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1952:. Dow Corning Silicones, Evonik Industries, Momentive Performance Materials, Milliken and Company (SiVance Specialty Silicones), Shin-Etsu Silicones, Wacker Chemie, Bluestar Silicones, JNC Corporation, Wacker Asahikasei Silicone, and Dow Corning Toray represent the collective membership of these organizations. A fourth organization, the Global Silicone Council (GSC) acts as an umbrella structure over the regional organizations. All four are non-profit, having no commercial role; their primary missions are to promote the safety of silicones from a health, safety, and environmental perspective. As the European chemical industry is preparing to implement the
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1852:
1908:, manufacturers now commonly use 100% silicone sealant to join glass plates. Glass joints made with silicone sealant can withstand great pressure, making obsolete the original aquarium construction method of angle-iron and putty. This same silicone is used to make hinges in aquarium lids or for minor repairs. However, not all commercial silicones are safe for aquarium manufacture, nor is silicone used for the manufacture of acrylic aquariums as silicones do not have long-term adhesion to plastics.
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glossiness (and possibly impart subtle color changes). Phenyltrimethicones, unlike the conditioning amodimethicones, have refractive indices (typically 1.46) close to that of a human hair (1.54). However, if included in the same formulation, amodimethicone and phenyltrimethicone interact and dilute each other, making it difficult to achieve both high shine and excellent conditioning in the same product.
1659:
1928:. Platinum silicones are ideal for simulating flesh and skin due to their strength, firmness, and translucency, creating a convincing effect. Silicone masks have an advantage over latex masks in that because of the material properties, the mask hugs the wearers face and moves in a realistic manner with the wearer's facial expressions. Silicone is often used as a hypoallergenic substitute for
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1276:, these grades can be used in the construction of gaskets for windows and cabin doors. During operation, aircraft go through large temperature fluctuations in a relatively short period of time; from the ambient temperatures when on the ground in hot countries to sub-zero temperatures when flying at high altitude.
998:. Ideally, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point. This process can be used to produce hard silicone resins. Similarly, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain.
1435:. Silicone is used as an insulator in heat-resistant potholders and similar items; however, it is more conductive of heat than similar less dense fiber-based products. Silicone oven mitts are able to withstand temperatures up to 260 °C (500 °F), making it possible to reach into boiling water.
1567:
in silicone to increase stability against mechanical and electrical shock, radiation and vibration, a process called "potting". Silicones are used where durability and high performance are demanded of components under extreme environmental conditions, such as in space (satellite technology). They are
1753:
following vitrectomy, silicone intraocular lenses following cataract extraction, silicone tubes to keep a nasolacrimal passage open following dacryocystorhinostomy, canalicular stents for canalicular stenosis, punctal plugs for punctal occlusion in dry eyes, silicone rubber and bands as an external
1594:
The use of silicones in electronics is not without problems, however. Silicones are relatively expensive and can be attacked by certain solvents. Silicone easily migrates as either a liquid or vapor onto other components. Silicone contamination of electrical switch contacts can lead to failures by
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As the nature of air travel results in much noise and vibration, powerful engines, landings, and high speeds all need to be considered to ensure passenger comfort and safe operation of the aircraft. As silicone rubber has exceptional noise reduction and anti-vibration properties, it can be formed
1287:
Silicone rubber's resistance to heat corrosion enables it to be used for gaskets in aircraft engines where it will outlast other types of rubber, both improving aircraft safety and reducing maintenance costs. The silicone acts to seal instrument panels and other electrical systems in the cockpit,
1414:
A silicone polymer can be suspended in water by using stabilizing surfactants. This allows water-based formulations to be used to deliver many ingredients that would otherwise require a stronger solvent, or be too viscous to use effectively. For example, a waterborne formulation using a silane's
1268:
due to its sealing properties, stability across an extreme temperature range, durability, sound dampening and anti-vibration qualities, and naturally flame retardant properties. Maintaining extreme functionality is paramount for passenger safety in the aerospace industry, so each component on an
1649:
Silicone is a popular alternative to traditional metals (such as silver and gold) with jewelry, specifically rings. Silicone rings are commonly worn in professions where metal rings can lead to injuries, such as electrical conduction and ring avulsions. During the mid-2010's, some professional
1789:, foams, rubber, and low-temperature alloys. A silicone mold generally requires little or no mold-release or surface preparation, as most materials do not adhere to silicone. For experimental uses, ordinary one-part silicone can be used to make molds or to mold into shapes. If needed, common
1824:
functionalized amodimethicones, are excellent hair conditioners, providing improved compatibility, feel, and softness, and lessening frizz. The phenyl dimethicones, in another silicone family, are used in reflection-enhancing and color-correcting hair products, where they increase shine and
1368:
can be 3D printed (liquid deposition modelling, LDM) using pump-nozzle extrusion systems. Unfortunately, standard silicone formulations are optimized to be used by extrusion and injection moulding machines and are not applicable in LDM-based 3D printing. The rheological behavior and the
479:(born 11 March 1903) was an American chemist and inventor. He has been called the "Father of Silicones" and is credited with the launch of the silicone industry in the 1930s. His most notable contributions include his creation of silicone from silicon compounds and his method of making
1175:
lists the following major categories of application: Electrical (e.g. insulation), electronics (e.g., coatings), household (e.g., sealants and cooking utensils), automobile (e.g. gaskets), airplane (e.g., seals), office machines (e.g. keyboard pads), medicine and dentistry (e.g.
