495:(thermistor) and a blood oxygen monitoring device (pulse oximeter). The patient would sleep with the screening device for one to several days, then return the device to the health care provider. The provider would retrieve data from the device and could make assumptions based on the information given. For example, series of drastic blood oxygen desaturations during night periods may indicate some form of respiratory event (apnea). The equipment monitors, at a minimum, oxygen saturation. More sophisticated home study devices have most of the monitoring capability of their counterparts run by sleep lab technicians, and can be complex and time-consuming to set up for self-monitoring.
390:(EEG) will generally use six "exploring" electrodes and two "reference" electrodes, unless a seizure disorder is suspected, in which case more electrodes will be applied to document the appearance of seizure activity. The exploring electrodes are usually attached to the scalp near the frontal, central (top) and occipital (back) portions of the brain via a paste that will conduct electrical signals originating from the neurons of the cortex. These electrodes will provide a readout of the brain activity that can be "scored" into different stages of sleep (N1, N2, and N3 ā which combined are referred to as
444:
Respiratory effort is also measured in concert with nasal/oral airflow by the use of belts. These belts expand and contract upon breathing effort. However, this method of respiration may also produce false negatives. Some patients will open and close their mouth while obstructive apneas occur. This forces air in and out of the mouth while no air enters the airway and lungs. Thus, the pressure transducer and thermocouple will detect this diminished airflow and the respiratory event may be falsely identified as a hypopnea, or a period of reduced airflow, instead of an obstructive apnea.
440:(ECG or EKG) would use ten electrodes, only two or three are used for a polysomnogram. They can either be placed under the collarbone on each side of the chest or one under the collarbone and the other six inches above the waist on either side of the body. These electrodes measure the electrical activity of the heart as it contracts and expands, recording such features as the "P" wave, "QRS" complex, and "T" wave. These can be analyzed for any abnormalities that might be indicative of an underlying heart pathology.
471:
351:
425:, PLMD). Two leads are placed on the chin with one above the jawline and one below. This, like the EOG, helps determine when sleep occurs as well as REM sleep. Sleep generally includes relaxation and so a marked decrease in muscle tension occurs. A further decrease in skeletal muscle tension occurs in REM sleep. A person becomes partially paralyzed to make acting out of dreams impossible, although people that do not have this paralysis can develop
463:
359:
552:(The percentage of each sleep stage varies by age, with decreasing amounts of REM and deep sleep in older people. The majority of sleep at all ages except infancy is stage 2. REM normally occupies about 20-25% of sleep time. Many factors besides age can affect both the amount and percentage of each sleep stage, including drugs , alcohol taken before bedtime, and sleep deprivation.)
63:
504:
707:
604:
size, and also to make sure the patient can tolerate this therapy, a "CPAP titration study" is recommended. This is the same as a PSG but with the addition of the mask applied so the technician can increase the airway pressure inside the mask as needed until all, or most, of the patient's airway obstructions are eliminated.
525:" and normally is less than 20 minutes. (Note that determining "sleep" and "waking" is based solely on the EEG. Patients sometimes feel they were awake when the EEG shows they were sleeping. This may be because of sleep state misperception, drug effects on brain waves, or individual differences in brain waves.)
567:"Arousals" are sudden shifts in brain wave activity. They may be caused by numerous factors, including breathing abnormalities, leg movements, environmental noises, etc. An abnormal number of arousals indicates "interrupted sleep" and may explain a person's daytime symptoms of fatigue and/or sleepiness.
653:
Because of costs, more and more studies for "sleep apnea" are attempted as split-night studies when there is early evidence for OSA. (Note that both types of study, with and without a CPAP mask, are still polysomnograms.) When the CPAP mask is worn, however, the flow-measurement lead in the patient's
478:
For the standard test, the patient comes to a sleep lab in the early evening and over the next 1ā2 hours is introduced to the setting and "wired up" so that multiple channels of data can be recorded when they fall asleep. The sleep lab may be in a hospital, a free-standing medical office, or a hotel.
