawyer 1751:Surnames 1378:Vilnius 1200:interwar 1088:magnates 1049:Nyasvizh 1012:fugitive 934:/ Orany 883:/ Troki 849:/ Wilno 681:Eišiškės 659:: 85,438 564:556,490 165:Religion 47:too long 6886:Portals 6820:Karaims 6620:Oceania 6557:Lebanon 6532:Georgia 6517:Armenia 6481:Senegal 6460:Uruguay 6356:Belgium 6310:Croatia 6269:Ireland 6264:Iceland 6259:Finland 6254:Estonia 6249:Denmark 6233:Ukraine 6213:Romania 6201:Moldova 6196:Hungary 6174:Germany 6159:Belarus 6154:Austria 5279:Reuters 3704:. 2007. 2574:, p.206 2016:Vilnius 1682:Sudervė 1634:Vilnius 1531:in the 1502:Vilnija 1429:22.87% 1426:Vievis 1421:23.86% 1413:48.17% 1410:Trakai 1405:67.40% 1397:73.21% 1389:83.87% 1381:81.44% 1373:20.00% 1182:Polish 1143:Dzūkija 1073:Jesuits 1029:Vilnius 1025:Belarus 847:Vilnius 835:Russian 754:in the 701:: 2,084 695:: 2,518 689:: 2,681 687:Pabradė 683:: 2,844 677:: 2,858 671:: 2,859 665:: 4,930 657:Vilnius 640:22,966 621:32,042 605:22,934 602:30,052 586:45,020 583:96,295 567:85,438 518:183,000 507:200,000 496:235,000 485:258,000 474:247,000 463:240,000 452:230,000 441:208,000 430:380,000 419:356,000 411:+160.0% 408:260,000 397:100,000 370:(76%). 360:Vilnius 336:Russian 324:Vilnius 303:to the 273:Vilnius 155:Russian 137:(incl. 45:may be 6912:Poland 6827:Tatars 6589:Turkey 6572:Russia 6537:Israel 6496:Uganda 6474:Africa 6433:Mexico 6413:Canada 6408:Brazil 6361:France 6330:Serbia 6315:Greece 6289:Sweden 6284:Norway 6274:Latvia 6218:Russia 6140:Europe 5853: 5800: 5754: 5731: 5612:Raštai 5585: 5560: 5407:lrt.lt 5382:lrt.lt 5357:lrt.lt 5234: 5022:"News" 4898:May 8, 4872: 4864: 4465: 4438: 4402:vle.lt 4260: 4225: 4193: 4161: 4136: 4044: 3885: 3789: 3747: 3684: 3659: 3630: 3601: 3576: 3547: 3503:space. 3494: 3434: 3392: 3332: 3276: 3219:Poland 3171: 3148: 3140: 3075: 3043: 2957: 2920: 2765: 2742: 2738:: 26. 2648: 2528:online 2432: 2405: 2378: 2278:Polish 2008:Polish 1994:Polish 1980:Polish 1940:Polish 1926:Polish 1867:Polish 1844:Seimas 1836:Polish 1571:Polish 1544:Polish 1460:Moscow 1313:4 089 1155:Polish 1105:Kaunas 1101:Liauda 1047:, and 1041:Grodno 1037:Kaunas 937:6,000 932:Varėna 920:1,350 903:2,400 886:2,900 881:Trakai 875:3,200 872:2,050 858:6,400 855:4,150 852:1,250 840:Polish 802:Polish 705:Trakai 646:24.3% 643:5,585 627:27.5% 624:8,823 608:76.3% 589:46.8% 570:15.4% 510:−14.9% 455:+10.6% 444:−45.3% 422:+36.9% 277:region 205:Polish 135:Polish 6846:Other 6761:Poles 6542:Japan 6527:China 6428:Haiti 6418:Chile 6335:Spain 6325:Malta 6320:Italy 5838:Karys 5746:[ 5651:[ 5624:[ 5530:Karys 5333:DELFI 4870:S2CID 4717:(PDF) 4710:(PDF) 4319:(PDF) 4312:(PDF) 3955:(PDF) 3852:(PDF) 3845:(PDF) 3428:(PDF) 3146:S2CID 2572:Litwę 2499:(PDF) 2492:(PDF) 2461:(PDF) 2454:(PDF) 2260:Notes 2238:Kresy 1678:Riešė 1529:GKChP 1361:Raion 1116:] 1084:Crown 1065:Latin 1061:Bible 1033:Brest 950:urban 817:rural 767:] 713:: 860 707:: 938 542:Area 539:name 521:−8.5% 515:2021 504:2011 499:−8.9% 493:2001 488:+4.5% 482:1989 477:+2.9% 471:1979 466:+4.3% 460:1970 449:1959 433:+6.7% 192:Poles 6873:Roma 6815:Jews 6510:Asia 6453:list 6443:Peru 6189:list 6084:and 5851:ISBN 5798:ISBN 5772:link 