1618:
openings within the fire-resistance-rated wall and floor assemblies to prevent the spread of flames and smoke from one room to another. When properly installed, silicone-foam firestops can be fabricated for building code compliance. Advantages include flexibility and high
1288:
protecting printed circuit boards from the risks of extreme altitude such as moisture and extremely low temperature. Silicone can be used as a sheath to protect wires and electrical components from any dust or ice that may creep into a plane's inner workings.
1348:
became the first building to receive exterior glass fixed only with the material. Silicone membranes have been used to cover and restore industrial roofs, thanks to its extreme UV resistance, and ability to keep their waterproof performance for decades.
1160:
Silicone can be developed into rubber sheeting, where it has other properties, such as being FDA compliant. This extends the uses of silicone sheeting to industries that demand hygiene, for example, food and beverage, and pharmaceuticals.
1248:; the high strength of silicone rubber makes it an optimal adhesive and sealant for high impact airbags. Silicones in combination with thermoplastics provide improvements in scratch and mar resistance and lowered coefficient of friction.
1986:
is a very persistent, very bioaccumulative (vPvB) substance". Other silicones biodegrade readily, a process that is accelerated by a variety of catalysts, including clays. Cyclic silicones have been shown to involve the occurrence of
1595:
causing an increase in contact resistance, often late in the life of the contact, well after any testing is completed. Use of silicone-based spray products in electronic devices during maintenance or repairs can cause later failures.
1218:
Automotive spark plug wires are insulated by multiple layers of silicone to prevent sparks from jumping to adjacent wires, causing misfires. Silicone tubing is sometimes used in automotive intake systems (especially for engines with
987:
1328:
and caulks are in common use to seal gaps, joints and crevices in buildings. One-part silicones cure by absorbing atmospheric moisture, which simplifies installation. In plumbing, silicone grease is typically applied to O-rings in
1156:, making silicone useful for medical applications in which increased aeration is desired. Conversely, silicone rubbers cannot be used where gas-tight seals are necessary such as seals for high-pressure gasses or high vacuum.
743:
1292:
into small components and fitted into small gaps ensuring all equipment can be protected from unwanted vibration such as overhead lockers, vent ducts, hatches, entertainment system seals, and LED lighting systems.
1874:, with other ingredients. This substance is noted for its unusual characteristics, e.g., that it bounces, but breaks when given a sharp blow; it will also flow like a liquid and form a puddle given enough time.
1682:. Typically, a dry-set lubricant is delivered with a solvent carrier to penetrate the mechanism. The solvent then evaporates, leaving a clear film that lubricates but does not attract dirt and grit as much as an
1891:) used as an arts-and-crafts material, as its plasticity allows it to be molded by hand like modeling clay. It hardens at room temperature and it is adhesive to various substances including glass and aluminum.
1881:" toys at two to four times the price (in 2014). Silicone bands also come in bracelet sizes that can be custom embossed with a name or message. Large silicone bands are also sold as utility tie-downs.
292:
1135:. This property has led to the widespread use of silicones in the construction industry (e.g. coatings, fire protection, glazing seals) and the automotive industry (external gaskets, external trim).
380:, silicones can be synthesized with a wide variety of properties and compositions. They can vary in consistency from liquid to gel to rubber to hard plastic. The most common siloxane is linear
1180:), textiles and paper (e.g. coatings). For these applications, an estimated 400,000 tonnes of silicones were produced in 1991. Specific examples, both large and small are presented below.
2282:
Alexander C. Filippou, Bernhard Baars, Yury N. Lebedev, and Gregor
Schnakenburg (2014): "SiliconâOxygen Double Bonds: A Stable Silanone with a TrigonalâPlanar Coordinated Silicon Center".
1953:
1731:
is often used for this purpose, since its specific crosslinking results in a flexible and soft silicone with high durability and tack. It has also been used as the hydrophobic block of
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2030:
O/(g·hr) for plastics and mineral oil). By 250 °C (482 °F), copious amounts of formaldehyde have been found to be produced by all silicones (1,200 to 4,600 Όg CH
3029:
S. Varaprath, K. L. Salyers, K. P. Plotzke and S. Nanavati: "Identification of
Metabolites of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) in Rat Urine", Drug Metab Dispos 1999, 27, 1267-1273.
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reactivity and penetration ability into a mineral-based surface can be combined with water-beading properties from a siloxane to produce a more-useful surface protection product.
525:. Silicones are compounds that contain silicon, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and perhaps other kinds of atoms as well, and have many very different physical and chemical properties.
1580:
range is required (â65 to 315 °C). Silicones also have the advantage of little exothermic heat rise during cure, low toxicity, good electrical properties, and high purity.
1241:
Automotive body manufacturing plants and paint shops avoid silicones, as trace contamination may cause "fish eyes", which are small, circular craters which mar a smooth finish.
