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filamentous, or short and reduced to mere knobs or warts. They may be simple and unbranched, or they may be feathery in pattern. The mouth may be level with the surface of the peristome, or may be projecting and trumpet-shaped. As regards internal structure, polyps exhibit two well-marked types of organization, each characteristic of one of the two classes, Hydrozoa and
Anthozoa.
179:
372:) taxa are hermaphroditic in their adult colonies. In these species, there is ordinarily synchronized release of eggs and sperm into the water during brief spawning events. Although some species are capable of self-fertilization to varying extents, cross-fertilization appears to be the dominant mating pattern.
334:
In many cases the buds formed do not separate from the parent but remain in continuity with it, thus forming colonies or stocks, which may reach a great size and contain a vast number of individuals. Slight differences in the method of budding produce great variations in the form of the colonies. The
245:
formed from the cells of the ectoderm allow tentacles to contract when conveying the food to the mouth. Similarly, circularly disposed muscular fibrils formed from the endoderm permit tentacles to be protract or thrust out once they are contracted. These muscle fibres belong to the same two systems,
443:
In recent decades the conditions that corals and polyps have found themselves in have been changing, leading to new diseases being observed in corals in many parts of the world, posing even greater risk to an already pressured animal. Aquatic life has been put under a substantial amount of stress
272:
The external form of the polyp varies greatly in different cases. The column may be long and slender, or may be so short in the vertical direction that the body becomes disk-like. The tentacles may number many hundreds or may be very few, in rare cases only one or two. They may be long and
444:
because of the pollutants caused by land-based agriculture. Particularly, exposure to the insecticide profenofos and the fungicide MEMC have played a major part in polyp retraction and biomass decrease. There have been many experiments resulting supporting hypothesis that heat stress in
38:
347:
Among sea anemones, sexual plasticity may occur. That is, asexually produced clones derived from a single founder individual can contain both male and female individuals (ramets). When eggs and sperm (gametes) are formed, they can produce
866:
Yuyama, Ikuko; Ito, Yoshihiko; Watanabe, Toshiki; Hidaka, Michio; Suzuki, Yoshimi; Nishida, Mutsumi (2012). "Differential gene expression in juvenile polyps of the coral
Acropora tenuis exposed to thermal and chemical stresses".
249:
We can distinguish therefore in the body of a polyp the column, circular or oval in section, forming the trunk, resting on a base or foot and surmounted by the crown of tentacles, which enclose an area termed the
450:
juvenile polyp provoke an up-regulation of protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. The results vary based on the polyp characteristics such as age, type, and growth stage.
233:
which serve both for the tactile sense and for the capture of food. Polyps extend their tentacles, particularly at night, containing coiled stinging nettle-like cells or
732:
Barrero-Canosa-1, Duenas-2, Sanchez-3, J.-1, L.F.-2, J.A.-3 (March 2013). "Isolation of potential fungal pathogens in gorgonian corals at the
Tropical Eastern Pacific".
225:
The sac-like body built up in this way is attached usually to some firm object by its blind end, and bears at the upper end the mouth which is surrounded by a circle of
852:
783:
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420:, "foot")), with its circle of writhing arms round the mouth. This comparison contrasts to the common name "coral-insects" applied to the polyps which form coral.
154:
into a polyp, the polyp, also called a "scyphistoma," grows until it develops a stack of plate-like medusae that pinch off and swim away in a process known as
258:
pores are known to occur in the foot, and pores may occur at the tips of the tentacles. Thus it is seen that a polyp is an animal of very simple structure, a
524:
210:, secreted by the cell layers of the body wall. The mesoglea can be thinner than the endoderm or ectoderm or comprise the bulk of the body as in larger
542:
835:
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170:
settles onto a suitable surface, and develops into a polyp. The cubozoan polyp then eventually metamorphoses directly into a medusa.
685:
515:
254:, in the centre of which again is the mouth. As a rule there is no other opening to the body except the mouth, but in some cases
630:
Harrison PL, Babcock RC, Bull GD, Oliver JK, Wallace CC, Willis BL (March 1984). "Mass spawning in tropical reef corals".
294:. Many of the mesenteries project into the enteric cavity but some extend from the body wall to the central stomodaeum.
186:
The body of the polyp may be roughly compared in a structure to a sac, the wall of which is composed of two layers of
286:. Anthozoan polyps, including the corals and sea anemones, are much more complex due to the development of a tubular
352:
derived from "selfing" (within the founding clone) or out-crossing, that then develop into swimming planula larvae.
1004:
897:
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Heyward AJ, Babcock, RC (1986). Self- and cross-fertilization in scleractinian corals. Marine
Biology 90, 191–195
437:
459:
697:
539:
159:
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Stott, Rebecca. "Darwin's ghosts: the secret history of evolution" New York, Spiegel & Grau (2012).
135:
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of polyps it is connected to other polyps, either directly or indirectly. The oral end contains the
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that has not changed significantly for about half a billion years (per generally accepted dating of
237:
which pierce and poison and firmly hold living prey paralysing or killing them. Polyp prey includes
206:). Between ectoderm and endoderm is a supporting layer of structureless gelatinous substance termed
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315:
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142:, the medusa stage is dominant, and the polyp stage may or may not be present, depending on the
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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698:"NOAA's Coral Reef Conservation Program: New Analysis: 75% of Coral Reefs Under Threat"
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339:-building corals are polyp-colonies, strengthened by the formation of a firm skeleton.
