37:
421:
his
American patent rights to Charles Willson Peale, who developed and marketed the invention. Jefferson was one of his most eager clients, purchasing one for the President's House and one for Monticello. He soon exchanged these machines for new ones, as Peale continued to perfect the design — often according to Jefferson's suggestions. By 1809 Jefferson wrote that "the use of the polygraph has spoiled me for the old copying press the copies of which are hardly ever legible . . . . I could not, now therefore, live without the Polygraph."
29:
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71:, owner of the American rights. Because Jefferson was a prolific letter writer, the preservation of his copies have offered historians extensive insights into Jefferson's viewpoints and actions. Jefferson called the polygraph "the finest invention of the present age". A description of Jefferson's office routine in his own words may be read online.
420:
Marked "Hawkins & Peale's Patent
Polygraph No. 57," this machine was used by Jefferson from 1806 until his death. Jefferson first acquired the letter-copying device he called "the finest invention of the present age" in March of 1804. .... Before he returned to England in 1803, Hawkins assigned
144:
The bridge divides the platform into two portions, the part toward the user upon which the papers are placed (see illustration above), and the stationary part away from the user that contains a portion of the planar pantograph. The function of the bridge is to form a base for the vertical movement
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Pen mounts: Each pen is mounted in such a way that it allows the pen to be used at various angles, necessary to allow a normal writing style. The pens are offset from their pivots by a short stem that projects at right angles from below the midpoint of the pen, allowing the pen to be grasped in
222:). These consist of two variable parallelogram frames attached at a common edge, one of which is also attached to the bridge, while the other is attached to one of the pen supports at each corner. The projecting sides of the upper frame consist of parallel linkages.
205:
Base parallelogram: The base parallelogram is attached to two fixed pivot points at the far side of the base plate. The pivoting arms are supported at their midpoints by wheels which rest on the base and this part remains in a plane parallel to the
538:(requires an appropriate browser plug-in and browser setting) To use this animation, place the cursor on the image, click, and drag. The pens will follow your movement in the writing plane, but pen lift and the pen tilts are not demonstrated.
141:). In the non-portable device this is mounted on posts permanently attached to the platform. In the portable version the bridge, side posts, and a bottom cross piece form the outer rim of enclosure when in the state for transportation.
129:) In a portable device the platform is in two parts that form the covers of the enclosure formed for transport. As suggested by Jefferson, a non-portable version uses a single board for the entire platform.
580:
Including quotations from
Jefferson about the polygraph and the connection between Jefferson's philosophies and the technologies he employed (Texas Tech University, Department of English)
477:"I think it the finest invention of the present age and so much superior to the copying machine that the latter will never be continued a day by any one who tries the polygraph"
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The combination of forces between the horizontal and vertical enables the pen lift of the principal pen grasped by the user from the paper to be transferred to the copying pen.
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The range of the planar mechanism must be sufficient to encompass the papers (individually) being written upon and allow access for each pen to its respective inkwell.
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Extension parallelogram: The extension parallelogram is attached to the base parallelogram by pivots that allow the pen-side edge to be lifted away from the base.
483:, which enabled a copy to be made by writing the original using special transferable inks and damp papers to receive the copies. (quoted and described in
264:)balances most of the weight of the moving parts so that the user is neither fatigued by using the device nor is required to adjust their writing style.
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Pen tilt (side-to-side): A parallel linkage maintains correspondence of tilt with respect to a direction parallel to the front face of the device. (
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Pen tilt (fore and aft): A torsion beam joins the pen mounts to maintain correspondence of tilt with respect to the direction away from the user. (
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Inkwells are provided beneath the bridge for each pen at corresponding locations. The dipping of the master pen will thus re-ink the slave pen.
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The original
American patent document for the polygraph, issued to John J. Hawkins on May 17, 1803, was lost in a Patent Office fire in 1836.
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at
Monticello contains a simplified and durable version, intended for use by children. An image of this version in use may be seen here.
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A simple pantograph is used to translate the planar motion of one pen to the other. The pantograph consists of two complete variable
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was the first customer of Peale's and not only introduced the device to
Jefferson but was also instrumental in its improvement.
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The platform forms both a writing surface (in part) and a base and reference plane for the moving and other stationary parts. (
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85:, which include simple devices for making copies at various enlargements or reductions by tracing over a drawing.
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that produces a copy of a piece of writing simultaneously with the creation of the original, using pens and ink.
