832:
382:
354:
3519:
38:
2350:
Donghui Jia; Kai Tao; Jiqian Wang; Chengdong Wang; Xiubo Zhao; Mohammed Yaseen; Hai Xu; Guohe Que; John R. P. Webster; Jian R. Lu (June 16, 2011). "Dynamic
Adsorption and Structure of Interfacial Bilayers Adsorbed from Lipopeptide Surfactants at the Hydrophilic Silicon/Water Interface: Effect of the
1998:
Martins, Pedro M.; Santos, Lucianna H.; Mariano, Diego; Queiroz, Felippe C.; Bastos, Luana L.; Gomes, Isabela de S.; Fischer, Pedro H. C.; Rocha, Rafael E. O.; Silveira, Sabrina A.; de Lima, Leonardo H. F.; de Magalhães, Mariana T. Q.; Oliveira, Maria G. A.; de Melo-Minardi, Raquel C. (December
398:
The peptide families in this section are ribosomal peptides, usually with hormonal activity. All of these peptides are synthesized by cells as longer "propeptides" or "proproteins" and truncated prior to exiting the cell. They are released into the bloodstream where they perform their signaling
389:
Peptides can perform interactions with proteins and other macromolecules. They are responsible for numerous important functions in human cells, such as cell signaling, and act as immune modulators. Indeed, studies have reported that 15-40% of all protein-protein interactions in human cells are
338:
refer to fragments of proteins that are used to identify or quantify the source protein. Often these are the products of enzymatic degradation performed in the laboratory on a controlled sample, but can also be forensic or paleontological samples that have been degraded by natural effects.
889:
Peptides and proteins are often described by the number of amino acids in their chain, e.g. a protein with 158 amino acids may be described as a "158 amino-acid-long protein". Peptides of specific shorter lengths are named using
2202:
Tao, Kai; Wang, Jiqian; Zhou, Peng; Wang, Chengdong; Xu, Hai; Zhao, Xiubo; Lu, Jian R. (February 10, 2011). "Self-Assembly of Short Aβ(16−22) Peptides: Effect of
Terminal Capping and the Role of Electrostatic Interaction".
332:. In addition to containing small peptides, the resulting material includes fats, metals, salts, vitamins, and many other biological compounds. Peptones are used in nutrient media for growing bacteria and fungi.
2603:
Wu, Hongzhong; Ren, Chunyan; Yang, Fang; Qin, Yufeng; Zhang, Yuanxing; Liu, Jianwen (April 2016). "Extraction and identification of collagen-derived peptides with hematopoietic activity from Colla Corii Asini".
2166:
Tao, Kai; Levin, Aviad; Adler-Abramovich, Lihi; Gazit, Ehud (26 Apr 2016). "Fmoc-modified amino acids and short peptides: simple bio-inspired building blocks for the fabrication of functional materials".
297:
These complexes are often laid out in a similar fashion, and they can contain many different modules to perform a diverse set of chemical manipulations on the developing product. These peptides are often
1568:
Torres AM, Menz I, Alewood PF, et al. (July 2002). "D-Amino acid residue in the C-type natriuretic peptide from the venom of the mammal, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, the
Australian platypus".
2058:
Neduva, Victor; Linding, Rune; Su-Angrand, Isabelle; Stark, Alexander; Masi, Federico de; Gibson, Toby J; Lewis, Joe; Serrano, Luis; Russell, Robert B (2005-11-15). Matthews, Rowena (ed.).
4670:
5272:
5296:
5252:
4767:
184:, fungal peptides, invertebrate peptides, amphibian/skin peptides, venom peptides, cancer/anticancer peptides, vaccine peptides, immune/inflammatory peptides, brain peptides,
3832:
3475:
1434:
1345:
302:
and can have highly complex cyclic structures, although linear nonribosomal peptides are also common. Since the system is closely related to the machinery for building
2315:
Kai Tao; Aviad Levin; Guy Jacoby; Roy Beck; Ehud Gazit (23 August 2016). "Entropic Phase
Transitions with Stable Twisted Intermediates of Bio‐Inspired Self‐Assembly".
4857:
504:
2972:
2944:
2841:
5301:
4663:
5291:
5247:
5097:
4762:
2478:
Xu JY, Qin LQ, Wang PY, Li W, Chang C (October 2008). "Effect of milk tripeptides on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
2386:
Heitz, Marc; Javor, Sacha; Darbre, Tamis; Reymond, Jean-Louis (2019-08-21). "Stereoselective pH Responsive
Peptide Dendrimers for siRNA Transfection".
5353:
4862:
5093:
3825:
3468:
2800:
4656:
3768:
4814:
3042:
1912:
1806:
1490:
Duquesne S, Destoumieux-Garzón D, Peduzzi J, Rebuffat S (August 2007). "Microcins, gene-encoded antibacterial peptides from enterobacteria".
1474:
1330:
1280:
2724:
4954:
4777:
2280:
Kai Tao; Guy Jacoby; Luba
Burlaka; Roy Beck; Ehud Gazit (July 26, 2016). "Design of Controllable Bio-Inspired Chiroptic Self-Assemblies".
1936:
Marquet P, Lachâtre G; Lachâtre (October 1999). "Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: potential in forensic and clinical toxicology".
5467:
5064:
4787:
2685:
5267:
4757:
3818:
3461:
2657:
5262:
5179:
5088:
1305:
4792:
3145:
1525:
Pons M, Feliz M, Antònia Molins M, Giralt E (May 1991). "Conformational analysis of bacitracin A, a naturally occurring lariat".
552:
390:
mediated by peptides. Additionally, it is estimated that at least 10% of the pharmaceutical market is based on peptide products.
4934:
2719:
752:
385:
Example of a protein (orange) and peptide (green) interaction. Obtained from
Propedia: a peptide-protein interactions database.
