306:
516:
291:
276:
848:
2350:
2374:
936:
324:
2386:
360:
899:
2362:
31:
542:. They are synthesized by the polymerization process and can be modified by the additive of monomers. The additives of monomers change polymers mechanical property, processability, durability and so on. The simple reactive molecule from which the repeating structural units of a polymer are derived is called a monomer. A
914:
can be classified in many ways. Polymers, strictly speaking, comprise most solid matter: minerals (i.e. most of the Earth's crust) are largely polymers, metals are 3-d polymers, organisms, living and dead, are composed largely of polymers and water. Often polymers are classified according to their
387:. His work expanded the chemical understanding of polymers and was followed by an expansion of the field of polymer chemistry during which such polymeric materials as neoprene, nylon and polyester were invented. Before Staudinger, polymers were thought to be clusters of small
494:
Teaching and research programs in polymer chemistry were introduced in the 1940s. An
Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry was founded in 1940 in Freiburg, Germany under the direction of Staudinger. In America, a Polymer Research Institute (PRI) was established in 1941 by
815:
1350:
Friend, R. H.; Gymer, R. W.; Holmes, A. B.; Burroughes, J. H.; Marks, R. N.; Taliani, C.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Santos, D. A. Dos; Brdas, J. L.; Lgdlund, M.; Salaneck, W. R. (1999). "Electroluminescence in conjugated polymers".
895:
tend to increase. Thus, the measured viscosity of polymers can provide valuable information about the average length of the polymer, the progress of reactions, and in what ways the polymer branches.
666:
1393:
X Zhang, X Peng, SW Zhang. "7 - Synthetic biodegradable medical polymers: Polymer blends" Science and
Principles of Biodegradable and Bioresorbable Medical Polymers, 2017. 217-254.
305:
254:
and their high molecular weight products upon reaction with nucleophiles, but stopped short of referring to these as polymers, possibly due to the strong views espoused by
1291:
1445:
657:
630:
1546:
1551:
902:
Composites are formed by combining polymeric materials to form an overall structure with properties that differ from the sum of the individual components.
1529:
1573:
290:
1524:
65:. The principles and methods used within polymer chemistry are also applicable through a wide range of other chemistry sub-disciplines like
1585:
275:
1438:
1305:
950:
are the structural and functional materials that comprise most of the organic matter in organisms. One major class of biopolymers are
825:
1192:
1171:
500:
2390:
603:
2269:
1431:
810:{\displaystyle M_{n}={\frac {\sum M_{i}N_{i}}{\sum N_{i}}},\quad M_{w}={\frac {\sum M_{i}^{2}N_{i}}{\sum M_{i}N_{i}}},\quad }
1712:
1466:
563:
251:
602:. Illustrative of the quantitative aspects of polymer chemistry, particular attention is paid to the number-average and
579:
504:
841:
829:
821:
1989:
1476:
859:
The study of polymer thermodynamics helps improve the material properties of various polymer-based materials such as
464:
2412:
1915:
1886:
1866:
1819:
336:
1504:
1048:
837:
352:
2259:
2175:
1814:
547:
432:
404:
1257:
Kricheldorf, Hans, R. (2006), "Polypeptides and 100 Years of
Chemistry of α-Amino Acid N-Carboxyanhydrides",
2197:
2108:
2071:
1955:
1881:
1702:
1685:
1628:
551:
2115:
2103:
1994:
1859:
1633:
1499:
146:
1330:
2264:
2161:
2146:
2076:
1999:
1831:
1781:
1690:
1615:
1514:
1403:
1016:
201:
2366:
515:
2254:
2209:
1984:
1804:
1734:
1491:
1471:
1360:
833:
587:
364:
255:
70:
2277:
2231:
2156:
2129:
2027:
2009:
1962:
1900:
1796:
1776:
1645:
1640:
1541:
855:, showing the slightly different structures of isotactic (above) and syndiotactic (below) polymers.
328:
258:, his direct supervisor, denying the possibility of any covalent molecule exceeding 6,000 daltons.