626:
This report recommends that Mr. J---- return for a CPAP titration study, which means a return to the lab for a second all-night PSG (this one with the mask applied). Often, however, when a patient manifests OSA in the first 2 or 3 hours of the initial PSG, the technician will interrupt the study and
382:
Wires for each channel of recorded data lead from the patient and converge into a central box, which in turn is connected to a computer system for recording, storing and displaying the data. During sleep, the computer monitor can display multiple channels continuously. In addition, most labs have a
603:
and is delivered via a mask to the patient's nose or the patient's nose and mouth. (Some masks cover one, some both.) CPAP is typically prescribed after the diagnosis of OSA is made from a sleep study (i.e., after a PSG test). To determine the correct amount of pressure and the right mask type and
453:
may be recorded with a sound probe over the neck, though more commonly the sleep technician will just note snoring as "mild", "moderate" or "loud" or give a numerical estimate on a scale of 1 to 10. Also, snoring indicates airflow and can be used during hypopneas to determine whether the hypopnea
366:
A polysomnogram will typically record a minimum of 12 channels, requiring a minimum of 22 wire attachments to the patient. These channels vary in every lab and may be adapted to meet the doctor's requests. A minimum of three channels are used for the EEG, one or two measure airflow, one or two are
583:
Once scored, the test recording and the scoring data are sent to the sleep medicine physician for interpretation. Ideally, interpretation is done in conjunction with the medical history, a complete list of drugs the patient is taking, and any other relevant information that might impact the study
547:
sleep, stage 3 is called "slow wave" sleep because of the relatively wide brain waves compared to other stages; another name for stage 3 is "deep sleep". By contrast, stages 1 and 2 are "light sleep". The figures show stage 3 sleep and REM sleep; each figure is a 30-second epoch from an overnight
259:
Limited channel polysomnography, or unattended home sleep tests, are called Type IIāIV channel polysomnography. Polysomnography should only be performed by technicians and technologists who are specifically accredited in sleep medicine. However, at times nurses and respiratory therapists perform
494:
Most recently, health care providers may prescribe home studies to enhance patient comfort and reduce expense. The patient is given instructions after a screening tool is used, uses the equipment at home and returns it the next day. Most screening tools consist of an airflow measuring device
658:
Mr. B____, age 38, 6 ft. tall, 348 lbs., came to the
Hospital Sleep Lab to diagnose or rule out obstructive sleep apnea. This polysomnogram consisted of overnight recording of left and right EOG, submental EMG, left and right anterior EMG, central and occipital EEG, EKG, airflow measurement,
619:(OSA). For the full night his apnea+hypopnea index was elevated at 18.1 events/hr. (normal <5 events/hr; this is "moderate" OSA). While sleeping supine, his AHI was twice that, at 37.1 events/hr. He also had some oxygen desaturation; for 11% of sleep time his SaO2 was between 80% and 90%.
443:
Nasal and oral airflow can be measured using pressure transducers, and/or a thermocouple, fitted in or near the nostrils; the pressure transducer is considered the more sensitive. This allows the clinician/researcher to measure the rate of respiration and identify interruptions in breathing.
413:
of the right eye and one that is placed 1 cm below the outer canthus of the left eye. These electrodes pick up the activity of the eyes in virtue of the electropotential difference between the cornea and the retina (the cornea is positively charged relative to the retina). This helps to
192:
Type I polysomnography is a sleep study performed overnight with the patient continuously monitored by a credentialed technologist. It records the physiological changes that occur during sleep, usually at night, though some labs can accommodate shift workers and people with
1039:
Iber C, Ancoli-Israel S, Chesson A, and Quan SF for the
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications, 1st ed.: Westchester, Illinois: American Academy of Sleep Medicine,
271:. It may also record other information crucial for diagnostics that are not directly linked with sleep, such as movements, respiration, and cardiovascular parameters. In any case, through polysomnographic evaluation, other information (such as body temperature or
627:
apply the mask right then and there; the patient is awakened and fitted for a mask. The rest of the sleep study is then a "CPAP titration." When both the diagnostic PSG and a CPAP titration are done the same night, the entire study is called "split night".