223:
5326:
4807:
4802:
3845:
3251:
2874:
2810:
2704:
1018:
250:
structures have been observed. More exotic manipulations do occur, such as racemization of L-amino acids to D-amino acids in
5477:
5472:
5189:
4852:
3266:
2734:
2709:
483:
176:
There are numerous types of peptides that have been classified according to their sources and functions. According to the
4495:
3758:
3323:
3318:
3060:
2775:
1648:"Selective interaction between nonribosomal peptide synthetases is facilitated by short communication-mediating domains"
1145:
5415:
5366:
4833:
2805:
2785:
1113:(or drug) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the peptide systems in the body or brain. An example is
5121:
4837:
4738:
4733:
4648:
3431:
3313:
1172:
891:
2564:"Lactotripeptides show no effect on human blood pressure: results from a double-blind randomized controlled trial"
2515:"Effect of peptides derived from food proteins on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
5462:
5457:
5410:
5371:
5016:
4535:
3946:
3841:
3542:
3436:
2994:
142:
3810:
792:
Several terms related to peptides have no strict length definitions, and there is often overlap in their usage:
188:, ingestive peptides, gastrointestinal peptides, cardiovascular peptides, renal peptides, respiratory peptides,
5420:
4997:
3484:
3065:
1208:
1198:
1786:
1270:
727:
5151:
5126:
5054:
5036:
4797:
4589:
3294:
1188:
1166:
126:
4473:
5538:
5331:
5184:
3778:
3140:
3117:
2869:
2650:
648:
181:
732:
5533:
4897:
3773:
3763:
1248:
118:
117:
Proteins consist of one or more polypeptides arranged in a biologically functional way, often bound to
831:
5204:
4978:
4711:
4701:
4687:
3864:
3783:
2254:
1659:
1385:
1135:
287:
275:
258:
3879:
1838:
Hummel J, Niemann M, Wienkoop S, Schulze W, Steinhauser D, Selbig J, Walther D, Weckwerth W (2007).
5348:
5344:
5257:
5142:
4772:
3951:
3587:
3426:
3032:
3027:
2999:
2962:
2795:
2780:
2744:
1140:
680:
439:
247:
149:
4300:
5390:
4939:
4817:– this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3-aminomutase)
4683:
4290:
4194:
4044:
3534:
2767:
2419:
2239:
1593:
1550:
1417:
1203:
737:
168:(carboxyl group) residue at the end of the peptide (as shown for the tetrapeptide in the image).
31:
2001:"Propedia: a database for protein–peptide identification based on a hybrid clustering algorithm"
1891:
1740:
Du L, Shen B; Shen (March 2001). "Biosynthesis of hybrid peptide-polyketide natural products".
5567:
4782:
4148:
4034:
3993:
3798:
3620:
2954:
2643:
2621:
2585:
2544:
2495:
2460:
2411:
2403:
2368:
2332:
2297:
2220:
2184:
2148:
2099:
2081:
2040:
2022:
1953:
1918:
1908:
1871:
1820:
1812:
1802:
1749:
1722:
1687:
1628:
1585:
1542:
1507:
1470:
1409:
1401:
1326:
1301:
1276:
1213:
1106:
is a mixture of peptides produced by the hydrolysis of proteins. The term is somewhat archaic.
381:
348:
5507:
4451:
4429:
4328:
4247:
4138:
4115:
4039:
4011:
2921:
2916:
2613:
2575:
2562:
Engberink MF, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, van Mierlo LA, Brouwer IA, Geleijnse JM (February 2008).
2534:
2526:
2487:
2450:
2395:
2360:
2324:
2289:
2262:
2212:
2176:
2138:
2130:
2089:
2071:
2030:
2012:
1945:
1900:
1861:
1851:
1794:
1714:
1677:
1667:
1620:
1577:
1534:
1499:
1448:
1393:
1359:
1178:
1118:
758:
243:
185:
1840:"ProMEX: a mass spectral reference database for proteins and protein phosphorylation sites"
1718:
5083:
4959:
4842:
4562:
4262:
4153:
4029:
3988:
3246:
2879:
2674:
1091:
477:
299:
227:
107:
2060:"Systematic Discovery of New Recognition Peptides Mediating Protein Interaction Networks"
768:
Peptidic components from traditional
Chinese medicine Colla Corii Asini in hematopoiesis.
2258:
1663:
1624:
1389:
1376:
Ardejani, Maziar S.; Orner, Brendan P. (2013-05-03). "Obey the
Peptide Assembly Rules".
4424:
4318:
4295:
4237:
4087:
4069:
3956:
3922:
3720:
3398:
3367:
3339:
3284:
3179:
2896:
2827:
2580:
2563:
2539:
2514:
2143:
2118:
2094:
2059:
2035:
2000:
1866:
1839:
1218:
958:
762:
674:
594:
251:
239:
189:
157:
111:
64:
3453:
1949:
1798:
1682:
1647:
1581:
1044:
The same words are also used to describe a group of residues in a larger polypeptide (
5561:
5444:
5224:
4872:
4443:
4388:
4370:
4346:
4285:
4280:
4232:
4227:
4176:
4133:
4054:
3998:
3902:
3793:
3714:
3708:
3610:
3408:
3184:
2886:
2849:
2423:
1421:
231:
130:
68:
2399:
1554:
1444:
1355:
5529:
5401:
5229:
4847:
4242:
4059:
3874:
3859:
3508:
3191:
3127:
3112:
3075:
3022:
2989:
2729:
2696:
1705:
Finking R, Marahiel MA; Marahiel (2004). "Biosynthesis of nonribosomal peptides1".
1597:
1235:, describing addition of peptide sequences to enable protein isolation or detection
1226:
1193:
1183:
1063:
927:
818:
692:
465:
455:
420:
274:
defenses of most aerobic organisms. Other nonribosomal peptides are most common in
193:
103:
88:
76:
56:
900:
17:
2076:
1904:
5209:
5175:
4364:
4323:
4252:
4217:
4212:
4171:
4143:
4110:
4092:
4064:
3917:
3907:
3897:
3869:
3752:
3685:
3375:
3352:
2854:
2757:
1439:
1350:
1232:
1156:
1151:
1114:
1072:
1037:
1022:
988:
775:
531:
445:
353:
329:
271:
267:
235:
216:
200:
3518:
2293:
2017:
1652:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5516:
5492:
5361:
5339:
5321:
5311:
5282:
5131:
4824:
4715:
4679:
4604:
4510:
4487:
4483:
4439:
4403:
4380:
4163:
3967:
3933:
3889:
3788:
3629:
3605:
3562:
3551:
3403:
3289:
2939:
2891:
2820:
2815:
2617:
2491:
2455:
2438:
1816:
973:
943:
918:
874:
855:
801:
705:
686:
614:
370:
307:
303:
208:
165:
161:
95:
84:
52:
41:
2407:
2085:
2026:
1443:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1405:
1354:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
5520:
5381:
5200:
5196:
5171:
5059:
5045:
5031:
5007:
4633:
4546:
4356:
4275:
4222:
4186:
4125:
4102:
4049:
3980:
3912:
3679:
3644:
3634:
3595:
3206:
3135:
3017:
2929:
2864:
2790:
2134:
1856:
1672:
1452:
1397:
1363:
1238:
1161:
1124:
A cell-penetrating peptide is a peptide able to penetrate the cell membrane.
