164:
120:
1661:
138:
4229:
1652:, have water-conducting vessels like those of mosses, i.e., without cells containing thickened cell walls. The paratracheophytes, a name intended to replace Rhyniaceae or Rhyniopsida, have 'S-type' water-conducting cells, i.e., cells whose walls are thickened but in a much simpler fashion than those of true vascular plants, the eutracheophytes.
1680:(meaning that the sporophytes and gametophytes were equally free living), which might suggest that both the gametophyte-dominant life style of bryophytes and the sporophyte-dominant life style of vascular plants evolved from this isomorphic condition. They were leafless and did not have true vascular tissues. In particular, they did not have
864:). In discussing the classification of the trimerophytes, Berry and Fairon-Demaret say that reaching a meaningful classification requires "a breakthrough in knowledge and understanding rather than simply a reinterpretation of the existing data and the surrounding mythology". Kenrick and Crane's cladograms have been questioned – see the
1714:(i.e., the leaves effectively grow from the base). The euphyllophytes are by far the largest group of vascular plants, in terms of both individuals and species. Euphyllophytes have large 'true' leaves (megaphylls), which develop through marginal or apical meristems (i.e., the leaves effectively grow from the sides or the apex). (
899:
for the polysporangiophytes (which they call polysporangiates), based on a number of figures in
Kenrick and Crane (1997). Their cladogram is reproduced below (with some branches collapsed into 'basal groups' to reduce the size of the diagram). Their analysis is not accepted by other researchers; for
1721:
Both the cladogram derived from
Kenrick and Crane's studies and its implications for the evolution of land plants have been questioned by others. A 2008 review by Gensel notes that recently discovered fossil spores suggest that tracheophytes were present earlier than previously thought; perhaps
1705:
The remainder of the polysporangiophytes divide into two lineages, a deep phylogenetic split that occurred in the early to mid
Devonian, around 400 million years ago. Both lineages have developed leaves, but of different kinds. The lycophytes, which make up less than 1% of the species of living
1701:
illustrates two steps in the evolution of modern vascular plants. Plants have vascular tissue, albeit significantly simpler than modern vascular plants. Their gametophytes are distinctly smaller than their sporophytes (but have vascular tissue, unlike almost all modern vascular plants).
563:). The fossils were better-preserved than Dawson's, and showed clearly that these early land plants did indeed consist of generally naked vertical stems arising from similar horizontal structures. The vertical stems were dichotomously branched with some branches ending in sporangia.
859:
Many researchers have urged caution in the classification of early polysporangiophytes. Taylor et al. note that basal groups of early land plants are inherently difficult to characterize since they share many characters with all later-evolving groups (i.e., have multiple
615:
The concept of the polysporangiophytes, more formally called
Polysporangiophyta, was first published in 1997 by Kenrick and Crane. (The taxobox at the right represents their view of the classification of the polysporangiophytes.) The defining feature of the
871:
As of
February 2011, there appears to be no complete Linnean (i.e., rank-based) classification for early polysporangiophytes that is consistent with Kenrick and Crane's cladistic analysis and subsequent research, though Cantino et al. have published a
1726:
members. Spore diversity suggests that there were many plant groups, of which no other remains are known. Some early plants may have had heteromorphic alternation of generations, with later acquisition of isomorphic gametophytes in certain lineages.
532:
was present. He later described other specimens. Dawson's discoveries initially had little scientific impact; Taylor et al. speculate that this was because his reconstruction looked very unusual and the fossil was older than was expected.
658:
As additional fossils were discovered and described, it became apparent that the
Psilophyta were not a homogeneous group of plants. In 1975, Banks expanded on his earlier 1968 proposal that split it into three groups at the
1772:
species and allies ('cooksonioids') had stems that were too narrow to have supported sufficient photosynthetic activity for them to be independent of their gametophytes – inconsistent with their position in the cladogram.
892:. Since 1997 there have been continual advances in understanding plant evolution, using RNA and DNA genome sequences and chemical analyses of fossils (e.g., Taylor et al. 2006), resulting in revisions to this phylogeny.
2606:
Bateman, R.M.; Crane, P.R.; Dimichele, W.A.; Kenrick, P.R.; Rowe, N.P.; Speck, T.; Stein, W.E. (1998), "Early
Evolution of Land Plants: Phylogeny, Physiology, and Ecology of the Primary Terrestrial Radiation",
2452:
Cantino, Philip D.; James A. Doyle; Sean W. Graham; Walter S. Judd; Richard G. Olmstead; Douglas E. Soltis; Pamela S. Soltis; Michael J. Donoghue (2007), "Towards a
Phylogenetic Nomenclature of Tracheophyta",
2676:
Pryer, K.M.; Schuettpelz, E.; Wolf, P.G.; Schneider, H.; Smith, A.R.; Cranfill, R. (2004), "Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences",
524:. The reconstruction shows horizontal and upright stem-like structures; no leaves or roots are present. The upright stems or axes branch dichotomously and have pairs of spore-forming organs (
2570:
Gerrienne, P. & Gonez, P. (2011), "Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological complexity",
570:
to mid-Devonian age throughout the world, including Arctic Canada, the eastern US, Wales, the
Rhineland of Germany, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang and Yunnan in China, and Australia.