130:
2373:
1309:
2354:
2320:
2182:
2151:
2032:
1974:
1672:
1655:
1650:
1605:
1568:
1558:
1519:
1376:
1052:
372:
281:
178:
114:
102:
74:
50:
985:
are derived from phosphorylated sugars with pendant nucleotides that carry genetic information.
487:
and related conductive polymers. Polyacetylene itself did not find practical applications, but
2335:
2300:
2283:
2221:
2139:
2134:
2062:
2047:
2017:
1938:
1876:
1871:
1846:
1836:
1756:
1744:
1623:
1536:
1285:
1274:
1198:
1188:
1167:
1064:
1020:
1004:
988:
929:
924:
872:
408:
296:
182:
66:
54:
2378:
2295:
1950:
1809:
1786:
1739:
1680:
1368:
1266:
1220:
1119:
876:
480:
440:
412:
311:
110:
98:
820:
The formation and properties of polymers have been rationalized by many theories including
635:
608:
2236:
2192:
2187:
2081:
2057:
1891:
1854:
1707:
1697:
1580:
1109:
1104:
996:
476:
142:
126:
118:
1364:
847:
2120:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2043:
2039:
2022:
1979:
1910:
1771:
1766:
1751:
1563:
1481:
1236:
959:
535:
472:
396:
262:
was invented in 1908 by
Jocques Brandenberger who treated sheets of viscose rayon with
247:
150:
122:
105:
polymers are ubiquitous in commercial materials and products in everyday use, such as
2406:
2325:
2214:
2170:
1895:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1595:
1087:
1068:
1036:
940:
864:
852:
575:
484:
384:
380:
344:
332:
224:
194:
162:
94:
62:
2202:
2052:
1967:
1943:
1933:
1925:
1826:
1761:
1660:
1509:
1380:
1044:
1024:
975:
460:
456:
239:
186:
1600:
1032:
860:
496:
436:
348:
340:
90:
935:
17:
2226:
955:
947:
919:
880:
868:
591:
571:
524:
428:
259:
1224:
1215:
Hans-Heinrich
Moretto, Manfred Schulze, Gebhard Wagner (2005) "Silicones" in
2288:
1590:
1455:
1202:
1114:
1040:
1008:
963:
892:
595:
567:
559:
555:
520:
420:
323:
232:
228:
209:
170:
158:
46:
35:
1278:
1270:
359:
117:
materials. Polymer chemistry can also be included in the broader fields of
898:
2310:
1075:
1012:
448:
416:
388:
243:
185:
was first prepared in 1865. In years 1834-1844 the properties of rubber (
1423:
2330:
1099:
1083:
992:
951:
911:
583:
543:
539:
531:
392:
213:
166:
154:
106:
82:
58:
1139:
483:
were awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for the development of
1079:
1071:
1028:
971:
967:
468:
452:
444:
315:
235:
190:
30:
891:
As polymers get longer and their molecular weight increases, their
1372:
1060:
1056:
1000:
934:
897:
846:
514:
424:
400:
376:
358:
216:
205:
174:
78:
77:. Many materials have polymeric structures, from fully inorganic
2305:
488:
263:
220:
1427:
227:
invented the first polymer made independent of the products of
2315:
982:
978:
599:
86:
491:(OLEDs) emerged as one application of conducting polymers.
375:
first proposed that polymers consisted of long chains of
1140:"The Macrogalleria: A Cyberwonderland of Polymer Fun"
669:
638:
611:
93:. However, polymer chemistry is typically related to
367:, illustrating a polymer with an inorganic backbone.
189:) were found to be greatly improved by heating with
2247:
2008:
1924:
1845:
1795:
1671:
1614:
1490:
1086:. Almost all synthetic polymers are derived from
809:
651:
624:
125:, both of which can be described as encompassing
974:, are biopolymers derived from sugars. The poly
527:such as this are employed in such measurements.
1217:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
463:received a Nobel Prize for their discovery of
1439:
590:have special characteristics with respect to
49:that focuses on the structures of chemicals,
8:
1290:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
534:are high molecular mass compounds formed by
523:of polymer solutions is a valued parameter.
