Pancho Villa - Knowledge (XXG)

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civilian, while Villa's Division of the North was the largest and most successful revolutionary army. In August and September Obregón traveled to meet with and persuade Villa not to fracture the Constitutionalist movement. In their August meeting, the two agreed that Carranza should now take the title of interim president of Mexico, now that Huerta had been ousted. Despite the generals' joint petition, Carranza did not want to do that, since it would have meant being ineligible to run in the expected presidential election. The two also agreed that there should be immediate action on land reform. They also agreed that the military needed to be separated from politics. By the time of Obregón's second meeting with Villa in September, Obregón had given up on coming to an agreement with him, but he hoped to lure soldiers of the Division of the North away from Villa, sensing that some disapproved of Villa's violent tendencies. During the visit, Villa became incensed at Obregón and called for a firing squad to execute him immediately. Obregón soothed him and Villa dismissed the squad. Villa allowed Obregón to leave by train to Mexico City, but then Villa attempted to stop the train and bring Obregón back to Chihuahua. The telegram was not received or was ignored, and Obregón arrived safely in the capital. Even though Obregón had his differences with Carranza, his two visits with Villa convinced him to remain loyal for the moment to the civilian First Chief. Obregón saw Villa "as a bandit who would not keep his promises." Villa broke with Carranza in September 1914 and issued a manifesto.

1269:, a military general from southern Mexico also sent a number of delegates to the convention, however these delegates did not participate until they were convinced the convention aimed for true reform, and an alliance was made between Zapata's forces and Villa's. Zapata was sympathetic to Villa's hostile views of Carranza and told Villa he feared Carranza's intentions were those of a dictator and not of a democratic president. Fearing that Carranza was intending to impose a dictatorship, Villa and Zapata broke with him. Carranza opposed the agreements of the convention, which rejected his leadership as "first chief" of the revolution. The Army of the convention was constituted with the alliance of Villa and Zapata, and a civil war of the winners ensued. Although both Villa and Zapata were defeated in their attempt to advance an alternative state power, their social demands were copied (in their way) by their adversaries (Obregón and Carranza). 844:(who previously had been a staunch supporter of Diaz until Diaz refused to appoint him as Governor of Coahuila in 1909) as his Minister of War. Madero's "refusal personally to accommodate Orozco was a major political blunder." Orozco rebelled in March 1912, both for Madero's continuing failure to enact land reform and because he felt insufficiently rewarded for his role in bringing the new president to power. At the request of Madero's chief political ally in the state, Chihuahua Governor Abraham González, Villa returned to military service under Madero to fight the rebellion led by his former comrade Orozco. Although Orozco appealed with him to join his rebellion, Villa again gave Madero key military victories. With 400 cavalrymen, he captured Parral from the Orozquistas and then joined forces in the strategic city of Torreón with the Federal Army under the command of General 1688:

Villa met her when she was living with her widowed mother in San Andrés, where Villa for a time had his headquarters. Anti-reelectionists threatened the locals for monetary contributions to their cause, which the two women could not afford. The widow Corral did not want to seem a counter-revolutionary and went to Villa, who allowed her to make a token contribution to the cause. Villa sought Luz Corral as his wife, but her mother was opposed; however, the two were married by a priest "in a great ceremony, attended by his military chiefs and a representative of the governor." A photo of Corral with Villa, dated 1914, has been published in a collection of photos from the Revolution. It shows a sturdy woman with her hair in a bun, wearing a floor-length embellished skirt and a white blouse, with a

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Carranza declined to rescind the order as he did not want Villa to receive the credit as the victor of Zacatecas. Upon receiving Carranza's refusal Villa resigned from his post, which further led to the majority of revolutionary generals rallying behind Villa. Felipe Ángeles and the rest of Villa's staff officers argued for Villa to withdraw his resignation, and proceed to attack Zacatecas, a strategic railroad station heavily defended by Federal troops and considered nearly impregnable. Zacatecas was the source of much of Mexico's silver, and thus a supply of funds for whoever held it. Villa accepted his staff's advice and cancelled his resignation, and the

1611: 796: 1380:, Villa sought to punish civilians who had formed a home guard, but when they learned Villa's men were approaching the village men took to the hills, leaving their families behind. Villa rounded up the wives and allowed his soldiers to rape them. The story of the rapes in Namiquipa was spread throughout Chihuahua. Some historians have contended that crimes that he did not commit have been attributed to him; in addition, his enemies always told false stories to increase his status as an "evil person" since there were cases of bandits who were not part of the revolution and committed crimes which were later attributed to Villa. 896: 749: 820: 1766:, or bodyguards, but on that day he had gone into town without most of them, taking with him only three bodyguards and two other ranch employees. He went to pick up a consignment of gold from the local bank with which to pay his Canutillo ranch staff. While driving back through the city in his black 1919 Dodge touring car, Villa passed by a school, and a pumpkinseed vendor ran toward his car and shouted "Viva Villa!", a signal to a group of seven riflemen who then appeared in the middle of the road and fired more than 40 rounds into the automobile. In the fusillade, nine 1171:

critically, an embargo placed by the U.S. government on importation to Mexico. Before this Villa had strong relationships with the Wilson administration, due in part to Carranza's distinctly anti-American rhetoric with which Villa publicly disagreed. Although nothing had changed for Villa historian Friedrich Katz writes that the exact motives of the U.S. government are hotly contested, it is likely that it was attempting to establish some type of control over Mexico by not allowing any one faction to become powerful enough to not need U.S. assistance.

1953: 1187:, adding radical language about land distribution and sanctions for the Roman Catholic Church for its support of Huerta. Neither Villa nor Carranza took the provisions of the pact seriously, one which was for Carranza to renew the flow of ammunition to Villa and supply coal so his troops could be transported by train. The truce between Villa and Carranza held long enough for the final defeat and dissolution of the Federal Army. In August 1914, Carranza and his revolutionary army entered Mexico City ahead of Villa. 1284: 808:

would buy the properties from their owners and then distribute them to the revolutionaries at some future date. According to a story recounted by Villa, he told Madero at a banquet in Ciudad Juárez after the victory in 1911, "You, sir , have destroyed the revolution... It's simple: this bunch of dandies have made a fool of you, and this will eventually cost us our necks, yours included." This proved to be the case for Madero, who was murdered during a military coup in February 1913 in a period known as the

676:, a practice often adopted under the Diaz regime to deal with troublemakers. Several months later, he deserted and fled to the neighboring state of Chihuahua. He tried to work as a butcher in Hidalgo del Parro but was forced out of business by the Terrazas-Creel monopoly. In 1903, after killing an army officer and stealing his horse, he was no longer known as Arango but Francisco "Pancho" Villa after his paternal grandfather, Jesús Villa. However, others claim he appropriated the name from a bandit from 1811:

pesos. The friend was not wealthy and did not have 50,000 pesos on hand, so he collected money from enemies of Villa and managed to collect a total of 100,000 pesos for Barraza and his other co-conspirators. Barraza also admitted that he and his co-conspirators watched Villa's daily car rides and paid the pumpkinseed vendor at the scene of Villa's assassination to shout "Viva Villa!" either once if Villa was sitting in the front part of the car or twice if he was sitting in the back.

1832: 883:. Villa escaped on Christmas Day 1912, crossing into the United States near Nogales, Arizona on 2 January 1913. Arriving in El Paso, Texas, he attempted to convey a message to Madero via Abraham González about the upcoming coup d'état, to no avail; Madero was murdered in February 1913, and Huerta became president. Villa was in the U.S. when the coup occurred. With just seven men, some mules, and scant supplies, he returned into Mexico in April 1913 to fight Madero's 1503: 1937: 1043: 621: 1276:, leaving Villa and Zapata to occupy Mexico City. Although Villa had a more formidable army and had demonstrated his brilliance in battle against the now-defunct Federal Army, Carranza's general Obregón was a better tactician. With Obregón's help, Carranza was able to use the Mexican press to portray Villa as a sociopathic bandit and undermine his standing with the U.S. In late 1914, Villa was dealt an additional blow with the death from 236: 74: 1466:. While some believed the raid was conducted because of the U.S. government's official recognition of the Carranza regime and for the loss of lives in battle due to defective cartridges purchased from the U.S., it was accepted from a military standpoint that Villa carried out the raid because he needed more military equipment and supplies in order to continue his fight against Carranza. They attacked a detachment of the 1360: 1536:. Villa's observation was that the occupation merely hurt Huerta. Villa opposed the armed participation of the United States in Mexico, but he did not act against the Veracruz occupation in order to maintain the connections in the U.S. that were necessary to buy American cartridges and other supplies. The German consul in Torreón made entreaties to Villa, offering him arms and money to occupy the port and oil fields of 2293: 1965: 3884: 1210: 2265: 2056: 1127: 602:. After his death he was excluded from the pantheon of revolutionary heroes until the Sonoran generals Obregón and Calles, whom he battled during the Revolution, were gone from the political stage. Villa's exclusion from the official narrative of the Revolution might have contributed to his continued posthumous popular acclaim. He was celebrated during the Revolution and long afterward by 1743: 912: 1667:, in Chihuahua, Chihuahua. The last remaining 200 guerrillas and veterans of Villa's militia who were still loyal to him would reside with him in his new hacienda as well, and the Mexican government also granted them a pension that totalled 500,000 gold pesos. The 50 guerrillas who still remained in Villa's small cavalry would be allowed to serve as Villa's personal bodyguards. 1218: 716: 1376:, and take to the hills as guerrillas. This strategy was effective and one that Villa knew well from his bandit days. He had loyal followers from western Chihuahua and northern Durango. A pattern of towns being under government control and the countryside under guerrilla control reasserted itself. Civilian populations during warfare are often the victims of violence. In 1676: 1061:

recruited more experienced generals, including Toribio Ortega, Porfirio Talamantes, and Calixto Contreras, to his military staff and achieved more success than ever. Villa's secretary, Pérez Rul, divided his army into two groups, one led by Ortega, Contreras, and Orestes Pereira and the other led by Talamantes and Contreras' former deputy, Severianco Ceniceros.