478:(liverworts, mosses and hornworts) whose sporophytes are normally unbranched, even if a few exceptional cases occur. While the definition is independent of the presence of
782:
comprised plants with large clusters of downwards curving terminal sporangia that split along their length to release their spores and had centrarch xylem strands (e.g.,
1730:
The cladogram above shows the 'protracheophytes' diverging earlier than the lycophytes; however, lycophytes were present in the
Ludfordian stage of the Silurian around
663:
of subdivision. These groups have since been treated at the ranks of division, class and order. A variety of names have been used, which the table below summarizes.
2160:
Evolution and Environment: A Symposium Presented on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Foundation of Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University
2909:
509:, a Canadian geologist and paleobotanist, was the first to discover and describe a megafossil of a polysporangiophyte. In 1859 he published a reconstruction of a
2314:
2297:
1930:
Edwards, D. & Wellman, C. (2001), "Embryophytes on Land: The Ordovician to Lochkovian (Lower Devonian) Record", in Gensel, P. & Edwards, D. (eds.),
1672:
If the cladogram above is correct it has implications for the evolution of land plants. The earliest diverging polysporangiophytes in the cladogram are the
888:
study of land plants was published in 1997 by Kenrick and Crane; this both established the concept of the polysporangiophytes and presented a view of their
2533:
Rothwell, G.W. & Nixon, K.C. (2006), "How Does the Inclusion of Fossil Data Change Our Conclusions about the Phylogenetic History of Euphyllophytes?",
503:, either single or in groups. Megafossils are preserved parts of plants large enough to show structure, such as stem cross-sections or branching patterns.
2738:
Kotyk, M.E.; Basinger, J.F.; Gensel, P.G.; de Freitas, T.A. (2002), "Morphologically complex plant macrofossils from the Late Silurian of Arctic Canada",
2874:
826:
species). The zosterophylls did contain a monophyletic clade, but some genera previously included in the group fell outside this clade (e.g.,
2382:
2250:
1939:
1914:
1889:
163:
2489:"Biogeochemical evidence for the presence of the angiosperm molecular fossil oleanane in Paleozoic and Mesozoic non-angiospermous fossils"
2902:
1567:
More recently, Gerrienne and Gonez have suggested a slightly different characterization of the early diverging polysporangiophytes:
2952:
1863:
See, e.g., Edwards, D. & Wellman, C. (2001), "Embryophytes on Land: The Ordovician to Lochkovian (Lower Devonian) Record" in
2947:
1796:
1676:, a clade at the 'protracheophyte' grade that is sister to all other polysporangiophytes. They had essentially an isomorphic
820:); and plants allied to the lineages that led to the living club-mosses and allies as well as ferns and seed plants (e.g.,
3031:
3021:
3004:
2895:
768:
comprised plants with lateral sporangia that split distally (away from their attachment) to release their spores, and had
2040:"Sporophytes of polysporangiate land plants from the early Silurian period may have been photosynthetically autonomous"
791:
Research by Kenrick and Crane that established the polysporangiophytes concluded that none of Banks' three groups were
900:
example Rothwell and Nixon say that the broadly defined fern group (moniliforms or monilophytes) is not monophyletic.
1677:
486:
or tracheophytes. Extinct polysporangiophytes are known that have no vascular tissue and so are not tracheophytes.
2871:
590:), is one of the earliest fossils that has been identified as a polysporangiophyte. Fossils assigned to the genus
2791:
2504:
1788:
and polysporangiophytes are viewed as homologous, it has been suggested they belong in a natural group named
1668:, which Boyce considers too small to be self-sufficient. The axes (stems) are around 0.1 mm in diameter.
3036:
2778:? The importance of size in understanding the early evolution of physiology in the vascular plant lineage",
632:, which have unbranched sporophytes each with a single sporangium. Polysporangiophytes may or may not have
4254:
620:
is that the sporophyte branches and bears multiple sporangia. This distinguishes polysporangiophytes from
3940:
4286:
2999:
3928:
3934:
1958:
Niklas, Karl J. (1979), "An Assessment of Chemical Features for the Classification of Plant Fossils",
4232:
3978:
2488:
2406:
2051:
2005:
3744:
3946:
3397:
3380:
3290:
3138:
2887:
506:
4076:
2642:
Kerp, H.; Trewin, N.H.; Hass, H. (2004), "New gametophytes from the Early Devonian Rhynie chert",
2227:
See, e.g., Berry, C.M. & Fairon-Demaret, M. (2001), "The Middle Devonian Flora Revisited", in
3424:
3407:
3249:
3133:
3128:
3016:
2994:
2982:
2957:
2803:
2659:
2624:
2589:
2550:
2516:
2470:
2422:
2288:
2194:
2075:
2021:
1975:
541:
363:
158:
4291:
3756:
795:. The rhyniophytes included "protracheophytes", which were precursors to vascular plants (e.g.,
655:, the whisk-ferns, were sometimes added to the class, which was then usually called Psilopsida.