482:
During the study, the technician observes sleep activity by looking at the video monitor and the computer screen that displays all the data second by second. In most labs, the test is completed and the patient is discharged home by 7 a.m. unless a
659:
respiratory effort and pulse oximetry. The test was done without supplemental oxygen. His latency to sleep onset was slightly prolonged at 28.5 minutes. Sleep efficiency was normal at 89.3% (413.5 minutes sleep time out of 463 minutes in bed).
534:
Sleep stages: these are based on 3 sources of data coming from 7 channels: EEG (usually 4 channels), EOG (2), and chin EMG (1). From this information, each 30-second epoch is scored as "awake" or one of 4 sleep stages: 1, 2, 3, and REM, or
648:
There is less time to assure an adequate CPAP titration. If the titration begins with only a few hours of sleep left, the remaining time may not assure a proper CPAP titration, and the patient may still have to return to the
883:
Lerman, SE; Eskin, E; Flower, DJ; George, EC; Gerson, B; Hartenbaum, N; Hursh, SR; Moore-Ede, M; American
College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Presidential Task Force on Fatigue Risk Management (Feb 2012).
662:
During the first 71 minutes of sleep Mr. B____ manifested 83 obstructive apneas, 3 central apneas, 1 mixed apnea and 28 hypopneas, for an elevated apnea+hypopnea index (AHI) of 97 events/hr (*"severe" OSA). His lowest
1912:
556:
Any breathing irregularities, mainly apneas and hypopneas. Apnea is a complete or near complete cessation of airflow for at least 10 seconds followed by an arousal and/or 3% oxygen desaturation;
853:
281:
Video-EEG polysomnography, which combines polysomnography with video recording, has been described as more effective than polysomnography alone for the evaluation of sleep troubles such as
1905:
447:
Pulse oximetry determines changes in blood oxygen levels that often occur with sleep apnea and other respiratory problems. The pulse oximeter fits over a fingertip or an earlobe.
421:(EMG) typically uses four electrodes to measure muscle tension in the body as well as to monitor for an excessive amount of leg movements during sleep (which may be indicative of
1898:
654:
nose is removed. Instead, the CPAP machine relays all flow-measurement data to the computer. The below is an example report that might be produced from a split night study:
587:
After interpreting the data, the sleep physician writes a report that is sent to the referring provider, usually with specific recommendations based on the test results.
608:
Mr. J----, age 41, 5'8" tall, 265 lbs., came to the sleep lab to rule out obstructive sleep apnea. He complains of some snoring and daytime sleepiness. His score on the
267:(SOL), REM-sleep onset latency, number of awakenings during the sleep period, total sleep duration, percentages and durations of every sleep stage, and number of
479:
A sleep technician should always be in attendance and is responsible for attaching the electrodes to the patient and monitoring the patient during the study.
2328:
1523:
371:, and one each for the belts, which measure chest wall movement and upper abdominal wall movement. The movement of the belts is typically measured with
645:
There is less time to make a diagnosis of OSA (Medicare in the US requires a minimum of 2 hours of diagnosis time before the mask can be applied); and
560:
is a 30% or greater decrease in airflow for at least 10 seconds followed by an arousal and/or 4% oxygen desaturation. (The national insurance program
2242:
857:
324:
The use of polysomnography as a screening test for persons with excessive daytime sleepiness as their sole presenting complaint is controversial.
622:
Results of this study indicate Mr. J---- would benefit from CPAP. To this end, I recommend that he return to the lab for a CPAP titration study.
86:
376:
679:
had increased to 89%. This final titration level occurred while he was in REM sleep. Mask used was a
Respironics Classic nasal (medium-size).
414:
determine when REM sleep occurs, of which rapid eye movements are characteristic, and also essentially aids in determining when sleep occurs.