991:are the structural materials manifested in
1446:
1432:
1424:
1015:. Synthetic polymers may be divided into
794:
784:
769:
759:
754:
744:
735:
718:
703:
693:
683:
674:
668:
643:
637:
616:
610:
439:configurations in solution in the 1950s.
322:
29:
1259:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1131:
943:(dashed) within and between the chains.
268:
1283:
1237:"The Early Years of Artificial Fibres"
223:, but it was very flammable. In 1907
7:
2361:
427:, a true silk replacement, in 1935.
270:Leading figures in polymer chemistry
2385:
1331:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000"
578:and thermal properties such as its
546:can be described in many ways: its
1023:. Thermoplastic polymers include
939:A strand of cellulose showing the
25:
1239:. The Plastics Historical Society
1187:(Fourth ed.). Hoboken, N.J.
501:Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn
2384:
2372:
2360:
2349:
2348:
1404:"Viscosity of Polymer Solutions"
604:weight-average molecular weights
435:in 1974 for his work on polymer
327:Structures of some electrically
304:
289:
274:
149:in 1846 led to the discovery of
806:
730:
867:. Common improvements include
399:, held together by an unknown
252:amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides
113:, and are major components of
1:
1713:Interface and colloid science
1467:Glossary of chemical formulae
826:Flory–Huggins solution theory
511:Polymers and their properties
489:organic light-emitting diodes
284:, father of polymer chemistry
204:started the first artificial
1185:Principles of polymerization
879:, and altering a material's
580:glass transition temperature
562:distribution, the degree of
505:Polytechnic Institute of NYU
1990:Bioorganometallic chemistry
1477:List of inorganic compounds
1308:. about.com. Archived from
208:plant based on regenerated
173:, which has been used as a
153:, which, when treated with
57:and physical properties of
2429:
1916:Dynamic covalent chemistry
1887:Enantioselective synthesis
1867:Physical organic chemistry
1820:Organolanthanide chemistry
467:for the polymerization of
403:. Staudinger received the
250:reported the synthesis of
2344:
1505:Electroanalytical methods
1462:
1049:Poly(methyl methacrylate)
954:, which are derived from
838:Hoffman Nucleation Theory
582:and melting temperature.
2260:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2176:Supramolecular chemistry
1815:Organometallic chemistry
1225:10.1002/14356007.a24_057
1219:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
1164:Introduction to Polymers
1011:, mechanical parts, and
548:degree of polymerisation
433:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
423:, and went on to invent
405:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
246:. Around the same time,
145:in 1777 and the work of
2198:Combinatorial chemistry
2109:Food physical chemistry
2072:Environmental chemistry
1956:Bioorthogonal chemistry
1882:Retrosynthetic analysis
1703:Chemical thermodynamics
1686:Spectroelectrochemistry
1629:Computational chemistry
1306:"History of Cellophane"
842:Flory–Stockmayer theory
830:Cossee–Arlman mechanism
822:Scheutjens–Fleer theory
552:molar mass distribution
45:is a sub-discipline of
34:Portion of backbone of
27:Chemistry subdiscipline
2270:of element discoveries
2116:Agricultural chemistry
2104:Carbohydrate chemistry
1995:Bioinorganic chemistry
1860:Alkane stereochemistry
1805:Coordination chemistry
1634:Mathematical chemistry
1500:Instrumental chemistry
1271:10.1002/anie.200600693
1017:thermoplastic polymers
944:
903:
856:
811:
653:
626:
528:
368:
356:
337:polyphenylene vinylene
219:, as a substitute for
39:
2265:Timeline of chemistry
2162:Post-mortem chemistry
2147:Clandestine chemistry
2077:Atmospheric chemistry
2000:Biophysical chemistry
1832:Solid-state chemistry
1782:Equilibrium chemistry
1691:Photoelectrochemistry
1166:, Chapman & Hall
938:
901:
850:
812:
654:
652:{\displaystyle M_{w}}
627:
625:{\displaystyle M_{n}}
518:
455:, patented in 1966.
