193:
31:
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of 2400 people in the
Solomon Islands and Vanuatu have found markers which clearly distinguish the Polynesian outlier islands of the group. Of the four Polynesian outliers considered, Anuta was the most genetically distinct, followed by Rennell and Bellona. Tikopia showed more influence from the
179:
The fact that people in all of the
Polynesian outliers speak recognizably Polynesian languages implies that their ancestors fairly recently migrated from the Polynesian heartland. Yet there is much social variation. In some places, outlier populations settled in close proximity to Melanesian or
496:
Blake, N.M.; Hawkins, B.R.; Kirk, R.L.; Bhatia, K.; Brown, P.; Garruto, R.M.; Gajdusek, D.C. (December 1983). "A population genetic study of the Banks and Torres
Islands (Vanuatu) and of the Santa Cruz Islands and Polynesian Outliers (Solomon Islands)".
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Their residents generally share racial features found within
Polynesia proper. Physically, Polynesians tend to have brown complexions and dark, wavy hair, and they are typically large people of muscular build.
448:
364:
nearby
Melanesian population. All indicate traces of inter-island population movements, and even sources from Europeans, Africans, and Asians, though the latter were at a low level.
110:, were settled some time between the 10th and 13th centuries and subsequently received multiple waves of Polynesian immigration, while the farthest outlier,
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by them. In other locations, outlier populations remained isolated by geography, ecology, or choice and seem more classically
Polynesian.
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856:
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851:
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was established. Neither the United States, nor the
Solomon Islands, recognize Stewart Islanders as part of Hawaii.
351:. In some of these islands, the outlier population may also speak the local Melanesian or Micronesian language.
243:. The country with the most outlier cultures is the Solomon Islands, with seven (listed from north to south):
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744:
347:, which is sometimes called the Samoan-Outlier language family for this reason. It is a sub-branch of the
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135:
676:
169:
131:
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426:
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60:
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societies that geographically lie outside the main region of
Polynesian influence, known as the
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764:
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The outlier groups in
Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, and the northern Solomon Islands speak
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Polynesian outlier cultures are scattered across five countries of the
Pacific: in the
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Map of the Polynesian outliers (in red) and the original Polynesian homeland (red zone)
538:(Report). United States General Accounting Office. November 1997. p. 39 (note 4).
335:), while those further to the south in the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia speak
168:, lie about two dozen islands, most of them small and remote, whose inhabitants speak
144:" includes thousands of islands, most of them arranged in a rough triangle bounded by
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63:; instead, Polynesian outliers are scattered in the two other Pacific subregions,
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GAO/OGC-98-5 : U.S. INSULAR AREAS; Application of the U.S. Constitution
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165:
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486:. Ethnology Monographs, No. 21. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
421:, the Stewart Islands were not among the islands identified as part of the
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analysis, these islands are considered to have been colonized by seafaring
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405:, now de facto controlled by the Solomon Islands. Ceded to the Polynesian
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172:. These islands are collectively termed the Polynesian "outliers".
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Two of the more remote Polynesian outliers have disputed legal
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The Federated States of Micronesia has two outlier cultures,
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449:"Field Notes on the Culture of Vaitupu, Ellice Islands"
813:
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482:Feinberg, Richard and Richard Scaglion, eds. 2012.
180:Micronesian populations and seem to have been
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8:
27:Polynesian societies outside the main region
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499:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
484:Polynesian Outliers: The State of the Art
343:). These are two of the branches of the
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439:
391:, under the 1899 treaty that ceded the
387:, could also potentially be claimed by
303:). Futuna recognizes links with Tonga.
307:has one Polynesian outlier culture on
283:in the southeast. Vanuatu has three:
339:(which also includes the language of
7:
25:
553:A Polynesian outlier bibliography
471:History and Traditions of Tokelau
453:Journal of the Polynesian Society
98:The closest Polynesian outliers,
409:in 1856; it was included in the
160:, in areas commonly designated
385:Federated States of Micronesia
291:(now known as Ifira-Mele) and
231:. Papua New Guinea has three:
202:Federated States of Micronesia
116:Federated States of Micronesia
1:
349:Nuclear Polynesian languages
140:The region commonly termed "
447:Kennedy, Donald G. (1929).
