1089:– people who were undecided as to whether they considered themselves Polish or Belarusian.Much of the rural population, who usually had no official identity documents, were denied the "right" of repatriation on the basis that they did not have documents stating they were Polish citizens. In what was described as a "fight for the people", Polish officials attempted to get as many people repatriated as possible, whereas the Belarusian officials tried to retain them, particularly the peasants, while deporting most of the Polish
848:, during which Polish estates were burned, and roads, rail lines and telephone connections were destroyed. The OUN used terrorism and sabotage in order to force the Polish government into actions that would cause a loss of support for the more moderate Ukrainian politicians ready to negotiate with the Polish state. OUN directed its violence not only against the Poles but also against Jews and other Ukrainians who wished for a peaceful resolution to the Polish–Ukrainian conflict.
1157:" declared that many people who identified as Polish were in fact "polonized Lithuanians". The rural population was denied the right to leave Lithuania, due to their lack of official pre-war documentation showing Polish citizenship. Contrary to the government's agreement with Poland, many individuals were threatened with either arrest or having to settle outstanding debts if they chose repatriation. Soviet authorities persecuted individuals connected to the Polish resistance (
31:
2207:
2186:
2261:
1064:
in Lviv characterized these acts as attempts to hasten the deportation of Poles from their city. Those arrested were released after they signed papers agreeing to emigrate to Poland. It is difficult to establish the exact number of Poles expelled from Lviv, but it was estimated as between 100,000 and
909:
put the number of deported Polish citizens at 1,500,000 and some Polish estimates reach 1,600,000 to 1,800,000 persons, historians consider these evaluations as exaggerated. Alexander
Guryanov calculated that 309,000 up to 312,000 Poles were deported from February 1940 to June 1941. According to N.S.
860:
during World War II was subsequently accompanied by the
Soviets forcibly deporting hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens to distant parts of the Soviet Union: Siberia and Central Asia. Five years later, for the first time, the Supreme Soviet formally acknowledged that the Polish nationals expelled
953:
before 17 September 1939, and their families), what property they could take with them, and what aid they would receive from the corresponding governments. The resettlement was divided into two phases: first, the eligible citizens were registered as wishing to be resettled; second, their request was
933:
The residents of the
Western Ukraine and Byelorussia, as well as those of the Wilno district, which had been annexed to the Soviet Union under the Ribentrop-Molotov pact of 23 August and 28 September 1939, had all been under German occupation for between two and half to three years, and were finally
765:
In the autumn of 1935, Stalin ordered a new wave of mass deportations of Poles from the western republics of the Soviet Union. This was also the time of his purges of different classes of people, many of whom were killed. Poles were expelled from the border regions to resettle the area with ethnic
1141:
was considered a historical capital of
Lithuania; however, in the early 20th century its population was around 40% Polish, 30% Jewish and 20% Russian and Belarusian, with only about 2–3% self-declared Lithuanians. The government considered the rural Polish population important to the agricultural
592:
and the USSR, was a deliberate distortion, as deported peoples were leaving their homeland rather than returning to it. It is also sometimes referred to as the 'first repatriation' action, in contrast with the 'second repatriation' of 1955–1959. In a wider context, it is sometimes described as a
1000:. The real criterion was one of ethnicity, not citizenship. The ethnic criterion was applied to everyone in Volhynia, Ukrainians forced to stay despite their prewar Polish citizenship, Poles and Jews forced to leave despite their ancient traditions in the region. Jewish survivors of
954:
to be reviewed and approved by the corresponding governments. About 750,000 Poles and Jews from the western regions of
Ukraine were deported, as well as about 200,000 each from western Belarus and from Lithuanian SSR each. The deportations continued until 1 August 1946.
1059:
arrested 772 Poles in Lviv (where, according to Soviet sources, on 1 October 1944, Poles represented 66.75% of population), among them 14 professors, 6 doctors, 2 engineers, 3 artists, and 5 Catholic priests. The Polish community was outraged about the arrests. The
905:. From 1939 to 1941 the Soviets also forcibly deported specific social groups deemed "untrustworthy" to forced labor facilities in Kazakhstan and Siberia. Many children, elderly and sick died during these journeys, in cargo trains, which lasted weeks. Whereas the
2299:"Śledztwo w sprawie zabójstwa w dniu 22 września 1939 r. w okolicach miejscowości Sopoćkinie generała brygady Wojska Polskiego Józefa Olszyny-Wilczyńskiego i jego adiutanta kapitana Mieczysława Strzemskiego przez żołnierzy b. Związku Radzieckiego. (S 6/02/Zk)"
1048:. Overnight this allowance was discontinued, and all Polish schools were required to teach the Soviet Ukrainian curriculum, with classes to be held only in Ukrainian and Russian. All males were told to prepare for mobilization into labor brigades within the
560:
According to official data, during the state-controlled expulsion between 1945 and 1946, roughly 1,167,000 Poles left the westernmost republics of the Soviet Union, less than 50% of those who registered for population transfer. Another major
988:. Although the Soviet government was trying to eradicate these organizations, it did little to support the Polish minority; and instead encouraged population transfer. The haste at which repatriation was done was such that the Polish leader
817:, the lands assigned to sovereign Poland, some 8,265 Polish farmers were resettled with help from the government. The overall number of settlers in the east was negligible as compared to the region's long-term residents. For instance in the
1039:
and other major centers in
Eastern Poland to sit fast and not evacuate, promising that during peaceful discussions they would be able to keep Lwów within Poland. In response, Khrushchev introduced a different approach to dealing with this
1093:. It is estimated that about 150,000 to 250,000 people were deported from Belarus. Similar numbers were registered as Poles but forced by the Belarusian officials to remain in Belarus or were outright denied registration as Poles.
2793:
766:
Russians and
Ukrainians, but Stalin had them deported to the far reaches of Siberia and Central Asia. In 1935 alone 1,500 families were deported to Siberia from Soviet Ukraine. In 1936, 5,000 Polish families were deported to
1388:. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies — 26th Session, Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture, Erice, Italy, 19–24 August 2001; . Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 93–109.