1049:
909:
800:
is a single linear chain of many amino acids (any length), held together by
460:
315:
80:
63:
is a longer, continuous, unbranched peptide chain. Polypeptides that have a
2625:
2589:
2548:
2530:
2499:
2464:
2415:
2372:
2336:
2328:
2301:
2224:
2188:
2152:
2103:
2044:
1957:
1922:
1875:
1753:
1726:
1691:
1589:
1511:
1413:
813:
consists of one or more polypeptides (more than about 50 amino acids long).
1632:
1546:
1538:
5484:
5448:
5435:
5167:
5112:
4988:
4950:
4907:
4876:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4550:
4523:
4465:
4416:
4412:
4310:
4257:
4079:
4021:
4003:
3732:
3726:
3673:
3600:
3357:
3256:
3238:
3196:
3174:
3097:
3089:
3070:
3052:
2981:
2859:
2752:
2714:
1824:
1243:
1103:
1082:
1003:
771:
582:
577:
450:
426:
414:
408:
311:
212:
122:
99:
1971:
5488:
5074:
4969:
4946:
4921:
4912:
4748:
4581:
4573:
4554:
4527:
4338:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3556:
3498:
3261:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3102:
3037:
2908:
2666:
2266:
2180:
1768:"UsvPeptides- USVPeptides is a leading pharmaceutical company in India"
1222:
1096:
878:
844:
840:
809:
204:
72:
37:
2364:
2216:
5238:
4925:
4724:
4691:
4625:
4577:
4519:
4461:
4204:
3976:
3667:
3639:
3546:
3385:
3347:
3166:
3107:
2117:
Tao, Kai; Makam, Pandeeswar; Aizen, Ruth; Gazit, Ehud (17 Nov 2017).
1503:
859:
836:
710:
263:
1793:. Vol. 13. Oxford, England: Elsevier Science. pp. 55–160.
1785:
Payne, J. W.; Rose, Anthony H.; Tempest, D. W. (27 September 1974).
318:
often indicates that the compound was synthesized in this fashion.
5102:
4270:
3941:
3418:
3393:
3304:
3276:
3009:
2439:"Lactotripeptides and antihypertensive effects: a critical review"
1077:
830:
715:
380:
366:
358:
352:
283:
279:
153:
36:
148:
Amino acids that have been incorporated into peptides are termed
1899:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 310. pp. 227–40.
1148:, a short peptide that can bind to denatured collagen in tissues
362:
4652:
3814:
3457:
2639:
1067:
is a peptide that is active in association with neural tissue.
138:
134:
1767:
822:
consists of only a few amino acids (between two and twenty).
755:– produced in the myocardium and useful in medical diagnosis
180:, some groups of peptides include plant peptides, bacterial/
2635:
207:
and signaling molecules. Some microbes produce peptides as
4563:
4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-imidazolinone (HBI) formation
1611:
Meister A, Anderson ME; Anderson (1983). "Glutathione".
1323:
Anatomy & physiology: the unity of form and function
152:. A water molecule is released during formation of each
1972:"Propedia v2.3 - Peptide-Protein Interactions Database"
266:, not the ribosome. A common non-ribosomal peptide is
246:
formation. In general, peptides are linear, although
75:. Chains of fewer than twenty amino acids are called
5297:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
5253:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
4768:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
1646:
Hahn M, Stachelhaus T; Stachelhaus (November 2004).
310:, hybrid compounds are often found. The presence of
203:. These function, typically in higher organisms, as
5515:
5505:
5443:
5433:
5399:
5380:
5310:
5281:
5237:
5222:
5160:
5140:
5111:
5073:
5044:
5029:
5006:
4987:
4968:
4920:
4905:
4896:
4871:
4823:
4747:
4723:
4710:
4612:
4602:
4572:
4545:
4518:
4508:
4482:
4460:
4438:
4411:
4401:
4379:
4355:
4337:
4309:
4203:
4185:
4162:
4124:
4101:
4078:
4020:
3975:
3965:
3932:
3888:
3852:
3694:
3653:
3619:
3586:
3533:
3526:
3491:
3417:
3384:
3366:
3338:
3303:
3275:
3237:
3214:
3205:
3165:
3158:
3126:
3088:
3051:
3008:
2980:
2971:
2953:
2907:
2840:
2766:
2743:
2695:
2684:
2673:
1742:
Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development
4536:p-Hydroxybenzylidene-imidazolinone (HBI) formation
1890:
94:Peptides fall under the broad chemical classes of
328:are derived from animal milk or meat digested by
30:"Peptides" redirects here. For the journal, see
4858:Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase
1300:(4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.
1229:) to peptides, but with different properties.
357:Solid-phase peptide synthesis on a rink amide
4664:
3826:
3469:
2651:
8:
4496:Tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) formation
5302:3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
1791:Advances in Microbial Physiology, Volume 13
5512:
5440:
5292:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
5248:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
5234:
5041:
4917:
4902:
4763:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
4720:
4671:
4657:
4649:
4609:
4515:
4408:
3972:
3833:
3819:
3811:
3530:
3476:
3462:
3454:
3211:
3162:
2977:
2692:
2681:
2658:
2644:
2636:
1296:Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2005).
1086:are lipopeptides that interact with GPCRs.
5273:Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
2579:
2538:
2454:
2142:
2093:
2075:
2034:
2016:
1865:
1855:
1681:
1671:
1325:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 67.
4863:Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
2437:Boelsma E, Kloek J; Kloek (March 2009).