359:A 1983 study analyzing the
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401:, previously known as the
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83:, mostly from the area of
702:Wallis and Futuna Islands
473:, USP Suva pp. 82-83
413:which was annexed by the
415:United States of America
511:10.1002/ajpa.1330620402
857:Geography of Polynesia
383:, now governed by the
345:Samoic language family
275:in the southwest, and
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814:Polynesian-influenced
331:(which also includes
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136:Polynesian navigation
126:Further information:
57:culturally Polynesian
33:
170:Polynesian languages
852:Polynesian outliers
712:Polynesian outliers
597:Polynesian triangle
427:Territory of Hawaii
158:Polynesian Triangle
61:Polynesian Triangle
53:Polynesian outliers
18:Polynesian Outliers
423:Republic of Hawaii
417:. However, unlike
411:Republic of Hawaii
368:Sovereignty issues
329:Ellicean languages
198:
122:General definition
50:
847:Oceanian diaspora
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630:Marquesas Islands
407:Kingdom of Hawaii
341:Wallis and Futuna
337:Futunic languages
317:Fagauvea language
132:Tuʻi Tonga Empire
16:(Redirected from
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667:Pitcairn Islands
647:Hawaiian Islands
615:French Polynesia
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206:Papua New Guinea
55:are a number of
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257:Vaeakau-Taumako
253:Stewart Islands
210:Solomon Islands
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156:. Outside this
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315:, where the
301:Aniwa Island
293:Futuna-Aniwa
265:Reef Islands
261:Duff Islands
247:(Luangiua),
222:
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178:
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97:
71:. Based on
52:
51:
821:Lau Islands
775:Ontong Java
652:New Zealand
374:sovereignty
319:is spoken.
245:Ontong Java
154:New Zealand
81:Polynesians
841:Categories
826:Madagascar
434:References
182:influenced
162:Micronesia
128:Tui Manu'a
77:linguistic
69:Micronesia
43:Micronesia
589:Polynesia
425:when the
216:, and in
188:Geography
166:Melanesia
142:Polynesia
65:Melanesia
39:Melanesia
35:Polynesia
795:Sikaiana
765:Nukumanu
640:Tuamotus
399:Sikaiana
355:Genetics
333:Tuvaluan
323:Language
249:Sikaiana
237:Nukumanu
805:Tikopia
790:Rennell
770:Nukuoro
760:Nuguria
730:Bellona
687:Tokelau
519:6607679
311:in the
281:Tikopia
273:Bellona
269:Rennell
233:Nuguria
229:Nukuoro
214:Vanuatu
114:in the
112:Nukuoro
104:Tikopia
45:in the
785:Pileni
745:Futuna
697:Tuvalu
672:Rotuma
517:
459:: 2–5.
239:, and
152:, and
146:Hawaii
134:, and
93:Tuvalu
41:, and
800:Takuu
780:Ouvéa
725:Anuta
720:Aniwa
692:Tonga
536:(PDF)
389:Spain
309:Ouvéa
277:Anuta
259:(the
251:(the
241:Takuu
212:, in
208:, in
204:, in
100:Anuta
89:Samoa
85:Tonga
755:Mele
740:Emae
657:Niue
515:PMID
376::
299:and
295:(on
289:Mele
285:Emae
279:and
271:and
263:and
227:and
164:and
102:and
91:and
75:and
67:and
507:doi
361:DNA
267:),
255:),
220:.
106:in
843::
513:.
503:62
501:.
457:38
455:.
451:.
287:,
235:,
148:,
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95:.
87:,
37:,
581:e
574:t
567:v
521:.
509::
395:;
20:)
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