2656:
2966:
2753:
949:(the corresponding document with the Lithuanian SSR was signed on 22 September). The document specified who was eligible for the resettlement (it primarily applied to all Poles and Jews who were citizens of the
1676:
Takie postrzeganie "zagranicznych Polaków" potwierdza chociażby tzw. pierwsza kampania powrotowa (zwana niesłusznie repatriacją), którą komuniści zainicjowali niemal od razu po zakończeniu II wojny światowej.
1114:
The resettlement of ethnic Poles from
Lithuania saw numerous delays. Local Polish clergy were active in agitating against leaving, and the underground press called those who had registered for repatriation
433:
777:. The Polish population in the USSR had officially dropped by 165,000 in that period according to the official Soviet census of 1937–38; Polish population in the Ukrainian SSR decreased by about 30%.
739:; it was set up by the Ukrainian side in November 1917. In that entire period, some 1,300 Polish-language schools were operating in Galicia, with 1,800 teachers and 84,000 students. In the region of
934:
annexed to the Soviet Union in 1944. The speedy exodus of Poles from these regions was meant to erase their Polish past and to confirm the fact that the regions were indeed part of the Soviet Union.
496:
684:, toward the end of the 18th century, resulted in the expulsions of ethnic Poles from their homes in the east for the first time in the history of the nation. Some 80,000 Poles were escorted to
746:
Beginning in 1920, the
Bolshevik and nationalist terror campaigns of the new war triggered the flight of Poles and Jews from Soviet Russia to newly sovereign Poland. In 1922 Bolshevik Russian
861:
after the Soviet invasion were not Soviet citizens, but foreign subjects. Two decrees were signed on 22 June and 16 August 1944 to facilitate the release of Polish nationals from captivity.
770:. The deportations were accompanied by the gradual elimination of Polish cultural institutions. Polish-language newspapers were closed, as were Polish-language classes throughout Ukraine.
126:
2704:
2746:
1985:
Deportat︠s︡ii︠a︡ poli︠a︡kiv z Ukraïny: nevidomi dokumenty pro nasylʹnyt︠s︡ʹke pereselenni︠a︡ bilʹshovyt︠s︡ʹkoi︠u︡ vladoi︠u︡ polʹsʹkoho naselenni︠a︡ z URSR v Polʹshchu v 1944-1946 rokakh
273:
1165:). In the end, about 50% of the 400,000 people registered for relocation were allowed to leave. Political scientist Dovilė Budrytė estimated that about 150,000 people left for Poland.
1109:
481:. Similarly, the Soviet Union had enforced policies between 1939 and 1941 which targeted and expelled ethnic Poles residing in the Soviet zone of occupation following the Nazi-Soviet
288:
3163:
3188:
163:
3132:
2052:. The Baltic and Arctic Areas under Stalin: Ethnic Minorities in the Great Soviet Terror of 1937-38. Umeå University, Sweden: Umeå International Research Group. ; Prof Musial of
1074:
963:
426:
283:
278:
992:
was forced to intercede and approach Stalin to slow down the deportation, as the post-war Polish government was overwhelmed by the sudden great number of refugees needing aid.
902:
2893:
2739:
2227:
Yosef Litvak (1991). "Polish-Jewish
Refugees Repatriated from the Soviet Union at the End of the Second World War and Afterwards". In Norman Davies; Antony Polonsky (eds.).
1277:
996:
The Soviet "population exchanges" of 1944-1946 ostensibly concerned citizens of prewar Poland, but in fact Poles and Jews were sent west, whereas Ukrainians had to stay in
1200:
2053:
3173:
1133:
The Lithuanian communist party was dominated by a nationalist faction which supported the removal of the Polish intelligentsia, particularly from the highly contested
829:). Approximately 4 percent of the newly arrived settlers lived on land granted to them. The majority either rented their land to local farmers, or moved to the cities.
2803:
419:
1454:
1383:
158:
677:
in 1595-96, when the Metropolitan of Kyiv-Halych broke relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church and accepted the authority of the Roman Catholic Pope and Vatican.
2908:
3168:
371:
1609:
929:, however, approached Stalin personally to keep the territories gained through the illegal and secret Molotov–Ribbentrop pact under continued Soviet occupation.
530:
502:
The postwar population transfers were part of an official Soviet policy that affected more than one million Polish citizens, who were removed in stages from the
3233:
3228:
376:
361:
58:
1336:
Włodzimierz Borodziej; Ingo Eser; Stanisław Jankowiak; Jerzy Kochanowski; Claudia Kraft; Witold Stankowski; Katrin Steffen (1999). Stanisław Ciesielski (ed.).
3178:
2558:
2181:
822:
2913:
918:
argues that various other smaller deportations, prisoners of war and political prisoners should be added for a grand total of 400,000 to 500,000 deported.
366:
251:
3193:
1664:
214:
2607:
1315:
3223:
3218:
2813:
882:
503:
224:
116:
3203:
2808:
1195:
1175:
943:
818:
386:
66:
311:
1097:
3102:
2044:
2008:
Musial, Bogdan (January 2013). "The 'Polish Operation' of the NKVD: The Climax of the Terror Against the Polish Minority in the Soviet Union".
981:
837:
801:
was signed in 1921. The Soviet Union did not officially exist before 31 December 1922. The disputed territories were split in Riga between the
131:
93:
3208:
3198:
1220:
562:
266:
2552:
2507:
2461:
2421:
2377:
2339:
2271:
1964:
1875:
1764:
1728:
1448:
1401:
1271:
910:
Lebedeva the deportations involved about 250,000 persons. The most conservative Polish counts based on Soviet documents and published by the
546:
136:
3048:
2903:
1361:
762:. The Soviet census of 1926 recorded ethnic Poles as being of Russian or Ukrainian ethnicity, reducing their apparent numbers in Ukraine.