1823:, the former owner of Villa's hacienda from whom Villa was demanding payback funds he had embezzled. It was Lozoya who planned the details of the assassination and found the men who carried it out. It was reported that before Salas Barraza died of a stroke in his Mexico City home in 1951, his last words were "I'm not a murderer. I rid humanity of a monster." 924: 1451: 1011:. Villa considered Tierra Blanca, fought from 23 to 24 November 1913, his most spectacular victory, although General Talamantes died in the fighting. Bierce vanished on or after December 1913. His disappearance has never been solved. Oral accounts of his execution by firing squad were never verified. U.S. Army Chief of Staff 2279: 1697: 1718:

Rentería and Seañez eventually were granted small government pensions decades after Villa's death. Corral inherited Villa's estate and played a key role in maintaining his public memory. All three women were often present at ceremonies at Villa's grave in Parral. When Villa's remains were transferred

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At the time of Villa's assassination in 1923, Luz Corral was banished from Canutillo. However, she was recognized by Mexican courts as Villa's legal wife and therefore heir to Villa's estate. President Obregón intervened in the dispute between competing claims to Villa's estate in Luz Corral's favor,

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Villa continued fighting, and conducted a small siege in Ascención, Durango, after his failed raid in Ciudad Juárez. The siege failed, and Villa's new second-in-command, his longtime lieutenant Martín López, was killed during the fighting. At this point Villa agreed that he would cease fighting if it

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dreams of victory as progress of their respective wars bogged down. Villa effectively did not have anything useful to offer in exchange for German help at that point. When assessing claims of Villa conspiring with Germans, portrayal of Villa as a German sympathizer served the propaganda needs of both

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The Carranza government and the Mexican population were against U.S. troops violating Mexican territories. There were several demonstrations of opposition to the Punitive Expedition. During the expedition, Carranza's forces captured one of Villa's top generals, Pablo López, and executed him on 5 June

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as he pursued Villa through Mexico. Employing aircraft and trucks for the first time in U.S. Army history, Pershing's force fruitlessly pursued Villa until February 1917. Villa eluded them, but some of his senior commanders, including Colonel Candelario Cervantes, General Francisco Beltrán, Beltrán's

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The rebel forces, including Villa, were demobilized, and Madero called on the men of action to return to civilian life. Orozco and Villa demanded that hacienda land seized during the violence bringing Madero to power be distributed to revolutionary soldiers. Madero refused, saying that the government

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for the presidency. If Villa did re-enter politics, it would complicate the political situation for Obregón and the Sonoran generals. Assassinating Villa benefited the plans of Obregón, who chose someone who in no way matched his power and charisma, and Calles, who ardently wanted to be president at

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The next day, Villa's funeral was held and thousands of his grieving supporters in Parral followed his casket to his burial site while Villa's men and his closest friends remained at the Canutillo hacienda armed and ready for an attack by the government troops. The six surviving assassins hid out in

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and the 1916 incursion into New Mexico, prompting the unsuccessful U.S. military intervention in Mexico to capture him, Villa ceased to be a national leader and became a leader in Chihuahua. While Villa still remained active, Carranza shifted his focus to dealing with the more dangerous threat posed

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Before the Villa-Carranza irregular forces had left to the mountains in 1915, there is no credible evidence that Villa cooperated with or accepted any help from the German government or agents. Villa was supplied arms from the U.S., employed international mercenaries and doctors including Americans,

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Only 200 men in Villa's army remained loyal to him, and he was forced to retreat back into the mountains of Chihuahua. However, Villa and his men were determined to keep fighting Carranza's forces. Villa's position further was weakened by the United States' refusal to sell him weapons. By the end of

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The unity of fighting against Huerta was no longer the underpinnings of the Constitutionalists under Carranza's leadership. Carranza was a wealthy estate owner and governor of Coahuila, and he considered Villa little more than a bandit, despite his military successes. Villa viewed Carranza as a soft

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took the land, and the state itself in equal parts. These motions accompanied with gifts and cost reductions for poorer sections of the state represented large changes from previous revolutionary governments, and led to large support for Villa in significant portions of Chihuahua's population. After

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Villa was a brilliant tactician on the battlefield, which translated to political support. In 1913, local military commanders elected him provisional governor of the state of Chihuahua against the wishes of First Chief Carranza, who wished to name Manuel Chao instead. As Governor of Chihuahua, Villa

672:, arrested Pancho for stealing mules and for assault. Because of his connections with the powerful Pablo Valenzuela, who allegedly had been a recipient of goods stolen by Villa/Arango, he was spared the death sentence sometimes imposed on captured bandits. Pancho Villa was forcibly inducted into the 1897:

finished the dismantling of the old landed system. Villa's raid on Columbus, New Mexico destroyed the burgeoning cooperation between the Carranza government and the United States and goaded the U.S. into invading northern Mexico. Banks in the U.S. ceased lending to the Carranza government, blocking

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Obregón gave in to the people's demands and had Barraza detained. Initially sentenced to 20 years in prison, Barraza's sentence was commuted to three months by the governor of Chihuahua, and Salas Barraza eventually became a colonel in the Mexican Army. In a letter to the governor of Durango, Jesús

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to fund military efforts and the pensions of citizens who had lost family members in the revolution. Villa also decreed that after the completion of the revolution the land would be redistributed, away from the hands of the oligarchy, to revolutionary veterans, former owners of the land from before

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Huerta initially welcomed the successful Villa, and sought to bring him under his control by naming Villa an honorary brigadier general in the Federal Army, but Villa was not flattered or controlled easily. Huerta then sought to discredit and eliminate Villa by accusing him of stealing a fine horse

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in the Bajío, Villa and Obregón first fought from 6 to 15 April 1915, and Villa's army was defeated badly, suffering 4,000 killed and 6,000 captured. Obregón engaged Villa again at the Battle of Trinidad, which was fought between 29 April and 5 June 1915, where Villa suffered another huge loss. In

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Villa's victory at Zacatecas in June 1914 broke the back of the Huerta regime. Huerta left the country on 14 July 1914. The Federal Army collapsed, ceasing to exist as an institution. As Villa moved towards the capital his progress was halted due to a lack of coal to fuel the railroad engines, and

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has noted, "During his lifetime, Villa had never bothered with conventional arrangements in his family life" and he contracted several marriages without seeking annulment or divorce. On 29 May 1911, Villa married María Luz Corral, who has been described as "The most articulate of his many wives."

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Disgusted but having no practical alternative, Villa complied with Carranza's order and captured the less important city of Saltillo, and proceeded to give control of the land to Carranza in the hope of ending the hostility between the two. Carranza refused to reach any compromise with Villa, and

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Of the major figures of the Revolution, Villa and Zapata are best known to the general public, as defenders of the dispossessed. In contrast, those who came to hold political power, Madero, Carranza, and Obregón are unfamiliar to most outside Mexico. It took decades for Villa to receive official

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According to Pancho Villa's major biographer, Friedrich Katz, the revolutionary was perceived as a destroyer, but in Katz's assessment, there were positive aspects to that. Villa played a decisive role not just in the destruction of Huerta's regime, but also the entire old regime. During Villa's

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At the time, a state legislator from Durango, Jesús Salas Barraza, whom Villa once whipped during a quarrel over a woman, claimed sole responsibility for the plot. Barraza admitted that he told his friend, who worked as a dealer for General Motors, that he would kill Villa if he were paid 50,000

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with gold Mexican pesos. He forced the wealthy to give loans to fund the revolutionary war machinery. He confiscated gold from several banks, and in the case of the Banco Minero he held a member of the bank's owning family, the wealthy Terrazas clan, as a hostage until the location of the bank's

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be sent to Zacatecas to assist in its capture. A Constitutionalist general had recently staged an attack that had failed due to the superior artillery of the federal forces. Villa believed that sending troops to assist would only lead to the same result unless he was to lead the attack himself.