1110:
1091:
1072:
1053:
682:
In summary, this split night study shows severe OSA in the pre-CPAP period, with definite improvement on high levels of CPAP. At 17 cm H
1485:
595:
The below example report describes a patient's situation and the results of some tests, and mentions CPAP as a treatment for obstructive
600:
321:. Although it is not directly useful in diagnosing circadian rhythm sleep disorders, it may be used to rule out other sleep disorders.
2247:
2323:
2185:
2039:
1363:
1358:
1330:
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for chin muscle tone, one or more for leg movements, two for eye movements (EOG), one or two for heart rate and rhythm, one for
2359:
2218:
1518:
1449:
1208:
306:
194:
1161:
1024:
A The AASM Manual for the scoring of Sleep and
Associated Events: Rules Terminology and Technical Specifications, Version 2.0
2354:
1790:
1598:
1460:
379:. This movement is equated to effort and produces a low-frequency sinusoidal waveform as the patient inhales and exhales.
937:"Reliability, validity, and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Tayside children's sleep questionnaire"
2076:
1470:
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531:: the number of minutes of sleep divided by the number of minutes in bed. Normal is approximately 85 to 90% or higher.
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is elevated at 15 (out of possible 24 points), affirming excessive daytime sleepiness (normal is <10/24).
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The patient only has to come to the lab once, so it is less disruptive than is coming two different nights;
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small video camera in the room so the technician can observe the patient visually from an adjacent room.
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1122:"Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures: An update for 2005"
514:
After the test is completed, a "scorer" analyzes the data by reviewing the study in 30-second "epochs".
426:
372:
310:
138:
39:
993:
A manual of standardized terminology, techniques, and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects
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sleep. Non-REM sleep is distinguished from REM sleep, which is altogether different. Within
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Aldrich, M. S., & Jahnke, B. (1991). "Diagnostic value of videoāEEG polysomnography".
818:
Orr, W. C. (1985). "Utilization of polysomnography in the assessment of sleep disorders".
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was 89%. Based on this split night study I recommend he start on nasal CPAP 17 cm H
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285:, because it allows easier correlation of EEG and polysomnography with bodily motion.
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252:, as it is reported that all male patients will experience erections during phasic
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in the US requires a 4% desaturation in order to include the event in the report.)
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airflow, and respiratory effort indicators were added along with peripheral
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398:, or REM, and wakefulness). The EEG electrodes are placed according to the
995:. Washington D.C.: Public Health Service, U.S. Government Printing Service
197:
who sleep at other times. The PSG monitors many body functions, including
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1981:
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during the pre-CPAP period was 72%. CPAP was then applied at 5 cm H
615:
This single-night diagnostic sleep study shows evidence for obstructive
409:(EOG) uses two electrodes, one that is placed 1 cm above the outer
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polysomnography without specific knowledge and training in the field.
1840:
1726:
521:
Onset of sleep from time the lights were turned off: this is called "
362:
Use of equipment for overnight diagnosis in hospitalization records
278:) can be obtained according to the patient's or the study's needs.
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133:
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O, and sequentially titrated to a final pressure of 17 cm H
1894:
1190:
1820:
1716:
1006:"Current Definitions for Sleep Disordered Breathing in Adults"
293:
Polysomnography is used to diagnose or rule out many types of
1120:
Kushida CA, Littner MR, Morgenthaler TM, et al. (2005).
870:, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
637:
It is "half as expensive" to whoever is paying for the study.
675:
O. At this pressure his AHI was 4 events/hr. and the low SaO
854:
American
College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
275:
935:
Rajaee Rizi, Farid; Asgarian, Fatemeh Sadat (2022-08-24).
760:
IbƔƱez, Vanessa; Silva, Josep; Cauli, Omar (2018-05-25).
354:
Connections of polysomnography wires on an adult patient
181:
for "many, much", indicating many channels), the Latin
858:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
2309:
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2204:
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2100:
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2013:
1979:
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890:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
27:Multi-parameter study of sleep and sleep disorders
1105:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.