362:
353:polyphenylene sulfide
326:
202:Hilaire de Chardonnet
33:
2255:History of chemistry
2210:Chemical engineering
1985:Bioorganic chemistry
1735:Structural chemistry
1472:List of biomolecules
1162:Young, R. J. (1987)
834:Polymer field theory
667:
636:
609:
395:), without definite
365:polydimethylsiloxane
299:, inventor of nylon.
193:, thus founding the
99:organic compositions
91:biological molecules
71:analytical chemistry
2278:The central science
2232:Ceramic engineering
2157:Forensic toxicology
2130:Chemistry education
2028:Radiation chemistry
2010:Interdisciplinarity
1963:Medicinal chemistry
1901:Fullerene chemistry
1777:Microwave chemistry
1646:Molecular mechanics
1641:Molecular modelling
1408:polymerdatabase.com
1365:1999Natur.397..121F
844:, and many others.
764:
419:in 1931, the first
411:invented the first
329:conductive polymers
177:dressing since the
147:Christian Schönbein
131:polymer engineering
2321:Chemical substance
2183:Chemical synthesis
2152:Forensic chemistry
2033:Actinide chemistry
1975:Clinical chemistry
1656:Molecular geometry
1651:Molecular dynamics
1606:Elemental analysis
1559:Separation process
1065:Thermoset plastics
1053:polyvinyl chloride
1021:thermoset plastics
1005:building materials
989:Synthetic polymers
945:
930:inorganic polymers
925:synthetic polymers
904:
857:
807:
750:
649:
622:
529:
383:, which he called
373:Hermann Staudinger
369:
357:
282:Hermann Staudinger
75:physical chemistry
51:chemical synthesis
40:
2413:Polymer chemistry
2400:
2399:
2336:Quantum mechanics
2301:Chemical compound
2284:Chemical reaction
2222:Materials science
2140:General chemistry
2135:Amateur chemistry
2063:Photogeochemistry
2048:Stellar chemistry
2018:Nuclear chemistry
1939:Molecular biology
1906:Polymer chemistry
1877:Organic synthesis
1872:Organic reactions
1837:Ceramic chemistry
1827:Cluster chemistry
1757:Chemical kinetics
1745:Molecular physics
1624:Quantum chemistry
1537:Mass spectrometry
1359:(6715): 121–128.
1265:(35): 5752–5784,
1183:Odian, George G.
873:impact resistance
801:
725:
409:Wallace Carothers
397:molecular weights
379:held together by
297:Wallace Carothers
183:Cellulose acetate
67:organic chemistry
43:Polymer chemistry
16:(Redirected from
2420:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2351:
2296:Chemical element
1951:Chemical biology
1810:Magnetochemistry
1787:Mechanochemistry
1740:Chemical physics
1681:Electrochemistry
1586:Characterization
1448:
1441:
1434:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:on June 29, 2012
1302:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1233:
1227:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1180:
1174:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1136:
1120:Polymer topology
997:synthetic fibers
877:biodegradability
863:(styrofoam) and
816:
814:
813:
808:
802:
800:
799:
798:
789:
788:
775:
774:
773:
763:
758:
745:
740:
739:
726:
724:
723:
722:
709:
708:
707:
698:
697:
684:
679:
678:
659:, respectively.
