314:
72:
51:
321:
Adult females are range between 1.9 and 2.5 mm long. They are bulky, dark brown or black and the frontal edge of the pronotum has a row of saw-like projections. Moreover, specimens have erect setae organized in rows in the elytral declivity with a costa in the posterolateral edge. As many other
486:
the species of each clade is great enough that there is no character or even combination of characters that can be uniquely used for reliable visual identification of the different taxa; however, their DNA sequences differ by from 11-15%, and appear to be far more reliable for identification. Given
563:
The most recommended management strategies include sanitation of infected hosts and avoiding the spread of infected material. Chemical control can be considered in hosts which are not part of human consumption and some attempts of biological control have been made with little success. Moreover,
849:
Schuler, Hannes; Witkowski, Radosław; van de
Vossenberg, Bart; Hoppe, Björn; Mittelbach, Moritz; Bukovinszki, Tibor; Schwembacher, Stefan; van de Meulengraaf, Bas; Lange, Uwe; Rode, Sabine; Andriolo, Alessandro; Bełka, Marta; Mazur, Andrzej; Battisti, Andrea (30 September 2022).
1026:
Stouthamer, Richard; Rugman-Jones, Paul; Thu, Pham Q.; Eskalen, Akif; Thibault, Tim; Hulcr, Jiri; Wang, Liang-Jong; Jordal, Bjarte H.; Chen, Chi-Yu (1 February 2017). "Tracing the origin of a cryptic invader: phylogeography of the
610:, and as of March 2024 scientists are working hard to eradicate it and prevent its movement to the eastern seaboard of the continent. The only way to kill an infestation of the pest is to remove and grind up the affected wood into
392:, supporting the idea of at least three different species with phylogeographic boundaries within the species complex. Later work (in 2018) resolved that there were actually four major lineages, one containing "true"
1123:
Kasson, M.T.; O’Donnell, K.; Rooney, A.; Sink, S.; Ploetz, R.; Ploetz, J.N.; et al., 2013. An inordinate fondness for
Fusarium: phylogenetic diversity of fusaria cultivated by ambrosia beetles in the genus
487:
that past research (until 2018) has generally assumed a single species was being studied, it is hoped that DNA analyses can now be applied to specimens from earlier studies to identify,
1080:
Demian F Gomez, James
Skelton, M Sedonia Steininger, Richard Stouthamer, Paul Rugman-Jones, Wisut Sittichaya, Robert J Rabaglia, Jiri Hulcr (2018) Species delineation within the
517:, the mycangium is located in the mandible. The combination of massive numbers of beetles with the symbiotic fungus kills trees, even though the fungus alone is a weak pathogen.
852:"Recent invasion and eradication of two members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from tropical greenhouses in Europe"
283:
were introduced into Israel, where they were documented as vectors of a new fungal plant pathogen in avocado trees. In 2012, similar fungal disease was recorded in
1402:
236:
in
California, Israel, South Africa, and Australia. The species has also been unintentionally introduced into exotic greenhouses in several European countries.
800:
Eskalen, Akif; Stouthamer, Richard; Lynch, Shannon
Colleen; Rugman-Jones, Paul F.; Twizeyimana, Mathias; Gonzalez, Alex; Thibault, Tim (29 January 2013).
622:
tree was marked for removal, among others. A quarantine zone has been declared, and people are not allowed to take any plant material out of this zone.
388:
and develop in different hosts. Early phylogenetic work using the DNA mitochondrial gene COI suggested that there were three major clades classified as
1139:
1350:
1389:
996:
895:"An Assessment of the Potential Economic Impacts of the Invasive Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in South Africa"
1203:
1453:
1098:
599:
1084:(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) complex revealed by morphometric and phylogenetic analyses. Insect Systematics and Diversity 2(6): 2.
607:
276:
have been documented in
Florida on avocado trees. However, it is not considered a health threat because no disease is expressed.