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140:-like substances. Silicones are used in sealants, adhesives, lubricants, medicine, cooking utensils, thermal insulation, and electrical insulation. Some common forms include
1978:, are air and water pollutants and have negative health effects on test animals. They are used in various personal care products. The European Chemicals Agency found that "D
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1999:. However, the doses required for inhibition are by orders of magnitude higher than the ones resulting from the accumulated exposure to consumer products containing
577:
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V. N. Khabashesku; Z. A. Kerzina; K. N. Kudin; O. M. Nefedov (1998). "Matrix isolation infrared and density functional theoretical studies of organic silanones, (CH
1626:
Silicone-foam firestops have been the subject of controversy and press attention due to smoke development from pyrolysis of combustible components within the foam,
2733:
1476:
2593:
Bertin, Chloé; Abbas, Rachid; Andrieu, Valérie; Michard, Florence; Rioux, Christophe; Descamps, Vincent; Yazdanpanah, Yazdan; Bouscarat, Fabrice (January 2019).
1504:
2010:(but lesser amounts than other common materials such as polyethylene). At this temperature, silicones were found to have lower formaldehyde generation than
1804:
do not require coating with cooking oil; in addition, the flexibility of the rubber allows the baked food to be easily removed from the mold after cooking.
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properties. Because silicone can be formulated to be electrically insulative or conductive, it is suitable for a wide range of electrical applications.
64:
51:
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or crosslinks in the polymer chain can be introduced by using organosilicone precursors with fewer alkyl groups, such as methyl trichlorosilane and
2432:
Courtial, Edwin-Joffrey; Perrinet, Clément; Colly, Arthur; Mariot, David; Frances, Jean-Marc; Fulchiron, René; Marquette, Christophe (2019-08-01).
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1956:, CES is leading the formation of a consortium of silicones, silanes, and siloxanes producers and importers to facilitate data and cost-sharing.
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As a low-taint, non-toxic material, silicone can be used where contact with food is required. Silicone is becoming an important product in the
204:
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449:). Kipping was well aware that polydiphenylsiloxane is polymeric whereas benzophenone is monomeric and noted the contrasting properties of
1940:
The leading global manufacturers of silicone base materials belong to three regional organizations: the
European Silicone Center (CES) in
2799:
2500:
2221:
2130:
Seyferth, D., Prud'Homme, C., Wiseman, G., Cyclic
Polysiloxanes from the Hydrolysis of Dichlorosilane, Inorganic Chemistry, 22, 2163-2167
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which are impractical at supersonic speeds. Similar treatments were eventually adapted to the automotive market in products marketed by
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by combustion. However, they have a strong tendency to polymerize into siloxanes. The first stable silanone was obtained in 2014 by
2900:
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483:, a high-quality glass later used in aeronautics, advanced telecommunications, and computer chips. His work led to the formation of
2595:"Illicit massive silicone injections always induce chronic and definitive silicone blood diffusion with dermatologic complications"
2514:
W. Witter & R. Leiper (1979). "A Comparison for the
Effects of Various Forms of Silicon Contamination on Contact Performance".
1464:
1991:
during biodegradation in mammals. The resulting silanediols and silanetriols are capable of inhibiting hydrolytic enzymes such as
774:) as the reaction product of a much slower curing process. This chemistry is used in many consumer applications, such as silicone
2751:
1746:
Illicit cosmetic silicone injections may induce chronic and definitive silicone blood diffusion with dermatologic complications.
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components since it is stable at high temperatures, is not water-soluble, and is far less likely than other lubricants to foul.
3178:
2178:
2410:
2395:<161::aid-prep161>3.0.co;2-4 "Fast Burning Rocket Propellants Based on Silicone Binders â New Aspects of an Old System"
2982:
2434:"Silicone rheological behavior modification for 3D printing: Evaluation of yield stress impact on printed object properties"
1442:
for chocolate, ice, cookies, muffins, and various other foods; non-stick bakeware and reusable mats used on baking sheets;
2642:
1820:
Silicones are ingredients widely used in skincare, color cosmetic and hair care applications. Some silicones, notably the
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991:
3193:
3168:
1972:
1965:
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solvent. The use of silicones in dry cleaning reduces the environmental effect of a typically high-polluting industry.
1341:
3004:
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2558:"A ton of couples are skipping the fancy wedding rings and opting for these $ 20 rubber bands instead â here's why"
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2006:
At around 200 °C (392 °F) in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, polydimethylsiloxane releases traces of
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gas escape, shrinkage, and cracking. These problems have led to reportable events among licensees (operators of
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3D printing also requires the use of a removable support material that is compatible with the silicone rubber.
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Silicone "rubber bands" are a long-lasting popular replacement refill for real rubber bands in the 2013 fad "
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372:) with two groups attached to each silicon center. The materials can be cyclic or polymeric. By varying the
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strength. Disadvantages include combustibility (hard to extinguish) and significant smoke development.
1407:
Many fabrics can be coated or impregnated with silicone to form a strong, waterproof composite such as
2848:
465:. The discovery of the structural differences between Kipping's molecules and the ketones means that
3008:
2557:
1996:
1964:
Silicone compounds are pervasive in the environment. Particular silicone compounds, cyclic siloxanes
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in tractional retinal detachment, and anteriorly-located break in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
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are used instead of silyl chlorides. The hydrolysis of the acetates produces the less dangerous
518:
1017:) as a white powder, char, and various gases. The readily dispersed powder is sometimes called
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Additionally, silicone compounds such as silicone rubber are used as coatings and sealants for
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form airtight seals both on the ground and in the air, where atmospheric pressure decreases.
