46:
239:
232:
33:
258:
are 30–90 cm long, usually drooping downslope, with typically 3–8 fronds on a mature plant. The fronds are stiff and hard-textured, bipinnate (single-pinnate on small, young plants), with the pinnae opposite on the stalk. Each pinna is 3–11 cm long, with a large upward-pointing pinnule at
546:
259:
the base, and the other pinnules decreasing in size toward the pinna tip; the pinnules have bristly tips. Individual fronds live for 1.5–2.5 years and remain attached to the
267:
occupy two rows on either side of the midrib of each pinnule and are covered by a centrally-attached, umbrella-like indusium with fringed edges. They produce light yellow
755:
223:
it is confined to high altitudes. It grows on steep slopes in woodlands. it is sometimes considered an indicator of the presence of ancient woodlands.
930:
703:
359:
559:
211:, where it benefits from the combination of mild winters and moist summers, but also occurs more locally across most of Europe except northern
329:
in
Ireland, throughout the British Isles and Europe except for the northern countries. It is found in mountain limestone screes in the
414:
1035:
943:
729:
1025:
806:
742:
917:
840:
628:
302:
350:
45:
956:
827:
760:
1050:
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609:
832:
389:"Indicators of ancient woodland: The use of vascular plants in evaluating ancient woods for nature conservation"
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248:
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Bensettiti, F., & Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (Paris). 2004. Habitats côtiers.
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120:
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57:
483:
Institute of Irish
Studies and The Queen's University of Belfast.
196:
90:
80:
569:
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and the alps, and on alpine and subalpine limestone cliffs.
492:
Welsh Ferns; Hutchinson & Thomas; Seventh edition; 1996
481:
Stewart & Corry's Flora of the North-east of
Ireland.
461:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 81
882:
578:
512:. INPN Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel
203:. It is most abundant in upland regions of the
8:
566:
31:
20:
360:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
342:
560:Natural History Society of Northumbria
500:
498:
7:
771:e8ad5613-3290-48d5-9e9c-d4f211ae85b1
409:. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley.
833:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17413440-1
14:
962:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:206602-2
44:
317:It is found in the counties of
301:in gardens, and has gained the
1:
405:Harrison, Lorraine (2012).
303:Royal Horticultural Society
263:after withering. The round
1067:
531:la Documentation française
456:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
159:
152:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
556:Flora of Northumberland
407:RHS Latin for Gardeners
1036:Flora of Great Britain
479:Hackney, P. Ed. 1992.
433:Polystichum achuleatum
254:The glossy dark green
251:
235:
1026:Flora of the Pyrenees
610:Polystichum aculeatum
580:Polystichum aculeatum
549:Polystichum aculeatum
508:Polystichum aculeatum
307:Award of Garden Merit
295:Polystichum aculeatum
241:
234:
185:Polystichum aculeatum
163:Polystichum aculeatum
25:Polystichum aculeatum
884:Polypodium aculeatum
554:Swan, G. A. (1993).
221:Mediterranean region
431:"RHS Plantfinder -
506:"INPN: Habitat of
252:
236:
998:
997:
792:Open Tree of Life
572:Taxon identifiers
286:means "bristly".
249:Tann, Switzerland
181:
180:
145:P. aculeatum
1058:
1051:Flora of Lebanon
1041:Flora of Ireland
991:
990:
978:
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362:. Archived from
357:
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299:ornamental plant
281:specific epithet
190:hard shield-fern
165:
49:
48:
35:
21:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1059:
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1031:Flora of France
1021:Ferns of Europe
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779:Observation.org
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541:Further reading
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387:Rose, Francis.
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297:is grown as an
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121:Dryopteridaceae
43:
17:
16:Species of fern
12:
11:
5:
1064:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1046:Flora of Italy
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1003:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
992:
988:wfo-0001115809
979:
966:
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927:
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872:wfo-0001239724
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472:
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416:978-1845337315
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352:BSBI List 2007
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91:Polypodiopsida
88:
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81:Polypodiophyta
78:
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68:
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55:
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50:
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28:
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1016:Ferns of Asia
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369:on 2015-06-26
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205:British Isles
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154:Binomial name
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111:Polypodiineae
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71:Tracheophytes
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38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
883:
820:tro-50104115
579:
555:
548:
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525:
514:. Retrieved
507:
488:
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463:. Retrieved
450:
438:. Retrieved
432:
425:
406:
400:
382:
371:. Retrieved
364:the original
351:
345:
316:
313:Distribution
294:
293:
283:
278:
253:
242:
207:and western
189:
184:
183:
182:
162:
160:
144:
143:
131:
101:Polypodiales
64:
24:
18:
1011:Polystichum
717:iNaturalist
604:Wikispecies
244:Tannertobel
227:Description
215:, northern
213:Scandinavia
132:Polystichum
1005:Categories
815:Plant List
735:17205720-1
516:2018-05-21
373:2014-10-17
337:References
279:The Latin
199:native to
107:Suborder:
77:Division:
899:Q21877026
696:200004551
683:200004551
284:aculeatum
275:Etymology
219:; in the
194:evergreen
139:Species:
54:Kingdom:
975:26610362
970:Tropicos
949:206602-2
893:Wikidata
859:50104115
854:Tropicos
641:BioLib:
589:Wikidata
192:, is an
117:Family:
936:5648306
923:9409780
709:7319269
261:rhizome
188:, the
127:Genus:
97:Order:
87:Class:
58:Plantae
910:201072
907:APDB:
797:682251
768:NZOR:
761:983335
722:275961
621:130659
618:APDB:
595:Q28957
465:12 May
440:12 May
413:
323:Antrim
269:spores
256:fronds
217:Russia
209:France
201:Europe
846:25900
804:PFI:
670:POIAC
657:4LMKP
634:85045
459:(PDF)
392:(PDF)
367:(xls)
356:(xls)
327:Derry
65:Clade
957:POWO
944:IPNI
931:GBIF
918:APNI
828:POWO
784:2685
756:NCBI
730:IPNI
704:GBIF
665:EPPO
644:3155
629:APNI
467:2018
442:2018
411:ISBN
331:Jura
325:and
319:Down
290:Uses
265:sori
197:fern
175:Roth
983:WFO
867:WFO
841:RHS
807:136
743:NBN
691:FoC
678:FNA
652:CoL
305:'s
247:in
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558:.
497:^
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321:,
309:.
271:.
173:)
171:L.
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519:.
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444:.
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419:.
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376:.
169:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