2427:
2383:
1881:
1690:
Stalinowska depolonizacja Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczpospolitej (Stalinist de-Polonization of the Eastern Borderlands of the 2nd Republic)
2467:
2345:
1836:
625:
The history of ethnic Polish settlement in what is now Ukraine and Belarus dates to 1030–31. More Poles migrated to this area after the
246:
2154:
630:
3213:
2833:
2513:
241:
2775:
2762:
606:
3068:
2697:
2649:
2315:
2238:
2166:
2131:
1992:
1910:
1830:
1822:
1793:
1641:
1603:
1540:
1497:
1355:
1309:
911:
192:
141:
1259:
938:
The document regarding the resettlement of Poles from the Ukrainian and Belorussian SSRs to Poland was signed 9 September 1944 in
2956:
2838:
2491:
1123:
to Poland. After these hopes vanished, the number of people wanting to leave gradually increased, and they signed papers for the
915:
878:
175:
146:
3183:
3043:
2883:
1225:
1083:
did not actively support deportation of Poles. Belarusian officials made it difficult for Polish activists to communicate with
841:
229:
2961:
1532:
977:
151:
88:
3038:
1583:
1503:
1124:
751:
724:
1432:
1407:
1153:
and Lithuanization of the city (80% of the local Polish population left Vilnius). Furthermore, the Lithuanian ideology of "
3112:
3063:
3018:
2077:
511:
346:
234:
197:
39:
2298:
2113:
3142:
3122:
2971:
1857:
1185:
1008:
were generally willing to depart. The history of Volhynia, as an ancient multi-confessional society, had come to an end.
833:
774:
256:
209:
870:
2898:
2202:
1587:
180:
2766:
2500:
The Polish Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World
665:
of the eastern lands. Social and ethnic conflicts arose regarding the differences in religious practices between the
589:
2701:
2928:
2843:
2595:
2277:
2123:
2085:
1565:
1190:
1180:
922:
906:
704:
610:
519:
204:
121:
3003:
2945:
2653:
2542:
1215:
1127:
946:
874:
857:
790:
1100:, which was partially retained by Poland after World War II. It sought to retain some of the Belarusian people.
545:
of the USSR, during the conferences at Tehran and Yalta. The Polish transfers were among the largest of several
2671:
Michael McQueen. "Collaboration as an Element in the Polish-Lithuanian struggle over Vilnius." Joachim Tauber.
1867:
1162:
1096:
In response, Poland followed a similar process in regards to the Belarusian population of the territory of the
1061:
985:
654:
2228:
1658:
736:
2981:
1654:
2580:
1299:
1154:
1149:
But the government encouraged expulsion of Poles from Vilnius, and facilitated it. The result was a rapid
1045:
950:
821:(1,437,569 inhabitants in 1921), the number of settlers did not exceed 15,000 people (3,128 refugees from
802:
759:
478:
451:
396:
735:. Throughout the existence of UNR (1917–21), there was a separate ministry for Polish affairs, headed by
731:
became strained, the Polish Democratic Council of Kyiv supported the Ukrainian side in its conflict with
3107:
3090:
2976:
2918:
2783:
1440:
1210:
1005:
614:
538:
406:
47:
2090:
1928:(Encyclopedia of Ukraine, 10 vols, 1955-84), Paris, New York: Shevchenko Society, 1970. Vol 6, p. 2224.
650:
2818:
1720:
786:
716:
681:
187:
168:
17:
2057:
1052:. These actions were introduced specifically to encourage Polish emigration from Ukraine to Poland.
688:
by the Russian imperial army in 1864 in the single largest deportation action undertaken within the
3137:
3117:
3079:
3033:
3028:
2828:
2731:
2676:
1595:
1489:
1032:
3127:
3013:
2025:
658:
515:
482:
401:
2874:
2581:"Sprawa Lwowa właściwie wciąż otwarta". Między nadzieją a zwątpieniem — Polacy we Lwowie w 1945"
989:
1337:
1044:. Until this time, Polish children could be educated in Polish, according to the curriculum of
3023:
2798:
2693:
2645:
2599:
2548:
2534:
2503:
2457:
2417:
2411:
2373:
2367:
2335:
2267:
2234:
2162:
2127:
1988:
1960:
1906:
1871:
1861:
1826:
1789:
1760:
1724:
1697:
1637:
1599:
1536:
1493:
1444:
1428:
1397:
1351:
1305:
1267:
1205:
926:
894:
794:
708:
689:
597:
of these areas during and after the world war. The process was planned and carried out by the
534:
507:
336:
2449:
2329:
2097:(21 April 1920) and their combined forces began to overrun Ukraine, occupying Kiev on 7 May."
1816:
1781:
1756:
3058:
3053:
2853:
2495:
2017:
1713:
1524:
1389:
1080:
670:
526:
462:
326:
306:
2727:
Przemiany narodowościowe i ludnościowe w Galicji Wschodniej i na Wołyniu w latach 1931–1948
2137:
711:
of 1917-1922 brought an end to the Russian Empire. According to Ukrainian sources from the
2923:
2858:
2848:
2823:
2708:
2660:
2211:
2190:
2081:
1942:
1938:
1142:
economy, and believed those people would be relatively amenable to assimilation policies (
785:
Amidst several border conflicts, Poland re-emerged as a sovereign state in 1918 following
626:
331:
316:
2331:
Germans to Poles: Communism, Nationalism and Ethnic Cleansing After the Second World War
1260:"Gathering Poles into Poland. Forced Migration from Poland's Former Eastern Territories"
3095:
2933:
2637:
2094:
1953:
Victors Behind Barbed Wire: Polish Prisoners of War, 1919–1922: Documents and materials
1143:
1134:
1120:
1090:
1013:
997:
890:
798:
732:
697:
674:
666:
554:
550:
510:
of 1943, Kresy was formally incorporated into the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian
321:
83:
3157:
2992:
2888:
2869:
2029:
1744:
1629:
1158:
1001:
973:
806:
758:. In that year, 120,000 Poles stranded in the east were expelled to the west and the
693:
642:
638:
542:
466:
1818:
The Ukrainian Question: The Russian Empire and Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century
1749:
30:
3008:
2407:
1150:
969:
810:
755:
662:
633:. From 1657 to 1793, some 80 Roman Catholic churches and monasteries were built in
594:
581:
474:
470:
2690:
Taming Nationalism?: Political Community bBilding in the Post-Soviet Baltic States
1660:
SB a propaganda polonijna: Między sowiecką agenturą a koncepcją "budowania mostów"
42:, 1939 to 1945. The pink and yellow areas represent the pre-war Polish territory (
2161:(in Polish). Vol. II. Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. pp. 623–624.
