31:
903:
588:, New Hampshire, where 500 people including children had blood tests as part of a bio-monitoring plan through the state Department of Health and Human Services. The U.S. Department of Defense's research programs have been trying to define nature and extent of PFAS contamination at U.S. military sites, especially in groundwater.
562:(EPA) which regards them being harmful to the environment. Specifically, studies found that PFOS caused "unusual and serious effects in animal toxicity tests, that it was present around the world in humans and wildlife, and that it was highly persistent in the environment." (Similar concerns followed for PFOA.)
594:
A 2016 study found unsafe levels of fluorosurfactants in 194 out of 4,864 water supplies in 33 U.S. states. Covering two-thirds of drinking water supplies in the United States, the study found thirteen states accounted for 75% of the detections. In order of frequency, these were: California, New
517:
Several environmental and health concerns surround the industrial production and use of perfluoroalkane compounds. The exceptional stability of perfluorinated compounds, while desirable from the applications perspective, is also a cause for environmental and health concerns.
573:. Data from animal studies of PFOA indicate that it can cause several types of tumors and neonatal death and may have toxic effects on the immune, liver, and endocrine systems. As of 2010 data on the human health effects of PFOA were sparse.
569:, since they are extremely stable and can be stored in the bodies of humans and animals. Examples include PFOA and PFOS, frequently present in water-resistant textiles and sprays conferring water-resistant properties to textiles and
1211:
576:
As of 2015, the U.S. Air Force had been testing 82 former and active US military installations for fluorosurfactants contained in fire fighting foam. In 2015, PFCs were found in groundwater at
935:
57:
that lacks C-H bonds. Many perfluorinated compounds have properties that are quite different from their C-H containing analogues. Common functional groups in PFCs are
495:
559:
853:
1254:
928:
591:
A 2018 report to
Congress indicated that "at least 126 drinking water systems on or near military bases" were contaminated with PFAS compounds.
538:
used as refrigerants and fire suppression materials. The history of use, environmental impact, and recommendations for use are included in the
663:
Chambers, R. D.; Sargent, C. R. (1981). "Polyfluoroheteroaromatic compounds". In
Katritzky, A. R.; Boulton, A. J. (eds.).
827:
1221:
1190:
608:
512:
921:
907:
1921:
1764:
672:
812:
Strategic
Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP)
595:
Jersey, North
Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, Georgia, Minnesota, Arizona, Massachusetts, and Illinois.
1749:
470:
1936:
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485:(PFOS), used in the semiconductor industry, 3M's former Scotchgard formulation, and 3M's former fire-fighting foam mixture.
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482:
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86:
530:, in part due to their very long atmospheric lifetime. The environmental concerns for perflurocompounds are similar to
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991:
577:
464:
249:
89:
is the predominant method for PFC production. Due to their chemical stability, some of these perfluorinated compounds
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Above the minimum reporting levels required by the EPA − 70 parts per trillion (ng/L) for PFOS and PFOA
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One class of perfluorinated compounds, the fluorosurfactants, are widely used in the production of
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Per- and
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Analytical and Characterization Frontiers
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are also perfluorinated compounds, many of which were formerly used as refrigerants (
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Unsafe levels of toxic chemicals found in drinking water for 6 million
Americans
245:
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30:
740:"Epidemiologic Evidence on the Health Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)"
1829:
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1623:
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1280:
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535:
458:
397:
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are produced via saturative addition and then defluorinative rearomatization.
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513:
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances § Health and environmental concerns
105:(PTFE) and related fluorinated polymers. They also have been used to confer
773:
322:
Primary and secondary perfluorinated alcohols are unstable with respect to
902:
828:"Suppressed Study: The EPA Underestimated Dangers of Widespread Chemicals"
725:
558:(perfluorooctane sulfonate) have both been investigated by the EU and the
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434:
Trifluoromethylacetonitrile, the simplest perfluorinated nitrile.
147:
A common industrial method for synthesizing perflurocompounds is
1232:
682:
555:
551:
1236:
917:
390:, a moderately strong acid of interest in research community.
289:, perfluorinated polyether used in special oils and greases.
724:
Auer, Charles, Frank Kover, James Aidala, Marks
Greenwood.
454:
854:"Air Force won't pay for towns' water contamination costs"
788:"Grissom officials: Well tests show no chemical pollution"
738:
Steenland, Kyle; Fletcher, Tony; Savitz, David A. (2010).
121:
by concentrating at the liquid-air interface due to the
109:
and stain-resistance to fabrics. They are components of
378:, a moderately strong acid useful in organic chemistry.
705:
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1011:
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726:“Toxic Substances: A Half Century of Progress.”
439:Perfluorosulfonic acids and related derivatives
667:. Vol. 28. New York, NY: Academic Press.