514:
376:
4139:
4040:
4028:
3872:
3851:
3565:
3385:
3316:
3306:
3236:
3026:
2989:
2977:
2967:
2851:
2795:
2757:
2693:
2508:
2378:
2246:
2129:
2067:
1935:
1910:
1885:
1846:
1221:
889:
769:
758:
331:
2724:
4052:
4046:
4010:
3693:
3555:
3440:
3341:
2941:
2841:
2833:
2787:
2747:
2720:
2685:
2651:
2616:
2579:
2542:
2500:
2462:
2414:
2356:
2280:
2186:
2119:
2059:
2039:
2013:
1967:
1836:
1828:
1673:
919:
580:
227:
119:
41:
2397:
Kenrick, P. & Crane, P.R. (1997b), "The origin and early evolution of plants on land",
1660:
4314:
4144:
4127:
4034:
3560:
3543:
3326:
3285:
3153:
3143:
3123:
1463:
648:
644:
637:
633:
621:
529:
479:
426:
338:
2487:
Taylor, D.W.; Li, Hongqi; Dahl, Jeremy; Fago, F.J.; Zinneker, D.; Moldowan, J.M. (2006),
2438:
Berry, C. M. & Fairon-Demaret, M. (2001), "The Middle Devonian Flora Revisited", in
2410:
2055:
2009:
1684:: elongated cells that help transport water and mineral salts, and that develop a thick
4064:
4004:
3878:
3845:
3803:
3716:
3644:
3639:
3587:
3057:
2972:
2919:
2846:
2821:
1841:
1816:
1755:
1382:
1314:
1299:
1293:
1186:
1159:
1137:
834:
660:
537:
483:
323:
302:
268:
243:
220:
150:
499:
Paleobotanists distinguish between micro- and megafossils. Microfossils are primarily
4308:
4154:
3998:
3961:
3918:
3831:
3807:
3624:
3346:
3321:
3203:
3148:
2878:
2663:
2620:
2584:
2360:
1480:
1367:
1268:
1262:
1215:
1125:
998:
971:
932:
809:
597:
549:
420:
382:
355:
344:
316:
77:
45:
2822:"Major transitions in the evolution of early land plants: a bryological perspective"
2807:
2628:
2593:
2554:
2520:
2110:
Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P. & Friis, E.M. (2004), "Fossils and plant phylogeny",
2079:
2038:
Libertín, Milan; Kvaček, Jiří; Bek, Jiří; Žárský, Viktor & Štorch, Petr (2018),
4215:
4070:
4058:
3798:
3629:
3619:
3419:
3371:
3244:
2426:
2025:
1750:
1738:
1244:
1227:
1178:
1153:
928:
924:
861:
839:
797:
779:
765:
575:
545:
414:
309:
146:
17:
596:, which is more certainly a polysporangiophyte, have been dated to the succeeding
137:
643:
Prior to that, most of the early polysporangiophytes had been placed in a single
4022:
4016:
3811:
3792:
3750:
3700:
3507:
3450:
3391:
3336:
3269:
3219:
3189:
3171:
3163:
1715:
1432:
1407:
1256:
1063:
985:
958:
846:
803:
784:
742:
519:
471:
407:
389:
292:
234:
188:
52:
4277:
4222:
4149:
4117:
4103:
4086:
3634:
3311:
3100:
3091:
2655:
2158:
Banks, H.P. (1968), "The early history of land plants", in Drake, E.T. (ed.),
2063:
1723:
1707:
1205:
1100:
1024:
885:
853:
842:
828:
774:
652:
566:
Since these discoveries, similar megafossils have been discovered in rocks of
525:
463:
459:
401:
97:
62:
2799:
2512:
3887:
3783:
3649:
3533:
3331:
3111:
3080:
2296:, it appears to be a mistake, as it is not in accord with Article 16 of the
1689:
1084:
1055:
896:
873:
822:
792:
747:
592:
475:
395:
297:
277:
259:
251:
102:
2855:
2761:
2697:
2689:
2133:
2124:
2071:
1907:
Plants invade the Land : Evolutionary & Environmental Perspectives
1850:
1832:
2752:
4271:
4159:
3592:
3575:
3011:
2837:
1932:
Plants Invade the Land : Evolutionary and Environmental Perspectives
1785:
1760:
1732:
1711:
1688:
wall at maturity that provides mechanical strength. Unlike plants at the
1681:
1250:
1238:
1199:
1131:
1067:
876:
classification. Banks' three groups continue to be used for convenience.
629:
602:
585:
567:
558:
510:
285:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
2474:
4112:
3815:
3614:
3071:
2292:
2198:
1979:
1777:
1457:
1193:
1059:
990:
667:
Alternative names for Banks' three groups of early polysporangiophytes
553:
370:
131:, illustrating bifurcating axes with terminal sporangia, and rhizoids.
107:
82:
2375:
The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study
2269:
The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study
1821:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
482:, all living polysporangiophytes also have vascular tissue, i.e., are
2466:
2017:
1743:
1697:
1685:
1147:
994:
815:
753:
4248:
2190:
1971:
1817:"The origin and early evolution of vascular plant shoots and leaves"
1710:
or more specifically lycophylls), which develop from an intercalary
548:– a fine-grained sedimentary rock found near the village of Rhynie,
2546:
2284:
528:) attached to them. Cross-sections of the upright axes showed that
4237:
4098:
3511:
3209:
2923:
2418:
1659:
1071:
761:
617:
500:
467:
175:
3883:
3602:
1781:
849:
745:
comprised simple leafless plants with terminal sporangia (e.g.,
651:
Psilophyta, established in 1917 by Kidston and Lang. The living
625:
349:
4252:
3505:
2891:
544:
published a series of papers describing fossil plants from the
2644:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences
1718:
have secondarily reduced megaphylls resembling microphylls.)