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soldiers, and the town of San Andrés. He went on to beat the Federal Army in Naica, Camargo, and Pilar de Conchos, but lost at Tecolote. Villa met in person with Madero in March 1911, as the struggle to oust Díaz was ongoing. Although Madero had created a broad movement against Díaz, he was not

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Villa told a number of conflicting stories about his early life. According to most sources, he was born on 5 June 1878, and named José Doroteo Arango Arámbula at birth. As a child, he received some education from a local church-run school, but was not proficient in more than basic literacy. His

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With his remains now buried in the Monument to the Revolution, Villa was also honored with adding his name to the wall of Mexican heroes in the Chamber of Deputies. In both cases of official recognition there was considerable controversy. The fact that Villa's image and legacy were not quickly

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Claro Huertado (a bodyguard), Rafael Madreno (Villa's main personal bodyguard), Danie Tamayo (his personal secretary), and Colonel Miguel Trillo (who also served as his chauffeur) were killed. One of Villa's bodyguards, Ramon Contreras, was wounded badly but managed to kill at least one of the

1021:, who graduated from Harvard in 1910 and became a leftist journalist, wrote magazine articles that were highly important in shaping Villa's epic image for Americans. Reed spent four months embedded with Villa's army and published vivid word portraits of Villa, his fighting men, and the women 1371:

The period after Villa's defeat by Obregón has many dark episodes. His fighting force had shrunk significantly, no longer an army. Villa's opponents believed him finished as a factor in the Revolution. He decided to split his remaining forces into independent bands under his authority, ban

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knew some version of Villa's reputation, saying he was "a sort of Robin Hood had spent an eventful life robbing the rich in order to give to the poor. He had even at some point kept a butcher's shop for the purpose of distributing to the poor the proceeds of his innumerable cattle raids."

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Doroteo later claimed to be the son of the bandit Agustín Villa, but according to at least one scholar, "the identity of his real father is still unknown." He was the oldest of five children. He quit school to help his mother after his father died, and worked as a sharecropper, muleskinner

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and Villa became formal allies in this period. Like Zapata, Villa was strongly in favor of land reform, but did not implement it when he had power. At the height of his power and popularity in late 1914 and early 1915, the U.S. considered recognizing Villa as Mexico's legitimate authority.

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Villa's string of victories from the beginning of the Mexican Revolution was instrumental in bringing about the downfall of Porfirio Díaz, the victory of Francisco Madero, and the ouster of Victoriano Huerta. He remains a heroic figure for many Mexicans. His military actions included:

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were killed and 1,500 of the army's surviving members soon turned on him, accepting an amnesty offer from Carranza. "Villa's army reduced to the condition to which it had reduced Huerta's in 1914. The celebrated Division of the North thus was eliminated as a capital military force."

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recognition as a hero of the Revolution. As with the others entombed in the Monument to the Revolution, his remains rest near some whom he fought fiercely in life, including Venustiano Carranza. One scholar notes, "In death as in life, Carranza would be eclipsed by Francisco Villa."

1138:. He threatened to cut off Villa's coal supply, immobilizing his supply trains, if he did not comply. This was seen widely as an attempt by Carranza to divert Villa from a direct assault on Mexico City in order to allow Carranza's forces under Obregón, driving in from the west via 947:

to oust Huerta as an unconstitutional usurper. Considering Carranza the lesser of two evils, Villa joined him to overthrow his old enemy, Huerta, but he also made him the butt of jokes and pranks. Carranza's political plan gained the support of politicians and generals, including

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In November 1915, Carranza's forces captured and executed Contreras, Pereyra, and son. Severianco Ceniceros also accepted amnesty from Carranza and turned on Villa as well. Although Villa's secretary Perez Rul also broke with Villa, he refused to become a supporter of Carranza.

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Villa was likely assassinated because he was talking publicly about re-entering politics as the 1924 elections neared. Obregón could not run again for the presidency, so there was political uncertainty about the presidential succession. Obregón favored fellow Sonoran general

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At the time of Villa's 1916 attack on Columbus, New Mexico, Villa's military power had been marginalized. He was repulsed at Columbus by a small cavalry detachment, albeit after doing a lot of damage. His theater of operations was limited mainly to western Chihuahua. He was

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assassins before he escaped; Contreras was the only survivor. Villa is reported to have died saying "Don't let it end like this. Tell them I said something," but there is no contemporary evidence that he survived his shooting even momentarily. Historian and biographer

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its ability to suppress peasant rebellions in Morelos, San Luis Potosí, and Villa's. Katz credits Villa's time as governor as highly effective and economically beneficial to the general populace. "In some ways, it might be called the first welfare state in Mexico."

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With so many sources of money, Villa expanded and modernized his forces, purchasing draft animals, cavalry horses, arms, ammunition, mobile hospital facilities (railroad cars and horse ambulances staffed with Mexican and foreign volunteer doctors, known as

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the way Zapata's was kept Villa's memory and myth in the hearts of the people. "Popular tastes wanted Villa to be thrilling, not respectable. They were enamored of Villa the daring Robin Hood, the satyr and monster, the unpredictable deviant, the grimy

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Still another woman in Villa's life was Manuela Casas, with whom Villa had a son named Trinidad Villa. He became John Wayne's double in many movies in the state of Durango. Manuela Casas would be the last woman who saw him alive in Parral, Chihuahua.

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Villa's last living son, Ernesto Nava, died in Castro Valley, California, at the age of 94 on 31 December 2009. Nava appeared yearly in festival events in his hometown of Durango, Mexico, enjoying celebrity status until he became too weak to attend.

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wrote a massive, two-volume history of the Mexican Revolution, but in a thousand pages of text, Knight has only scattered references to Villa. He emphasizes Villa's bandit past, for whom the Revolution provided a change of title, not of occupation.

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There were documented contacts between Villa and the Germans after Villa's split with the Constitutionalists. This was principally in the person of Felix A. Sommerfeld (noted in Katz's book), who allegedly funneled $ 340,000 of German money to the

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beside a smiling Villa. After Villa's death, Luz Corral's marriage to Villa was challenged in court twice, and both times it was upheld as valid. Together, Villa and Luz Corral had one child, a daughter, who died within a few years after birth.

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in November 1915. Much of Villa's army left after his defeat on the battlefield and because of his lack of resources to buy arms and pay soldiers' salaries. Angered at the U.S. aid to Carranza, Villa conducted a raid on the border town of

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Until 1910, Villa is said to have alternated episodes of thievery with more legitimate pursuits. At one point he was employed as a miner, but that stint did not have a major impact on him. Villa's outlook on banditry changed after he met

1637:, who had returned to Mexico in 1918 after living in exile for three years as a dairy farmer in Texas, left Villa and his small remaining militia. Angeles later was captured by Carranza's forces and was executed on 26 November 1919. 723:

At the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution, for Villa and men like him operating as bandits, the turmoil provided expanded horizons, "a change of title, not of occupation" in one assessment. Villa joined in the armed rebellion that

879:, which repudiated Madero and called for land reform in Mexico. Villa was transferred to the Santiago Tlatelolco Prison on 7 June 1912. There he received further tutelage in civics and history from imprisoned Federal Army general 5467: 1261:, attempting to sort out power in the political sphere rather than on the battlefield. This meeting set out a path towards democracy. None of the armed revolutionaries were allowed to be nominated for government positions, and 1423:

After meeting with a Mexican mayor named Juan Muñoz, Villa recruited more men into his guerrilla militia and had 400 men under his command. Villa then met with his lieutenants Martin Lopez, Pablo Lopez, Francisco Beltran, and

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The period 1913–1914 was the time of Villa's greatest international fame and military and political success. Through this time Villa focused on accessing funding from wealthy hacendados and raised money using methods such as

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believed that supporting Carranza was the best way to expedite establishment of a stable Mexican government. Villa was further enraged by Obregón's use of searchlights, powered by U.S. generated electricity, to help repel a

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Once elected president in November 1911, Madero proved a disastrous politician, dismissing his revolutionary supporters and relying on the existing power structure. Villa strongly disapproved of Madero's decision to name

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and was given a landed estate, on the condition he retire from politics. Villa was assassinated in 1923. Although his faction did not prevail in the Revolution, he was one of its most charismatic and prominent figures.

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After years of public and documented support for Villa's fight, the United States refused to allow more arms to be supplied to his army, and allowed Carranza's troops to be relocated over U.S. railroads in the

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at the age of 16 he moved to Chihuahua, but soon returned to Durango to track down and kill an hacienda owner named Agustín López Negrete who had raped his sister, afterward stealing a horse and fleeing to the

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Telegraph service was interrupted to Villa's hacienda of Canutillo, probably so that Obregón's officials could secure the estate and "to prevent a possible Villista uprising triggered by his assassination."