991:Rechtschaffen, A. & Kales, A. (Eds.) (1968).
517:The score consists of the following information:
169:, also abbreviated PSG. The name is derived from
1026:. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine
686:O his AHI was normal at 4 events/hr. and low SaO
487:(MSLT) is to be done during the day to test for
474:Adult patient, equipped for ambulatory diagnosis
263:Polysomnography data can be directly related to
656:
641:The split-night study has these disadvantages:
606:
1906:
1202:
8:
630:The split-night study has these advantages:
429:. Finally, two more leads are placed on the
2329:National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
1976:
1913:
1899:
1891:
1524:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
1326:
1209:
1195:
1187:
886:"Fatigue risk management in the workplace"
61:
1137:
1103:Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine
968:
901:
795:
777:
539:, sleep. Stages 1ā3 are together called
752:
1172:What is a Sleep Study for Sleep Apnea?
1046:Primer of Polysomnogram Interpretation
762:"A survey on sleep assessment methods"
584:such as napping done before the test.
433:of each leg to measure leg movements.
377:respiratory inductance plethysmography
52:
1101:Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (2005).
1067:. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus.
244:. Polysomnography no longer includes
7:
820:The Medical clinics of North America
229:)1. After the identification of the
601:continuous positive airway pressure
236:in the 1970s, breathing functions,
1162:Practical guide to Polysomnography
185:("sleep"), and the Greek Ī³ĻĪ¬ĻĪµĪ¹Ī½ (
25:
1086:. Boston: Butterworth Heinemann.
1048:. Boston: Butterworth Heinemann.
466:Pediatric polysomnography patient
2186:Intervertebral disc annuloplasty
2040:Intracranial pressure monitoring
1364:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
1359:Central hypoventilation syndrome
705:
195:circadian rhythm sleep disorders
1519:Periodic limb movement disorder
1486:Non-24-hour sleepāwake disorder
579:Oxygen saturation during sleep.
423:periodic limb movement disorder
307:periodic limb movement disorder
256:, regardless of dream content.
1022:Berry, Richard et al. (2012).
165:. The test result is called a
1:
2324:Miniāmental state examination
1791:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
1599:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
1461:Advanced sleep phase disorder
694:O along with heated humidity.
570:Cardiac rhythm abnormalities.
454:may be an obstructive apnea.
75:highlighted by red rectangle.
2077:Multiple subpial transection
1471:Delayed sleep phase disorder
1399:Excessive daytime sleepiness
941:Sleep and Biological Rhythms
903:10.1097/JOM.0b013e318247a3b0
489:excessive daytime sleepiness
32:Electroencephalography (EEG)
2092:Anterior temporal lobectomy
1604:Nocturnal penile tumescence
1476:Irregular sleepāwake rhythm
721:Polysomnographic technician
591:Examples of summary reports
576:Body position during sleep.
510:recordings of stage 3 sleep
485:Multiple Sleep Latency Test
67:Polysomnographic record of
40:Electronystagmography (ENG)
2381:
1466:Cyclic alternating pattern
953:10.1007/s41105-022-00420-6
400:International 10-20 system
331:
29:
2311:Clinical prediction rules
1957:Decompressive craniectomy
1933:
1682:Behavioral sleep medicine
1491:Shift work sleep disorder
1439:Sleep state misperception
161:and a diagnostic tool in
60:
36:Electrocardiography (ECG)
1239:Rapid eye movement (REM)
1084:Review of Sleep Medicine
610:Epworth Sleepiness Scale
396:rapid eye movement sleep
394:ā and Stage R, which is
177:roots: the Greek ĻĪæĪ»ĻĻ (
44:Electrooculography (EOG)
30:Not to be confused with
2125:Amygdalohippocampectomy
1560:Exploding head syndrome
1369:Obstructive sleep apnea
1183:, on Medscape Reference
1167:What is Polysomnography
865:: an initiative of the
2360:Diagnostic pulmonology
2284:Electroencephalography
2253:Magnetoencephalography
1927:central nervous system
1875:Sleeping while on duty
1424:Idiopathic hypersomnia
1139:10.1093/sleep/28.4.499
726:Respiratory monitoring
696:
624:
511:
475:
467:
363:
355:
303:idiopathic hypersomnia
213:), muscle activity or
48:Electromyography (EMG)
2229:Pneumoencephalography
2070:Bilateral cingulotomy
2035:Suboccipital puncture
1697:Neuroscience of sleep
1429:Night eating syndrome
1414:KleineāLevin syndrome
1065:Sleep Medicine Pearls
506:
473:
465:
427:REM behavior disorder
373:piezoelectric sensors
361:
353:
332:Further information:
311:REM behavior disorder
2355:Diagnostic neurology
2238:Transcranial Doppler
2224:Cerebral angiography
2176:Spinal decompression
1851:Sleep and creativity
1044:Pressman MR (2002).