2792:
10.1666/0094-8373(2008)034[0179:HGWCTI]2.0.CO;2
1748:. However, it has been suggested that the poorly preserved
3211:
2162:, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, pp. 73–107
2505:
10.1666/0094-8373(2006)32[179:BEFTPO]2.0.CO;2
2711:
Gensel, Patricia G. (2008), "The Earliest Land Plants",
2211:
2209:
2207:
1875:
1873:
2265:
Although this name has appeared in some sources, e.g.,
1882:
Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
466:. The name literally means 'many sporangia plant'. The
2925:
2177:
Banks, H.P. (1975), "Reclassification of Psilophyta",
1996:-type sporangia from late Wenlock strata in Ireland",
1934:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 3–28,
2820:
Ligrone, R.; Duckett, J.G.; Renzaglia, K.S. (2012).
1880:
Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009),
1741:, dated to the Pragian stage of the Devonian around
458:, are plants in which the spore-bearing generation (
4261:
4126:
4085:
3974:
3959:
3914:
3901:
3864:
3829:
3782:
3769:
3733:
3714:
3682:
3670:
3601:
3574:
3542:
3531:
3449:
3433:
3406:
3369:
3299:
3278:
3266:
3235:
3202:
3180:
3162:
3110:
3090:
3070:
3055:
2882:
2377:, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press,
1884:(2nd ed.), Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press,
2215:
2145:
1737:, long before the 'protracheophytes' found in the
1992:Edwards, D. & Feehan, J. (1980), "Records of
1815:Harrison, C. Jill; Morris, Jennifer L. (2017).
1094:
3513:
27:Spore-bearing plants with branched sporophytes
2903:
2439:
2373:Kenrick, Paul & Crane, Peter R. (1997a),
2228:
2105:
2103:
2094:
1905:Gensel, P.G. & Edwards, D., eds. (2001),
1864:
1768:Boyce has shown that the sporophytes of some
895:In 2004, Crane et al. published a simplified
8:
2565:
2563:
2315:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
2298:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
2090:
2088:
1648:The paraphyletic protracheophytes, such as
4249:
4228:
3971:
3911:
3907:
3861:
3837:
3779:
3775:
3730:
3726:
3711:
3679:
3667:
3539:
3528:
3524:
3502:
3446:
3430:
3412:
3403:
3366:
3275:
3263:
3232:
3228:
3067:
3063:
3052:
2910:
2896:
2888:
2267:Knoll, Andrew H. (1998-01-01), "Review of
1483:(seed plants; extant and extinct members)
136:
118:
31:
2845:
2751:
2583:
2123:
1840:
2725:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173526
2609:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1953:
1951:
1692:grade, their sporophytes were branched.
665:
2535:International Journal of Plant Sciences
2273:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1909:, New York: Columbia University Press,
1807:
1050: † basal groups
462:) has branching stems (axes) that bear
244:unclassified fossil Polysporangiophytes
221:non-vascular fossil Polysporangiophytes
2347:in the evolution of vascular plants",
1695:According to the cladogram, the genus
513:plant, collected as a fossil from the
2349:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2165:
1166:Z. llanoveranum, Z. fertile
7:
2572:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
1706:vascular plants, have small leaves (
1664:Reconstruction of the sporophyte of
1435:(ferns; extant and extinct members)
726:Trimerophytina (Trimerophytophytina)
2774:Boyce, C.K. (2008), "How green was
1598:
1578:
1570:
1448:
1425:
1410: crenulatum, Ps. dawsonii
1398:
1373:
1284:
1116:
1090:
1046:
1015:
977:
949:
911:
903:
718:zosterophyll (zosterophyllophyte)
25:
2883:Crane, Herendeen & Friis 2004
2343:Banks, H.P. (1980), "The role of
1288: †basal groups
1120: †basal groups
4227:
2621:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.263
2585:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00096.x
2243:Evolution and Plants of the Past
2216:Taylor, Taylor & Krings 2009
2146:Taylor, Taylor & Krings 2009
729:Trimeropsida (Trimerophytopsida)
723:Trimerophyta (Trimerophytophyta)
162:
2309:The name is based on the genus
2271:by Paul Kenrick; Peter Crane",
4238:Current definitions of Plantae
1797:evolutionary history of plants
865:
807:); basal tracheophytes (e.g.,
695:Rhyniopsida (Rhyniophytopsida)
556:of the Lower Devonian (around
1:
2713:Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.
