51:
70:
534:
303:
363:
625:: "It is hard not to see the Soviet "Polish Operation" of 1937-38 as genocidal: Polish fathers were shot, Polish mothers sent to Kazakhstan, and Polish children left in orphanages where they would lose their Polish identity. As more than 100,000 innocent people were killed on the spurious grounds that theirs was a disloyal ethnicity, Stalin spoke of "Polish filth". On the other hand, Stalin often praised Poland as a good nation and the Poles as brave fighters, the third most "dogged" soldiers after the
507:: "It is estimated that Polish losses in the Ukrainian SSR were about 30%, while in the Belorussian SSR... the Polish minority was almost completely annihilated or deported." Musiał is also of the opinion that "it does not seem unlikely, as Soviet statistics indicate, that the number of Poles dropped from 792,000 in 1926 to 627,000 in 1939."
518:
for an average of 5 to 10 years. Orphaned children without relatives willing to take them were put in orphanages to be brought up as Soviet, with no knowledge of their origins. All possessions of the accused were confiscated. The parents of the executed men – as well as their in-laws – were left with
612:
argues that the Soviet actions against Poles are genocide according to international law. He says that while the extermination was targeting other nationalities as well, and according to the criteria other than ethnicity, but as long as Poles were singled out based on their ethnicity, that makes the
322:(a three-man team; a communist official, NKVD leader, and party procurator). Poles were the first ever major Soviet population group to be sentenced in this manner. After the approval of the entire "album", the executions were carried out immediately. This procedure was also used later on in other
353:
which was disbanded in 1921. The NKVD declared that it continued to exist. Some Soviet Poles were tortured in order to confess to its existence, and denounce other individuals as spies. Meanwhile, the
Communist International helped by revisiting its files in search of Polish members, producing
386:
The operation took place approximately from August 25, 1937, to
November 15, 1938. The largest group of people with a Polish background, around 40 percent of all victims, came from Soviet Ukraine, especially from the districts near the border with Poland. Among them were tens of thousands of
341:, this fabricated justification was intended only to cover-up the state-sanctioned campaign of mass-murder aiming to eradicate Poles as a national (and linguistic) minority group. Another possible cause, according to Snyder, might have sprung from the necessity to explain the
480:, of whom many declared themselves to be Poles in the 1920s. They made up 14.2% of those arrested in the Polish Operation across the Soviet Union (September–November 1938). 13.4% of those arrested were ethnic Ukrainians. 8.8% of the arrested were ethnic Russians.
1321:
223:; these groups in the Soviet worldview had some element of Polish culture or heritage, and were therefore also "Polish". The NKVD agents looked through local phone books to expedite the procedure and detained people with names that sounded Polish.
668:
and believe that representatives of ethnic minorities such as the Poles, were killed not because of their ethnicity, but because of their possible relations to countries hostile to the USSR and fear of disloyalty in the case of an invasion.
387:
peasants, railway workers, industrial labourers, engineers and others. An additional 17 percent of victims came from Soviet
Byelorussia. The rest came from around Western Siberia and Kazakhstan, where exiled Poles had lived since the
290:
on August 11, 1937. It was distributed to the local subdivisions of the NKVD simultaneously with Yezhov's thirty-page "secret letter," explaining what the "Polish operation" was all about. The letter from Yezhov was titled,
1480:
Abdrachmanow, Bołotbek Dżumaszowicz; Asekowa, Sałtanat
Urumowna (2019). "Z historii "operacji narodowościowych" NKWD lat 1937–1938 w Kirgizji. Represje wobec mniejszości etnicznych (na przykładzie narodowości polskiej)".
519:
nothing to live on, which usually sealed their fate as well. Statistical extrapolation, wrote Jasiński, increases the number of Polish victims in 1937–1938 to around 200–250,000 depending on the size of their families.
1178:
1118:"О фашистско-повстанческой, шпионской, диверсионной, пораженческой и террористической деятельности польской разведки в СССР." Хлевнюк О. В. Политбюро: Механизмы политической власти в 1930-е гг. М., 1996.