449:. This clade has been given the common name polyphagous shot hole borer in reference to the very broad host range, and contains
433:. The third clade is thought to originate from a more northern range in Southeast Asia and to have since been introduced into
1448:
1394:
899:
682:
380:
due to morphological similarity, some of these taxa differ in terms of economic severity and host preferences. As such,
917:
1376:
1311:
1288:
893:
M P de Wit, D J Crookes, J N Blignaut, Z W de Beer, T Paap, F Roets, C van der Merwe, B W van Wilgen, D M Richardson.
330:
Larvae are similar to all other larvae in the family
Curculionidae; legless, c-shaped and a sclerotized head capsule.
918:"The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) and its fungal symbiont Fusarium euwallaceae: a new invasion in South Africa"
528:
breeds in various live hosts and is considered a severe pest of several economically important plants, such as: tea (
71:
1407:
565:
404:
802:"Host Range of Fusarium Dieback and Its Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) Vector in Southern California"
505:
297:
491:, which actual species were being examined, so as to better understand the biology of the different lineages.
683:"Tea Shot-Hole Borer Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff, 1868) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)"
290:
The species has also been unintentionally introduced into exotic greenhouses in several
European countries.
717:
572:
997:"Shot-hole borer wreaking havoc across Perth as experts warn of economic perils should it spread unchecked"
560:
of the tree, thus depriving it of the ability to transport water and nutrients to its branches and leaves.
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398:
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687:
249:
166:
1004:
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313:
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384:
is typically considered a species complex, with several clades that occur in separate regions of
66:
31:
758:"Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) that Breed in Avocado Wood in Florida"
255:
Common names of the species include tea shot-hole borer and polyphagous shot-hole borer (PSHB).
463:
species. The fourth clade, the
Kuroshio shot hole borer, is believed to have originated in the
269:) in at least ten countries, including India and Sri Lanka where it is a major economic pest.
1415:
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17:
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346:
342:
229:
225:
1204:"Kings Park trees to be removed as authorities race to contain deadly beetle infestation"
575:
study estimated that the potential economic harm of the pest to be around 18.45 billion
385:
1437:
757:
476:
133:
1060:
954:
446:
370:
1279:
1363:
742:
Danthanarayana W. 1968. The distribution and host range of the shot-hole borer (
434:
868:
851:
818:
801:
614:, which in most cases requires cutting down entire mature trees. Several large
936:
475:. Its impact has impacted many trees in San Diego County, as far south as the
438:
362:
354:
350:
322:
ambrosia beetles, males are significantly smaller, with non-functional wings.
143:
1052:
877:
827:
783:
1337:
619:
611:
595:
510:
103:
83:
1381:
1303:
835:
602:. By 2024 the beetle was entrenched in metropolitan parks in Perth such as
263:
The tea shot hole borer has been known to cause devastating damage to tea (
564:
resistant or tolerant varieties are considered an important aspect of the
1324:
1273:
1099:"A tiny beetle and its deadly fungus is threatening South Africa's trees"
774:
459:
408:, and another that had not been named previously, and newly described as
245:
1329:
425:; these are originally from southern Southeast Asia and introduced into
417:
The first two clades, both commonly called the tea shot hole borer, are
1355:
430:
284:
1368:
1044:
945:
894:
756:
Carrillo, Daniel; Duncan, Rita E.; Peña, Jorge E. (1 September 2012).
376:
Even though several taxa were historically synonymized under the name
1187:
1166:
1128:
on avocado and other plant hosts. Fungal
Genetic Biology 56, 147–157.
1085:
916:
Paap T, de Beer ZW, Migliorini D, Nel WJ, Wingfield MJ (March 2018).
553:
552:). The beetle damages the tree by tunnelling deeply, and cultivating
542:
442:
426:
366:
123:
113:
93:
1250:
1228:
1342:
692:
651:, aka shot-hole borer, fruit tree bark beetle, or apple tree beetle
591:
312:
1235:. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development (WA)
973:
Bark Beetles: Biology and Ecology of Native and Invasive Species
1254:
724:. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia)
482:
A fundamental problem remains that the morphological variation
50:
1031:(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) species complex".