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982:{\displaystyle n\ {\ce {Si(CH3)2(CH3COO)2}}+n\ {\ce {H2O -> }}_{n}+2n\ {\ce {CH3COOH}}}
149:
145:
2303:
1832:
nipples (teats) for its cleanliness, aesthetic appearance, and low extractable content.
3038:
2619:
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2174:"XLVII. Organic derivatives of silicon. Triphenylsilicol and alkyloxysilicon chlorides"
2000:
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2327:, Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, IGI Global, pp. 73â104, 2020,
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is no longer the correct term (though it remains in common usage) and that the term
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2007:
1949:
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480:
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Silicone is often used to seal maintenance access openings in aerospace equipment.
305:
in benzene with water, the product was determined to have the approximate formula
2306:: A versatile stereolithographic approach assisted by thiol-ene click chemistry.
1384:
Silicone films can be applied to such silica-based substrates as glass to form a
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2011:
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Silicone caulks and rubber components are often used in automotive applications.
1132:
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767:
738:{\displaystyle n\ {\ce {Si(CH3)2Cl2}}+n\ {\ce {H2O -> }}_{n}+2n\ {\ce {HCl}}}
484:
88:
Silicone caulk can be used as a basic sealant against water and air penetration.
2527:
2369:
2071:
Moretto, Hans-Heinrich; Schulze, Manfred; Wagner, Gebhard (2005). "Silicones".
3114:
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used to improve heat transfer from power-dissipating electronic components to
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Does not stick to many substrates, but adheres very well to others, e.g. glass
565:
522:
377:
186:
2459:
2418:
2082:
759:) groups. Under different conditions, the polymer is a cyclic, not a chain.
2685:
1954:
Registration, Evaluation, and
Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) legislation
1755:
1370:
1108:
Thermal stability (constancy of properties over a wide temperature range of
1022:
532:, but which could deserve the name "silicone", have long been identified as
529:
510:
137:
17:
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2628:
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Silicone grease is often used with laboratory glassware to prevent seizing.
42:
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1749:
Ophthalmology uses many products such as silicone oil used to replace the
2704:. André V. Ritter, Clifford M. Sturdevant (7 ed.). St. Louis. 2018.
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to repel water and to preserve visibility, without requiring mechanical
1324:
are widely acknowledged in the construction industry. One-part silicone
2576:"The (wedding) ring's the thing: Silicone bands a growing trend in NFL"
2325:
Electrical
Insulation Breakdown and Its Theory, Process, and Prevention
2015:
1988:
1897:
is an inexpensive silicone clay, which can be used as a substitute for
1836:
1536:
1325:
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1085:
This silicone rubber folding chessboard resists creasing and wrinkling.
1038:
771:
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514:
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358:
109:
31:
2516:
IEEE Transactions on
Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology
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athletes began wearing silicone rings as an alternative during games.
1498:
Flexible ice cube trays made of silicone allow easy extraction of ice.
2411:
10.1002/1521-4087(200206)27:3<161::aid-prep161>3.0.co;2-4
1693:
are also available for use in medical procedures or sexual activity.
1455:
1401:
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431:
416:
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1944:; the Silicones Environmental, Health, and Safety Center (SEHSC) in
84:
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364:
or polysiloxanes, silicones consist of an inorganic siliconâoxygen
2983:"Committee for Risk Assessment concludes on restricting D4 and D5"
1898:
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1811:
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2670:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1705:, seals, gaskets, shrouds, and other applications requiring high
1524:
due to their low water solubility and good spreading properties.
1272:
Specially developed aerospace grades of silicone are stable from
1006:
When silicone is burned in air or oxygen, it forms solid silica (
2952:"Chemicals from Personal Care Products Pervasive in Chicago Air"
1982:
is a persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substance and D
1769:
material due to its hydrophobic property and thermal stability.
1709:. Additionally, the gel form is used in bandages and dressings,
747:
The polymerization typically produces linear chains capped with
473:
is preferred according to the nomenclature of modern chemistry.
3070:"Dielectric Fluids for Transformer Cooling â History and Types"
1948:, US; and the Silicone Industry Association of Japan (SIAJ) in
174:
3149:(Silicone Science On-line, Centre Européen des Silicones: CES)
2204:
James E. Mark; Harry R. Allcock; Robert West (24 March 2005).
1683:
1510:
Silicone brush used for basting and applying flavoring liquids
178:
Chemical structure of the silicone polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
36:
2929:
528:
Compounds containing siliconâoxygen double bonds, now called
495:
that was specifically created to produce silicone products.
392:, which are formed by branched and cage-like oligosiloxanes.
388:. The second-largest group of silicone materials is based on
193:, a reaction that was proposed to initially give the monomer
3054:
M. Blunder, N. Hurkes, M. List, S. Spirk and R. Pietschnig:
2785:
SiliconesâAdvances in
Research and Application: 2013 Edition
2393:
Eisele, Siegfried; Gerber, Peter; Menke, Klaus (June 2002).