508:Electrophysiological
388:electroencephalogram
250:erectile dysfunction
2234:Echoencephalography
2000:Thalamic stimulator
1846:Sleep and breathing
1302:Sensorimotor rhythm
523:sleep onset latency
265:sleep onset latency
2319:Glasgow Coma Scale
2087:Corpus callosotomy
2016:Ventricular system
1856:Sleep and learning
1609:Nocturnal emission
1509:Nightmare disorder
1374:Periodic breathing
1082:Bowman TJ (2003).
779:10.7717/peerj.4849
537:Rapid Eye Movement
512:
476:
468:
364:
356:
2342:
2341:
2140:
2139:
1888:
1887:
1866:Sleep deprivation
1705:
1704:
1112:978-0-7216-0797-9
1093:978-0-7506-7392-1
1074:978-1-56053-490-7
1063:Berry RB (2003).
1055:978-0-7506-9782-8
856:(February 2014),
438:electrocardiogram
436:Though a typical
431:anterior tibialis
369:oxygen saturation
144:
143:
16:(Redirected from
2372:
2268:Microneurography
2154:Meningeal biopsy
2053:
2018:
1988:
1977:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1861:Sleep and memory
1801:Circadian rhythm
1548:Benign phenomena
1450:Circadian rhythm
1327:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1151:
1141:
1116:
1097:
1078:
1059:
1027:
1020:
1014:
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529:Sleep efficiency
407:electrooculogram
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2301:Polysomnography
2289:Lumbar puncture
2272:
2200:
2158:
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2108:Pituitary gland
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2082:Hemispherectomy
2049:
2044:
2030:Ventriculostomy
2014:
2009:
1986:globus pallidus
1980:
1966:
1938:
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1919:
1889:
1884:
1779:Procrastination
1732:Four-poster bed
1701:
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1659:Polysomnography
1637:Sleep induction
1613:
1584:Sleep paralysis
1543:
1495:
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1344:Mouth breathing
1322:Sleep disorders
1316:
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1177:Polysomnography
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155:multi-parameter
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1154:
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845:
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736:Sleep medicine
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573:Leg movements.