1479:
2538:
1437:
Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine
577:
573:
458:
35:
2074:
1948:
Zwycięzcy za drutami. Jeńcy polscy w niewoli (1919–1922). Dokumenty i materiały
1393:
2413:
Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
2302:
2117:
1569:
1561:
921:
By 1944, the population of ethnic Poles in Western Ukraine was 1,182,100. The
767:
569:
485:. The second wave of expulsions resulted from the retaking of Poland from the
2642:
The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999
2603:
2021:
1119:. Many ethnic Poles hoped that a post-war Peace Conference would assign the
1079:
In contrast to actions in the Ukrainian SSR, the communist officials in the
646:
598:
487:
1031:
The Polish government-in-exile in London directed their organizations (see
914:
in 1997 amounted to a grand total of 320,000 persons deported. Sociologist
881:. As a result, Poland was divided between the Germans and the Soviets (see
750:, with their Bolshevik allies in Ukraine overwhelmed the government of the
1956:
1558:
Repatriacja ludności polskiej po II wojnie światowej: studium historyczne
1485:
1085:
1049:
747:
712:
634:
629:
in 1569, when most of the territory became part of the newly established
492:
1339:
Przesiedlenie ludności polskiej z Kresów Wschodnich do Polski 1944–1947
1138:
1036:
1025:
836:
and the Polish government escalated. On 12 July 1930, activists of the
826:
740:
685:
773:
Soon after the wave of deportations, the Soviet NKVD orchestrated the
1786:
God's Playground/ A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present
1693:
1347:
1264:
Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948
939:
728:
219:
2369:
The Generation: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland
692:. "Books were burned; churches destroyed; priests murdered;" wrote
1021:
886:
814:
455:
356:
98:
43:
2416:. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 118–119.
1266:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 135–154.
1056:
898:
720:
696:. Meanwhile, Ukrainians were officially considered "part of the
602:
2735:
2450:"The Deportation of the Polish Population to the USSR, 1939-41"
1863:
Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and the Mirage of Democracy
1719:(3 ed.). New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p.
1024:(now Western Ukraine) were given the option of resettlement in
925:
in London affirmed its position of retaining the 1939 borders.
912:
Main Commission to Investigate Crimes Against the Polish Nation
506:. After the war, following Soviet demands laid out during the
897:, respectively. Spreading terror throughout the region, the
873:
in 1939 between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, Germany
825:, roughly 7,000 members of local administration, and 2,600
2544:
The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization
2454:
Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939-1950
2372:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 359.
2334:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–25.
2093:
formed an alliance with the Ukrainian nationalist leader
1959:: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu.
1529:
The establishment of Communist rule in Poland, 1943–1948
1301:
A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century
980:, led by the nationalist Ukrainian groups including the
1110:
Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
754:, including the annexed Ukrainian territories into the
1987:(in Ukrainian). . Kyïv: Ukraïnsʹka vydavnycha spilka.
557:, which displaced a total of about 20 million people.
3133:
1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum
2318:. Internet Archive, 16.10.03. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
1075:
Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Belarus
964:
Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
723:
was 42,800. In July 1917, when relations between the
584:, depending on the context and the source. The term
3077:
2990:
2943:
2867:
2773:
889:in 1939, modern-day Western Ukraine was annexed to
2089:"The conflict began when the Polish head of state
1748:
1712:
1201:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
2486:
2484:
1481:Polskie życie artystyczne w międzywojennym Wilnie
2804:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland
454:(also known as the expulsions of Poles from the
2107:
2105:
2103:
994:
931:
565:took place after Stalin's death, in 1955–1959.
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2159:Najnowsza historia polityczna Polski 1864–1945
2054:Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw
1905:. Wars and Peace Treaties. London: Routledge.
1715:The Slavs in European history and civilization
3189:Aftermath of World War II in the Soviet Union
2747:
2214:, By C. M. Hann and Paul R. Magocsi, page 148
1978:
1976:
613:; after 1945, these were referred to as the "
609:. Many of the deported Poles were settled in
427:
8:
2266:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 67–68.
2230:Jews in Eastern Poland and the USSR, 1939-46
1782:"Rossiya:The Russian Partition (1772–1918)"
1598:: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 71–87.
1592:Poland in the geographical centre of Europe
1473:
1471:
813:after 1923). In the following few years in
2754:
2740:
2732:
1344:Resettlement of Poles from Kresy 1944–1947
661:was accompanied by the process of gradual
477:policy that had been ratified by the main
434:
420:
53:
3164:Population transfers of Poles (1944–1946)
2547:. Indiana University Press. p. 102.
2402:
2400:
2914:Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia
2814:Provisional Government of National Unity
2222:
2220:
883:Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
743:in 1917, there were 290 Polish schools.
533:) was agreed between the Allied leaders
504:Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
448:Polish population transfers in 1944–1946
29:
2809:Polish Committee of National Liberation
2789:Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
2502:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 4.
2183:Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
1788:. Oxford University Press. p. 64.
1304:. Psychology Press. pp. 285, 301.