885:
250:, the Polish Operation was the largest ethnic shooting and deportation action during the Great Purge campaign of political murders in the Soviet Union. According to official data, victims of the
584:, and further 125 Poles were victims of other concurrent operations, whereas, according to Kyrgyz archives, at least 180 Poles fell victim to all simultaneous operations of the Great Purge in
530:
reviewed local telephone books and arrested almost 7,000 citizens with Polish-sounding name with the vast majority of such nominal "suspects" were executed within 10 days of arrest.
1272:
Official documents of the State
Security Administration show that 'ethnicity alone was sufficient grounds for arrest.' – Dr. Iryna Ramanava, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.
473:
mistaken and alleged for being ethnic Poles due to their surnames or religious denominations. 47.3% of the total number of "Poles" who were arrested in
Belarus were actually ethnic
688:
1284:
1209:
765:
193:
196:
against so-called "Polish spies" and customarily interpreted by NKVD officials as relating to 'absolutely all Poles'. It resulted in the sentencing of 139,835 people, and
2048:
1814:
1263:
2013:
955:
1881:
1866:
333:, carried out by the Soviet Union against ethnic groups including Latvian, Finnish, German, and Romanian, based on a theory about an internal enemy (i.e., the
299:
was approving of the operation saying "‘Very good! Dig up and purge this Polish espionage mud in the future as well. Destroy it in the interest of the USSR.."
1876:
1871:
1861:
1844:
1738:
617:
and "ethnic terror". According to Martin, the singling out of diaspora nationalities for arrest and mass execution "verged on the genocidal". Historian
50:
1270:. pp. 17–. UMEA International Research Group. Abstracts of Presentations. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23 – via Internet Archive.
1993:
1917:
1791:
2053:
1947:
1907:
283:
1998:
1252:
510:
Almost all victims of the NKVD shootings were men, wrote Michał Jasiński, most with families. Their wives and children were dealt with by the
318:, a two-man team) during early meetings, were then collected into "albums" and sent to the midrange NKVD offices for a stamp of approval by a
2043:
1642:
1450:
1099:
969:
899:
1759:
1515:
1186:
1147:
813:
2008:
277:
1658:
Sundström, Olle; Kotljarchuk, Andrej (2017). "Introduction: the problem of ethnic and religious minorities in Stalin's Soviet Union".
1346:
1161:
1044:
577:
1978:
1973:
1891:
1672:
1091:
215:
The majority of the shooting victims were ethnically Polish, but not all, with some belonging to various minority groups from the
1937:
1127:
585:
515:
1224:
1942:
718:
1912:
1731:
1703:
1236:
859:
613:
actions to be genocide. The historian Terry Martin refers to the "national operations", including the "Polish
Operation", as
457:
Although the Soviet authorities claim that the executed victims were all ethnic Poles, some of those killed were also ethnic
245:
1548:
919:
533:
394:
The following categories of people were arrested by the NKVD during its Polish
Operation, as described in Soviet documents:
1359:
942:О фашистско-повстанческой, шпионской, диверсионной, пораженческой и террористической деятельности польской разведки в СССР
713:
239:
233:
1779:
1769:
1535:
The Crime of
Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II:An International Legal Study
1534:
693:
2033:
2028:
2018:
1853:
558:
538:
445:
438:
350:
293:
On fascist-resurrectionist, spying, diversional, defeationist, and terrorist activity of Polish intelligence in the USSR
660:) focus on the security dilemma in the border areas suggesting the need to secure the ethnic integrity of Soviet space
2003:
496:; 139,835 victims in total. This number constitutes 10% of the total number of people officially convicted during the
330:
323:
227:
181:
1490:
337:), labelled as the "hostile capitalist surrounding" residing along its western borders. In the opinion of historian
1303:
1203:
891:
847:
750:
653:
745:
1886:
1724:
1405:
399:
1034:
254:
accounted for 41.7% of the sentenced people and 44.9% of the executed people during all such ethnic operations.
1988:
1983:
1968:
1615:
362:
302:
1322:"A breakdown of the chronology and the punishment, NKVD Order № 00485 (Polish operation) in Google translate"
1304:"Martin, Terry. "The origins of Soviet ethnic cleansing." The Journal of Modern History 70.4 (1998): 813-861"
789:
665:
554:
1130:– from: "Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940" by Marc Jansen and
1115:
511:
1628:
741:
642:
546:
420:
410:
367:
391:, as well as from the southern Urals, northern Caucasus and the rest of Siberia, including the Far East.