2361:10.1016/0034-6667(80)90056-1
2245:, London: Macmillan Press,
1321:extant and extinct members
145:Modern polysporangiophyte,
4331:
2678:American Journal of Botany
2321:part to be omitted before
2112:American Journal of Botany
1678:alternation of generations
1455:† basal groups (
1405:† basal groups (
1022:† basal groups (
838:). The trimerophytes were
517:of Canada, which he named
470:includes all land plants (
206:Kenrick & Crane (1997)
4210:
3910:
3860:
3840:
3778:
3729:
3710:
3666:
3527:
3523:
3501:
3415:
3365:
3262:
3231:
3066:
3051:
2935:
2656:10.1017/s026359330000078x
2440:Gensel & Edwards 2001
2229:Gensel & Edwards 2001
2095:Kenrick & Crane 1997a
2064:10.1038/s41477-018-0140-y
1865:Gensel & Edwards 2001
1765:), may be a rhyniophyte.
1616:
1603:
1596:
1583:
1576:
1478:
1453:
1446:
1430:
1423:
1403:
1396:
1378:
1371:
1319:
1290:
1282:
1183:
1122:
1114:
1096:
1088:
1052:
1044:
1020:
1013:
982:
975:
954:
947:
916:
909:
490:Early polysporangiophytes
216:
211:
159:Scientific classification
157:
144:
135:
126:
117:
34:
1758:age (Llandovery, around
772:strands of xylem (e.g.,
647:, Psilophytales, in the
2097:, pp. 139–140, 249
1754:, found in deposits of
1746: million years ago
2690:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1582
2313:; Article 16.4 of the
2125:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683
1833:10.1098/rstb.2016.0496
1722:earlier than supposed
1669:
1031:Cooksonia pertoni
4287:Paleobiology Database
2753:10.3732/ajb.89.6.1004
1799:is far from settled.
1663:
1234:B. citrulliforme
4233:List of plant orders
4113:Pinopsida (conifers)
4099:Cycadopsida (cycads)
4091:(living gymnosperms)
3588:Leiosporocerotopsida
3307:Nephroselmidophyceae
2241:Banks, H.P. (1970),
1803:Notes and references
1761:440 to 430
1733:430 to 420
1585:†'Protracheophytes'
1574:Polysporangiophytes
1177: †'core'
907:polysporangiophytes
852:and the crown group
709:Zosterophyllophytina
636:– those that do are
603:433 to 427
586:444 to 433
559:411 to 408
495:History of discovery
4263:Polysporangiophytes
3941:Archaeopteridopsida
3674:Polysporangiophytes
3398:Klebsormidiophyceae
3381:Mesostigmatophyceae
3327:Chlorodendrophyceae
3291:Pyramimonadophyceae
3245:Prasinodermophyceae
3139:Compsopogonophyceae
2411:1997Natur.389...33K
2056:2018NatPl...4..269L
2010:1980Natur.287...41E
1605:†Paratracheophytes
668:
552:, now dated to the
536:From 1917 onwards,
448:Polysporangiophytes
202:Polysporangiophytes
18:Polysporangiophytes
4132:(flowering plants)
4053:Lyginopteridopsida
3846:Eophyllophytopsida
3799:Zosterophyllopsida
3737:Paratracheophytes*
3515:sensu strictissimo
3425:Coleochaetophyceae
3408:Phragmoplastophyta
3250:Palmophyllophyceae
3172:Glaucocystophyceae
3134:Stylonematophyceae
3129:Porphyridiophyceae
2918:Classification of
2838:10.1093/aob/mcs017
2231:, pp. 120–139
1920:, chapters 2, 6, 7
1827:(1739): 20160496.
1670:
1162: myretonianum
1058: cambrensis,
712:Zosterophyllopsida
706:Zosterophyllophyta
666:
640:or tracheophytes.
456:Polysporangiophyta
429:– flowering plants
127:Reconstruction of
35:Polysporangiophyte
4302:
4301:
4255:Taxon identifiers
4246:
4245:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4140:Basal angiosperms
4041:Gigantopteridales
3990:seed plant groups
3988:and other extinct
3955:
3954:
3929:Noeggerathiopsida
3897:
3896:
3852:Trimerophytopsida
3825:
3824:
3765:
3764:
3721:(vascular plants)
3686:Protracheophytes*
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3625:Andreaeobryopsida
3566:Jungermanniopsida
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3386:Chlorokybophyceae
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3317:Chloropicophyceae
3258:
3257:
3237:Prasinodermophyta
3198:
3197:
2384:978-1-56098-730-7
2252:978-0-333-14634-7
1941:978-0-231-11161-4
1916:978-0-231-11161-4
1891:978-0-12-373972-8
1763:million years ago
1735:million years ago
1666:Cooksonia pertoni
1645:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1491:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1222:Protobarinophyton
739:
738:
605:million years ago
588:million years ago
561:million years ago
474:) except for the
445:
444:
207:
16:(Redirected from
4322:
4295:
4294:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4250:
4231:
4230:
4145:Core angiosperms
4133:
4092:
4087:Acrogymnospermae
4065:Peltaspermopsida
4047:Glossopteridales
4029:Corystospermales
4011:Callistophytales
3991:
3983:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3935:Aneurophytopsida
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3862:
3838:
3834:
3793:Barinophytopsida
3780:
3776:
3772:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3694:Horneophytopsida
3685:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3608:
3593:Anthocerotopsida
3581:
3576:Anthocerotophyta
3556:Haplomitriopsida
3549:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3503:
3456:
3447:
3441:Zygnematophyceae
3431:
3413:
3404:
3374:
3367:
3342:Trebouxiophyceae
3312:Picocystophyceae
3276:
3272:
3264:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3117:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
2964:
2944:
2929:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2826:Annals of Botany
2817:
2811:
2810:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2755:
2746:(6): 1004–1013,
2735:
2729:
2727:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2587:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2467:10.2307/25065865
2449:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2340:
2334:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2202:
2201:
2174:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2018:10.1038/287041a0
1989:
1983:
1982:
1966:(5/6): 505–516,
1955:
1946:
1944:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1877:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1812:
1764:
1747:
1736:
1674:Horneophytopsida
1618:Eutracheophytes
1599:
1579:
1571:
1449:
1426:
1399:
1374:
1285:
1117:
1091:
1047:
1016:
978:
950:
920:Horneophytopsida
912:
904:
818:gwynne-vaughanii
715:Zosterophyllales
669:
606:
589:
581:Llandovery epoch
562:
452:polysporangiates
228:Horneophytopsida
205:
167:
166:
140:
122:
112:
49:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4257:
4247:
4242:
4166:
4131:
4130:
4122:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4035:Czekanowskiales
3989:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3951:
3915:
3902:
3893:
3865:Moniliformopses
3856:
3830:
3821:
3771:Eutracheophytes
3770:
3761:
3734:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3706:
3683:
3671:
3654:
3645:Polytrichopsida
3640:Tetraphidopsida
3606:
3605:
3597:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3561:Marchantiopsida
3547:
3546:
3544:Marchantiophyta
3532:
3519:
3465:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3429:
3402:
3370:
3353:
3295:
3286:Mamiellophyceae
3267:
3254:
3223:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3194:
3176:
3158:
3154:Florideophyceae
3144:Rhodellophyceae
3124:Cyanidiophyceae
3115:
3114:
3106:
3086:
3056:
3047:
3046:
2962:
2940:
2931:
2916:
2868:
2863:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2684:(10): 1582–98,
2675:
2674:
2670:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2433:
2405:(6646): 33–39,
2396:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2308:
2304:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2205:
2191:10.2307/1219491
2176:
2175:
2171:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2118:(10): 1683–99,
2109:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2004:(5777): 41–42,
1991:
1990:
1986:
1972:10.2307/1219787
1957:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1867:, pp. 3–28
1862:
1858:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1759:
1742:
1731:
1658:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1464:Tetraxylopteris
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
882:
868:section below.
732:Trimerophytales
638:vascular plants
634:vascular tissue
613:
601:
584:
579:, dated to the
557:
542:William H. Lang
530:vascular tissue
497:
492:
484:vascular plants
480:vascular tissue
427:Flowering plant
339:Moniliformopses
335:– trimerophytes
271:(tracheophytes)
269:Vascular plants
204:
161:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4328:
4326:
4318:
4317:
4307:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4283:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4219:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4073:
4071:Pentoxylopsida
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4005:Calamopityales
4001:
3994:
3992:
3969:
3962:Spermatophytes
3957:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3924:
3922:
3919:Progymnosperms
3905:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3884:Polypodiopsida
3881:
3879:Cladoxylopsida
3875:
3868:
3866:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3848:
3841:
3835:
3832:Euphyllophytes
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3804:Lycopodiopsida
3801:
3795:
3788:
3786:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3745:Cooksoniopsida
3740:
3738:
3724:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3677:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:Oedipodiopsida
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3537:
3521:
3520:
3506:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3279:Prasinophytina
3273:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3226:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3182:incertae sedis
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3074:
3061:
3058:Archaeplastida
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:Mesomycetozoea
3034:
3029:
3019:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2973:Diaphoretickes
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2920:Archaeplastida
2917:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2877:2012-12-04 at
2867:
2866:External links
2864:
2862:
2861:
2812:
2786:(2): 179–194,
2766:
2730:
2703:
2668:
2634:
2598:
2559:
2547:10.1086/503298
2541:(3): 737–749,
2525:
2479:
2461:(3): 822–846,
2444:
2431:
2389:
2383:
2365:
2335:
2302:
2285:10.1086/297535
2279:(1): 172–174,
2258:
2251:
2233:
2220:
2203:
2185:(4): 401–413,
2169:
2150:
2148:, p. 226.