1237:
1196:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
1176:Expulsion of Germans after World War II
944:Polish Committee of National Liberation
637:alone. The expansion of Catholicism in
469:toward the end and in the aftermath of
385:
345:
297:
107:
74:
65:
3103:Military Council of National Salvation
1385:Democracy and Mathematics in Lithuania
1262:. In Philipp Ther; Ana Siljak (eds.).
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
982:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
838:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
3169:Forced migrations during World War II
2043:Musial, Bogdan (25–26 January 2011).
877:Western Poland. Two weeks later, the
18:Polish population transfers (1944–46)
7:
3234:Soviet World War II crimes in Poland
3229:Forced migration in the Soviet Union
1755:. Oxford University Press. pp.
3179:Aftermath of World War II in Poland
3174:Post–World War II forced migrations
901:accompanying the Red Army murdered
879:Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland
617:" of the Polish People's Republic.
497:territory for its western republics
289:Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
2692:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005,
2456:. London: Frank Cass. p. 28.
2046:The 'Polish operation' of the NKVD
1028:or Poland, and most chose Poland.
976:and Ukrainians escalated into the
942:by Khrushchev and the head of the
805:and the Soviet Union representing
568:The process is variously known as
312:German–Soviet population transfers
25:
3069:1981 Polish hunger demonstrations
3049:Independent Students' Association
2967:Bishops' Letter of Reconciliation
2904:Mokotów Prison executions of 1951
2316:Institute of National Remembrance
1823:Central European University Press
1804:– via Google Books preview.
1350:: Neriton. pp. 29, 50, 468.
1221:Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)
1006:survivors of the ethnic cleansing
719:of 1917 the Polish population of
284:Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
279:Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
2957:1957 Polish legislative election
2839:1947 Polish legislative election
2673:"Kollaboration" in Nordosteuropa
518:of Allies in 1945, to which the
450:from the eastern half of prewar
127:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
46:) and pre-war German territory (
3224:Anti-Polish sentiment in Europe
3219:1945 in international relations
3044:Solidarity (Polish trade union)
2834:1946 Polish people's referendum
2644:, Yale University Press, 2004,
2613:from the original on 2020-08-06
2561:from the original on 2022-01-05
2516:from the original on 2013-06-19
2498:. In Tadeusz Piotrowski (ed.).
2470:from the original on 2020-08-19
2430:from the original on 2020-08-18
2386:from the original on 2020-08-19
2348:from the original on 2020-08-19
2010:Journal of Contemporary History
1884:from the original on 2020-08-19
1839:from the original on 2022-01-05
1667:from the original on 2016-03-03
1612:from the original on 2022-05-18
1588:"Post-War Migrations in Poland"
1506:from the original on 2018-06-27
1457:from the original on 2022-01-05
1364:from the original on 2021-07-19
1318:from the original on 2022-01-05
1280:from the original on 2022-05-18
1226:Birch bark letters from Siberia
593:culmination of a process of de-
2962:Millennium of the Polish State
2114:"XI: Przemieszczenia ludności"
1983:Serhiĭchuk, Volodymyr (1999).
1696:: Centre for Eastern Studies,
1533:University of California Press
978:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
958:Postwar transfers from Ukraine
885:). With the annexation of the
631:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
588:, used officially in both the
1:
3194:Poland–Soviet Union relations
3064:1981 warning strike in Poland
2452:. In Alfred J. Rieber (ed.).
2233:. Springer. pp. 9, 227.
2112:Andrzej Gawryszewski (2005).
1926:Entsyklopedia Ukrainoznavstva
1590:. In Mirosława Czerny (ed.).
512:republics of the Soviet Union
473:. These were the result of a
387:Massive labor force transfers
40:territorial changes of Poland
3143:Polish Round Table Agreement
3123:Federation of Fighting Youth
2972:1968 Polish political crisis
2884:Polish United Workers' Party
2260:Joshua D. Zimmerman (2003).
2193:, By R. J. Crampton, page 50
1382:Rudzikas, Z.R. (July 2002).
1298:John A.S. Grenville (2005).
1186:Polish minority in Lithuania
834:Ukrainian minority in Poland
2899:Socialist realism in Poland
1941:; Alexandrowicz Stanisław;
1688:Jan Czerniakiewicz (1992).
1584:Bogumiła Lisocka-Jaegermann
1125:People's Republic of Poland
899:Soviet secret police (NKVD)
752:Ukrainian People's Republic
725:Ukrainian People's Republic
3250:
3204:Lithuania–Poland relations
3084:autocratic rule and demise
3019:Workers' Defence Committee
2844:Small Constitution of 1947
2596:Polish Academy of Sciences
2579:Hryciuk, Grzegorz (2005).
2155:Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski
2124:Polish Academy of Sciences
1903:Second World War 1939–1945
1566:Polish Academy of Sciences
1439:. New Haven, Connecticut:
1394:10.1142/9789812776945_0012
1258:Jerzy Kochanowski (2001).
1191:Polish minority in Ukraine
1181:Polish minority in Belarus
1107:
1072:
961:
923:Polish government in exile
907:Polish government-in-exile
793:was unsuccessful, and the
705:Russian Revolution of 1917
611:historical eastern Germany
520:Polish government-in-exile
67:Forced population transfer
3214:1940s in the Soviet Union
2568:– via Google Books.
2119:Ludność Polski w XX wieku
1711:Dvornik, Francis (1962).
1619:– via Google Books.
1556:Krystyna Kersten (1974).
1464:– via Google Books.
1325:– via Google Books.
1216:State Repatriation Office
1128:State Repatriation Office
893:, and Western Belarus to
858:Soviet invasion of Poland
791:Polish-Ukrainian alliance
514:. This was agreed at the
117:Azerbaijanis from Armenia
3209:Poland–Ukraine relations
3199:Belarus–Poland relations
3039:Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes
2767:Polish People's Republic
2022:10.1177/0022009412461818
1901:Goldstein, Erik (1992).
1868:Harvard University Press
1478:Józef Poklewski (1994).