276:
In the class
Hydrozoa, the polyps are indeed often very simple, like the common little
219:
187:
37:
721:
Burke, Reytar (2011). "Reefs at Risk
Revisited" (Document). World Resources Institute.
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Markey, Kathryn L., Baird, Andrew H., Humphrey, Craig, and Negri, Andrew P (2007).
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Schlesinger A, Kramarsky-Winter E, Rosenfeld H, Armoza-Zvoloni R, Loya Y (2010).
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561:"Sexual plasticity and self-fertilization in the sea anemone Aiptasia diaphana"
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This article is about the small aquatic animal. For the medical condition, see
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US Department of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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Temporal associations of coral and zooplankton activity on a
Caribbean reef
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528:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 37.
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leading inward from the mouth and a series of radial partitions called
167:
163:
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939:"NOAA's Coral Reef Information System (CoRIS) - What are Coral Reefs"
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549:" Dartmouth Studies in Tropical Ecology. 2008. Accessed 2009-06-21.
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803:"Insecticides and a fungicide affect multiple coral life stages"
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to these organisms from their superficial resemblance to an
246:
thus allows the whole body to retract or protrude outwards.
302:
It is an almost universal attribute of polyps to reproduce
977:"What are corals? - International Coral Reef Initiative"
318:, or may be the sole method by which the polyp produces
158:. Once strobilation is complete, the polyp may die, or
27:
One of two forms found in the phylum
Cnidaria (zoology)
138:
with both a polyp stage and a medusa stage. In class
130:, however, the individual may be either a polyp or a
898:"Hydroids from Reunion Island and the Indian Ocean"
869:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
126:, the individual is always a polyp; in the class
428:75% of the world's corals are threatened due to
229:which resemble glove fingers. The tentacles are
162:itself to repeat the process again later. With
322:, in which case the polyp is entirely without
8:
851:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
782:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
79:(opposite to oral) end is attached to the
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366:The overwhelming majority of stony coral (
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146:. In those scyphozoans that have the
75:-shaped body. In solitary polyps, the
7:
958:"Coral Polyps - Coral Reef Alliance"
99:, and is surrounded by a circlet of
440:, and introduced invasive species.
56:is one of two forms found in the
25:
900:. 8 December 2006. Archived from
382:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
134:, with most species undergoing a
841:from the original on 2022-10-09.
538:Chang, T.D. and Sullivan, J.M. "
514:Minchin, Edward Alfred (1911). "
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810:Marine Ecology Progress Series
241:and fish larvae. Longitudinal
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652:10.1126/science.223.4641.1186
586:10.1371/journal.pone.0011874
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380:The name polyp was given by
218:elements derived from cells
194:is known technically as the
877:10.1016/j.jembe.2012.06.020
214:. The mesoglea can contain
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198:, the inner layer as the
44:polyps in a reef aquarium
919:"Corals and Coral Reefs"
438:crown-of-thorns starfish
182:Anatomy of a coral polyp
83:by means of a disc-like
734:Coral Reefs; Heidelberg
525:Encyclopædia Britannica
393:
363:
359:Polyps of a colony of
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63:, the other being the
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460:Portuguese man o' war
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314:may be combined with
280:species of the genus
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67:. Polyps are roughly
40:
330:Asexual reproduction
822:2007MEPS..330..127M
746:2013CorRe..32...35B
644:1984Sci...223.1186H
577:2010PLoSO...511874S
434:ocean acidification
343:Sexual reproduction
316:sexual reproduction
943:www.coris.noaa.gov
904:on 8 December 2006
871:. 430–431: 17–24.
831:10.3354/meps330127
702:coralreef.noaa.gov
545:2011-06-06 at the
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184:
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1005:Cnidarian biology
981:www.icriforum.org
923:Smithsonian Ocean
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156:strobilation
152:metamorphose
120:sea anemones
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816:: 127–137.
430:overfishing
292:mesenteries
278:fresh water
235:nematocysts
91:, while in
69:cylindrical
770:1357199805
707:2015-06-08
288:stomodaeum
204:gastroderm
160:regenerate
136:life cycle
89:pedal disc
962:coral.org
376:Etymology
320:offspring
304:asexually
256:excretory
252:peristome
227:tentacles
212:jellyfish
164:Cubozoans
140:Scyphozoa
101:tentacles
87:called a
81:substrate
42:Gorgonian
999:Category
836:Archived
766:ProQuest
762:17561903
668:31244527
660:17742935
605:20686700
565:PLOS ONE
543:Archived
465:Zoanthid
454:See also
361:Cnidaria
264:Cambrian
239:copepods
220:migrated
216:skeletal
208:mesoglea
200:endoderm
196:ectoderm
150:planula
128:Hydrozoa
116:Anthozoa
93:colonies
85:holdfast
61:Cnidaria
818:Bibcode
742:Bibcode
640:Bibcode
632:Science
596:2912375
573:Bibcode
522:(ed.).
512::
424:Threats
386:octopus
350:zygotes
308:budding
174:Anatomy
168:planula
111:In the
107:Classes
54:zoology
986:5 June
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394:poulpe
390:French
231:organs
166:, the
148:larval
144:family
132:medusa
124:corals
77:aboral
65:medusa
58:phylum
18:Polyps
839:(PDF)
806:(PDF)
758:S2CID
664:S2CID
516:Polyp
471:Notes
283:Hydra
192:layer
188:cells
113:class
97:mouth
50:polyp
988:2019
969:2019
950:2019
930:2019
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