590:. Despite a major contingent of soldiers and superior military technology, the U.S. failed to capture Villa. When Carranza was ousted from power in 1920, Villa negotiated an amnesty with interim President 935:, governor of Chihuahua, Madero's ally and Villa's mentor, murdered in March 1913. (Villa later recovered González's remains and gave his friend and mentor a proper funeral in Chihuahua.) The governor of 1994:

Starring: Marty Lagina, Matty Blake, Cindy A. Medina, Gypsy Jewels, Jackson Polk, John Gallegos, David Acosta. HISTORY CHANNEL. "Pancho Villa's Plunder". Season 2, Episode 7 on Beyond Oak Island. March

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As governor of Chihuahua, Villa raised more money for a drive to the south against Huerta's Federal Army by various methods. He printed his own currency and decreed that it could be traded and accepted

745:, who challenged his leadership. Madero ordered Villa to deal with the threat, which he did, disarming and arresting them. Madero rewarded Villa by promoting him to colonel in the revolutionary forces. 768:

Much of the fighting was in the north of Mexico, near the border with the United States. Fearful of U.S. intervention, Madero ordered his officers to call off the siege of the strategic border city of

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Runyon, Robert; Service, Bain News; McDowell, Irvin; Company, Rand McNally Map; Company, National Railway Publication; Co, W. H. Horne; Posada, José Guadalupe; Waite, Charles B.; Burlingame, Charles.

1100:, the most powerful and feared military unit in all of Mexico. The rebuilt railroad transported Villa's troops and artillery south, where he defeated the Federal Army forces in a series of battles at 1583:

with Mexico's ruling Carranza constitutionalists and was the subject of an embargo by the U.S., so communication or further shipments of arms between the Germans and Villa would have been difficult.

1404:, Sonora on 1 November 1915. In Mexico and U.S. bordering towns, a vendetta was launched by Villa against Americans as he blamed Wilson for his defeat against Carranza. In January 1916, a group of 1015:

charged Villa's American agent, Sommerfeld, with finding out what happened, but the only result of the inquiry was the finding that Bierce most likely survived after Ojinaga and died in Durango.

1167:(Taking of Zacatecas), the single bloodiest battle of the Revolution, with Federal casualties numbering approximately 7,000 dead and 5,000 wounded, and unknown numbers of civilian casualties. 1704:

Villa had long-term relationships with several women. Austreberta Rentería was Villa's "official wife" at his hacienda of Canutillo, and Villa had two sons with her, Francisco and Hipólito.

598:

In life, Villa helped fashion his own image as an internationally known revolutionary hero, starring as himself in Hollywood films and giving interviews to foreign journalists, most notably

661:

region of Durango, where he roamed the hills as a thief. Eventually, he became a member of a bandit band where he went by the name "Arango". In 1898 he was arrested for gun and mule theft.

5229: 860:, brothers of President Madero. Their intervention delayed the execution until the president could be contacted by telegraph, and he ordered Huerta to spare Villa's life but imprison him. 852:

and calling him a bandit. Villa struck Huerta, who then ordered Villa's execution for insubordination and theft. As he was about to be executed by firing squad, he made appeal to Generals

1762:. He frequently made trips from his ranch to Parral, where he generally felt secure, for banking and other errands. Villa usually was accompanied by his large entourage of armed 1722:

An alleged son of Pancho Villa, the lieutenant colonel Octavio Villa Coss, born to Guadalupe Cos Dominguez in Rancho de Santiago, Chihuahua in 1914. He reportedly was killed by

1648:. With his nemesis dead, Villa was now ready to negotiate a peace settlement and retire. On 22 July 1920, Villa finally was able to send a telegram to Mexican interim President 1307:, the main stronghold of Obregón and Carranza's armies, where he hoped to crush Carranza's regime. However, Carranza had reinforced Sonora, and Villa again was defeated badly. 1815:

Castro, Salas Barraza agreed to be the "fall guy," and the same arrangement is mentioned in letters exchanged between Castro and Amaro. Others involved in the conspiracy were

5462: 1559:

in 1915, to purchase ammunition. Sommerfeld had been Villa's representative in the United States since 1914 and had close contact with the German naval attaché in Washington

1354: 4499: 1586:

A plausible explanation for contacts between Villa and the Germans, after 1915, is that they were a futile extension of increasingly desperate German diplomatic efforts and

1851:, beheaded him to sell his skull to an eccentric millionaire who collected the heads of historic figures. The skull is rumored to be in the possession of Yale University's 1847:, rather than in Chihuahua city, where he had built a mausoleum. Villa's skull was stolen from his grave in 1926. According to local folklore, an American treasure hunter, 1839:

in Mexico City, where a number of revolutionaries, including Villa, are buried at this pilgrimage site to the Revolution even if they were adversaries during the conflict.

1571:. In May 1914, Sommerfeld formally entered the employ of Boy-Ed and the German secret service in the United States. However, Villa's actions were hardly that of a German 1819:, the commander of federal troops in Parral who was paid 50,000 pesos by Calles to remove his soldiers and policemen from the town on the day of the assassination, and 1998:

PBS El Paso. Show: "Only in El Paso" episode titled "Witnessing a Revolution" featuring Cindy A. Medina, Francisco "Paco" Villa Garcia and Dr. David Romo, October 2022

1029:

and published in 1914 for an American readership. Reed includes stories of Villa confiscating cattle, corn, and bullion and redistributing them to the poor. President

1436:, and Ernesto Rios. Pablo Lopez and Cervantes were later killed in the early part of 1916. Villa and his 500 guerrillas then started planning an attack on U.S. soil. 1633:

by Zapata in the south. Villa's last major military action was a raid against Ciudad Juárez in 1919. Following the raid, Villa suffered yet another major blow after

1096:), and other supplies, and rebuilt the railroad south of Chihuahua City. He also recruited fighters from Chihuahua and Durango and created a large army known as the 1146:. Villa's enlisted men were not unpaid volunteers but paid soldiers, earning the then enormous sum of one peso per day. Each day of delay cost thousands of pesos. 1652:, which stated that he recognized De la Huerta's presidency and requested amnesty. Six days later, De la Huerta met with Villa and negotiated a peace settlement. 1602:, Mauser longarms being enormously popular. They were standard issue in the Mexican Army, which had begun adopting 7 mm Mauser system arms as early as 1895. 1473:

Other attacks in U.S. territory allegedly were carried out by Villa, but none of these attacks were confirmed to have been carried out by Villistas. These were:

1487:

and Customs Inspector Robert Wood. One American was wounded, three Mexicans were reported killed, and three Mexicans were captured by Mexican government troops.

4591: 1952: 5567: 5180: 3285: 4889: 2733: 5520: 1871: 1747: 1664: 1660: 1616: 5557: 2918: 1533: 4369: 5710: 5685: 5541: 5700: 4184: 1510:

In response to Villa's raid on Columbus, President Wilson sent 5,000 U.S. Army soldiers under the command of General Frederick Funston, who oversaw

5660: 1936: 4955:"'Pancho' Villa at First Hand: Personal Impressions of the Most Picturesque And Most Successful Soldier That Mexico Has Produced in Recent Years" 2397: 2346: 1134:

After Villa captured the strategic prize of Torreón, Carranza ordered Villa to break off action south of Torreón and instead to divert to attack

1719:

in 1976 to the Monument to the Revolution in Mexico City, Corral refused to attend the huge ceremony. She died at the age of 89 on 6 July 1981.

4500:"Pancho Villa assassin's kin say U.S. Government still owes reward | News for Dallas, Texas | Dallas Morning News | Latest News" 1598:

rifles and carbines by Villa's forces does not necessarily indicate a German connection. These weapons were used widely by all parties in the

5536: 5515: 4792: 4635: 4134: 3995: 3032: 2995: 2708: 1467: 5650: 5640: 5635: 5244: 2018: 1326: 1477:

15 May 1916. Glenn Springs, Texas – one civilian was killed, three American soldiers were wounded, and two Mexicans were estimated killed.

972:. Until Huerta's ouster, Villa joined with the revolutionary forces in the north under "First Chief" Carranza and his Plan of Guadalupe. 5725: 2663: 1610: 1790:

the desert and were soon captured, but only two of them served a few months in jail, and the rest were commissioned into the military.

1470:, burned the town, and seized 100 horses and mules and other military supplies. Eighteen Americans and about 80 Villistas were killed. 5715: 4904: 4652: 4575: 1987: 795: 5720: 5530: 3070: 2095: 1903: 1644:

On 21 May 1920, a break for Villa came when Carranza, along with his top advisers and supporters, was assassinated by supporters of

799:

Honorary Brigadier-General Pancho Villa before a Federal Army firing squad in Jiménez, Chihuahua, in 1912. His execution by General

508: 438: 2245: 2129: 2123: 985: 927:

From left to right, the revolutionary generals Candelario Cervantes, Pablo López, Francisco Villa, Francisco Beltrán, Martín López.

777: 361: 316: 4981:

The Great Pursuit: General John J. Pershing's Punitive Expedition Across the Rio Grande to Destroy the Mexican Bandit Pancho Villa

4507: 5695: 5599: 5173: 1480:

15 June 1916. San Ygnacio, Texas – four soldiers were killed and five soldiers were wounded by bandits, six Mexicans were killed.