658:
656:
655:
650:
648:
647:
631:
629:
628:
623:
621:
620:
481:Hideki Shirakawa
441:Stephanie Kwolek
431:was awarded the
413:synthetic rubber
312:Stephanie Kwolek
308:
293:
278:
21:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2340:
2243:
2237:Polymer science
2193:Click chemistry
2188:Green chemistry
2082:Ocean chemistry
2058:Biogeochemistry
2004:
1920:
1892:Total synthesis
1855:Stereochemistry
1841:
1791:
1708:Surface science
1698:Thermochemistry
1667:
1610:
1581:Crystallography
1486:
1458:
1452:
1422:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1282:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1214:
1210:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1110:Polymer physics
1105:Polymer science
1096:
960:Polysaccharides
909:
889:
790:
780:
776:
765:
746:
731:
714:
710:
699:
689:
685:
670:
665:
664:
660:
639:
634:
633:
612:
607:
606:
513:
477:Alan MacDiarmid
351:(X = NH/N) and
319:
309:
300:
294:
285:
279:
161:. Dissolved in
143:Henri Braconnot
139:
127:polymer physics
119:polymer science
28:
23:
22:
18:Polymer chemist
15:
12:
11:
5:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:Soil chemistry
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2099:Food chemistry
2096:
2094:Carbochemistry
2091:
2089:Clay chemistry
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2044:Astrochemistry
2040:Cosmochemistry
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Radiochemistry
2014:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Neurochemistry
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1911:Petrochemistry
1908:
1903:
1898:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1772:Spin chemistry
1769:
1767:Photochemistry
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:Femtochemistry
1749:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1564:Chromatography
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1482:Periodic table
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1395:
1386:
1342:
1322:
1297:
1249:
1228:
1208:
1193:
1175:
1155:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1088:petrochemicals
941:hydrogen bonds
933:
932:
927:
922:
908:
907:Classification
905:
888:
885:
818:
817:
805:
797:
793:
787:
783:
779:
772:
768:
762:
757:
753:
749:
743:
738:
734:
729:
721:
717:
713:
706:
702:
696:
692:
688:
682:
677:
673:
646:
642:
619:
615:
536:polymerization
512:
509:
473:Alan J. Heeger
385:macromolecules
381:covalent bonds
321:
320:
314:, inventor of
310:
303:
301:
295:
288:
286:
280:
273:
271:
248:Hermann Leuchs
179:U.S. Civil War
151:nitrocellulose
138:
135:
123:nanotechnology
63:macromolecules
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2425:
2414:
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2359:
2357:
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2347:
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2343:
2337:
2334:
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2329:
2327:
2326:Chemical bond
2324:
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2309:
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2246:
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2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:Stoichiometry
2213:
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2208:
2204:
2201:
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2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
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2171:Nanochemistry
2169:
2168:
2163:
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2141:
2138:
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2119:
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2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
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2097:
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1927:
1923:
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1899:
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1896:Semisynthesis
1893:
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1880:
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1733:
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1730:Sonochemistry
1728:
1726:
1725:Cryochemistry
1723:
1719:
1718:Micromeritics
1716:
1715:
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1596:Wet chemistry
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1378:
1374:
1373:10.1038/16393
1370:
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1200:
1196:
1194:9780471478751
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:0-412-22170-5
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1118:
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1113:
1111:
1108:
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1103:
1101:
1098:
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1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:polypropylene
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
984:
980:
977:
976:nucleic acids
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
937:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
913:
906:
900:
896:
894:
886:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:polycarbonate
862:
854:
853:polypropylene
849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
803:
795:
791:
785:
781:
777:
770:
766:
760:
755:
751:
747:
741:
736:
732:
727:
719:
715:
711:
704:
700:
694:
690:
686:
680:
675:
671:
663:
662:
661:
644:
640:
617:
613:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:crystallinity
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
526:
522:
517:
510:
508:
506:
502:
498:
492:
490:
486:
485:polyacetylene
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:developed an
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
366:
363:Structure of
361:
354:
350:
347:(X = S); and
346:
345:polythiophene
343:(X = NH) and
342:
338:
334:
333:polyacetylene
330:
325:
317:
313:
307:
302:
298:
292:
287:
283:
277:
272:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
242:resin called
241:
237:
234:
233:thermosetting
230:
226:
225:Leo Baekeland
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
195:vulcanization
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:, it becomes
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2203:Biosynthesis
2053:Geochemistry
1968:Pharmacology
1944:Cell biology
1934:Biochemistry
1905:
1762:Spectroscopy
1661:VSEPR theory
1510:Spectroscopy
1454:Branches of
1411:. Retrieved
1407:
1398:
1389:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1334:. Retrieved
1325:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1300:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1231:
1216:
1211:
1184:
1178:
1163:
1158:
1147:. Retrieved
1143:
1134:
1045:polyurethane
1025:polyethylene
987:
946:
910:
890:
875:, improving
871:, improving
858:
851:Segments of
819:
530:
493:
461:Giulio Natta
457:Karl Ziegler
451:nylon named
371:The chemist
370:
256:Emil Fischer
240:formaldehyde
199:
187:polyisoprene
141:The work of
140:
42:
41:
2391:WikiProject
1616:Theoretical
1601:Calorimetry
1144:www.pslc.ws
1084:polyepoxide
1033:polystyrene
956:amino acids
948:Biopolymers
920:biopolymers
861:polystyrene
525:Viscometers
497:Herman Mark
437:random coil
349:polyaniline
341:polypyrrole
157:, produced
2227:Metallurgy
1926:Biological
1492:Analytical
1413:2019-03-05
1336:2009-06-02
1316:2011-09-05
1243:2011-09-05
1149:2018-08-01
1126:References
1069:vulcanized
962:, such as
881:solubility
869:toughening
592:solubility
572:crosslinks
568:end-groups
429:Paul Flory
260:Cellophane
89:and other
2289:Catalysis
1797:Inorganic
1591:Titration
1456:chemistry
1115:Chemistry
1041:polyester
1013:adhesives
1009:furniture
964:cellulose
893:viscosity
887:Viscosity
778:∑
748:∑
712:∑
687:∑
596:viscosity
566:, by its
564:branching
560:copolymer
556:tacticity
521:viscosity
465:catalysts
421:polyester
407:in 1953.
389:molecules
229:organisms
210:cellulose
197:process.
171:collodion
159:celluloid
115:composite
103:Synthetic
95:synthetic
47:chemistry
36:nylon 6,6
2407:Category
2355:Category
2311:Molecule
2248:See also
1673:Physical
1286:citation
1279:16948174
1203:54781987
1094:See also
1076:bakelite
1067:include
993:plastics
952:proteins
915:origin:
912:Polymers
600:gelation
588:solution
584:Polymers
540:monomers
532:Polymers
449:aromatic
417:neoprene
393:colloids
355:(X = S).
244:Bakelite
200:In 1884
121:or even
107:plastics
83:ceramics
59:polymers
55:chemical
2367:Commons
2331:Alchemy
1847:Organic
1381:4328634
1361:Bibcode
1100:Polymer
544:polymer
499:at the
469:alkenes
415:called
214:viscose
167:acetone
155:camphor
137:History
111:rubbers
2379:Portal
1525:UV-Vis
1379:
1353:Nature
1277:
1201:
1191:
1170:
1082:, and
1080:Kevlar
1072:rubber
1059:, and
1057:nylons
1029:teflon
1001:paints
972:starch
970:, and
968:chitin
598:, and
479:, and
453:Kevlar
445:aramid
316:Kevlar
236:phenol
191:sulfur
109:, and
79:metals
73:, and
53:, and
1552:MALDI
1520:Raman
1377:S2CID
1061:rayon
503:(now
447:, or
425:nylon
401:force
377:atoms
217:rayon
212:, or
206:fiber
175:wound
163:ether
2306:Atom
1574:HPLC
1292:link
1275:PMID
1199:OCLC
1189:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1019:and
981:and
632:and
519:The
459:and
264:acid
231:, a
221:silk
129:and
97:and
81:and
61:and
2316:Ion
1547:ICP
1530:NMR
1369:doi
1357:397
1267:doi
1221:doi
983:RNA
979:DNA
586:in
538:of
507:).
471:.
165:or
87:DNA
85:to
2409::
2046:/
2042:/
1894:/
1569:GC
1542:EI
1515:IR
1406:.
1375:.
1367:.
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1288:}}
1284:{{
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737:w
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728:,
720:i
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681:=
676:n
672:M
645:w
641:M
618:n
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391:(
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238:-
38:.
20:)
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