1163:Polish Underground State
1062:Polish underground press
986:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
590:Polish People's Republic
225:Kurds from Transcaucasia
2982:Polish protests of 1970
2929:Poznań protests of 1956
2086:Encyclopædia Britannica
1815:Aleksei Miller (2003).
972:, tensions between the
903:Polish prisoners of war
871:Molotov–Ribbentrop pact
537:of the United Kingdom,
397:Twenty-five-thousanders
3184:Poland in World War II
2448:N.S. Lebedeva (2000).
1780:Norman Davies (2005).
1155:Ethnographic Lithuania
1069:Transfers from Belarus
1020:The Poles in southern
1018:
951:Second Polish Republic
947:Edward Osóbka-Morawski
936:
844:, began the so-called
803:Second Polish Republic
781:Second Polish Republic
760:Second Polish Republic
563:ethnic Polish transfer
479:Allies of World War II
274:Polish and Soviet Jews
51:
27:Post WWII resettlement
3108:Pacification of Wujek
3091:Martial law in Poland
2997:international opening
2977:Kniefall von Warschau
2919:Trial of the Generals
2784:Recovered Territories
2654:Google Print, p.91-93
2537:(2008). Ray Brandon;
2328:Hugo Service (2013).
2122:(in Polish). Warsaw:
1441:Yale University Press
1433:"The Local World War"
1211:Recovered Territories
1098:Białystok Voivodeship
1055:In January 1945, the
840:(OUN), helped by the
832:Tensions between the
819:Volhynian Voivodeship
737:Mieczysław Mickiewicz
673:adherents during the
615:Recovered Territories
539:Franklin D. Roosevelt
495:. The USSR took over
407:Virgin Lands campaign
48:Recovered Territories
33:
2819:Trial of the Sixteen
2794:Expulsion of Germans
2366:Jaff Schatz (1991).
2126:. pp. 381–383.
1655:Sławomir Cenckiewicz
1492:Press. p. 321.
1443:. pp. 190–193.
797:continued until the
787:Partitions of Poland
717:Bolshevik revolution
682:partitions of Poland
3138:1988 Polish strikes
3118:Fighting Solidarity
3113:1982 demonstrations
3029:1980 Lublin strikes
2950:autarchic communism
2702:Google Print, p.147
2677:Harrassowitz Verlag
2492:Piotrowski, Tadeusz
1636:, Chapters XX-XXI,
1596:Hauppauge, New York
1346:] (in Polish).
1033:Polish Secret State
715:period, during the
547:post-war expulsions
529:of Poles (and also
132:Chechens and Ingush
69:in the Soviet Union
3128:Orange Alternative
3014:June 1976 protests
2725:Grzegorz Hryciuk,
2707:2016-04-25 at the
2659:2016-06-04 at the
2305:on January 7, 2005
2263:Contested Memories
2210:2014-03-02 at the
2189:2017-12-02 at the
2080:2007-12-24 at the
968:Toward the end of
916:Tadeusz Piotrowski
852:Invasion of Poland
659:Right bank Ukraine
516:Potsdam Conference
483:invasion of Poland
402:NKVD labor columns
357:POW Administration
94:Forced settlements
52:
3151:
3150:
3024:Flying University
3004:1971 Łódź strikes
2909:1952 Constitution
2799:Operation Vistula
2598:(PAN): 116, 119.
2554:978-0-253-00159-7
2535:Timothy D. Snyder
2509:978-0-7864-5536-2
2463:978-0-7146-5132-3
2423:978-963-9241-68-8
2379:978-0-520-07136-0
2341:978-1-107-67148-5
2273:978-0-8135-3158-8
2073:See for instance
1966:978-83-231-0627-2
1877:978-0-674-26837-1
1766:978-0-19-820171-7
1751:Europe: A History
1730:978-0-8135-0799-6
1698:Warsaw University
1450:978-0-300-12599-3
1429:Timothy D. Snyder
1403:978-981-238-092-0
1273:978-0-7425-1094-4
1206:Operation Vistula
1130:representatives.
927:Nikita Khrushchev
895:Soviet Belorussia
869:After the secret
827:military settlers
823:Bolshevist Russia
795:Polish-Soviet war
709:Russian Civil War
690:Russian Partition
541:of the U.S., and
535:Winston Churchill
531:of ethnic Germans
522:was not invited.
508:Tehran Conference
463:forced migrations
444:
443:
337:Operation Vistula
16:(Redirected from
3241:
3059:Bydgoszcz events
3054:Rural Solidarity
3034:Gdańsk Agreement
2894:Collectivization
2854:Battle for trade
2829:Augustów roundup
2756:
2749:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2711:
2688:Dovile Budryte,
2686:
2680:
2669:
2663:
2635:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2588:Dzieje Najnowsze
2585:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2301:. Archived from
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2276:. Archived from
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2224:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2136:. Archived from
2109:
2098:
2075:Russo-Polish War
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2056:. Archived from
2051:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1939:Karpus, Zbigniew
1935:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1754:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1718:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1651:
1645:
1634:God's Playground
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1525:Krystyna Kersten
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1490:Toruń University
1475:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1406:. Archived from
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1255:
1081:Byelorussian SSR
1016:
775:Polish Operation
671:Eastern Orthodox
436:
429:
422:
327:Operation Priboi
307:June deportation
247:Meskhetian Turks
54:
50:), respectively.
21:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3083:
3073:
2996:
2986:
2949:
2939:
2924:PAX Association
2872:
2863:
2859:Three-Year Plan
2849:Amnesty of 1947
2824:Cursed soldiers
2769:
2760:
2722:
2719:
2717:Further reading
2714:
2709:Wayback Machine
2687:
2683:
2679:. 2006. p. 172.