3922: 3854: 3123: 980:

on hostile hacienda owners and train robberies. In one notable escapade, after robbing a train he held 122 bars of silver and a

783:

Facing a series of defeats in many places, Díaz resigned on 25 May 1911, afterward going into exile. However, Madero signed the

2321: 1883: 968:

adjective was added to stress the point that Huerta legally had not obtained power through lawful avenues laid out by Mexico's

5280: 5085:, Mexico City, Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: Taurus: Santillana Ediciones Generales, 2003 (2004 printing). 1754:

On 20 July 1923, Villa was shot and killed in an ambush while visiting Parral, most likely on the orders of political enemies

1547:

but were unsuccessful. They attempted to plot with Victoriano Huerta to assist him to retake the country and, in the infamous

5090: 4837: 3740: 2077: 1330:

10 peso bill issued in Chihuahua in 1914 known as "two faces" with the portraits of Francisco I. Madero and Abraham González.

932: 733: 691: 235: 3169: 2167: 1298:

To combat Villa, Carranza sent his ablest general Obregón north, who defeated Villa in a series of battles. Meeting at the

1088:

four weeks as the governor Villa retired from the position at the suggestion of Carranza, leaving Manuel Chao as governor.

5355: 5350: 2162: 2073: 31: 5705: 5645: 5562: 5525: 5442: 4986:

Meyers, William K. "Pancho Villa and the Multinationals: United States Mining Interests in Villista Mexico, 1913–1915".

4849: 2981: 2212: 1856: 1836: 1575:; rather, it appeared that Villa resorted to German assistance only after other sources of money and arms were cut off. 1409: 1397: 1315: 1258: 1234: 1200: 787:

with the Díaz regime, under which the same power structure, including the recently defeated Federal Army, was retained.

642: 609: 578: 558: 346: 196: 158: 3109:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2012, 246–247. Inv. #287647. Fondo Casasola. SINAFO-Fototeca Nacional de INAH. 5675: 5166: 5000:

Naylor, Thomas H. "Massacre at San Pedro de la Cueva: The Significance of Pancho Villa's Disastrous Sonora Campaign."

4925: 1893:. In his confiscation of landed estates and expulsion of their owners, he weakened that class. In the 1930s President 1556: 984:

employee hostage, forcing Wells Fargo to help him sell the bars for cash. A rapid, hard-fought series of victories at

895: 311: 2156: 1655:

In exchange for his retirement from hostilities, Villa was granted a 25,000 acre hacienda in Canutillo, just outside

1532:

was portrayed as a hero in the U.S. media, made business arrangements with Hollywood, and did not object to the 1914

1054: 857: 652:), butcher, bricklayer, and foreman for a U.S. railway company. According to his dictated remembrances, published as 4057: 1462:

On 9 March 1916, General Villa ordered nearly 100 Mexican members of his revolutionary group to make a cross-border

1291:

While Convention forces occupied Mexico City, Carranza maintained control over two key Mexican states, Veracruz and

1253:

Once Huerta was ousted, the power struggle between factions of the revolution came into the open. The revolutionary

5427: 5391: 5208: 3062: 2233: 2197: 2150: 1121: 819: 784: 729: 336: 326: 3293: 3022: 2066: 1799:

any cost. It has never been proven who was responsible for the assassination, but according to Villa's biographer

5670: 5665: 4936: 4875: 2525: 2376: 2218: 1463: 1445: 1385: 1101: 828: 351: 4453: 5680: 5510: 4728: 4338: 1964: 1238: 573:

Civil war broke out when Carranza challenged Villa. Villa was decisively defeated by Constitutionalist general

321: 5330: 5030:

Filming Pancho Villa: How Hollywood Shaped the Mexican Revolution: North American Cinema and Mexico, 1911–1917

2926: 2616: 1795: 1755: 748: 2392: 5690: 5452: 5310: 5007:

Neagle, Michael E. "A Bandit Worth Hunting: Pancho Villa and America’s War on Terror in Mexico, 1916–1917."

4377: 2805: 2402: 2316: 2135: 2114: 1915: 1497: 1413: 1348: 1204: 1008: 989: 949: 658: 587: 3337: 3124:"The War Against Huerta – The Mexican Revolution and the United States | Exhibitions – Library of Congress" 1506:

Political cartoon in the U.S. Press. Uncle Sam chases Pancho Villa, saying "I've had about enough of this."

1483:

31 July 1916. Fort Hancock, Texas – two American soldiers were killed. The two dead soldiers were from the

5490: 5485: 5340: 4881:

Harris, Charles H., III and Louis R. Sadler. "Pancho Villa and the Columbus Raid: The Missing Documents".

2306: 1860: 1723: 1425: 1018: 832: 599: 550: 5104:

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mexican Revolution." Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 November 2022.

4915: 5620: 5500: 5142: 5060:

Sandos, James A. "Pancho Villa and American Security: Woodrow Wilson's Mexican Diplomacy Reconsidered."

3245: 2421: 742: 94: 5572: 5335: 2175: 1894: 1433: 1222: 919:, a publicity still taken by Mutual Film Corporation photographer John Davidson Wheelan in January 1914 629:

father was a sharecropper named Agustín Arango, and his mother was Micaela Arámbula. He grew up at the

293: 3685: 2350: 5655: 5630: 5625: 5305: 2038: 1645: 1484: 1455: 1429: 1262: 1139: 993: 969: 953: 900: 638: 583: 574: 562: 1831: 1770:, normally used for hunting big game, hit Villa in the head and upper chest, killing him instantly. 943:, who had been appointed by Madero, also refused to recognize Huerta's authority. He proclaimed the 557:. After the defeat and exile of Huerta in July 1914, Villa broke with Carranza. Villa dominated the 5447: 5406: 5295: 5275: 5121: 5054: 5023:

The Myth of the Revolution: Hero Cults and the Institutionalization of the Mexican State, 1920–1940

4897:

La sangre al río: La pugna ignorada entre Maclovio Herrera y Francisco Villa: una novela verdadera

4693:

The Myth of the Revolution: Hero Cults and the Institutionalization of the Mexican State, 1920–1940

4167: 3953:

Auswaertiges Amt, Mexiko V, Paket 33, Boy-Ed to Auswaertiges Amt, Marinebericht Nr. 88, 27 May 1914

3836: 3812: 2503: 1848: 1649: 1568: 1548: 961: 940: 841: 591: 554: 542: 4142: 2716: 2180: 608:, films about his life and novels by prominent writers. In 1976, his remains were reburied in the 5189: 3850: 3582: 2311: 2224: 1874:

in Chihuahua. Other museums have ceramic and bronze representations that do not match this mask.

1656: 1599: 1564: 1544: 1311:, a loyal officer and cruel hatchet man, was killed while Villa's army was crossing into Sonora. 710: 534: 356: 306: 1816: 1283: 868: 1707:

Others were Soledad Seañez, Juana Torres, whom he wed in 1913 and with whom he had a daughter.

1502: 5411: 5401: 5325: 5285: 5203: 5086: 4954: 4900: 4788: 4780: 4631: 4599: 4571: 4041:

The Political and Military Role of General Felipe Angeles in the Mexican Revolution, 1914–1915

3991: 3983: 3775: 3574: 3142: 3066: 3028: 2991: 2144: 1844: 1820: 1759: 1580: 1516: 1184: 1042: 944: 845: 800: 757: 736:, reached out to Villa to join the movement. Villa captured a large hacienda, then a train of 546: 331: 175: 3805:

United States War Dept (1916). "The Raid on Columbus, N. Mex., and the Punitive Expedition".

2671: 2416: 1679:

Villa and his wife Luz Corral at his hacienda in 1923, a few months before his assassination.

5375: 5320: 5270: 5249: 3697: 3566: 2284: 2239: 2203: 1870:

was hidden at the Radford School in El Paso, Texas until the 1980s, when it was sent to the

1804: 1767: 1629: 1551:

to the Mexican government, proposed an alliance with the government of Venustiano Carranza.

1299: 904: 769: 761: 725: 695: 669: 620: 538: 533:; 5 June 1878 – 20 July 1923) was a Mexican revolutionary and prominent figure in the 525: 459: 453: 398: 341: 47: 4276:. Bloomington IN: Authorhouse 2004, n.p. Unfortunately the publication has no page numbers. 5505: 5437: 5432: 5300: 5111: 4082: 3154: 2445: 2298: 1852: 1621: 1266: 1226: 1180: 872: 809: 566: 392: 5345: 4959: 4627:

Secrets of the tomb : Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the hidden paths of power

3830: 3806: 3018: 2003: 776:

attacked instead, capturing the city after two days of fighting, thus winning the first

73: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5315: 4942: 4865:

The Hunt for Pancho Villa: The Columbus Raid and Pershing’s Punitive Expedition 1916–17

4754: 2624: 1800: 1775: 1684: 1634: 1389: 1359: 1308: 1050: 1030: 1007:, then in his seventies, accompanied Villa's army during this period and witnessed the 1004: 880: 824: 773: 753: 5105: 4680:

The Posthumous Career of Emiliano Zapata: Myth, Memory, and Mexico’s Twentieth Century

3686:"Francisco Villa en la prensa carrancista (1914–1915). La construcción del adversario" 2292: 5614: 5396: 5254: 3702: 3586: 2987: 2426: 2270: 2031: 1715:

perhaps because she had saved his life when Villa threatened to execute him in 1914.