2119:"Self-assembling peptide semiconductors"
1467:Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides
178:Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides
5094:1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase
4590:Methylidene-imidazolone (MIO) formation
2240:"Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Peptides"
1261:
589:Pancreatic polypeptide-related peptides
199:Some ribosomal peptides are subject to
5354:Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
1719:10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123615
4815:Template:Leucine metabolism in humans
4474:Lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) formation
1993:
1991:
7:
4955:Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
196:peptides, and blood–brain peptides.
5468:4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
5065:Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase
4788:Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase
3947:Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)
3485:Encoded (proteinogenic) amino acids
1625:10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431
1445:amino-acid residue in a polypeptide
5268:3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase
4758:3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
2581:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.098988
1889:Webster J, Oxley D; Oxley (2005).
1469:(2nd ed.). Elsevier Science.
1440:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1351:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
25:
5263:3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase
5180:Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
5089:Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
4258:Oxidative deamination to aldehyde
765:, although the evidence is mixed.
3517:
3146:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
2443:The British Journal of Nutrition
1269:Hamley, I. W. (September 2020).
761:– Lactotripeptides might reduce
753:B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
292:nonribosomal peptide synthetases
224:post-translational modifications
27:Short chains of 2–50 amino acids
4935:Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
3846:posttranslational modifications
2400:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00403
1321:Saladin, K. (13 January 2011).
1272:introduction to Peptide Science
5349:Homocysteine methyltransferase
5327:Methionine adenosyltransferase
4808:Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
4803:Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
1787:"Peptides and micro-organisms"
1019:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
472:Vasoactive intestinal peptides
129:, to another protein or other
1:
5478:Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
5473:Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
5190:Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
4853:3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase
4793:α-Ketoisocaproate dioxygenase
2519:Food & Nutrition Research
1950:10.1016/S0378-4347(99)00147-4
1892:"Peptide Mass Fingerprinting"
1799:10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60038-7
1707:Annual Review of Microbiology
1613:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1582:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03050-8
2606:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2077:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030405
1905:10.1007/978-1-59259-948-6_16
1465:Abba J. Kastin, ed. (2013).
1146:Collagen hybridizing peptide
1095:is a peptide that acts as a
377:Protein-peptide interactions
5416:Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase
5367:Cystathionine beta synthase
4834:Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
4065:Topaquinone (TPQ) formation
1938:Journal of Chromatography B
5584:
5340:regeneration of methionine
5322:generation of homocysteine
5122:Ornithine aminotransferase
4838:Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
4739:Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
4734:Saccharopine dehydrogenase
3543:Branched-chain amino acids
3314:Insulin-like growth factor
2525:: 10.3402/fnr.v52i0.1641.
2294:10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00752
2018:10.1186/s12859-020-03881-z
1298:Principles of Biochemistry
1173:Journal of Peptide Science
892:IUPAC numerical multiplier
672:
475:
437:
346:
156:bond. All peptides except
29:
5463:Tyrosine aminotransferase
5458:Phenylalanine hydroxylase
5411:Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
5372:Cystathionine gamma-lyase
5017:L-threonine dehydrogenase
4698:
4509:Crosslinks between three
3842:Protein primary structure
3746:
3515:
2618:10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.019
2492:10.1016/j.nut.2008.04.004
2456:10.1017/S0007114508137722
222:Peptides frequently have
143:macromolecular assemblies
44:, an example of a peptide
5421:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
4998:D-cysteine desulfhydrase
4603:Crosslinks between four
1209:peptide spectral library
1199:Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4
1076:is a peptide that has a
1032:has eleven amino acids (
968:has seven amino acids. (
722:Self-assembling peptides
290:enzyme complexes called
5152:Glutamate dehydrogenase
5127:Ornithine decarboxylase
5055:Histidine ammonia-lyase
4798:Leucine 2,3-aminomutase
4402:Crosslinks between two
2135:10.1126/science.aam9756
1857:10.1186/1471-2105-8-216
1673:10.1073/pnas.0404932101
1492:Natural Product Reports
1453:10.1351/goldbook.A00279
1398:10.1126/science.1237708
1364:10.1351/goldbook.P04898
1189:Multifunctional peptide
1167:Epidermal growth factor
983:has eight amino acids (
938:has five amino acids. (
728:Aromatic short peptides
286:and are synthesized by
5539:Aspartate transaminase
5362:conversion to cysteine
5332:Adenosylhomocysteinase
5185:Glutathione synthetase
4050:Porphyrin ring linkage
3141:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
3118:Pancreatic polypeptide
2531:10.3402/fnr.v52i0.1641
2388:Bioconjugate Chemistry
2329:10.1002/chem.201603882
998:has nine amino acids (
953:has six amino acids. (
922:has three amino acids.
886:
835:A tripeptide (example
403:Antimicrobial peptides
386:
373:
45:
5534:Asparagine synthetase
4702:Essential amino acids
4111:Succinimide formation
1539:10.1002/bip.360310604
1249:Translation (biology)
1080:connected to it, and
1013:has ten amino acids (
931:has four amino acids.
834:
827:Number of amino acids
384:
356:
276:unicellular organisms
270:, a component of the
259:Nonribosomal peptides
242:, glycosylation, and
40:
5205:Glutamine synthetase
4979:Alanine transaminase
3865:Protein biosynthesis
1136:Acetyl hexapeptide-3
913:has two amino acids.
51:are short chains of
5345:Methionine synthase
5258:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
5143:alpha-ketoglutarate
5060:Urocanate hydratase
4773:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
3427:Natriuretic peptide
2745:Posterior pituitary
2730:Somatostatin (GHIH)
2351:Headgroup Length".
2323:(43): 15237–15241.
2259:2011SMat....7.4122H
2238:Ian Hamley (2011).
1976:bioinfo.dcc.ufmg.br
1664:2004PNAS..10115585H
1390:2013Sci...340..561A
1141:Beefy meaty peptide
904:has one amino acid.