2138:
2099:
2084:
2050:(5): 269–271,
2030:
1984:
1947:
1940:
1922:
1915:
1897:
1890:
1869:
1856:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1756:Early Silurian
1657:
1654:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:spermatophytes
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:Eophyllophyton
1377:
1372:
1370:
1368:euphyllophytes
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302: deciduum
1300:Zosterophyllum
1289:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1230: obscurum
1187:Zosterophyllum
1182:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1160:Zosterophyllum
1138:Distichophytum
1121:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
981:
976:
974:
968:
967:
964:
963:
953:
948:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
915:
910:
908:
902:
881:
878:
862:plesiomorphies
737:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
720:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
703:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
686:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
612:
609:
538:Robert Kidston
496:
493:
491:
488:
450:, also called
443:
442:
441:
440:
439:
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
433:
432:
431:
430:
424:
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
374:
361:
360:
359:
353:
347:
345:Cladoxylopsida
336:
327:
324:Eophyllophyton
317:Euphyllophytes
314:
313:
312:
306:
295:
289:
281:
265:
264:
263:
255:
240:
239:
238:
230:
214:
213:
209:
208:
199:
192:
191:
186:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
155:
154:
151:vascular plant
142:
141:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4327:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:Bennettitales
3996:
3995:
3993:
3980:
3979:Pteridosperms
3973:
3970:
3966:(seed plants)
3963:
3958:
3948:
3947:Protopityales
3944:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3900:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3718:
3717:Tracheophytes
3713:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Andreaeopsida
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3455:(land plants)
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3348:
3347:Chlorophyceae
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Pedinophyceae
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:Chlorophytina
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3205:
3204:Viridiplantae
3201:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Bangiophyceae
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Stramenopiles
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2963:(major groups
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2879:archive.today
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2832:(5): 851–71.
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:(4): 411–28,
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2615:(1): 263–92,
2614:
2610:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2499:(2): 179–90,
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2445:
2442:, p. 127
2441:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:10.1038/37918
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:Trimerophyton
2306:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2218:, p. 227
2217:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:Nature Plants
2041:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1790:stomatophytes
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:Crenaticaulis
1265:
1264:
1263:Serrulacaulis
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1216:Thrinkophyton
1212:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1179:zosterophylls
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:Adoketophyton
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:
999:Stockmansella
996:
992:
987:
980:
979:
973:
972:tracheophytes
970:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
960:
952:
951:
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
935:
934:
933:Tortilicaulis
930:
926:
921:
914:
913:
906:
905:
901:
898:
893:
891:
887:
879:
877:
875:
869:
867:
863:
857:
855:
851:
848:
844:
841:
837:
836:
831:
830:
825:
824:
819:
817:
812:
811:
810:Stockmansella
806:
805:
800:
799:
794:
789:
787:
786:
781:
780:Trimerophytes
777:
776:
771:
767:
766:zosterophylls
763:
760:
756:
755:
750:
749:
744:
735:trimerophyte
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
721:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
704:
700:
697:
694:
692:Rhyniophytina
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
670:
664:
662:
656:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
610:
608:
604:
599:
598:Wenlock epoch
595:
594:
587:
582:
578:
577:
571:
569:
564:
560:
555:
551:
550:Aberdeenshire
547:
543:
539:
534:
531:
527:
523:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
502:
494:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
428:
425:
422:
421:Bennettitales
418:
416:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
387:
386:
385:(seed plants)
384:
383:Spermatophyta
380:
379:
378:
375:
373:
372:
367:
366:
365:
362:
357:
356:Equisetopsida
354:
351:
348:
346:
342:
341:
340:
337:
334:
333:
328:
326:
325:
320:
319:
318:
315:
311:
310:Zosterophylls
307:
304:
301:
300:
299:
296:
294:
290:
288:
287:
282:
280:
279:
274:
273:
272:
270:
266:
262:
261:
256:
254:
253:
248:
247:
246:
245:
241:
237:
236:
231:
229:
225:
224:
223:
222:
218:
217:
215:
210:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
165:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
139:
134:
130:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
47:
43:
33:
30:
19:
4262:
4216:paraphyletic
4128:Angiospermae
4105:
4104:Ginkgoales (
4077:Petriellales
4059:Medullosales
3986:(seed ferns)
3699:
3673:
3620:Sphagnopsida
3615:Takakiopsida
3548:(liverworts)
3514:
3508:Embryophytes
3462:(see below↓)
3420:Charophyceae
3390:
3372:Streptophyta
3224:land plants)
3212:
3181:
3099:
3092:Rhodelphidia
3079:
3022:Opisthokonta
2926:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2783:
2780:Paleobiology
2779:
2775:
2769:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2701:, pp. 1582–3
2681:
2677:
2671:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2575:
2571:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2496:
2493:Paleobiology
2492:
2482:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2434:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2374:
2368:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2242:
2236:
2223:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2159:
2153:
2141:
2115:
2111:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1963:
1959:
1931:
1925:
1906:
1900:
1881:
1859:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1794:
1789:
1776:Because the
1775:
1769:
1767:
1751:Eohostimella
1749:
1739:Rhynie chert
1729:
1720:
1704:
1696:
1694:
1671:
1665:
1649:
1647:
1617:
1604:
1584:
1566:
1479:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1431:
1406:
1404:
1381:
1379:
1320:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1245:Deheubarthia
1243:
1237:
1233:
1228:Barinophyton
1226:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1099:
1097:
1054:
1053:
1030:
1023:
1021:
989:
983:
957:
955:
929:Horneophyton
923:
917:
894:
883:
870:
858:
845:to both the
840:paraphyletic
833:
827:
821:
814:
808:
802:
798:Horneophyton
796:
793:monophyletic
790:
783:
773:
752:
746:
743:rhyniophytes
740:
701:rhyniophyte
657:
642:
614:
591:
576:Eohostimella
574:
573:As of 2019,
572:
565:
546:Rhynie chert
535:
518:
515:Gaspé region
505:
498:
472:embryophytes
455:
454:or formally
451:
447:
446:
423:– cycadeoids
415:Pentoxylales
381:
369:
330:
322:
293:Rhyniophytes
284:
276:
267:
258:
250:
242:
233:
219:
201:
195:
189:Embryophytes
182:
147:monarch fern
128:
29:
4023:Cordaitales
4017:Caytoniales
3903:Lignophytes
3886:(ferns and
3812:spikemosses
3751:Rhyniopsida
3701:Aglaophyton
3580:(hornworts)
3451:Embryophyta
3434:Anydrophyta
3392:Spirotaenia
3337:Ulvophyceae
3270:Chlorophyta
3220:green algae
3190:Algospongia
3164:Glaucophyta
3116:(red algae)
2740:Am. J. Bot.