314:" (as it was called in NKVD circles). The long lists of Poles condemned by a lower NKVD organ (so-called
1834:
1228:
759:
678:
398:
All "antisoviet and nationalistic elements" from districts and region in the USSR where there existed a
178:
657:
2023:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1659:
703:
388:
371:
269:
263:
205:
989:
605:
345:, the Soviet-made famine in Ukraine, which required a political scapegoat. A top Soviet official,
306:
First page of one of the copies of the Order No. 00485, archived by the
Kharkov branch of the NKVD
139:
22% of the Polish population of the Soviet Union was "sentenced" by the operation (140,000 people)
1695:
1442:
1391:
1260:
The Baltic and Arctic Areas under Stalin. Ethnic Minorities in the Great Soviet Terror of 1937-38
1061:
1512:
810:
1699:
1668:
1638:
1595:
1494:
1446:
1278:
1232:
1191:
1157:
1095:
1040:
985:
965:
895:
855:
851:
683:
637:
called Stalin's policy towards Poles in the 1930s "genocidal" but did not consider the entire
492:
and people accused of ties with Poland, were sentenced to death, and 28,744 were sentenced to
431:
375:
346:
280:
197:
1151:
1585:
1030:
881:
614:
568:
The small Polish communities of the more remote parts of the USSR were also targeted in the
561:
30 Poles were arrested (29 men and one woman), of which one person died during transport to
523:
504:
17:
648:
According to historians Olle Sundström and Andrej Kotljarchuk, most scholars (for example,
1519:
1073:
817:
708:
427:
311:
600:, "The 'national operations' of 1937–38, notably the 'Polish operation', may qualify as
1764:
698:
634:
618:
597:
379:
338:
287:
209:
147:
1716:
1578:
Cahiers du monde russe. Russie - Empire russe - Union soviétique et États indépendants
1004:"A letter from Timothy Snyder of Bloodlands: Two genocidaires, taking turns in Poland"
754:. Presspublica. Archived from the original on 2012-10-04 – via Internet Archive.
2038:
1962:
1131:
840:
649:
497:
489:
296:
185:
155:
110:
1661:
Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Stalin's Soviet Union: New Dimensions of Research
1003:
557:
33 Poles were arrested, of which 32 were executed and one died in captivity, and in
1573:
609:
334:
201:
174:
75:
1632:
1537:
by Karol Karski, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol. 45, 2013
926:
1804:
1410:
The Unknown Black Book: The Holocaust in the German-Occupied Soviet Territories.
1363:
961:
638:
474:
458:
274:
On the liquidation of the Polish diversionist and espionage groups and POW units
189:
42:
1799:
1198:. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 – via Internet Archive.
466:
220:
91:
1599:
1498:
1386:
1195:
785:
1774:
1590:
622:
477:
406:
342:
549:, 100 men of Polish origins were executed and their bodies thrown into the
56:
1439:
Cierpieniu – prawdę, umarłym – modlitwę. Miejsca polskiej pamięci w Rosji
626:
601:
550:
470:
1360:"Zapomniane ludobójstwo stalinowskie (The forgotten Stalinist genocide)"
1179:"The NKVD Mass Secret National Operations (August 1937 - November 1938)"
1693:
Stalin's Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union.
630:
573:
562:
87:
83:
1267:
79:
378:
by 1793 (in shades of green) remained in the Soviet Union after the
1467:
Wielki Terror w sowieckiej Gruzji 1937–1938. Represje wobec Polaków
1088:
Wielki Terror w sowieckiej Gruzji 1937–1938. Represje wobec Polaków
990:"Bloodlands - Europe Between Hitler and Stalin - By Timothy Snyder"
1809:
532:
493:
361:
301:
216:
1153:
Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory
527:
462:
170:
151:
1720:
887:
Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia
664:
neighboring capitalistic enemy states. They stress the role of
545:
The Polish-majority villages of Siberia were also targeted. In
1522:
842:
The specter of genocide: mass murder in historical perspective
820:
188:(labeled by the Soviets as "agents") during the period of the
448:" having, or having had, some kind of connection with Poland.