738:Peptide amphiphiles
733:Biomimetic peptides
700:Calcitonin peptides
681:Proopiomelanocortin
440:Tachykinin peptides
434:Tachykinin peptides
182:antibiotic peptides
96:biological polymers
71:or more are called
5391:Threonine aldolase
4940:Serine dehydratase
4684:Protein metabolism
4195:Transglutamination
3799:Dehydroamino acids
3759:Encoded (proteins)
3695:Negative charge (p
3654:Positive charge (p
2768:Anterior pituitary
2267:10.1039/C0SM01218A
2181:10.1039/C5CS00889A
2129:(6365): eaam9756.
2005:BMC Bioinformatics
1844:BMC Bioinformatics
1204:Pancreatic hormone
887:
742:Peptide dendrimers
387:
374:
343:Chemical synthesis
186:endocrine peptides
164:(amine group) and
46:
32:Peptides (journal)
18:Polypeptide chains
5555:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5501:
5500:
5429:
5428:
5218:
5217:
5025:
5024:
4892:
4891:
4783:HMG-CoA reductase
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4598:
4597:
4504:
4503:
4397:
4396:
4149:Polyglutamylation
4035:Dephosphorylation
3994:Dephosphorylation
3808:
3807:
3769:Non-proteinogenic
3742:
3741:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3334:
3333:
3154:
3153:
3084:
3083:
2836:
2835:
2513:Pripp AH (2008).
2365:10.1021/la105129m
2359:(14): 8798–8809.
2282:Biomacromolecules
2217:10.1021/la1034273
2175:(14): 3935–3953.
1914:978-1-58829-399-2
1897:Chemical Genomics
1808:978-0-08-057971-9
1476:978-0-12-385095-9
1384:(6132): 561–562.
1332:978-0-07-337825-1
1282:978-1-119-69817-3
1214:Peptide synthesis
1119:neuropeptidergics
1111:peptidergic agent
349:Peptide synthesis
336:Peptide fragments
262:are assembled by
16:(Redirected from
5575:
5513:
5441:
5235:
5042:
4918:
4903:
4721:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4650:
4610:
4516:
4452:Sulfilimine bond
4430:ADP-ribosylation
4409:
4329:ADP-ribosylation
4248:ADP-ribosylation
4139:ADP-ribosylation
4116:ADP-ribosylation
4040:ADP-ribosylation
4012:ADP-ribosylation
3973:
3966:Single specific
3835:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3531:
3521:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3455:
3212:
3207:Digestive system
3163:
2978:
2917:Thyroid hormones
2693:
2682:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2394:(8): 2165–2182.
2383:
2377:
2376:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2288:(9): 2937–2945.
2277:
2271:
2270:
2253:(9): 4122–4138.
2244:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2211:(6): 2723–2730.
2199:
2193:
2192:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2079:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2020:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1894:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1675:
1658:(44): 15585–90.
1643:
1637:
1636:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1504:10.1039/b516237h
1487:
1481:
1480:
1462:
1456:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1373:
1367:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1266:
1179:Lactotripeptides
883:
872:
864:
853:
774:– produced from
759:Lactotripeptides
394:Example families
326:
325:
141:, or to complex
108:oligosaccharides
21:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5543:
5497:
5425:
5395:
5376:
5306:
5277:
5228:
5214:
5156:
5136:
5107:
5084:Proline oxidase
5069:
5037:α-ketoglutarate
5035:
5021:
5002:
4983:
4964:
4960:Creatine kinase
4910:
4888:
4867:
4843:Arylformamidase
4819:
4743:
4706:
4704:are in Capitals
4694:
4690:and catabolism
4677:
4647:
4638:
4594:
4568:
4541:
4500:
4478:
4456:
4434:
4393:
4389:C-mannosylation
4375:
4351:
4333:
4305:
4271:Imine formation
4199:
4181:
4158:
4154:Polyglycylation
4120:
4097:
4074:
4030:Phosphorylation
4016:
3989:Phosphorylation
3961:
3928:
3884:
3848:
3839:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3784:Secondary amino
3738:
3701:
3690:
3660:
3649:
3615:
3582:
3522:
3513:
3487:
3482:
3452:
3443:
3413:
3380:
3362:
3330:
3299:
3271:
3233:
3201:
3150:
3122:
3080:
3047:
3004:
2967:
2949:
2933:
2925:
2903:
2887:Adrenal medulla
2880:Androstenedione
2832:
2762:
2739:
2687:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2634:
2633:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2057:
2056:
2052:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1944:(1–2): 93–118.
1935:
1934:
1930:
1915:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1809:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1433:
1429:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1219:Peptidomimetics
1131:
1092:peptide hormone
1058:
879:
868:
867:
860:
849:
848:
829:
790:
785:
749:
724:
702:
683:(POMC) peptides
677:
671:
669:Opioid peptides
591:
480:
478:Secretin family
474:
442:
436:
405:
396:
379:
351:
345:
323:
322:
228:phosphorylation
190:opioid peptides
174:
158:cyclic peptides
112:polysaccharides
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5581:
5579:
5571:
5570:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5526:
5524:
5510:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5452:
5438:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5317:
5315:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5232:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5116:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5039:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4915:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4821:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4707:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4607:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4557:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4530:
4513:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4425:Disulfide bond
4421:
4419:
4406:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4319:Citrullination
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4296:Propionylation
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4266:-glycosylation
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4238:Ubiquitination
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4088:Palmitoylation
4084:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4070:Detyrosination
4067:
4062:
4060:Flavin linkage
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3970:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3957:Detyrosination
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3923:Myristoylation
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3880:N–O acyl shift
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3721:Selenocysteine
3718:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3492:General topics
3489:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3340:Adipose tissue
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3310:
3308:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3285:Enteroglucagon
3281:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3185:Beta thymosins
3182:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2897:Norepinephrine
2894:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2850:Adrenal cortex
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2595:
2574:(2): 399–405.
2554:
2505:
2486:(10): 933–40.
2470:
2429:
2378:
2342:
2307:
2272:
2230:
2194:
2169:Chem. Soc. Rev
2158:
2109:
2050:
1987:
1963:
1928:
1913:
1881:
1830:
1807:
1777:
1759:
1732:
1697:
1638:
1603:
1576:(1–3): 172–6.
1560:
1517:
1482:
1475:
1457:
1427:
1368:
1338:
1331:
1313:
1306:
1288:
1281:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1107:
1100:
1087:
1068:
1057:
1054:
1042:
1041:
1026:
1007:
992:
989:angiotensin II
977:
962:
959:angiotensin IV
947:
932:
923:
914:
905:
828:
825:
824:
823:
814:
805:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
779:
778:of honey bees.