2670:
2666:
2661:Wayback Machine
2636:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2562:
2555:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2464:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2380:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2342:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2274:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2212:Wayback Machine
2201:
2197:
2191:Wayback Machine
2180:
2176:
2169:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2134:
2111:
2110:
2101:
2091:Józef Piłsudski
2088:
2082:Wayback Machine
2072:
2068:
2060:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1943:Waldemar Rezmer
1937:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1878:
1870:. p. 217.
1858:Jonathan Steele
1856:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1833:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1670:
1668:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1535:. p. 535.
1523:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1500:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1451:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1404:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1312:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1274:
1257:
1256:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1171:
1112:
1106:
1077:
1071:
1017:
1012:
990:Bolesław Bierut
966:
960:
867:
854:
846:sabotage action
783:
657:, Volhynia and
627:Union of Lublin
623:
607:post-war Poland
601:regimes of the
440:
411:
381:
341:
332:Operation Vesna
317:Operation North
293:
103:
68:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3096:Militsiya hour
3087:
3085:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2934:Polish October
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2776:Early post-war
2771:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2681:
2664:
2638:Timothy Snyder
2623:
2571:
2553:
2526:
2508:
2496:"Introduction"
2480:
2462:
2440:
2422:
2396:
2378:
2358:
2340:
2320:
2290:
2272:
2252:
2239:
2216:
2195:
2174:
2167:
2146:
2143:on 2011-10-01.
2132:
2099:
2095:Symon Petlyura
2066:
2063:on 2012-03-23.
2035:
2000:
1993:
1972:
1965:
1930:
1923:(in Ukrainian)
1915:
1894:
1876:
1849:
1831:
1825:. p. 26.
1807:
1794:
1772:
1765:
1736:
1729:
1703:
1680:
1646:
1622:
1604:
1575:
1572:. p. 277.
1548:
1541:
1516:
1498:
1467:
1449:
1420:
1402:
1374:
1356:
1328:
1310:
1290:
1272:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1151:depolonization
1144:Lithuanization
1137:. The city of
1135:Vilnius region
1121:Vilnius region
1108:Main article:
1105:
1104:From Lithuania
1102:
1091:intelligentsia
1073:Main article:
1070:
1067:
1046:pre-war Poland
1042:Polish problem
1014:Timothy Snyder
1010:
998:Soviet Ukraine
984:(OUN) and the
962:Main article:
959:
956:
891:Soviet Ukraine
866:
863:
853:
850:
799:Treaty of Riga
782:
779:
698:Russian people
675:Union of Brest
667:Roman Catholic
622:
619:
555:Eastern Europe
442:
441:
439:
438:
431:
424:
416:
413:
412:
410:
409:
404:
399:
393:
390:
389:
383:
382:
380:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
353:
350:
349:
347:WWII POW labor
343:
342:
340:
339:
334:
329:
324:
322:Operation Osen
319:
314:
309:
303:
300:
299:
295:
294:
292:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
270:
269:
264:
259:
257:NKVD operation
249:
244:
239:
238:
237:
235:NKVD operation
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
201:
200:
198:NKVD operation
190:
185:
184:
183:
181:NKVD operation
173:
172:
171:
169:NKVD operation
166:
156:
155:
154:
152:NKVD operation
144:
142:Crimean Tatars
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
113:
110:
109:
105:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
84:Dekulakization
80:
77:
76:
72:
71:
63:
62:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3246:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Six-Year Plan
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2870:Sovietization
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2698:0-7546-4281-X
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2650:0-300-10586-X
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2590:(in Polish).
2589:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2408:Polian, Pavel
2403:
2401:
2397:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2359:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2280:on 2014-03-03
2279:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2253:
2242:
2240:1-349-21789-1
2236:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2168:83-03-03162-7
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2133:83-87954-66-7
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:(1): 98–124.
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1994:966-7060-15-2
1990:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1911:0-415-07822-9
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1838:
1834:
1832:963-9241-60-1
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1808:
1797:
1795:0-19-925340-4
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1745:Norman Davies
1740:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1704:
1700:. p. 20.
1699:
1695:
1692:(in Polish).
1691:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1666:
1663:(in Polish),
1662:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:83-240-0654-0
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:Norman Davies
1626:
1623:
1611:
1607:
1605:1-59454-603-7
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1542:0-520-06219-1
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1499:83-231-0542-1
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:(in Polish).