2108:
Liquid
Silicone Rubber: Chemistry, Materials, and Processing
1152:
for such gases as oxygen is approximately 400 times that of
2304:
Additive manufacturing of ceramics from preceramic polymers
1785:
Two-part silicone systems are used as rubber molds to cast
1614:
has been used in North American buildings in an attempt to
294:
When the hydrolysis is performed by treating a solution of
1392:
coating. Such coatings were developed for use on aircraft
1089:
Silicones exhibit many useful characteristics, including:
1029:
is a valuable pathway towards the production of amorphous
2667:
Materials in dentistry : principles and applications
1312:) are used as fast burning solid propellants in rockets.
972:
932:
919:
888:
863:
847:
829:
816:
701:
688:
657:
632:
619:
606:
407:
in 1901 to describe the formula of polydiphenylsiloxane,
287:{\displaystyle {\ce {SiH2Cl2 + H2O -> H2SiO + 2 HCl}}}
267:
248:
232:
219:
1920:
as a material for simulating realistic skin, either for
1797:
can be used on mating surfaces as a mold-release agent.
1148:: at room temperature (25 °C), the permeability of
2875:"Unmasking the Chemistry Behind Special Effects Makeup"
1781:
Silicone mold used to reproduce an architectural detail
319:
Most polysiloxanes feature organic substituents, e.g.,
3043:
Silanediols: a new class of potent protease inhibitors
1300:
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based binders along with
1115:
The ability to repel water and form watertight seals.
790:
580:
207:
3058:, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2011, volume 21, 363-365.
370:···âSiâOâSiâOâSiâOâ···
2701:
Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry
316:. Higher polymers were proposed to form with time.
981:
737:
502:, but they are distinct substances. Silicon is a
286:
3045:, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, volume 37, 812-814.
572:. This dichloride reacts with water as follows:
2487:Electrical Contacts: Principles and Applications
2321:"Treeing Characteristics in HTV Silicone Rubber"
1862:and similar materials are composed of silicones
1816:Silicone rubber earplugs for hearing protection
762:For consumer applications such as caulks silyl
2765:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2752:What are the benefits of Silicone Caulk Moulds
2074:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1641:Silicone firestops are also used in aircraft.
1539:, providing an alternative to the traditional
1269:aircraft requires high-performance materials.
1172:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2901:"What are Halloween costume masks made from?"
2763:Thomas Clausen et al. "Hair Preparations" in
2643:"The many uses of dental impression silicone"
1686:-based or other traditional "wet" lubricant.
1280:can be molded with tight tolerances ensuring
30:Not to be confused with the chemical element
8:
3095:Formaldehyde Generation from Silicone Rubber
1727:due to its durability and biocompatibility.
3005:"ECHA classifies cyclic siloxanes as SVHCs"
2044:Injection molding of liquid silicone rubber
1470:Soup ladle and pasta ladle made of silicone
1037:. Polysiloxanes terminated with functional
2732:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2543:"Is the Silicone Ring Trend Here to Stay?"
1855:Baby toys made of nontoxic silicone rubber
1520:Silicones are used as active compounds in
1486:to be placed inside a pot of boiling water
1340:Structural silicone has also been used in
1264:Silicone is a widely used material in the
2851:. Aquarium-pond-answers.com. March 2007.
2618:
2449:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
971:
966:
961:
943:
931:
926:
918:
913:
905:
897:
887:
882:
877:
862:
857:
846:
841:
833:
828:
823:
815:
810:
802:
797:
789:
730:
712:
700:
695:
687:
682:
674:
666:
656:
651:
646:
631:
626:
618:
613:
605:
600:
592:
587:
579:
279:
266:
261:
247:
242:
231:
226:
218:
213:
208:
206:
136:). They are typically colorless oils or
27:Family of polymers of the repeating form
3056:Silanetriols as in vitro AChE Inhibitors
1713:, testicle implants, pectoral implants,
1356:
1013:
460:
452:
440:
426:
422:
410:
351:
347:
343:
339:
330:
326:
322:
312:
308:
301:
297:
196:
127:
123:
67:of all important aspects of the article.
3041:, T. Nittoli, A. M. Mutahi and L. Guo:
2831:"How to Make Your Own Sugru Substitute"
2817:" "Formerol/Sugru technical data sheet"
2284:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2054:
1960:Safety and environmental considerations
1765:) silicones find wide application as a
1717:, and a variety of other medical uses.
1460:
1361:Silicone 3D print with support material
1053:groups have been cross linked to yield
2754:. Myheap.com. Retrieved on 2021-08-08.
2725:
2224:from the original on 18 December 2017.
2172:Frederic Kipping, L. L. Lloyd (1901).
1226:Sheet silicone is used to manufacture
1169:Silicones are used in many products.
430:), by analogy with the formula of the
63:Please consider expanding the lead to
3089:
3087:
2399:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
2286:, volume 53, issue 2, pages 565â570.
1739:used to form the vesicle membrane of
1344:building façades since 1974 when the
1204:is typically used as a lubricant for
7:
2928:. Reach.silicones.eu. Archived from
1828:Silicone rubber is commonly used in
1670:are used for many purposes, such as
1563:Electronic components are sometimes
1128:Resistance to creasing and wrinkling
2950:Bienkowski, Brian (30 April 2013).