1511: 1012: 876: 853: 4625: 1572: 1142:, to take the capital first. This was an expensive and disruptive diversion for the 5577: 5495: 4565: 2440: 1982: 1926:

The Mexican government declared the year 2023 to be the "Year of Francisco Villa" (

1863:

is a museum dedicated to Villa located at the site of his assassination in Parral.

1782:

also reported in 1951 that both Villa and his aide (Tamayo) were killed instantly.

864: 737: 682: 673: 38: 3748: 1209: 4993:

Mistron, Deborah. "The Role of Pancho Villa in the Mexican and American Cinema".

4239: 3056: 1339:

1915, Villa was on the run and the United States government recognized Carranza.

1025:, who were a vital part of the fighting force. Reed's articles were collected as 2055: 2026: 1727: 1560: 1401: 1126: 981: 53: 4785:

Mexico at War: From the Struggle for Independence to the 21st-Century Drug Wars

3988:

Mexico at War: From the Struggle for Independence to the 21st-Century Drug Wars

2474:

The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution

1742: 5594: 5582: 5239: 5234: 5213: 3964: 3570: 2857: 2260: 1867: 1373: 1292: 1213:

Zapata and Villa with their joint forces enter Mexico City on 6 December 1914.

1105: 1022: 911: 831:

and far right of photo is Colonel Juan Medina. Villa and Fierro served in the

823:

Villa with his staff in 1913. Villa is in gray suit in center. His aide, Gen.

537:. He was a key figure in the revolutionary movement that forced out President 4603: 4567:

American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore

3578: 2877:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1987, pp. 254–255. 4890:

Pancho Villa, Outlaw, Hero, Patriot, Cutthroat: Evaluating the Many Faces of

4339:"Guadalupe Villa Guerrero coordinará nuevo libro de Grupo Editorial Milenio" 3855:"The United States Armed Forces and the Mexican Punitive Expedition: Part 2" 2734:

Pancho Villa, Outlaw, Hero, Patriot, Cutthroat: Evaluating the Many Faces of

1943: 1377: 1364: 1254: 1245: 1217: 1109: 1066: 715: 17: 4400: 3555:"Zapata reactivado: una visión žižekiana del Centenario de la Constitución" 1675: 867:, in Mexico City. While in prison he was tutored in reading and writing by 701:

At the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, Villa was 32 years old.

4346: 3554: 1070:

hidden gold reserves was revealed. He also appropriated land owned by the

577:

in summer 1915, and the U.S. aided Carranza directly against Villa in the

5587: 5457: 5218: 5044:

La correspondencia de Francisco Villa: Cartas y telegramas de 1913 a 1923

3829:

United States War Dept (1916). "Bandit Raids Across the Mexican Border".

1843:

Villa was buried the day after his assassination in the city cemetery of

1273: 1135: 977: 936: 677: 4910:

Katz, Friedrich. "Pancho Villa and the Attack on Columbus, New Mexico".

3931:

Available online at University of Arizona Libraries Digital Collections.

875:, revolutionary leader in Morelos. Magaña also informed him of Zapata's 4858:

The United States and Pancho Villa: A Study in Unconventional Diplomacy

2080: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1537: 997: 923: 916: 884: 665: 648: 634: 604: 42: 3942:

In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914

3201:

In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914

2875:

Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution

1159:

defied Carranza and attacked Zacatecas. Fighting up steep slopes, the

5158: 3188:

Intervention: The United States and the Mexican Revolution, 1913–1917

1689: 1659:, Chihuahua, by the national government. This was in addition to the 1595: 1417: 1304: 1277: 719:

Villa as he appeared in the United States press during the Revolution

4561: 3776:"Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: Villa's Raid on Columbus, New Mexico" 1540:

to enable German ships to dock there, but Villa rejected the offer.

1450: 728:

called for in 1910 to oust incumbent President Porfirio Díaz in the

1696: 1519:, and a total of 190 of his men were killed during the expedition. 1416:, Chihuahua, and killed a number of U.S. nationals employed by the 803:

was averted at the last moment by a telegram from President Madero.

5223: 4630:. Internet Archive. Boston : Little, Brown. pp. 7, 146. 3614:

Mexican Revolution, vol. 2. Counter-Revolution and Reconstruction.

1830: 1741: 1695: 1674: 1609: 1501: 1449: 1358: 1325: 1282: 1244: 1216: 1208: 1125: 1041: 922: 910: 894: 818: 794: 747: 714: 619: 545:

to power in 1911. When Madero was ousted by a coup led by General

5067:

Sonnichssen, C.L. "Pancho Villa and the Cananea Copper Company".

4834:

The Cock of the Walk: Qui-qui-ri-qui! The Legend of Pancho Villa

1563:, as well as other German agents in the United States including 5162: 4570:. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 998–1001. 3216:. He went on to report on the Bolshevik Revolution, publishing 2848:

Inv. #68170. Fondo Casasola, SINAFO-Fototeca Nacional del INAH.

2522:

La Revolución: Mexico's Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History

1287:

Manifesto to the Mexican people by the General Francisco Villa.

1179:

The break between Villa and Carranza had been anticipated. The

887:

and his own would-be executioner, President Victoriano Huerta.

5106:

Mexican Revolution | Causes, Summary, & Facts | Britannica

2049: 1237:)" in 1914. Villa is sitting in the presidential chair in the 488: 427: 3944:, Henselstone Verlag LLC, Amissville, Virginia, 2012, p. 381. 3058:

The Mexican Revolution: Counter-revolution and reconstruction

2627:

discusses this text and how Guzmán shaped it for publication.

1855:

Society, a claim they deny. His remains were reburied in the

549:

in February 1913, Villa joined the anti-Huerta forces in the

474: 468: 413: 5076:

Pancho Villa and John Reed: Two Faces of Romantic Revolution

5046:. Chihuahua: Talleres Gráficos del estado de Chihuahua 1986. 3909:

The General and the Jaguar: Pershing's Hunt for Pancho Villa

3476:

The Last Caudillo: Alvaro Obregón and the Mexican Revolution

2864:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2012. pp. 89, 4–34. 1428:, and commissioned an additional 100 men to the command of 907:, posing after an August 1914 meeting at Fort Bliss, Texas. 500: 477: 430: 416: 4899:. Colección Tiempo de Memoria. 1a. ed., ago 2014. 430 pp. 4827:

The Mexican Centaur: An Intimate Biography of Pancho Villa

4653:"Questions Begin to Arise Over Death Mask of Pancho Villa" 3489:Álvaro Obregón: Power and Revolution in Mexico, 1911–1920 1746:

Dodge automobile in which Pancho Villa was assassinated,

494: 407: 4185:

La muerte de Pancho Villa (Death of Pancho Villa) (1974)

1318:

in Sonora, an overwhelming number of Villa's men in the

732:. In Chihuahua, the leader of the anti-re-electionists, 27:

Mexican revolutionary general and politician (1878–1923)

2541:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. p. 789 5122:

Images of Camp Furlong and Columbus, New Mexico – 1916

4669:

Katz, ‘'The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'’, 816–817.

1591:

Carranza and Wilson and has to be taken into account.

1003:

The well-known American journalist and fiction writer

956:, and Villa. The movement collectively was called the 931:

Huerta immediately moved to consolidate power. He had

694:, the local representative for presidential candidate 5039:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 1529–1532. 4729:"Diputados declaran 2023 como Año de Francisco Villa" 4471:

Last Words: Variations on a Theme in Cultural History

3911:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 177. 2768:

Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution

1930:) to honor Villa's legacy in the Mexican Revolution. 741:

sufficiently radical for anarcho-syndicalists of the

509: 471: 439: 410: 4755:"TheRaider.net – The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles" 4274:

A Photo History of the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920

3923:"Pablo Lopez Pays Grim Penalty for Career of Murder" 1108:, and eventually at the heart of Huerta's regime in 485: 465: 424: 404: 5550: 5478: 5420: 5384: 5263: 5196: 3885:"Americans Die in Clash on Border with Bandit Band" 3616:

Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1986, p. 328.