1246:
1244:
608:, although there is as yet no legal ruling on the matter".
641:
genocidal since it targeted political opponents as well.
1251:
Prof. Bogdan Musial; et al. (January 25–26, 2011).
514:. The women were generally sentenced to deportation to
1445:, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. 2015. pp. 33, 36.
572:. According to the former secret police archives in
1930:
1900:
1852:
1843:
1790:
1752:
833:
831:
829:
779:
777:
775:
329:The "Polish Operation" was a second in a series of
143:
135:
126:
116:
106:
98:
63:
32:
839:
1513:Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33 Revisited
1404:Rubenstein is the Northeast regional director of
876:
874:
811:Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33 Revisited
689:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)
423:and other non-communist Polish political parties.
1691:McLoughlin, Barry, and McDermott, Kevin (eds).
1489:(1). Translated by Głowacki, Albin. Wydawnictwo
1362:. Gliwicki klub Fondy. Czytelnia. Archived from
1283:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1208:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
764:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1116:Full text of the Order in the Russian language.
1572:Kuromiya, Hiroaki; Pepłoński, Andrzej (2009).
1142:
1140:
580:alone, at least 89 people were victims of the
354:another bountiful source of made-up evidence.
310:The "Order" adopted the simplified so-called "
226:While similar to other operations such as the
1882:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
1732:
925:(in Russian). НИПЦ «Мемориал». Archived from
204:. The operation was implemented according to
8:
957:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
920:""Polish Operation" of the NKVD, 1937-1938"
500:period, based on confirming NKVD documents.
488:According to archives of the NKVD, 111,091
182:mass-ethnic cleansing operation of the NKVD
1849:
1739:
1725:
1717:
1667:. Södertörn Academic Studies. p. 16.
1611:
1609:
913:
911:
49:
29:
1589:
2049:Political repression in the Soviet Union
1918:Censorship of images in the Soviet Union
1549:"The fatal fact of the Nazi-Soviet pact"
1010:. Stanford University. December 15, 2010
184:carried out in the Soviet Union against
27:1937–38 Soviet ethnic cleansing of Poles
2014:Massacres committed by the Soviet Union
1948:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
1908:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
736:
734:
730:
200:of 111,091 Poles living in or near the
1276:
1201:
1190:. MassViolence.org. pp. 4 of 10.
1069:
1059:
922:"Польская операция" НКВД 1937–1938 гг.
838:Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan (2003).
757:
177:security service) in 1937–1938 was an
1134:, pp. 95 (17 / 33). Internet Archive.
784:Matthew Kaminski (October 18, 2010).
276:," was approved on August 9, 1937 by
7:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1253:"The 'Polish operation' of the NKVD"
1187:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence
694:Gestapo–NKVD conferences (1939–1940)
1862:Anti-religious campaigns: 1921–1928
1747:Mass repression in the Soviet Union
1036:Memory and Theory in Eastern Europe
748:[Nieopłakane ludobójstwo].
1039:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21.
565:and the rest were executed there.
419:Former and present members of the
25:
1892:Soviet anti-religious legislation
1634:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
992:. The New York Times Book Review.
194:Politburo of the Communist Party
68:
1994:Anti-Polish sentiment in Europe
1943:National operations of the NKVD
1342:
719:Birch bark letters from Siberia
331:national operations of the NKVD
2054:Violence against men in Europe
1547:Snyder, Timothy (2010-10-05).
1358:Michał Jasiński (2010-10-27).
1264:University of Stefan Wyszyński
541:, executed on 19 February 1938
484:Killing process and death toll
434:remaining in the Soviet Union.
1:
1999:Massacres in the Soviet Union
1815:Political abuse of psychiatry
1425:Siberian Tragedy of Bialystok
1177:Nicolas Werth (20 May 2010).
918:Н.В. Петров; А.Б. Рогинский.
866:Polish operation (page 233 –)
714:Flight of Poles from the USSR
416:Political exiles from Poland.