2106:Fink, Johannes Karl (5 July 2019).
2026:, versus around 400 ÎŒg CH
1636:Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
560:Most common are materials based on
2210:. Oxford University. p. 155.
2018:(less than 3 to 48 ÎŒg CH
1887:is a silicone rubber (marketed as
1583:Silicones are often components of
1025:of certain polysiloxanes under an
25:
2962:from the original on 20 June 2015
1678:parts, and a wide range of other
1607:Red-colored silicone firestopping
1532:Liquid silicone can be used as a
1131:Resistance to oxygen, ozone, and
3132:
3117:
3080:from the original on 2016-07-19.
2849:"Aquarium Silicone Applications"
2541:Ashley, Sarah (August 1, 2018).
2503:from the original on 2017-12-18.
2022:O/(g·hr) for a high consistency
1761:Addition and condensation (e.g.
1503:
1491:
1475:
1463:
1320:The strength and reliability of
498:Silicone is often confused with
376:chain lengths, side groups, and
41:
2855:from the original on 2012-03-15
2370:"Aerospace | Viking Extrusions"
2333:10.4018/978-1-5225-8885-6.ch003
1800:Silicone cooking molds used as
1215:are based on liquid silicones.
536:in gas-phase processes such as
185:and Carl Somiesky examined the
55:may be too short to adequately
2310:, (2019) volume 27, pp. 80â90.
938:
922:
906:
898:
894:
853:
834:
819:
803:
707:
691:
675:
667:
663:
609:
593:
254:
65:provide an accessible overview
1:
2773:10.1002/14356007.a12_571.pub2
2767:, 2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
2270:10.1016/S0022-328X(98)00726-8
1872:decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane
1697:Medicine and cosmetic surgery
3147:Science of Silicone Polymers
1337:from sticking to the metal.
1333:taps and valves, preventing
2985:. European Chemicals Agency
2981:European Chemicals Agency.
2787:, ScholarlyEditions, 2013,
2664:Ferracane, Jack L. (2001).
2611:10.1097/MD.0000000000014143
2451:10.1016/j.addma.2019.04.006
1729:Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
3210:
2879:www.monarchchemicals.co.uk
2528:10.1109/TCHMT.1979.1135411
2489:. CRC Press. p. 823.
2374:www.vikingextrusions.co.uk
1576:encapsulation when a wide
1238:, and other applications.
487:, an alliance between the
167:
29:
3153:Is Silicone Eco-friendly?
2145:Chemistry of the Elements
2143:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
2110:. John Wiley & Sons.
538:chemical vapor deposition
521:("electronic chips") and
445:(his term was originally
3011:Foundation. 25 June 2018
2083:10.1002/14356007.a24_057
1545:perchloroethylene (perc)
1346:Art Institute of Chicago
1067:polymer derived ceramics
1035:polymer derived ceramics
1033:ceramics, also known as
2077:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1438:Other products include
1427:industry, particularly
1099:Low chemical reactivity
544:production, and in the
396:Terminology and history
3179:Thermosetting plastics
2481:Paul G. Slade (1999).
2438:Additive Manufacturing
2308:Additive Manufacturing
2292:10.1002/anie.201308433
1924:, prop body parts, or
1856:
1835:Silicones are used in
1817:
1791:vegetable cooking oils
1782:
1725:medical grade silicone
1663:
1608:
1560:
1559:Silicone rubber keypad
1362:
1261:
1193:
1178:tooth impression molds
1133:ultraviolet (UV) light
1086:
1063:additive manufacturing
996:methyltrimethoxysilane
983:
739:
570:dimethyldichlorosilane
564:, which is derived by
288:
179:
170:Organosilicon compound
89:
2736:) CS1 maint: others (
2582:. September 29, 2016.
2179:J. Chem. Soc., Trans.
2149:Butterworth-Heinemann
2141:Greenwood, Norman N.
1854:
1815:
1780:
1721:Scar treatment sheets
1661:
1606:
1578:operating temperature
1558:
1373:need to be adjusted.
1360:
1316:Building construction
1259:
1191:
1139:Electrical insulation
1084:
984:
740:
546:formation of ceramics
517:form is used to make
289:
177:
87:
3141:at Wikimedia Commons
3009:Food Packaging Forum
2191:10.1039/CT9017900449
1997:acetylcholinesterase
1916:Silicone is used in
1868:polydimethylsiloxane
1701:Silicone is used in
1632:nuclear power plants
1458:, and kitchen mats.
1302:ammonium perchlorate
1095:thermal conductivity
788:
578:
562:polydimethylsiloxane
489:Dow Chemical Company
382:polydimethylsiloxane
205:
3194:Impression material
3169:Cosmetics chemicals
3093:David C. Timpe Jr.
2956:Scientific American
2258:J. Organomet. Chem.
