183:
163:
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45:
17:
33:
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156:, etc. The specimens depicted were collected throughout the United States and its territories and in nearly 30 other countries as well. The typical watercolor in the collection depicts the whole fruit (sometimes with its leaves) together with a half-view showing its flesh and seeds; some show the fruit in a diseased state.
72:, it is a unique resource documenting existing fruit and nut cultivars, new introductions, and specimens discovered by USDA's plant explorers, representing 38 plant families in all. It has been called "one of the world's most unusual holdings of late 19th and early 20th century American botanical illustrations".
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The period between 1886 and 1916—when most of these watercolors were painted—was a time when the major fruit-producing regions in the United States were just beginning to emerge, as farmers worked with the USDA to establish orchards for expanding markets. Photography was not yet in widespread use as
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Some 65 different artists are represented in the collection, of whom one-third were women; working as a government illustrator was one of the few artists' jobs open to women at a time when they were just beginning to be able to gain formal training in
American art schools. All but a handful of the
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The archive spans the years in which
American agriculture greatly expanded the range of fruits and vegetables grown on a commercial scale and developed many new cultivars. The USDA artists created the watercolors in an effort to catalog these cultivars—many of which went under different names in
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different regions of the United States—and to show the damage resulting from typical diseases and pests of specific fruits. During this period, many of the watercolors were issued as lithographic illustrations in USDA bulletins and the department's annual yearbooks.
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Slightly over half of the watercolors show apple cultivars, a good many of which are no longer cultivated. The remainder range from common types of fruits and nuts (grapes, berries, stone fruit, melons, citrus, walnuts, hickory nuts) to lesser-known native fruits
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is an archive of some 7,500 botanical watercolors created for the USDA between the years 1886 and 1942 by around five dozen artists. Housed by the
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a documentary medium, so the government relied on artists to produce technically accurate drawings of cultivars for its publications.
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collection's 7584 watercolors were created by just nine of the artists, of whom six were women. The top three contributors were
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448:
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White, James J., and Erik A. Neumann. "The
Collection of Pomological Watercolors at the U.S. National Arboretum".
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21:
346:. Website of the United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, Special Collections.
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249:
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16:
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Fusonie, Alan E. "The
Heritage of Original Art and Photo Imaging in USDA: Past, Present, and Future."
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216:), ca. 1904–14. Varieties shown include Taylor, Kennedy, Hodge, Bolton, and Carman.
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302:. United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library website.
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233:
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300:"U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Pomological Watercolors Collection"
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109:(who later became a noted plant breeder; over 750 watercolors),
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334:, United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000.
328:"Pomological Watercolors: A Wealth of Beauty and Detail"
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40:of Japanese persimmon (variety Hachiya), 1915.
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429:United States National Agricultural Library
70:United States National Agricultural Library
52:of the Manhattan variety of strawberries (
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407:USDA Pomological Watercolors Collection
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344:"Deborah Griscom Passmore Watercolors"
314:Huntia: A Journal of Botanical History
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293:
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192:of Marasca Moscata variety of cherry (
113:(over 700), Bertha Heiges (over 600),
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424:Art collections in the United States
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190:Louis Charles Christopher Krieger
126:Louis Charles Christopher Krieger
66:Pomological Watercolor Collection
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317:4:2 (January 1982), pp. 106-107.
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444:Paintings in the United States
62:U.S. Department of Agriculture
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398:USDA Pomological Watercolors
24:of Berry variety of peach (
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373:"How to Trademark a Fruit"
172:of diseased Lisbon lemon (
121:(over 100), and the noted
80:History of the collection
105:(over 850 watercolors),
91:Deborah Griscom Passmore
22:Deborah Griscom Passmore
250:William Henry Prestele
230:Royal Charles Steadman
119:William Henry Prestele
103:Royal Charles Steadman
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41:
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400:at Wikimedia Commons
332:Agricultural Research
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35:
19:
449:Watercolor paintings
360:Agricultural History
95:Amanda Almira Newton
362:64:2 (Spring 1990).
214:Carya illinoinensis
371:Kevles, Daniel J.
210:Ellen Isham Schutt
111:Ellen Isham Schutt
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42:
30:
396:Media related to
326:Fugate, Susan H.
99:Mary Daisy Arnold
50:Mary Daisy Arnold
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252:of wild cherry (
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138:Eastern shadbush
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270:J. Marion Shull
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236:cultivar, 1916.
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107:J. Marion Shull
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56:species), 1911.
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387:External links
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274:Ananas comosus
272:of pineapple (
268:Watercolor by
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248:Watercolor by
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228:Watercolor by
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208:Watercolor by
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188:Watercolor by
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170:Elsie E. Lower
168:Watercolor by
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130:Roberta Cowing
115:Elsie E. Lower
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48:Watercolor by
36:Watercolor by
26:Prunus persica
20:Watercolor by
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254:Prunus avium
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194:Prunus avium
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174:Citrus limon
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117:(over 250),
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377:Smithsonian
212:of pecans (
418:Categories
405:USDA.gov:
282:References
234:gooseberry
150:natal plum
123:mycologist
142:cherimoya
439:Pomology
276:), 1919.
256:), 1892.
196:), 1933.
176:), 1910.
154:sweetsop
54:Fragaria
28:), 1905.
409:website
232:of Fay
146:avocado
97:, and
60:The
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136:(
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