376:annexed by the Russian Empire
2044:Polish Operation of the NKVD
1128:The Great Terror (Chapter 4)
645:presents a similar opinion.
621:called the Polish Operation
439:Polish Military Organisation
351:Polish Military Organization
219:macro-region, for instance,
18:Polish operation of the NKVD
1713:Princeton University, 2010.
1483:Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
441:listed in the special list.
324:mass operations of the NKVD
2070:
2009:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
1423:Haniewicz, Wasyli (2008).
1225:Sketches from a Secret War
1092:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
892:Cambridge University Press
848:Cambridge University Press
261:
1616:Genocide: A World History
1406:Amnesty International USA
1156:. Routledge. p. 33.
48:
40:
1979:1938 in the Soviet Union
1974:1937 in the Soviet Union
1780:Kazakh famine of 1932–33
1770:Soviet famine of 1932–33
1387:"The Devils' Playground"
921:
537:Memorial to 30 Poles of
358:Targets of the operation
192:. It was ordered by the
1845:Ideological repressions
1591:10.4000/monderusse.9736
1441:(in Polish). Warszawa:
1222:Timothy Snyder (2005),
1090:(in Polish). Warszawa:
954:Timothy Snyder (2010).
790:The Wall Street Journal
666:international relations
596:According to historian
503:According to historian
1637:. Orion. p. 229.
1629:Simon Sebag Montefiore
1491:Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
1427:. Pelpin. p. 229.
1033:; Julie Fedor (2013).
786:"Savagery in the East"
746:"Genocide Not Mourned"
742:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz
643:Simon Sebag Montefiore
555:Polozovo, Tomsk Oblast
547:Belostok, Tomsk Oblast
542:
421:Polish Socialist Party
411:Second Polish Republic
383:
368:Second Polish Republic
307:
1792:Political repressions
1229:Yale University Press
988:(November 26, 2010).
679:Anti-Polish sentiment
536:
365:
305:
1753:Economic repressions
1094:. 2016. p. 38.
964:. pp. 103–104.
929:on February 15, 2017
704:Genocides in history
389:Partitions of Poland
372:Partitions of Poland
286:, and was signed by
270:NKVD Order No. 00485
264:NKVD Order No. 00485
206:NKVD Order No. 00485
2034:Mass murder in 1938
2029:Mass murder in 1937
2019:Genocides in Europe
1711:Stalin's Genocides.
1709:Naimark, Norman M.
1618:, Norman M. Naimark
1584:(50/2–3): 647–670.
1469:. 2016. p. 42.
1408:and a co-editor of
1385:Joshua Rubenstein.
1114:Original document.
374:. Most territories
2004:Massacres of Poles
1931:Ethnic repressions
1696:Palgrave Macmillan
1574:"The Great Terror"
1518:2015-04-15 at the
1392:The New York Times
816:2015-04-15 at the
604:as defined by the
543:
512:NKVD Order № 00486
384:
370:on the map of the
308:
258:NKVD Order № 00485
247:Estonian Operation
198:summary executions
1956:
1955:
1926:
1925:
1698:, December 2002.
1644:978-0-297-86385-4
1452:978-83-7629-779-8
1366:on March 23, 2012
1204:cite encyclopedia
1101:978-83-8098-080-8
1029:Uilleam Blacker;
986:Joshua Rubenstein
971:978-0-465-00239-9
901:978-0-521-19196-8
684:Soviet war crimes
446:clerical elements
432:Polish-Soviet war
347:Vsevolod Balitsky
281:Central Committee
241:Latvian Operation
235:Finnish Operation
161:
160:
16:(Redirected from
2061:
1850:
1820:NKVD Order 00439
1760:Collectivization
1741:
1734:
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1511:Michael Ellman,
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1031:Alexander Etkind
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882:Wendy Z. Goldman
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809:Michael Ellman,
807:
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800:
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796:
781:
770:
769:
763:
755:
738:
658:Hiroaki Kuromiya
615:ethnic cleansing
582:Polish Operation
570:Polish Operation
453:Ethnic breakdown
428:prisoners of war
400:Polish community
252:Polish Operation
166:Polish Operation
122:Prison shootings
74:
72:
71:
53:
34:Polish Operation
30:
21:
2069:
2068:
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2060:
2059:
2058:
1989:1938 in Ukraine
1984:1937 in Ukraine
1969:1937 in Belarus
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1922:
1896:
1839:
1786:
1748:
1745:
1688:
1686:Further reading
1683:
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1645:
1631:(3 June 2010).