277:, precursor to perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (CF
1248:
929:
560:United States Environmental Protection Agency
479:(PFOSA), used in 3M's Scotchgard formulation.
8:
635:"Profile - Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)"
888:Science X network, phys.org, August 9, 2016
1686:
1276:
1255:
1241:
1233:
936:
922:
914:
473:(POSF), precursor to PFOS-based compounds.
763:
453:(PFBS) used as a replacement for PFOS in
431:, the simplest perfluorinated isonitrile.
599:was singled out as a major contributor.
526:Low-boiling perfluoroalkanes are potent
625:
467:(FBSA), sulfonamide derivative of PFBS.
338:(and related derivatives) are found in
794:. Associated Press. 19 September 2015
7:
1191:List of environmental health hazards
699:US Environmental Protection Agency.
728:EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.
609:Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
1076:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
665:Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry
25:
826:Lustgarten, Abrahm (2018-06-20).
744:Environmental Health Perspectives
644:. San Francisco Estuary Institute
507:Environmental and health concerns
423:Perfluoronitriles and isonitriles
901:
584:, Indiana, and in well water at
471:perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride
135:) until they were implicated in
125:phobicity of polyfluorocarbons.
852:Associated Press (2017-07-31).
816:webinarslides, January 28, 2016
370:Perfluorinated carboxylic acid
1:
554:(perfluorooctanoic acid) and
418:of fluoropolymers, like PFOA.
306:Nonafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol
1222:Toxic Substances Control Act
1181:Persistent organic pollutant
633:Sedlak, Meg (October 2016).
483:perfluorooctanesulfonic acid
451:perfluorobutanesulfonic acid
414:(PFNA), a surfactant in the
285:), the monomer precursor to
263:Perfluoroethers and epoxides
167:Perfluorinated alkyl halides
162:Examples by functional group
37:, a perfluorinated compound.
1176:Great Pacific garbage patch
578:Naval Air Station Brunswick
490:Perfluorinated aryl borates
465:perfluorobutane sulfonamide
318:, a moderately strong acid.
250:polychlorotrifluoroethylene
1953:
1217:Japan Toxic Substances Law
1012:Miscellaneous plasticizers
792:LIN Television Corporation
565:Fluorosurfactants tend to
510:
477:perfluorooctanesulfonamide
367:
297:
266:
201:magnetic resonance imaging
1212:European REACH regulation
1207:California Proposition 65
950:polyhalogenated compounds
834:. Lisa Song, Talia Buford
500:weakly coordinating anion
429:Trifluoromethylisocyanide
364:Perfluorocarboxylic acids
311:Perfluorotriethylcarbinol
275:Hexafluoropropylene oxide
1922:Perfluorinated compounds
908:Perfluorinated compounds
582:Grissom Air Reserve Base
357:organofluorine chemistry
256:Dichlorodifluoroethylene
27:Type of organic chemical
18:Polyfluoroalkyl chemical
1840:Perfluorinated compound
416:emulsion polymerization
388:Pentafluorobenzoic acid
382:Heptafluorobutyric acid
336:Perfluorotripentylamine
242:Chlorotrifluoroethylene
236:polytetrafluoroethylene
219:Dichlorodifluoromethane
183:Pentafluoroethyl iodide
55:organofluorine compound
43:perfluorinated compound
1937:Environment and health
1666:α-Zearalanol (zeranol)
1534:Desmethylwedelolactone
1365:6,8-Diprenylnaringenin
1103:Perfluorooctanoic acid
447:, a useful strong acid
412:Perfluorononanoic acid
394:Perfluorooctanoic acid
355:, a building block in
342:, electronic coolants.
189:Perfluorooctyl bromide
185:, an alkylating agent.
38:
536:halogenated compounds
156:perfluoroheteroarenes
33:
1327:7,8-Dihydroxyflavone
910:at Wikimedia Commons
586:Pease Air Force Base
376:Trifluoroacetic acid
173:Trifluoroiodomethane
1360:8-Geranylnaringenin
1133:Endocrine disruptor
756:10.1289/ehp.0901827
532:chlorofluorocarbons
324:dehydrofluorination
232:Tetrafluoroethylene
205:computed tomography
149:electrofluorination
129:Chlorofluorocarbons
87:Electrofluorination
1355:6-Prenylnaringenin
1350:8-Prenylnaringenin
1148:Polymer fume fever
571:fire-fighting foam
550:The fluorocarbons
111:fire-fighting foam
51:perfluoro compound
39:
1909:
1908:
1820:Pentachlorophenol
1708:
1707:
1699:
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1641:
1230:
1229:
1164:Plastic pollution
944:Health issues of
906:Media related to
597:Firefighting foam
546:Fluorosurfactants
353:Hexafluoroacetone
316:Pentafluorophenol
294:Perfluoroalcohols
248:and precursor to
137:ozone degradation
115:Fluorosurfactants
35:Pentafluorophenol
16:(Redirected from
1944:
1850:Metalloestrogens
1697:
1687:
1479:Dihydrochalcones
1342:Prenylflavonoids
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1169:Rubber pollution
1019:Organophosphates
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528:greenhouse gases
522:Perfluoroalkanes
457:'s reformulated
347:Perfluoroketones
258:(three isomers).