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A horizontal pantograph maintains identical planar (X and Y axis) movement, with two degrees of freedom
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Suspension beam and spring: At the center of the bridge a beam projects horizontally toward the user (
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An angled pantograph descending from the bridge maintains identical vertical (Z axis) movement
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A second pair of parallelogram links maintains vertical correspondence between the two pens (
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Some information and quotation from curator's card, Smithsonian Museum of
American History
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In addition, a vertical suspension spring balances the weight of the moving parts.
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Material
Rhetoric: Jeffersonian Democracy and the Technology of the Public Record
67:, who acquired his first polygraph in 1804 and later suggested improvements to
589:
Do we really need interactive exhibits to bring
Jefferson to life? Yes, we do.
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82:
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Original polygraphs may be viewed at a number of locations around the world.
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on May 17, 1803, it was most famously used by the third U.S. president,
498:"A Day in the Life of Thomas Jefferson - Thomas Jefferson's Monticello"
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Letter: Thomas
Jefferson to James Bowdoin, July 10, 1806, Washington –
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Reproduction of Jefferson's polygraph at the Smithsonian Institution
372:, another remote signing device, patented by Elisha Gray in 1888
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Also known as a "gallows frame", the bridge spans the platform (
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linkage and a support for the suspension spring support beam.
366:, a remote signing device conceived by writer Margaret Atwood
178:
A parallel linkage maintains identical pen side-to-side tilt
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The device consists of two pens transmitting motion in five
605:
Describes public hands-on access to a replica Polygraph.
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A torsion beam maintains identical pen fore-and-aft tilt
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Mechanisms of this type are more generally known as
554:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
518:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
97:Annotated engraving of Hawkin's Polygraph from
8:
260:), from which a vertical suspension spring (
572:The Letters of Thomas Jefferson: 1743–1826
552:Thomas Jefferson and His Copying Machines
516:Thomas Jefferson and His Copying Machines
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35:
27:
442:The Works of Thomas Jefferson, 12 vols.
381:
360:, another signature duplicating device
165:through four interlinked mechanisms:
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235:whatever way is usual to the user. (
16:Duplicating device using pen and ink
479:. The "copying machine" refers the
323:National Museum of American History
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595:Portable version of the Polygraph
591:By Anne Applebaum (Slate.MSN.com)
318:, Jefferson's estate in Virginia
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311:Some United States locations:
40:One of the polygraphs used by
1:
447:The Online Library of Liberty
640:
550:Bedini, Silvio A. (1984).
514:Bedini, Silvio A. (1984).
21:Polygraph (disambiguation)
18:
473:Writings of Jefferson 6:7
405:Charlottesville, Virginia
89:Description of the device
619:Technical drawing tools
427:July 27, 2019, at the
344:Griffin Discovery Room
220:"D" and "E" on diagram
199:"d" and "e" on diagram
139:"A" and "B" on diagram
105:
76:Benjamin Henry Latrobe
45:
33:
602:Monticello's Makeover
214:Descending pantograph
96:
69:Charles Willson Peale
39:
31:
44:, a portable version
19:For other uses, see
585:A Modern Monticello
325:, Washington, D. C.
502:www.monticello.org
451:Liberty Fund, Inc.
407:: Th: Jefferson's
397:"Historical Notes"
288:. You can help by
269:Viewing in museums
163:degrees of freedom
106:
74:Another American,
61:John Isaac Hawkins
54:duplicating device
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34:
597:Image at Make.com
560:978-0-8139-1025-3
524:978-0-8139-1025-3
475:The full line is
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226:Pen lift transfer
186:Planar pantograph
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116:Stationary parts
65:Thomas Jefferson
42:Thomas Jefferson
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574:(partial index)
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262:"I" on diagram
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127:"F" on diagram
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59:Patented by
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112:animation.
83:pantographs
613:Categories
487:, p. 147.)
409:Monticello
377:References
316:Monticello
108:See for a
104:, ca. 1820
101:Cyclopædia
401:Polygraph
110:QuickTime
50:Polygraph
624:Printing
425:Archived
352:See also
149:Inkwells
121:Platform
414:May 10,
364:LongPen
358:Autopen
99:Rees's
558:
522:
485:Bedini
330:Patent
133:Bridge
206:base.
52:is a
556:ISBN
520:ISBN
416:2020
342:The
445:At
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384:^
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