1355:

United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution

482: 462: 421: 401: 299: 289: 281: 269: 264: 242: 230: 203: 192: 182: 165: 140: 135: 121: 111: 93: 64: 3747:. University of Texas, Brownsville. Archived from 3452:. Lanham MD: University Press of America 1987, 118 1958:Equestrian bronze of Villa in Chihuahua, Chihuahua 5114:– some graphic images, and some also in the book 4846:Orozco: Life and Death of a Mexican Revolutionary 3741:"Pancho Villa's Impact in USA and Mexican Border" 3024:Roving And Fighting (Adventures Under Four Flags) 2959: 2957: 2022:, Starring Antonio Banderas as Pancho Villa, 2003 1343:From national leader to guerrilla leader, 1915–20 4874:. Translated by Virginia H. Taylor. Austin, TX: 4522:Plurarco Elías Calles and the Mexican Revolution 4481: 4479: 3170:"Wells Fargo's Hush-Hush Deal With Pancho Villa" 1628:Following his unsuccessful military campaign at 3438:. Standford University PRess. pp. 354–396. 3326:. Standford University Press. pp. 277–308. 3286:"Mexican Revolution: Biography of Pancho Villa" 2585:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998 1620:(Luz's Villa), comprises the estate of General 1078:) and redistributed the money generated by the 827:, is to Villa's right. To Villa's left is Gen. 633:, one of the largest haciendas in the state of 51: and the second or maternal family name is 3629:, Imprenta Editorial "Cosmos" edición. México. 3391:. Stanford University Press. pp. 343–348. 3273:. Stanford University Press. pp. 229–252. 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 1981:Mike Moroff plays a fictional Pancho Villa in 1914:Villa is not universally acclaimed. Historian 1606:Final years: leader to hacienda owner, 1920–23 1195:Alliance with Zapata against Carranza, 1914–15 903:(left), Villa (center) with U.S. Army General 5174: 5035:Osorio, Rubén. "Francisco (Pancho) Villa" in 4043:(Thesis). Georgetown University. p. 316. 3893:Available online at the Library of Congress, 3824: 3822: 1527:German involvement in Villa's later campaigns 1367:in front of an insurgent camp. Undated photo. 791:Villa during the Madero presidency, 1911–1913 756:and Colonels Oscar Braniff, Pancho Villa and 8: 4370:"Destiny made Juan N. Guerra rich, powerful" 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 3811:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 3448:Davis, Thomas B. and Amado Ricon Virulegio, 2830:Osorio, "Francisco (Pancho) Villa", p. 1530. 2607:Osorio, "Francisco (Pancho) Villa", p. 1529. 2594:Rubén Osorio, "Francisco (Pancho) Villa" in 2045: 1280:of Toribio Ortega, one of his top generals. 668:, the crack rural police force of President 5081:Villa, Guadalupe y Rosa Helia Villa (eds.) 5078:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1984. 4885:50, no. 4 (October 1975), pp. 335–346. 4860:. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press 1972. 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4052: 4050: 3835:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 3770: 3768: 3766: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3344:Nuevo Atlas Porrua de la Republica Mexicana 2839:Osorio "Francisco (Pancho) Villa", p. 1530. 2516: 2514: 2512: 1872:Historical Museum of the Mexican Revolution 1748:Historical Museum of the Mexican Revolution 1163:defeated a force of 12,000 Federals in the 561:that excluded Carranza and helped create a 5181: 5167: 5159: 5126: 5112:Photos of Villa and the Mexican Revolution 4473:, Princeton University Press, 1992, p. 10. 4459:. University of Texas, El Paso. June 2010. 4401:"Last son of Pancho Villa dies in Hayward" 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 3832:Annual Reports of the War Department, 1916 3808:Annual Reports of the War Department, 1916 2975: 2973: 2762: 2623:, México: Botas, 1938. Villa's biographer 2341: 2339: 2337: 1098:Division del Norte (Division of the North) 612:in Mexico City in a huge public ceremony. 72: 61: 5542:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution 4995:Studies in Latin American Popular Culture 4704:Knight, The Mexican Revolution, v.1, 124. 4682:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2008. 4058:"Timeline of the Mexican Revolution 1919" 4026:Felipe Angeles and the Mexican Revolution 3701: 3406:. Stanford University Press. p. 353. 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2598:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1529 2096:Learn how and when to remove this message 1911:and outlaw with uncanny power over men." 1807:with at least tacit approval of Obregón. 1778:wrote in 1998 that Villa died instantly. 1272:Carranza and Alvaro Obregón retreated to 760:, photographed 10 May 1911, after taking 4028:. University of Texas. pp. 159–160. 3241: 3239: 2983:Villa: Soldier of the Mexican Revolution 2951:, New York: Harper Collins 1997, p. 309. 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 1891:he carried out a significant land reform 1543:German agents tried to interfere in the 637:. The family's residence now houses the 4967:(2). Doubleday, Page & Co.: 265–284 4960:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 4548:Pancho Villa and the Mexican Revolution 4233: 4231: 3338:"Map of Constitutionalist Army Battles" 2728: 2726: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2347:"Señora Doña Maria Luz Corral de Villa" 2333: 2191:Batalla de Gómez Palacio (1914 victory) 1932: 4829:. Tuscaloosa, AL: Portals Press, 1979. 3150: 3140: 2387: 2385: 1991:in the episode Spring Break Adventure. 1418:American Smelting and Refining Company 1221:Pancho Villa (left) "commander of the 705:Madero and Villa in the ouster of Díaz 5537:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 4727:Damián, Fernando (15 December 2022). 4695:. New York: Greenwood Press 1986, 111 3627:Diccionario biográfico Revolucionario 3553:Centeno, Ramón I. (1 February 2018). 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3250:Pancho Villa: Una Biografia Narrativa 3117: 3115: 2664:"Pancho Villa: Mexican Revolutionary" 2120:Battle of Santa Isabel (1910 victory) 1889:brief time as governor of Chihuahua, 1468:13th Cavalry Regiment (United States) 958:Ejército Constitucionalista de México 524: 7: 3684:Méndez Lara, Francisco Iván (2020). 3190:(New York: W. W. Norton, 1993) p. 58 3107:Photographing the Mexican Revolution 2862:Photographing the Mexican Revolution 2398:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 2163:Capture of San Pedro de las Colonias 2078:adding citations to reliable sources 2046:Villa's battles and military actions 2019:And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself 1902:appropriated and manipulated by the 1700:Hipólito Villa, son of Pancho Villa. 1663:estate that he owned with his wife, 764:City, during the Mexican Revolution. 5448:Querétaro Constitutional Convention 4953:Taylor, Joseph Rogers (July 1914). 3745:Brownsville & Matamoros History 2014:. History Channel Documentary, 2008 1464:attack against Columbus, New Mexico 220: 4933:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 4487:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 4419:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 4368:Schiller, Dane (26 January 1996). 4345:. 16 November 2008. Archived from 4326:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 4313:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 4300:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 4287:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 4261:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 4223:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 4210:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 4197:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 4135:"Mexico: The Man Who Killed Villa" 4012:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 3719:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 3666:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 3559:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 3463:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 3436:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 3404:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 3389:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 3367:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 3324:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 3231:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 2919:"Biography of Venustiano Carranza" 2888:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 2781:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 2583:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 2539:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 2373:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa 2230:Battle of Chihuahua (1916 victory) 2141:Battle of Chihuahua (1913 victory) 1458:after being raided by Pancho Villa 25: 5531:Institutional Revolutionary Party 5083:Retrato autobiográfico, 1894–1914 5062:Journal of Latin American Studies 5025:. New York: Greenwood Press 1986. 4988:Journal of Latin American Studies 4651:MacCormack, John (12 July 2006). 4454:"Faces of the Mexican Revolution" 3965:"Pancho Villa as a German Agent?" 