1841:personal lubricants
1691:personal lubricants
1055:preceramic polymers
974:
934:
921:
890:
865:
849:
831:
818:
770:(the acid found in
703:
690:
659:
634:
621:
608:
519:integrated circuits
506:, a hard dark-grey
493:Corning Glass Works
477:James Franklin Hyde
269:
250:
234:
221:
3100:2015-04-27 at the
2926:"REACH consortium"
2802:2017-12-18 at the
2207:Inorganic Polymers
1857:
1818:
1783:
1763:polyvinyl siloxane
1723:are often made of
1664:
1609:
1561:
1363:
1266:aerospace industry
1262:
1232:automotive engines
1194:
1087:
1031:silicon oxycarbide
979:
962:
909:
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284:
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3137:Media related to
2783:Q. Ashton Acton:
2711:978-0-323-47858-8
2496:978-0-8247-1934-0
2342:978-1-5225-8885-6
2217:978-0-19-535131-6
2158:978-0-08-037941-8
1946:Herndon, Virginia
1942:Brussels, Belgium
1922:prosthetic makeup
1864:dimethyl siloxane
1767:dental impression
1450:; cookware lids,
1446:, egg boilers or
1398:windshield wipers
1121:Does not support
1071:stereolithography
977:
965:
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3074:General Electric
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2147:(2nd ed.).
2137:
2131:
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2122:
2121:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2068:
1879:rubber band loom
1847:Toys and hobbies
1837:shaving products
1735:synthetic block
1707:biocompatibility
1507:
1495:
1482:A silicone food
1479:
1467:
1433:kitchen utensils
1296:Solid propellant
1275:
1221:forced induction
1146:gas permeability
1111:
1059:photopolymerised
1027:inert atmosphere
1016:
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542:microelectronics
504:chemical element
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3102:Wayback Machine
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2804:Wayback Machine
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2645:. July 19, 2022
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2151:. p. 362.
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2100:
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2069:
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2052:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2024:silicone rubber
2021:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1938:
1918:special effects
1914:
1912:Special Effects
1849:
1810:
1795:petroleum jelly
1775:
1711:breast implants
1699:
1656:
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1601:
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1530:
1518:
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1508:
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1471:
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1366:Silicone rubber
1355:
1322:silicone rubber
1318:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1278:Silicone rubber
1273:
1254:
1202:silicone grease
1186:
1167:
1150:silicone rubber
1123:microbiological
1109:
1079:
1057:, which can be
1015:
1011:
1008:silicon dioxide
1004:
876:
786:
785:
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748:
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558:
513:, which in its
462:
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114:repeating units
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72:
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50:This article's
46:
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5:
3207:
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3150:
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3142:
3129:
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3112:
3111:External links
3109:
3107:
3106:
3083:
3060:
3047:
3039:S. M. Sieburth
3031:
3022:
2996:
2973:
2942:
2917:
2899:Chapman, Kit.
2891:
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2808:
2776:
2756:
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2710:
2691:
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2634:
2585:
2567:
2556:Chen, Connie.
2548:
2533:
2506:
2495:
2473:
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2264:(1â2): 45â59.
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2116:
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2092:978-3527306732
2091:
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2036:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2001:cyclomethicone
1983:
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1961:
1958:
1937:
1934:
1913:
1910:
1848:
1845:
1809:
1806:
1774:
1771:
1751:vitreous humor
1715:contact lenses
1698:
1695:
1672:bicycle chains
1655:
1652:
1646:
1643:
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1597:
1585:thermal pastes
1568:selected over
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1110:â100 to 250 °C
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366:backbone chain
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191:dichlorosilane
168:Main article:
165:
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59:the key points
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2932:on 2012-03-15
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2905:RSC Education
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2835:Instructables
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2794:
2793:9781481692397
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1994:
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1970:
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1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
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1932:prosthetics.
1931:
1927:
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1911:
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1869:
1865:
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1826:
1823:
1814:
1808:Personal care
1807:
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1612:Silicone foam
1605:
1598:
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1274:â70 to 220 °C
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543:
539:
535:
534:intermediates
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
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474:
472:
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418:
406:
402:
401:F. S. Kipping
395:
393:
391:
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383:
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363:
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276:
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184:
176:
171:
163:
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147:
143:
139:
135:
134:organic group
119:
115:
111:
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103:
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94:organosilicon
86:
76:
66:
60:
58:
53:
48:
44:
39:
38:
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3155:(The Uptide)
3068:Hard, Dave.
3063:
3055:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3025:
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2999:
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2976:
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2955:
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2934:. Retrieved
2930:the original
2920:
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2904:
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2878:
2868:
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2843:
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2750:Robyn Lish.
2746:
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2659:
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2637:
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2373:
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2354:, retrieved
2324:
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2230:
2206:
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2182:
2177:
2167:
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2135:
2126:
2107:
2101:
2072:
2008:formaldehyde
2005:
1963:
1950:Tokyo, Japan
1939:
1926:rubber masks
1915:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1876:
1858:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1799:
1784:
1760:
1748:
1745:
1741:polymersomes
1719:
1700:
1688:
1665:
1648:
1640:
1625:
1610:
1593:
1582:
1570:polyurethane
1562:
1543:-containing
1534:dry cleaning
1531:
1528:Dry cleaning
1519:
1437:
1422:
1413:
1406:
1404:and others.