226:Perfluoroalkenes
221:, a refrigerant.
213:liquid breathing
211:; fluid used in
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1700:-Penicillamine
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1562:Enterolactone
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1264:Xenoestrogens
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1115:Health issues
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674:0-12-020628-5
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619:
615:
614:Fluorocarbons
612:
610:
607:
606:
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592:
589:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
567:bioaccumulate
563:
561:
557:
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317:
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300:Fluoroalcohol
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91:bioaccumulate
88:
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76:
72:
68:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
19:
1839:
1795:Methoxychlor
1720:Alkylphenols
1681:β-Zearalenol
1676:β-Zearalanol
1671:α-Zearalenol
1460:
1438:Tectorigenin
1403:Formononetin
959:Plasticizers
881:
872:
861:. Retrieved
857:
847:
836:. Retrieved
831:
821:
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798:19 September
796:. Retrieved
791:
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704:
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641:
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580:, Maine and
575:
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549:
525:
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498:, salt of a
445:Triflic acid
321:
192:
153:
146:
127:
122:
100:
97:Applications
50:
46:
42:
40:
1800:Nonylphenol
1780:Erythrosine
1745:Bisphenol S
1740:Bisphenol F
1735:Bisphenol A
1690:Derivatives
1661:Zearalenone
1656:Zearalanone
1629:Resveratrol
1502:Isoflavenes
1448:Isoflavanes
1388:Biochanin A
1380:Isoflavones
1304:Pinocembrin
1200:Regulations
1052:Bisphenol A
246:refrigerant
1932:Pollutants
1916:Categories
1830:Phthalates
1785:Heptachlor
1775:Enzacamene
1770:Endosulfan
1624:Miroestrol
1557:Enterodiol
1529:Coumestrol
1516:Coumestans
1299:Naringenin
1289:Hesperetin
1281:Flavanones
1128:Carcinogen
1093:Organotins
963:Phthalates
863:2018-06-23
838:2018-06-23
832:ProPublica
648:2 November
620:References
534:and other
459:Scotchgard
398:surfactant
340:Fluorinert
209:sonography
193:perflubron
177:alkylating
143:Production
1857:Aluminium
1713:Synthetic
1603:Quercetin
1595:Flavonols
1524:Coumestan
1492:Phlorizin
1487:Phloretin
1469:Glabridin
1418:Glycitein
1408:Genistein
1332:Mirificin
1157:Pollution
1123:Teratogen
1054:(BPA, in
396:(PFOA),a
207:(CT) and
1902:Vanadate
1896:Selenite
1873:Chromium
1863:Arsenite
1860:Antimony
1805:Parabens
1760:Dieldrin
1725:Atrazine
1508:Glabrene
1433:Puerarin
1428:Prunetin
1413:Genistin
1393:Daidzein
1370:Icaritin
1322:Acacetin
1314:Flavones
1138:Diabetes
1044:Monomers
1024:Adipates
946:plastics
774:20423814
683:62-13037
642:sfei.org
603:See also
404:such as
252:(PCTFE).
71:chlorine
1890:Mercury
1869:Cadmium
1790:Lindane
1765:Dioxins
1580:Silybin
1549:Lignans
1398:Daidzin
1186:Dioxins
1143:Obesity
765:2920088
238:(PTFE).
203:(MRI),
1893:Nickel
1883:Copper
1878:Cobalt
1866:Barium
1612:Others
1463:-Equol
1423:Ononin
983:(BBzP)
952:(PHCs)
772:
762:
710:11 May
681:
671:
406:Teflon
287:Krytox
281:=CFOCF
179:agent.
103:teflon
77:, and
53:is an
1456:Equol
1083:PBDEs
994:(DOP)
701:"FAQ"
638:(PDF)
191:, or
175:, an
154:Some
133:Freon
49:) or
1887:Lead
1825:PHBA
1815:PCBs
1810:PBBs
1098:PFCs
1088:PCBs
1064:(in
1028:DEHA
1003:DINP
998:DIDP
992:DEHP
987:DIHP
971:DIBP
948:and
800:2015
770:PMID
712:2011
679:LCCN
669:ISBN
650:2016
556:PFOS
552:PFOA
199:for
195:, a
151:.
123:lipo
1899:Tin
1755:DDT
1750:DDE
1730:BHA
1066:PVC
1033:DOA
981:BBP
976:DBP
760:PMC
752:doi
748:118
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496:Na
455:3M
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