248:, region of Indonesian islands named after the naturalist
971:
Smith, S; Hulcr, J (2015). Vega & Hofstetter (ed.).
571:
After its recent introduction to South Africa, a 2022
1140:"Tiny Beetle Kills Trees, Ups Fire Risk in San Diego"
718:"Polyphagous shot-hole borer (Euwallacea fornicatus)"
293:
It was found in South Africa some years before 2022.
1263:
681:Li, You; Lucky, Andrea; Hulcr, Jiri (8 July 2015).
903:, Volume 115, Issue 4, August 2022, pp. 1076–1086
279:In 2009, specimens matching the description for
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
583:billion), or about 0.66% of the South Africa's
503:larvae and adults feed on a symbiotic fungus (
8:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
296:Polyphagous shot-hole borer was detected in
1167:"Ecology and Integrated Pest Management of
1251:
911:
909:
712:
710:
345:consisting of multiple cryptic species of
228:consisting of multiple cryptic species of
49:
38:
1186:
944:
867:
817:
773:
509:) carried in a specific structure called
1165:Walgama, Ravindra S. (1 December 2012).
975:. San Diego: Elsevier. pp. 495–532.
889:
887:
668:
618:had to be cut down, and a 300-year-old
402:, another bearing the resurrected name
396:, another bearing the resurrected name
1171:(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Sri Lanka"
1175:Journal of Integrated Pest Management
499:As the rest of the ambrosia beetles,
7:
966:
964:
795:
793:
676:
674:
672:
995:Perpitch, Nicolas (31 March 2024).
467:and has since been introduced into
1086:https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy018
1033:Agricultural and Forest Entomology
477:Tijuana River Valley Regional Park
457:trees in association with several
25:
746:Eichh.), Tea Quarterly, 39:61-69.
453:. It has been severely affecting
317:Lateral view of the adult beetle
70:
590:The pest was first detected in
1202:Pin, Phoebe (8 January 2024).
900:Journal of Economic Entomology
1:
1229:"Polyphagous shot-hole borer"
594:, Australia, in 2021, in two
925:Australasian Plant Pathology
405:Euwallacea whitfordiodendrus
349:(Coleoptera: Curculionidae:
471:, California, and contains
218:polyphagous shot-hole borer
198:Polyphagous shot hole borer
196:Tea shot hole borer clade b
194:Tea shot hole borer clade a
18:Polyphagous shot hole borer
1470:
1138:Tjoa, May (25 July 2018).
869:10.1007/s10530-022-02929-w
819:10.1094/PDIS-11-12-1026-RE
566:integrated pest management
29:
1454:Beetles described in 1868
937:10.1007/s13313-018-0545-0
272:Since 2007, specimens of
200:Kuroshio shot hole borer
192:
187:
172:
165:
67:Scientific classification
65:
57:
48:
41:
298:Perth, Western Australia
30:Not to be confused with
573:Stellenbosch University
188:Species in the complex
399:Euwallacea fornicatior
318:
1449:Insect species groups
1294:Euwallacea_fornicatus
1265:Euwallacea fornicatus
1082:Euwallacea fornicatus
1029:Euwallacea fornicatus
688:University of Florida
616:Moreton Bay fig trees
577:international dollars
526:Euwallacea fornicatus
521:Status and management
382:Euwallacea fornicatus
339:Euwallacea fornicatus
316:
287:in California (CA).
250:Alfred Russel Wallace
209:Euwallacea fornicatus
176:Euwallacea fornicatus
43:Euwallacea fornicatus
1169:Xyleborus fornicatus
1005:ABC News (Australia)
856:Biological Invasions
775:10.1653/024.095.0306
762:Florida Entomologist
744:Xyleborus fornicatus
506:Fusarium euwallaceae
451:E. whitfordiodendrus
259:History of expansion
1233:www.agric.wa.gov.au
656:Xyleborus glabratus
642:Laurel wilt disease
411:Euwallacea kuroshio
214:tea shot-hole borer
1105:. The Conversation
1097:de Beer, Wilhelm.