5752:ISBN 5729:ISBN 5680:XXII 5667:link 5640:link 5583:ISBN 5558:ISBN 5506:2015 5232:ISBN 5029:2015 4990:2015 4900:2012 4862:ISSN 4760:2015 4641:help 4622:help 4603:help 4584:help 4541:help 4522:help 4503:help 4463:ISBN 4436:ISBN 4355:help 4258:ISBN 4223:ISBN 4191:ISBN 4159:ISBN 4134:ISBN 4042:ISSN 3883:ISBN 3787:ISBN 3745:ISBN 3682:ISBN 3657:ISBN 3628:ISBN 3599:ISBN 3574:ISBN 3545:ISBN 3492:ISBN 3469:help 3432:ISBN 3390:ISBN 3355:help 3330:ISBN 3311:help 3274:ISBN 3214:2021 3169:ISBN 3138:ISSN 3073:ISBN 3041:ISBN 2955:ISBN 2918:ISSN 2843:2023 2816:help 2795:2023 2763:ISBN 2740:ISSN 2709:2022 2684:2024 2659:2018 2646:ISBN 2430:ISBN 2403:ISBN 2376:ISBN 2302:1514 1861:The 1822:The 1745:and 1680:and 1466:and 1319:450 1316:554 1310:365 1218:and 1023:and 926:100 923:600 909:100 906:100 892:950 869:500 800:and 777:'). 438:1947 427:1944 416:1942 405:1897 394:1825 383:Pop. 379:Year 326:and 287:and 285:USSR 199:The 6733:in 4854:doi 3816:doi 3128:doi 3069:PWN 2949:in 2908:doi 2736:PAN 1632:in 1300:17 1297:22 1294:90 1291:10 1281:14 1278:20 1275:75 943:50 889:50 6924:: 5868:. 5835:. 5768:}} 5764:{{ 5708:. 5691:. 5678:. 5663:}} 5659:{{ 5636:}} 5632:{{ 5600:. 5577:. 5527:. 5497:. 5451:. 5432:. 5355:. 5331:. 5313:. 5295:. 5277:. 5257:. 5246:^ 5206:. 5166:. 5155:^ 5143:. 4868:. 4860:. 4848:. 4656:. 4489:^ 4418:^ 4399:. 4387:^ 4341:^ 4328:. 4285:. 4272:^ 4237:^ 4217:. 4185:. 4128:. 4098:. 4092:. 4073:. 4062:. 4032:. 3957:. 3861:. 3822:. 3812:12 3810:. 3651:. 3622:. 3568:. 3500:. 3486:. 3248:^ 3238:. 3226:^ 3216:. 3204:. 3144:. 3136:. 3122:. 3118:. 3106:^ 3087:^ 3067:. 3020:. 2965:^ 2916:. 2900:49 2894:. 2833:. 2807:: 2805:}} 2801:{{ 2771:. 2734:. 2732:37 2730:. 2726:. 2700:. 2675:. 2600:^ 2508:. 2470:. 2347:. 2320:^ 2280:: 2181:: 2168:: 2155:: 2142:: 2108:: 2094:: 2078:: 2065:: 2054:: 2038:: 2027:: 2010:: 1996:: 1982:: 1953:: 1942:: 1928:: 1869:: 1858:. 1838:: 1834:, 1830:: 1707:. 1676:, 1672:, 1573:: 1546:: 1443:, 1365:% 1272:7 1210:, 1157:: 1114:pl 1043:, 1039:, 1035:, 1031:, 1019:, 940:0 804:. 773:(' 765:pl 388:±% 291:. 235:. 215:: 211:, 207:: 190:, 186:, 6888:: 6716:e 6709:t 6702:v 6074:e 6067:t 6060:v 5857:. 5841:. 5806:. 5787:. 5774:) 5760:. 5737:. 5695:. 5682:. 5669:) 5642:) 5604:. 5591:. 5566:. 5542:. 5533:. 5508:. 5483:. 5470:" 5466:" 5416:. 5391:. 5366:. 5341:. 5317:. 5299:. 5240:. 5182:" 5172:. 5129:. 5115:. 5056:. 5031:. 4992:. 4948:. 4923:. 4902:. 4876:. 4856:: 4850:9 4762:. 4726:. 4643:) 4624:) 4605:) 4586:) 4543:) 4524:) 4505:) 4471:. 4444:. 4412:. 4357:) 4296:. 4266:. 4231:. 4199:. 4167:. 4142:. 4113:. 4100:2 4048:. 4038:9 4015:D 3891:. 3818:: 3795:. 3753:. 3690:. 3665:. 3636:. 3607:. 3582:. 3553:. 3471:) 3440:. 3398:. 3357:) 3338:. 3313:) 3282:. 3177:. 3152:. 3130:: 3124:2 3081:. 3049:. 3024:. 2924:. 2910:: 2845:. 2818:) 2814:( 2797:. 2746:. 2711:. 2686:. 2661:. 2438:. 2411:. 2384:. 2357:. 2333:. 2276:( 2187:) 2174:) 2161:) 2148:) 2121:( 2104:( 2090:( 2050:( 2023:( 2006:( 1992:( 1978:( 1959:) 1946:) 1932:) 1865:( 1826:( 1542:( 203:( 152:) 141:) 77:) 73:( 69:. 51:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Poles in Lithuania

Index