1483:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1410:on 2022-01-05
1409:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1357:83-86842-56-3
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1317:
1313:
1311:0-415-28955-6
1307:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1159:Armia Krajowa
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1002:the Holocaust
999:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
965:
957:
955:
952:
948:
945:
941:
935:
930:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
864:
862:
859:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
809:(part of the
808:
807:Ukrainian SSR
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
780:
778:
776:
771:
769:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
694:Norman Davies
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:Lemkivshchyna
636:
632:
628:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:Joseph Stalin
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:
453:
449:
437:
432:
430:
425:
423:
418:
417:
415:
414:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
392:
391:
388:
384:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
352:
351:
348:
344:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
302:
301:
296:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
236:
233:
232:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
199:
196:
195:
194:
193:Ingrian Finns
191:
189:
186:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
112:
111:
106:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
79:
78:
73:
70:
64:
60:
56:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3009:Letter of 59
2788:
2726:
2689:
2684:
2672:
2667:
2641:
2615:. Retrieved
2591:
2587:
2574:
2563:. Retrieved
2543:
2529:
2518:. Retrieved
2499:
2472:. Retrieved
2453:
2443:
2432:. Retrieved
2412:
2388:. Retrieved
2368:
2361:
2350:. Retrieved
2330:
2323:
2307:. Retrieved
2303:the original
2293:
2282:. Retrieved
2278:the original
2262:
2255:
2244:. Retrieved
2229:
2203:
2198:
2182:
2177:
2158:
2149:
2138:the original
2118:
2069:
2058:the original
2045:
2038:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1984:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1902:
1897:
1886:. Retrieved
1862:
1852:
1841:. Retrieved
1817:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1785:
1775:
1750:
1739:
1714:
1706:
1689:
1683:
1675:
1669:, retrieved
1659:
1649:
1633:
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1591:
1578:
1557:
1551:
1531:. Berkeley:
1528:
1519:
1508:. Retrieved
1480:
1459:. Retrieved
1436:
1423:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:the original
1384:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1343:
1338:
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1300:
1293:
1282:. Retrieved
1263:
1148:
1132:
1116:
1113:
1095:
1084:
1078:
1054:
1041:
1030:
1019:
995:
970:World War II
967:
937:
932:
920:
868:
865:Deportations
855:
845:
831:
811:Soviet Union
784:
772:
764:
756:Soviet Union
745:
702:
679:
663:Polonization
624:
595:Polonization
586:repatriation
585:
582:repatriation
578:depatriation
567:
559:
527:displacement
524:
501:
486:
475:Soviet Union
471:World War II
461:), were the
447:
445:
261:
164:from Romania
2723:(in Polish)
2539:Wendy Lower
1644:, ZNAK 2006
1086:tuteishians
1004:and Polish
651:Brześć land
574:deportation
525:The ethnic
459:macroregion
242:Lithuanians
36:Curzon Line
3158:Categories
3080:Jaruzelski
2617:2019-06-25
2565:2020-09-20
2520:2018-09-16
2474:2018-09-16
2434:2018-09-16
2390:2018-09-16
2352:2018-09-16
2309:2005-01-07
2284:2016-10-24
2246:2020-09-20
1888:2016-10-24
1843:2020-09-20
1801:2016-10-24
1671:2009-07-10
1616:2020-10-19
1570:Ossolineum
1510:2009-07-10
1461:2020-10-19
1414:2009-07-10
1368:2020-09-20
1322:2020-09-20
1284:2020-10-19
1233:References
768:Kazakhstan
727:(UNR) and
643:Chełm Land
621:Background
372:Hungarians
298:Operations
188:Harbinites
89:Evacuation
2604:0419-8824
2030:159599245
1065:140,000.
974:Polish AK
856:The 1939
733:Petrograd
647:Podlaskie
599:communist
570:expulsion
488:Wehrmacht
377:Romanians
267:1955–1959
262:1944–1946
210:Karachays
147:Estonians
3078:1981–89
2991:1970–81
2944:1956–70
2868:1948–56
2774:1945–48
2705:Archived
2657:Archived
2608:Archived
2559:Archived
2541:(eds.).
2514:Archived
2494:(2004).
2468:Archived
2428:Archived
2410:(2004).
2384:Archived
2346:Archived
2208:Archived
2187:Archived
2157:(1990).
2078:Archived
1945:(1995).
1882:Archived
1860:(1988).
1837:Archived
1747:(1996).
1665:archived
1657:(2005),
1610:Archived
1586:(2006).
1527:(1991).
1504:Archived
1455:Archived
1431:(2007).
1362:Archived
1316:Archived
1278:Archived
1169:See also
1117:traitors
1050:Red Army
1011:—
748:Red Army
713:Cold War
707:and the
669:and the
635:Volhynia
493:Red Army
362:Japanese
230:Latvians
75:Policies
59:a series
57:Part of
2946:Gomułka
2877:'s rule
2765:of the
2763:History
2314:Polish
2204:Galicia
1955:].
1562:Wrocław
1139:Vilnius
1026:Siberia
875:invaded
741:Podolia
686:Siberia
655:Galicia
605:and of
551:Central
491:by the
367:Germans
215:Koreans
205:Kalmyks
159:Germans
137:Chinese
122:Balkars
108:Peoples
2993:Gierek
2936:(1956)
2875:Bierut
2873:under
2696:
2648:
2602:
2551:
2506:
2460:
2420:
2376:
2338:
2270:
2237:
2165:
2130:
2028:
1991:
1963:
1909:
1874:
1829:
1792:
1763:
1727:
1694:Warsaw
1640:
1602:
1539:
1496:
1447:
1400:
1354:
1348:Warsaw
1308:
1270:
940:Lublin
789:. The
729:Russia
452:Poland
220:Kumyks
176:Greeks
2611:(PDF)
2594:(4).
2584:(PDF)
2141:(PDF)
2061:(PDF)
2050:(PDF)
2026:S2CID
1957:Toruń
1951:[
1486:Toruń
1342:[
1035:) in
1022:Kresy
887:Kresy
815:Kresy
580:, or
467:Poles
456:Kresy
252:Poles
99:Gulag
44:Kresy
2694:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2600:ISSN
2549:ISBN
2504:ISBN
2458:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2336:ISBN
2268:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2128:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1161:and
1057:NKVD
1037:Lwów
721:Kyiv
703:The
680:The
603:USSR
553:and
446:The
38:and
34:The
2995:'s
2084:in
2018:doi
1759:–.
1757:828
1721:347
1390:doi
1146:).
842:UVO
700:".
549:in
465:of
3160::
3082:'s
2948:'s
2700:,
2675:.
2652:,
2640:,
2626:^
2606:.
2592:36
2586:.
2557:.
2512:.
2483:^
2466:.
2426:.
2399:^
2382:.
2344:.
2219:^
2116:.
2102:^
2024:.
2014:48
2012:.
1975:^
1880:.
1866:.
1835:.
1821:.
1784:.
1723:.
1674:,
1632:,
1608:.
1594:.
1568:,
1564::
1560:.
1502:.
1488::
1470:^
1453:.
1435:.
1396:.
1360:.
1314:.
1276:.
1240:^
653:,
649:,
645:,
641:,
576:,
572:,
499:.
61:on
2755:e
2748:t
2741:v
2620:.
2523:.
2477:.
2437:.
2393:.
2355:.
2312:.
2287:.
2249:.
2171:.
2032:.
2020::
1997:.
1969:.
1913:.
1891:.
1846:.
1769:.
1733:.
1545:.
1513:.
1417:.
1392::
1371:.
1287:.
435:e
428:t
421:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