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499:Interpretation
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242:pulse oximetry
231:sleep disorder
163:sleep medicine
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167:polysomnogram
164:
160:
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117:
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73:Eye movements
70:
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45:
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19:
18:Polysomnogram
2334:CHADS2 score
2300:
2294:CSF tap test
2214:Neuroimaging
2168:spinal canal
2132:Brain biopsy
1962:Cranioplasty
1936:Neurosurgery
1752:Sleeping bag
1658:
1529:Sleepwalking
1514:Night terror
1231:sleep cycles
1181:Carmel Armon
1180:
1129:
1125:
1102:
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1064:
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1023:
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385:
381:
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297:, including
292:
289:Medical uses
280:
262:
258:
217:activation (
191:
186:
182:
178:
166:
150:
146:
145:
108:OPS-301 code
2258:Myelography
2164:Spinal cord
2120:Hippocampus
2005:Pallidotomy
1995:Thalamotomy
1836:Second wind
1811:Dream diary
1687:Sleep study
1627:Sleep diary
1579:Hypnopompia
1574:Sleep onset
1565:Hypnic jerk
1404:Hypersomnia
1354:Catathrenia
1349:Sleep apnea
1259:Brain waves
1229:Stages of
874:24 February
741:Sleep study
617:sleep apnea
597:sleep apnea
319:sleep apnea
315:parasomnias
283:parasomnias
238:respiratory
234:sleep apnea
209:movements (
159:sleep study
120:MedlinePlus
2349:Categories
2277:Diagnostic
2181:Discectomy
1952:Craniotomy
1923:procedures
1921:Tests and
1870:Sleep debt
1816:Microsleep
1796:Chronotype
1710:Daily life
1594:Somnolence
1570:Hypnagogia
1501:Parasomnia
1419:Narcolepsy
1331:Anatomical
1312:Theta wave
1282:Gamma wave
1277:Delta wave
1267:Alpha wave
947:: 97ā103.
843:(7), 1060.
747:References
599:. CPAP is
392:NREM sleep
299:narcolepsy
273:esophageal
201:activity (
2263:Wada test
2248:Brain PET
2243:Brain MRI
2196:Rhizotomy
2191:Cordotomy
1880:Sleepover
1831:Power nap
1826:Nightwear
1692:Melatonin
1654:Somnology
1619:Treatment
1452:disorders
1391:Dyssomnia
1297:PGO waves
1292:Mu rhythm
1287:K-complex
1272:Beta wave
1249:Slow-wave
979:245863909
961:1479-8425
837:Neurology
788:2167-8359
772:: e4849.
458:Procedure
346:ECG (EKG)
328:Mechanism
254:REM sleep
2146:Meninges
2065:Lobotomy
2051:Cerebrum
1982:Thalamus
1747:Mattress
1722:Bunk bed
1642:Hypnosis
1434:Nocturia
1409:Insomnia
1148:16171294
970:10899986
920:51836120
912:22269988
806:29844990
699:See also
562:Medicare
558:hypopnea
309:(PLMD),
269:arousals
225:rhythm (
187:graphein
157:type of
82:ICD-9-CM
2219:Head CT
2206:Imaging
1774:Bedtime
1769:Bedroom
1764:Bedding
1759:Bed bug
1742:Hammock
1647:Lullaby
1481:Jet lag
1381:Snoring
1339:Bruxism
797:5971842
545:non-REM
541:non-REM
451:Snoring
411:canthus
221:), and
153:) is a
139:28633-6
100:D017286
71:sleep.
1841:Siesta
1727:Daybed
1555:Dreams
1146:
1109:
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1071:
1052:
977:
967:
959:
918:
910:
804:
794:
786:
344:, and
317:, and
183:somnus
126:003932
46:, and
2101:Other
1972:Brain
1944:Skull
1784:Story
1737:Futon
1670:Other
1218:Sleep
1126:Sleep
1040:2007.
975:S2CID
916:S2CID
766:PeerJ
223:heart
199:brain
179:polus
175:Latin
171:Greek
134:LOINC
113:1-790
87:89.17
2166:and
1984:and
1220:and
1144:PMID
1107:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1050:ISBN
957:ISSN
908:PMID
876:2014
802:PMID
784:ISSN
649:lab.
548:PSG.
417:The
405:The
386:The
173:and
94:MeSH
1821:Nap
1717:Bed
1179:by
1134:doi
1010:FDA
965:PMC
949:doi
898:doi
792:PMC
774:doi
663:SaO
375:or
342:EMG
338:EOG
334:EEG
246:NPT
227:ECG
219:EMG
211:EOG
207:eye
205:),
203:EEG
151:PSG
69:REM
2351::
1868:/
1572:/
1142:.
1130:28
1128:.
1124:.
1008:.
973:.
963:.
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