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1520:Wayback Machine
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19:
1938:Antisemitism
1710:
1692:
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1633:
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1567:
1556:. Retrieved
1553:the Guardian
1552:
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1396:. Retrieved
1390:
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1368:. Retrieved
1364:the original
1353:
1341:McLoughlin,
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1315:
1271:
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1218:
1185:
1172:
1152:
1123:
1110:
1087:
1082:
1050:. Retrieved
1035:
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
1007:
998:
980:
960:. New York:
956:
949:
939:
938:
931:. Retrieved
927:the original
890:. New York:
886:
865:
841:
805:
793:. Retrieved
760:cite journal
749:
661:
654:Michael Mann
647:
610:Karol Karski
595:
581:
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521:
509:
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393:
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349:, chose the
335:fifth column
328:
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309:
292:
273:
267:
251:
246:
240:
234:
228:
225:
214:
202:Soviet Union
165:
164:
162:
144:Perpetrators
76:Soviet Union
55:Memorial in
41:Part of the
33:
2024:Great Purge
1805:Great Purge
1070:|work=
1052:18 February
962:Basic Books
850:. pp.
639:Great Purge
494:labor camps
459:Belarusians
278:the Party's
190:Great Purge
179:anti-Polish
130:+/− 111,091
118:Attack type
43:Great Purge
36:of the NKVD
1963:Categories
1913:Censorship
1800:Red Terror
1704:1403901198
1558:2018-08-06
1343:References
1237:030010670X
1231:, p. 129.
861:0521527503
592:Assessment
586:Kyrgyzstan
516:Kazakhstan
475:Belarusian
467:Ukrainians
407:immigrants
272:, titled "
221:Ruthenians
208:signed by
94:and others
92:Kazakhstan
1877:1975–1987
1872:1958–1964
1867:1928–1941
1775:Holodomor
1600:1252-6576
1499:2450-7660
1398:April 26,
1370:April 28,
1327:April 26,
1196:1961-9898
1072:ignored (
1062:cite book
1014:April 25,
795:April 26,
725:Footnotes
662:vis-à-vis
623:genocidal
524:Leningrad
478:Catholics
430:from the
409:from the
343:Holodomor
284:Politburo
102:1937–1938
1901:By topic
1854:Religion
1516:Archived
1443:Memorial
1279:cite web
1150:(2007).
884:(2011).
814:Archived
673:See also
627:Russians
602:genocide
559:Vershina
551:Ob River
539:Vershina
471:Russians
382:of 1921.
64:Location
1493:: 138.
1347:p. 164.
933:May 27,
631:Germans
578:Georgia
574:Tbilisi
563:Irkutsk
169:of the
136:Victims
88:Belarus
84:Ukraine
1835:001223
1702:
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1449:
1268:Warsaw
1235:
1194:
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858:
526:, the
320:troika
316:dvoika
175:Soviet
127:Deaths
107:Target
80:Russia
73:
57:Kraków
1887:Islam
1830:00593
1825:00485
1810:Gulag
1665:(PDF)
1307:(PDF)
1256:(PDF)
1182:(PDF)
553:. In
490:Poles
444:All "
217:Kresy
186:Poles
111:Poles
2039:NKVD
1700:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1596:ISSN
1525:file
1495:ISSN
1447:ISBN
1400:2011
1372:2011
1329:2011
1285:link
1233:ISBN
1210:link
1192:ISSN
1158:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1074:help
1054:2015
1041:ISBN
1016:2011
966:ISBN
935:2012
896:ISBN
856:ISBN
797:2011
766:link
656:and
629:and
528:NKVD
469:and
463:Jews
426:All
405:All
244:and
171:NKVD
163:The
152:NKVD
99:Date
1586:doi
1523:PDF
1266:in
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