769:
766:
763:blood pressure
756:
748:
747:Other peptides
745:
744:
743:
740:
735:
730:
723:
720:
719:
718:
713:
708:
701:
698:
697:
696:
690:
684:
675:Opioid peptide
673:Main article:
670:
667:
666:
665:
646:
628:
612:
590:
587:
586:
585:
580:
575:
550:
529:
502:
476:Main article:
473:
470:
469:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
438:Main article:
435:
432:
431:
430:
424:
418:
412:
404:
401:
395:
392:
378:
375:
347:Main article:
344:
341:
252:platypus venom
240:palmitoylation
173:
172:Classification
170:
114:, and others.
79:, and include
65:molecular mass
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5580:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5504:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5445:PHENYLALANINE
5442:
5439:
5437:
5432:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5226:
5225:propionyl-CoA
5221:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4873:PHENYLALANINE
4870:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:HMG-CoA lyase
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4662:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4565:(chromophore)
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4538:(chromophore)
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4507:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4444:Hydroxylysine
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4400:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4371:Adenylylation
4369:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4347:Hydroxylation
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:Succinylation
4284:
4282:
4281:Carbamylation
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:Hydroxylation
4231:
4229:
4228:Adenylylation
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4177:Glycosylation
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:Carboxylation
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:Adenylylation
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:Glycosylation
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:O-methylation
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Carbamylation
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:D-amino acids
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3715:Glutamic acid
3713:
3710:
3709:Aspartic acid
3707:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3611:Phenylalanine
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:By properties
3525:
3520:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3409:Prostaglandin
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:Hypothalamic–
2683:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2449:(6): 776–86.
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1748:(2): 215–28.
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:(1): 453–88.
1712:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:(1): 711–60.
1618:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:(6): 605–12.
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:(4): 708–34.
1497:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1307:0-7167-4339-6
1303:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:undecapeptide
1027:
1024:
1023:angiotensin I
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
986:
982:
978:
975:
971:
967:
963:
960:
956:
952:
948:
945:
941:
937:
933:
930:
929:
924:
921:
920:
915:
912:
911:
906:
903:
902:
897:
896:
895:
893:
884:
882:
876:
871:
865:
863:
857:
852:
846:
842:
838:
833:
826:
821:
820:
815:
812:
811:
806:
803:
799:
795:
794:
793:
787:
782:
777:
773:
770:
767:
764:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
746:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
699:
694:
691:
689:pentapeptides
688:
685:
682:
679:
678:
676:
668:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
629:
627:
625:
621:
616:
613:
611:
609:
605:
601:
596:
593:
592:
588:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
554:
551:
548:
546:
542:
538:
533:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
500:
498:
494:
490:
485:
482:
481:
479:
471:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
441:
433:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
406:
402:
400:
393:
391:
383:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
350:
342:
340:
337:
333:
331:
327:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:hydroxylation
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:macromolecule
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
104:nucleic acids
101:
97:
92:
90:
89:tetrapeptides
86:
82:
78:
77:oligopeptides
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:peptide bonds
54:
50:
43:
39:
33:
19:
5530:Asparaginase
5508:oxaloacetate
5402:succinyl-CoA
5360:
5338:
5320:
5230:succinyl-CoA
4848:Kynureninase
4812:
4700:
4301:Butyrylation
4263:
4004:
3875:Racemization
3860:Peptide bond
3751:
3696:
3655:
3509:Genetic code
3503:
3192:Thymopoietin
3128:Pineal gland
3113:Somatostatin
3076:Progesterone
3023:Progesterone
2990:Testosterone
2973:Gonadal axis
2945:Thyroid axis
2842:Adrenal axis
2697:Hypothalamus
2609:
2605:
2598:
2571:
2568:Hypertension
2567:
2557:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2320:
2317:Chem. Eur. J
2316:
2310:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2250:
2246:
2233:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2070:(12): e405.
2067:
2064:PLOS Biology
2063:
2053:
2008:
2004:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:
1966:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1896:
1884:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1790:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1573:
1570:FEBS Letters
1569:
1563:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1466:
1460:
1438:
1430:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1349:
1341:
1322:
1316:
1297:
1291:
1271:
1264:
1194:Neuropeptide
1184:Micropeptide
1171:
1117:, which are
1115:opioidergics
1110:
1090:
1081:
1071:
1064:neuropeptide
1062:
1045:
1043:
1033:
1029:
1014:
1010:
999:
995:
984:
980:
969:
966:heptapeptide
965:
954:
950:
939:
936:pentapeptide
935:
928:tetrapeptide
926:
917:
908:
899:
888:
880:
875:carboxyl end
869:
861:
850:
819:oligopeptide
817:
808:
797:
791:
693:Prodynorphin
660:
656:
652:
651:
641:
637:
633:
631:
623:
619:
617:
607:
603:
599:
597:
573:ormone 1-24)
570:
566:
562:
558:
556:
547:soleucine 27
544:
540:
536:
535:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:
496:
492:
488:
487:
466:Neurokinin B
456:Neurokinin A
421:Cathelicidin
397:
388:
335:
334:
321:
320:
296:
291:
257:
256:
221:
217:bacteriocins
198:
194:neurotrophic
177:
175:
147:
116:
102:, alongside
93:
60:
48:
47:
5210:Glutaminase
5176:glutathione
4885:(see below)
4365:Diphthamide
4324:Methylation
4291:Lactylation
4253:Deamination
4243:Sumoylation
4218:Acetylation
4213:Methylation
4172:Deamidation
4144:Methylation
4093:Prenylation
3918:Methylation
3908:Formylation
3898:Acetylation
3870:Proteolysis
3789:Imino acids
3753:Amino acids
3686:Pyrrolysine
3623:, uncharged
3376:Osteocalcin
3353:Adiponectin
3180:Thymosin α1
2955:Parathyroid
2855:Aldosterone
2758:Vasopressin
2612:: 129–136.