648:Scolytus rugulosus
546:spp.), and cacao (
319:
158:E. fornicatus
32:Scolytus rugulosus
1431:
1430:
1416:Open Tree of Life
1257:Taxon identifiers
1045:10.1111/afe.12215
556:which blocks the
531:Camellia sinensis
266:Camellia sinensis
205:
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27:Species of beetle
16:(Redirected from
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691:. Archived from
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637:Forest pathology
582:
537:Persea americana
469:San Diego county
359:invasive species
347:ambrosia beetles
234:invasive species
230:ambrosia beetles
212:, also known as
182:(Eichhoff, 1868)
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58:Adult female of
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722:outbreak.gov.au
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632:Ambrosia beetle
628:
596:box elder maple
580:
568:for this pest.
558:vascular system
549:Theobroma cacao
523:
497:
465:Pacific Islands
357:), known as an
343:species complex
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226:species complex
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1039:(4): 366–375.
1018:
1000:(text + video)
978:
960:
931:(2): 231–237.
905:
883:
862:(2): 299–307.
841:
812:(7): 938–951.
789:
768:(3): 573–579.
748:
735:
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695:on 16 May 2021
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423:E. fornicatior
386:Southeast Asia
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304:Identification
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167:Binomial name
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60:E. fornicatus
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52:
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19:
1264:
1237:. Retrieved
1232:
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1211:. Retrieved
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1148:. Retrieved
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1107:. Retrieved
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1009:. Retrieved
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738:
726:. Retrieved
721:
697:. Retrieved
693:the original
686:
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541:
535:
534:), avocado (
529:
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447:South Africa
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338:
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1364:iNaturalist
1146:. San Diego
699:25 February
540:), citrus (
473:E. kuroshio
435:Los Angeles
300:, in 2021.
1444:Scolytinae
1438:Categories
1181:(4): 1–8.
1126:Euwallacea
946:2263/64659
663:References
598:trees in
489:post facto
439:California
363:California
355:Xyleborini
351:Scolytinae
145:Euwallacea
124:Coleoptera
104:Arthropoda
1280:Q24956064
1239:8 January
1213:8 January
1053:1461-9563
878:1387-3547
828:0191-2917
784:0015-4040
728:8 January
620:paperbark
612:woodchips
604:Hyde Park
511:mycangium
240:Etymology
152:Species:
90:Kingdom:
84:Eukaryota
1325:BugGuide
1301:BioLib:
1274:Wikidata
1208:ABC News
1150:2 August
1061:90174089
1011:31 March
836:30722538
626:See also
460:Fusarium
334:Taxonomy
246:Wallacea
130:Family:
100:Phylum:
94:Animalia
80:Domain:
1395:1085212
1356:1227915
1304:1184919
1109:2 March
955:4440367
455:avocado
431:Florida
224:) is a
140:Genus:
120:Order:
114:Insecta
110:Class:
1421:847235
1408:995702
1369:492001
1343:XYLBFO
1330:892051
1317:380346
1059:
1051:
953:
876:
834:
826:
782:
554:fungus
543:Citrus
484:within
443:Israel
427:Hawaii
367:Israel
326:Larvae
1382:57163
1057:S2CID
951:S2CID
921:(PDF)
592:Perth
581:A$ 28
513:. In
341:is a
309:Adult
216:, or
1403:NCBI
1390:ITIS
1351:GBIF
1338:EPPO
1312:BOLD
1241:2024
1215:2024
1152:2018
1144:KNSD
1111:2018
1103:ENCA
1049:ISSN
1013:2024
874:ISSN
832:PMID
824:ISSN
780:ISSN
730:2024
701:2017
606:and
495:Food
445:and
429:and
421:and
369:and
244:See
222:PSHB
1377:ISC
1289:AFD
1183:doi
1041:doi
941:hdl
933:doi
864:doi
814:doi
770:doi
585:GDP
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