1383:
1375:
1364:
1342:curtain wall
1339:
1319:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1271:
1263:
1243:
1240:
1225:
1217:
1213:brake fluids
1195:
1170:
1168:
1165:Applications
1159:
1154:butyl rubber
1088:
1073:techniques.
1005:
990:
784:
761:
746:
574:
559:
552:and others.
527:
497:
481:fused silica
475:
470:
466:
447:silicoketone
446:
435:benzophenone
404:
399:
386:silicone oil
378:crosslinking
352:
331:
318:
183:Alfred Stock
181:
142:silicone oil
132:, where R =
112:composed of
106:polysiloxane
105:
101:
91:
70:
54:
52:lead section
18:Polysiloxane
3125:Toys portal
2649:January 16,
2243:Si=O and (C
2185:: 449â459.
2034:O/(g·hr)).
2012:mineral oil
1993:thermolysin
1860:Silly Putty
1830:baby bottle
1733:amphiphilic
1676:airsoft gun
1551:Electronics
1452:pot holders
1394:windshields
1390:hydrophobic
1353:3D printing
1019:silica fume
768:acetic acid
550:A. Filippou
523:solar cells
515:crystalline
485:Dow Corning
359:polymerized
3163:Categories
2936:2012-02-28
2859:2012-02-28
2720:1124496192
2405:(3): 161.
2379:2019-04-11
2356:2021-03-16
2050:References
1930:foam latex
1904:In making
1773:Moldmaking
1737:copolymers
1680:mechanisms
1654:Lubricants
1621:dielectric
1589:heat sinks
1386:covalently
1198:automotive
1184:Automotive
1077:Properties
1002:Combustion
566:hydrolysis
384:(PDMS), a
187:hydrolysis
3189:Adhesives
3184:Siloxanes
3174:Silicones
3139:Silicones
3015:28 August
2989:28 August
2728:cite book
2522:: 56â61.
2468:146407873
2460:2214-8604
2444:: 50â57.
2419:0721-3115
2351:241551199
1936:Marketing
1906:aquariums
1756:tamponade
1689:Silicone
1666:Silicone
1634:) of the
1599:Firestops
1522:defoamers
1516:Defoaming
1252:Aerospace
1023:pyrolysis
895:⟶
780:adhesives
664:⟶
556:Synthesis
530:silanones
511:metalloid
362:siloxanes
255:⟶
164:Chemistry
73:July 2024
57:summarize
3098:Archived
3078:Archived
2960:Archived
2853:Archived
2800:Archived
2686:45604030
2629:30681578
2599:Medicine
2580:ESPN.com
2501:Archived
2483:"16.4.1"
2222:Archived
2038:See also
2016:plastics
1989:silanols
1885:Formerol
1802:bakeware
1628:hydrogen
1616:firestop
1541:chlorine
1448:poachers
1444:steamers
1429:bakeware
1425:cookware
1419:Cookware
1409:silnylon
1380:Coatings
1371:pot life
1326:sealants
1230:used in
1104:toxicity
1061:for the
1051:acrylate
1047:mercapto
1041:such as
992:Branches
764:acetates
471:siloxane
467:silicone
405:silicone
321:[(CH
126:SiâOâSiR
118:siloxane
102:silicone
2966:8 April
2910:29 July
2884:29 July
2620:6358378
2562:Insider
2255:Si=O".
1668:greases
1645:Jewelry
1565:encased
1537:solvent
1484:steamer
1456:trivets
1388:bonded
1282:gaskets
1246:airbags
1228:gaskets
1200:field,
1196:In the
1039:ligands
772:vinegar
757:silanol
500:silicon
338:[(C
110:polymer
32:silicon
2797:p. 226
2791:
2718:
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2089:
1870:, and
1787:resins
1402:Rain-X
1125:growth
1021:. The
959:
874:
795:
728:
643:
585:
432:ketone
417:phenyl
415:(Ph =
374:âSiâOâ
357:. All
307:[H
156:, and
150:rubber
146:grease
138:rubber
3104:Arlon
2464:S2CID
2347:S2CID
1899:Sugru
1895:Oogoo
1889:Sugru
1822:amine
1574:epoxy
1440:molds
1331:brass
1210:DOT 5
1206:brake
1144:High
1043:vinyl
776:caulk
753:SiâOH
749:SiâCl
350:SiO)]
158:caulk
154:resin
108:is a
3017:2018
2991:2018
2968:2015
2912:2024
2886:2024
2789:ISBN
2738:link
2734:link
2716:OCLC
2706:ISBN
2682:OCLC
2672:ISBN
2651:2023
2625:PMID
2491:ISBN
2456:ISSN
2415:ISSN
2337:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2153:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2014:and
1971:and
1839:and
1431:and
1335:lime
1102:Low
1093:Low
976:COOH
778:and
491:and
457:and
336:and
329:SiO]
311:SiO]
300:SiCl
122:âOâR
100:, a
96:and
2769:doi
2615:PMC
2607:doi
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2407:doi
2329:doi
2288:doi
2266:doi
2262:566
2187:doi
2079:doi
1793:or
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1572:or
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1069:by
1065:of
1049:or
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851:COO
751:or
732:HCl
568:of
540:in
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281:HCl
271:SiO
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199:SiO
189:of
116:of
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