2247:Soft Matter
1772:USVPeptides
1527:Biopolymers
1233:Protein tag
1157:CLE peptide
1152:Bis-peptide
1073:lipopeptide
1038:substance P
1011:decapeptide
996:nonapeptide
981:octapeptide
951:hexapeptide
901:monopeptide
802:amide bonds
798:polypeptide
783:Terminology
776:royal jelly
644:olypeptide)
532:Peptide PHI
446:Substance P
399:functions.
369:-protected
330:proteolysis
308:polyketides
304:fatty acids
272:antioxidant
268:glutathione
236:sulfonation
209:antibiotics
201:proteolysis
85:tripeptides
61:polypeptide
53:amino acids
5517:asparagine
5493:Tyrosinase
5312:METHIONINE
5283:ISOLEUCINE
5132:Agmatinase
4825:TRYPTOPHAN
4716:acetyl-CoA
4680:Metabolism
4488:Tryptophan
4484:Tryptophan
4440:Methionine
4381:Tryptophan
4164:Asparagine
3934:C terminus
3890:N terminus
3779:Glucogenic
3630:Asparagine
3606:Tryptophan
3563:Methionine
3552:Isoleucine
3404:Calcitriol
3290:Peptide YY
2940:Calcitonin
2892:Adrenaline
2821:Lipotropin
2816:Endorphins
1981:2023-03-28
1850:(1): 216.
1817:1049559483
1256:References
1227:β-peptides
974:spinorphin
944:enkephalin
919:tripeptide
894:prefixes:
706:Calcitonin
687:Enkephalin
655:ancreatic
640:ancreatic
523:ctivating
495:ntestinal
491:asoactive
371:amino acid
211:, such as
166:C-terminal
162:N-terminal
81:dipeptides
67:of 10,000
55:linked by
42:Drosomycin
5521:aspartate
5382:THREONINE
5201:glutamine
5197:glutamate
5172:glutamate
5046:HISTIDINE
5032:glutamate
5008:threonine
4688:synthesis
4634:Desmosine
4547:Histidine
4367:formation
4357:Histidine
4276:Glycation
4223:Acylation
4187:Glutamine
4126:Glutamate
4103:Aspartate
4045:Sulfation
3981:Threonine
3942:Amidation
3913:Glycation
3774:Ketogenic
3764:Essential
3680:Histidine
3645:Threonine
3635:Glutamine
3596:Histidine
3535:Aliphatic
3175:Thymosins
3136:Melatonin
3018:Estradiol
2865:Cortisone
2791:Prolactin
2688:pituitary
2675:Endocrine
2480:Nutrition
2424:199519310
2408:1043-1802
2086:1545-7885
2027:1471-2105
1422:206548864
1406:0036-8075
1275:. Wiley.
1239:Replikins
1221:(such as
1162:D-peptide
1083:pepducins
1050:RGD motif
910:dipeptide
881:L-alanine
856:amino end
569:eleasing
543:istidine
515:denylate
511:ituitary
461:Eledoisin
316:thiazoles
244:disulfide
213:microcins
127:cofactors
123:coenzymes
100:oligomers
5568:Peptides
5562:Category
5485:tyrosine
5449:tyrosine
5436:fumarate
5168:cysteine
5113:arginine
4989:cysteine
4951:creatine
4908:pyruvate
4877:tyrosine
4622:Allysine
4618:Allysine
4614:Allysine
4551:Tyrosine
4524:Tyrosine
4466:Tyrosine
4417:Cysteine
4413:Cysteine
4311:Arginine
4080:Cysteine
4022:Tyrosine
3733:Tyrosine
3727:Cysteine
3674:Arginine
3601:Tyrosine
3588:Aromatic
3368:Skeleton
3358:Resistin
3257:Secretin
3239:Duodenum
3197:Thymulin
3098:Glucagon
3090:Pancreas
3071:Estrogen
3053:Placenta
2860:Cortisol
2753:Oxytocin
2715:Dopamine
2667:Hormones
2626:26911525
2590:18086944
2549:19109662
2500:18562172
2465:19061526
2416:31398014
2373:21675796
2353:Langmuir
2337:27550381
2302:27461453
2225:21309606
2205:Langmuir
2189:27115033
2153:29146781
2104:16279839
2045:33388027
2011:(1): 1.
1958:10572976
1923:16350956
1876:17587460
1754:11378961
1727:15487945
1692:15498872
1590:12135762
1555:10924338
1512:17653356
1414:23641105
1356:proteins
1244:Ribosome
1223:peptoids
1129:See also
1104:proteose
1056:Function
1004:oxytocin
862:L-valine
772:Jelleine
695:peptides
583:Secretin
578:Glucagon
501:; PHM27)
451:Kassinin
427:Defensin
415:Cecropin
409:Magainin
324:Peptones
312:oxazoles
226:such as
205:hormones
160:have an
150:residues
133:such as
121:such as
73:proteins
49:Peptides
5489:melanin
5098:ALDH4A1
5075:proline
4970:alanine
4947:glycine
4922:glycine
4913:citrate
4749:LEUCINE
4692:enzymes
4582:Glycine
4574:Alanine
4555:Glycine
4528:Glycine
4339:Proline
4007:-GlcNAc
3853:General
3735:(≈10.1)
3676:(≈12.5)
3670:(≈10.8)
3578:Glycine
3573:Proline
3568:Alanine
3557:Leucine
3504:Peptide
3499:Protein
3262:Motilin
3229:Ghrelin
3224:Gastrin
3216:Stomach
3103:Insulin
3038:Relaxin
3033:Inhibin
3028:Activin
3000:Inhibin
2909:Thyroid
2540:2596738
2255:Bibcode
2144:5712217
2123:Science
2095:1283537
2036:7776311
1999:2021).