2728:, pp. 470–2
2355:: 165–176,
2345:Psilophyton
2317:allows the
2164:, cited in
1708:microphylls
1650:Aglaophyton
1433:moniliforms
1408:Psilophyton
1257:Anisophyton
1189:divaricatum
1064:Sartilmania
959:Aglaophyton
854:seed plants
847:crown group
843:stem groups
804:Aglaophyton
785:Psilophyton
741:For Banks,
689:Rhyniophyta
675:Subdivision
653:Psilotaceae
520:Psilophyton
408:Ginkgophyta
390:Cycadophyta
364:Radiatopses
358:-horsetails
350:Filicopsida
332:Psilophyton
305:-clubmosses
235:Aglaophyton
129:Aglaophyton
4150:Magnoliids
4118:Gnetopsida
3888:horsetails
3816:quillworts
3808:clubmosses
3784:Lycophytes
3757:Renaliales
3534:Bryophytes
3112:Rhodophyta
3101:Rhodelphis
2719:: 459–77,
2166:Banks 1980
1895:, p. 225ff
1724:stem group
1716:Horsetails
1206:Gosslingia
1101:Hicklingia
1085:lycophytes
1027:caledonica
1025:Aberlemnia
986:Rhyniaceae
829:Hicklingia
775:Gosslingia
622:liverworts
476:bryophytes
460:sporophyte
404:– gnetales
402:Gnetophyta
398:– conifers
377:Lignophyta
298:Lycophytes
212:Subgroups
42:Llandovery
3650:Bryopsida
3603:Bryophyta
3332:UTC clade
3081:Picomonas
3017:Amoebozoa
2995:Alveolata
2983:Cryptista
2958:Eukaryota
2872:Cladogram
2800:0094-8373
2776:Cooksonia
2664:128629425
2513:0094-8373
2327:-ophytina
1994:Cooksonia
1786:hornworts
1770:Cooksonia
1690:bryophyte
1686:lignified
1682:tracheids
1656:Evolution
1315:lycopsids
1056:Cooksonia
897:cladogram
890:phylogeny
886:cladistic
880:Phylogeny
874:Phylocode
866:Evolution
823:Cooksonia
759:centrarch
748:Cooksonia
698:Rhyniales
684:Informal
630:hornworts
593:Cooksonia
526:sporangia
464:sporangia
396:Pinophyta
303:Lycopsida
278:Cooksonia
260:Tarrantia
252:Salopella
172:Kingdom:
48:to Recent
4309:Category
4278:Q3395822
4272:Wikidata
4160:Eudicots
4155:Monocots
3873:Ibykales
3607:(mosses)
3512:Plantae
3210:Plantae
3012:Amorphea
2990:Rhizaria
2978:Hacrobia
2968:Excavata
2953:Bacteria
2924:Plantae
2875:Archived
2856:22356739
2808:36688488
2762:21665700
2698:21652310
2632:, p. 270
2629:44508826
2594:29795245
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2555:86172890
2521:83801635
2475:25065865
2134:21652317
2080:19151297
2072:29725100
1851:29254961
1712:meristem
1317:
1251:Konioria
1239:Sawdonia
1200:Oricilla
1181:
1143:Rebuchia
1132:Discalis
1068:Uskiella
884:A major
672:Division
611:Taxonomy
568:Silurian
522:princeps
511:Devonian
410:– ginkgo
392:– cycads
286:Uskiella
4223:extinct
3072:Picozoa
3027:Animals
2948:Archaea
2847:3310499
2427:3866183
2407:Bibcode
2331:-opsida
2323:-ophyta
2293:2474949
2256:, p. 57
2199:1219491
2052:Bibcode
2026:7958927
2006:Bibcode
1980:1219787
1842:5745332
1778:stomata
1458:Pertica
1380:†
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1098:†
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991:Huvenia
988: (
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1294:Nothia
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995:Rhynia
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816:Rhynia
770:exarch
754:Rhynia
626:mosses
507:Dawson
501:spores
352:-ferns
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2660:S2CID
2625:S2CID
2590:S2CID
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2423:S2CID
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2195:JSTOR
2179:Taxon
2076:S2CID
2022:S2CID
1976:JSTOR
1960:Taxon
1072:Yunia
850:ferns
762:xylem
681:Order
678:Class
649:class
645:order
618:clade
468:clade
196:Clade
183:Clade
149:is a
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1936:ISBN
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