1867:1920535
1660:Bibcode
1633:6137189
1598:3015474
1547:1932561
1386:Bibcode
1378:Science
1097:hormone
873:marked
854:marked
847:) with
810:protein
663:peptide
622:eptide
606:eptide
565:ormone
539:eptide
519:yclase
288:modular
264:enzymes
119:ligands
5239:VALINE
4926:serine
4725:LYSINE
4626:Lysine
4578:Serine
4520:Serine
4462:Lysine
4205:Lysine
3977:Serine
3729:(≈8.3)
3723:(≈5.4)
3717:(≈4.1)
3711:(≈3.9)
3682:(≈6.1)
3668:Lysine
3640:Serine
3547:Valine
3386:Kidney
3348:Leptin
3307:/other
3167:Thymus
3108:Amylin
2982:Testis
2875:DHEA-S
2677:glands
2624:
2588:
2547:
2537:
2498:
2463:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2371:
2335:
2300:
2223:
2187:
2151:
2141:
2102:
2092:
2084:
2043:
2033:
2025:
1956:
1921:
1911:
1874:
1864:
1825:775944
1823:
1815:
1805:
1752:
1725:
1690:
1683:524835
1680:
1631:
1596:
1588:
1553:
1545:
1510:
1473:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1329:
1304:
1279:
866:) and
788:Length
711:Amylin
561:rowth
527:eptide
499:eptide
429:family
423:family
417:family
411:family
361:using
300:cyclic
282:, and
280:plants
248:lariat
87:, and
5161:Other
5103:PYCR1
4813:(See
3925:(Gly)
3755:types
3621:Polar
3419:Heart
3394:Renin
3324:IGF-2
3319:IGF-1
3305:Liver
3295:GLP-1
3277:Ileum
3159:Other
3043:GnSAF
3010:Ovary
2420:S2CID
2243:(PDF)
1594:S2CID
1551:S2CID
1435:IUPAC
1418:S2CID
1346:IUPAC
1078:lipid
851:green
716:AGG01
636:vian
555:1-24
505:PACAP
367:amine
359:resin
284:fungi
154:amide
5404:→TCA
5145:→TCA
3844:and
2870:DHEA
2806:ACTH
2801:CLIP
2796:POMC
2725:GHRH
2705:GnRH
2622:PMID
2586:PMID
2545:PMID
2496:PMID
2461:PMID
2412:PMID
2404:ISSN
2369:PMID
2333:PMID
2298:PMID
2221:PMID
2185:PMID
2149:PMID
2100:PMID
2082:ISSN
2041:PMID
2023:ISSN
1954:PMID
1919:PMID
1909:ISBN
1872:PMID
1821:PMID
1813:OCLC
1803:ISBN
1750:PMID
1723:PMID
1688:PMID
1629:PMID
1586:PMID
1543:PMID
1508:PMID
1471:ISBN
1410:PMID
1402:ISSN
1327:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1225:and
1046:e.g.
1034:e.g.
1021:and
1015:e.g.
1000:e.g.
985:e.g.
970:e.g.
955:e.g.
940:e.g.
870:blue
630:APP
602:euro
553:GHRH
534:27 (
363:Fmoc
306:and
215:and
125:and
98:and
59:. A
4605:AAs
4511:AAs
4404:AAs
3968:AAs
3437:BNP
3432:ANP
3399:EPO
3267:VIP
3252:GIP
3247:CCK
3066:HPL
3061:hCG
2995:AMH
2963:PTH
2811:MSH
2786:TSH
2776:FSH
2735:MCH
2720:CRH
2710:TRH
2614:doi
2610:182
2576:doi
2535:PMC
2527:doi
2488:doi
2451:doi
2447:101
2396:doi
2361:doi
2325:doi
2290:doi
2263:doi
2213:doi
2177:doi
2139:PMC
2131:doi
2127:358
2090:PMC
2072:doi
2031:PMC
2013:doi
1946:doi
1942:733
1901:doi
1862:PMC
1852:doi
1795:doi
1715:doi
1678:PMC
1668:doi
1656:101
1621:doi
1578:doi
1574:524
1535:doi
1500:doi
1449:doi
1447:".
1394:doi
1382:340
1360:doi
1358:".
1052:).
979:An
845:Ala
841:Gly
837:Val
816:An
649:PPY
615:PYY
595:NPY
484:VIP
365:-α-
314:or
139:RNA
137:or
135:DNA
5564::
5506:G→
5491::
5434:G→
5223:G→
5203::
5178::
5030:G→
4953::
4906:G→
4686:,
4682::
3757::
2828:GH
2781:LH
2620:.
2608:.
2584:.
2572:51
2570:.
2566:.
2543:.
2533:.
2523:52
2521:.
2517:.
2494:.
2484:24
2482:.
2459:.
2445:.
2441:.
2418:.
2410:.
2402:.
2392:30
2390:.
2367:.
2357:27
2355:.
2331:.
2321:22
2319:.
2296:.
2286:17
2284:.
2261:.
2249:.
2245:.
2219:.
2209:27
2207:.
2183:.
2173:45
2171:.
2147:.
2137:.
2125:.
2121:.
2098:.
2088:.
2080:.
2066:.
2062:.
2039:.
2029:.
2021:.
2009:22
2007:.
2003:.
1990:^
1974:.
1952:.
1940:.
1917:.
1907:.
1895:.
1870:.
1860:.
1846:.
1842:.
1819:.
1811:.
1801:.
1789:.
1770:.
1744:.
1721:.
1711:58
1709:.
1686:.
1676:.
1666:.
1654:.
1650:.
1627:.
1617:52
1615:.
1592:.
1584:.
1572:.
1549:.
1541:.
1531:31
1529:.
1506:.
1496:24
1494:.
1437:,
1416:.
1408:.
1400:.
1392:.
1380:.
1348:,
1109:A
1102:A
1089:A
1070:A
1061:A
1048:,
1040:).
1036:,
1028:A
1025:).
1017:,
1009:A
1006:).
1002:,
994:A
991:).
987:,
976:).
972:,
964:A
961:).
957:,
949:A
946:).
942:,
934:A
925:A
916:A
907:A
898:A
807:A
796:A
659:ol
624:YY
294:.
278:,
254:.
238:,
234:,
230:,
219:.
192:,
145:.
110:,
106:,
91:.
83:,
69:Da
5532:/
5523:→
5519:→
5487:→
5451:→
5447:→
5400:→
5384:→
5364::
5347:/
5342::
5324::
5314:→
5285:→
5241:→
5227:→
5199:→
5174:→
5170:+
5141:→
5115:→
5096:/
5077:→
5048:→
5034:→
5010:→
4991:→
4972:→
4949:→
4928:→
4924:→
4911:→
4898:G
4879:→
4875:→
4836:/
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