3271:The Life and Time of Pancho Villa 2194:Battle of Saltillo (1914 victory) 1942:Monument to Pancho Villa in Bufa 1726:, a legendary drug lord from the 1534:U.S. naval occupation of Veracruz 1303:October 1915, Villa crossed into 1265:was chosen as interim president. 1150:ordered that 5000 members of the 680:. He was known to his friends as 559:meeting of revolutionary generals 5711:People of the Mexican Revolution 5686:Mexican people of Basque descent 5600:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution 5009:Terrorism and Political Violence 4914:83, no. 1 (Feb. 1978): 101–130. 4564:. In Fee, Christopher R. (ed.). 4550:, Interlink Books, 2002, p. 117. 4240:"A Visit with Mrs. Pancho Villa" 3929:. Associated Press. 6 June 1916. 3703:10.22201/iib.2594178xe.2020.1.56 3601:Wars of Latin America, 1899–1941 2291: 2277: 2263: 2054: 1963: 1951: 1935: 1492:U.S. Expedition to capture Villa 962:Constitutionalist Army of Mexico 458: 397: 234: 5701:Military personnel from Durango 5018:. New York: Chelsea House 1991. 4949:. New York: HarperCollins 1997. 3168:Burress, Charles (5 May 1999). 3027:. JazzyBee Verlag Jürgen Beck. 2322:Pancho Villa in popular culture 2065:needs additional citations for 1884:Pancho Villa in popular culture 1526: 1515:son, Villa's second-in-command 216: 5661:Governors of Chihuahua (state) 4990:23, no. 2 (May 1991), 339–363. 4983:. New York: Random House 1970. 4838:University of New Mexico Press 4535:Life and Times of Pancho Villa 4441:Life and Times of Pancho Villa 4399:Kurhi, Eric (8 January 2010). 3653:Life and Times of Pancho Villa 2715:. 30 July 1923. Archived from 2446:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2209:Battle of Trinidad (1915 loss) 2188:Battle of Lerdo (1914 victory) 2130:Second Battle of Ciudad Juárez 1249:The generals Villa and Zapata. 863:Villa first was imprisoned in 1: 5245:French Intervention in Mexico 4592:"PANCHO VILLA SKULL AT YALE?" 4141:. 4 June 1951. Archived from 4083:"Mexican Revolution Timeline" 3897:. Retrieved 10 November 2014. 3450:The Political Plans of Mexico 3218:Ten Days that Shook the World 2709:"Foreign News: The Cockroach" 2349:. 7 July 2015. Archived from 2246:Third Battle of Ciudad Juárez 2124:First Battle of Ciudad Juárez 362:Third Battle of Ciudad Juárez 317:First Battle of Ciudad Juárez 79: 32:Pancho Villa (disambiguation) 5563:Liberation Army of the South 5491:Mexican Constitution of 1917 5443:Convention of Aguascalientes 5002:Western Historical Quarterly 4883:New Mexico Historical Review 4850:University of Oklahoma Press 3963:Tuck, Jim (1 January 2006). 3786:. Fort Huachuca Museum. 1993 3369:. Stanford University Press. 3340:. University of Texas. 1975. 2251:Siege of Durango (1919 loss) 2007:PBS Documentary, 15 May 2011 1859:in Mexico City in 1976. The 1410:Mexico North Western Railway 1259:Convention of Aguascalientes 1235:Liberation Army of the South 1201:Convention of Aguascalientes 579:Second Battle of Agua Prieta 531:José Doroteo Arango Arámbula 347:Second Battle of Agua Prieta 251:(The Centaur of the North), 145:José Doroteo Arango Arámbula 41:, the first or paternal 5651:Deaths by firearm in Mexico 5641:20th-century Mexican people 5636:19th-century Mexican people 5053:(1914). Reprint, New York: 4979:Mason, Herbert Malloy, Jr. 4926:University of Chicago Press 4844:Caballero, Raymond (2017). 4624:Robbins, Alexandra (2002). 4562:"Villa, Pancho (1878–1923)" 3625:Naranjo, Francisco (1935). 3599:Tomán, René De La Pedraja. 2980:Scheina, Robert L. (2004). 2004:The Storm that Swept Mexico 1641:were made worth his while. 1386:Second Battle of Aguaprieta 1231:Ejército Libertador del Sur 899:Constitutionalist Generals 624:General Pancho Villa, 1910. 312:First Battle of Agua Prieta 5742: 5726:Unsolved murders in Mexico 5526:Monument to the Revolution 5351:Francisco León de la Barra 5209:Economic History of Mexico 5116:The Wind That Swept Mexico 5069:Journal of Arizona History 4947:Mexico: Biography of Power 4912:American Historical Review 4715:The Myth of the Revolution 4024:Slattery, Matthew (1982). 3940:von Feilitzsch, Heribert, 3603:, McFarland, 2006, p. 253. 3515:Mexico: Biography of Power 3199:von Feilitzsch, Heribert, 3094:Mexico: Biography of Power 3063:Cambridge University Press 2965:Mexico: Biography of Power 2949:Mexico: Biography of Power 1881: 1857:Monument to the Revolution 1837:Monument to the Revolution 1495: 1443: 1352: 1346: 1198: 1122:Battle of Zacatecas (1914) 1119: 1116:Victory at Zacatecas, 1914 708: 610:Monument to the Revolution 197:Monument to the Revolution 186: 78:Pancho Villa on horseback 36: 29: 5716:People murdered in Mexico 5463:United States involvement 5149: 5140: 5134: 5129: 4937:Stanford University Press 4876:University of Texas Press 4779:Marley, David F. (2014). 4560:Butticè, Claudio (2016). 3982:Marley, David F. (2014). 3571:10.1525/msem.2018.34.1.36 2526:University of Texas Press 2377:Stanford University Press 1665:María Luz Corral de Villa 1557:Western Cartridge Company 1446:Battle of Columbus (1916) 1175:Break with Carranza, 1914 915:Iconic image of Villa in 654:Memorias de Pancho Villa, 372: 183:Manner of death 159:San Juan del Río, Durango 131: 100: 89: 71: 5721:Politicians from Durango 5291:Francisco "Pancho" Villa 5028:Orellana, Margarita de, 4922:The Secret War in Mexico 4892:Historical Text Archive. 4856:Clendennin, Clarence C. 4657:San Antonio Express-News 4469:Guthke, Karl Siegfried. 3907:Welsome, Eileen (2006). 3434:Katz, Friedrich (1998). 3402:Katz, Friedrich (1998). 3387:Katz, Friedrich (1998). 3365:Katz, Friedrich (1998). 3322:Katz, Friedrich (1998). 3269:Katz, Friedrich (1998). 3229:Wilson, quoted in Katz, 2736:Historical Text Archive. 2621:Memorias de Pancho Villa 2487:The Secret War in Mexico 2461:The Secret War in Mexico 2375:. Stanford, California: 2219:Battle of Columbus, N.M. 2157:Second Battle of Torreón 2010:Taibo II, Paco Ignacio. 1970:Image of Francisco Villa 1614:The museum. once called 1408:attacked a train on the 891:Fighting Huerta, 1913–14 5696:Mexican revolutionaries 5453:Pancho Villa Expedition 5428:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez 5392:Plan of San Luis Potosí 5032:. New York: Verso, 2007 5011:33.7 (2021): 1492–1510. 4895:Herrera Márquez, Raúl. 4872:Memoirs of Pancho Villa 4863:De Quesada, Alejandro. 4039:Jackson, Byron (1976). 3186:Eisenhower, John S. D. 3174:San Francisco Chronicle 2403:Oxford University Press 2317:Pancho Villa Expedition 2234:Third Battle of Torreón 2151:First Battle of Torreón 2136:Battle of Tierra Blanca 1498:Pancho Villa Expedition 1349:Pancho Villa Expedition 1225:(North Division)", and 1205:Conventionists (Mexico) 1130:Villa taking Zacatecas. 1009:Battle of Tierra Blanca 785:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez 778:Battle of Ciudad Juárez 730:Plan de San Luis Potosí 659:Sierra Madre Occidental 588:invading Mexico in 1916 327:First Battle of Torreón 322:First Battle of Nogales 5486:Emigration from Mexico 5421:Political developments 5281:José María Pino Suárez 5037:Encyclopedia of Mexico 5004:8, no. 2 (April 1977). 4374:The Brownsville Herald 3640:The Mexican Revolution 3284:Minster, Christopher. 3246:Taibo II, Paco Ignacio 2917:Minster, Christopher. 2810:The Mexican Revolution 2794:The Mexican Revolution 2596:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2307:Constitutionalist Army 1928:Año de Francisco Villa 1861:Francisco Villa Museum 1840: 1827:Aftermath of his death 1751: 1724:Juan Nepomuceno Guerra 1701: 1683:As Villa's biographer 1680: 1625: 1507: 1459: 1400:on the border town of 1368: 1331: 1288: 1250: 1242: 1214: 1131: 1057: 928: 920: 908: 836: 833:Constitutionalist Army 804: 765: 720: 686:or ("the cockroach"). 625: 586:to goad the U.S. into 551:Constitutionalist Army 526:[ˈpantʃoˈβiʎa] 260:The Mexican Robin Hood 5511:1968 student protests 5331:Plutarco Elías Calles 5143:Governor of Chihuahua 5064:13.2 (1981): 293–311. 5057:, Clarion Books 1969. 4870:Guzmán, Martín Luis. 3927:El Paso Morning Times 3055:Knight, Alan (1986). 2506:, Clarion Books 1969. 2502:. Reprint, New York: 2422:CollinsDictionary.com 2213:Battle of Agua Prieta 2034:as Pancho Villa, 1934 1834: 1796:Plutarco Elías Calles 1756:Plutarco Elías Calles 1745: 1699: 1678: 1613: 1505: 1453: 1362: 1329: 1316:Battle of Agua Prieta 1286: 1248: 1220: 1212: 1129: 1046:Pancho Villa, (lEFT) 1045: 1038:Governor of Chihuahua 926: 914: 898: 822: 798: 751: 743:Mexican Liberal Party 718: 631:Rancho de la Coyotada 623: 277:revolutionary forces) 257:The Lion of the North 249:El Centauro del Norte 95:Governor of Chihuahua 5311:Ricardo Flores Magón 5230:Constitution of 1857 5055:Simon & Schuster 5021:O'Malley, Irene V., 4735:(in Mexican Spanish) 4691:O’Malley, Irene V., 4598:. 24 February 2024. 4172:www.laits.utexas.edu 4145:on 23 November 2010. 3984:"Mauser (1895–1907)" 3780:Huachuca Illustrated 3739:Font, Pedro (2000). 2929:on 29 September 2008 2770:, Basic Books, 2000. 2719:on 22 December 2008. 2504:Simon & Schuster 2379:, 1998. pp. 147, 908 2115:Battle of San Andrés 2074:improve this article 2039:Arturo Perez-Reverte 1485:8th Cavalry Regiment 1456:Columbus, New Mexico 1440:Attack on New Mexico 1426:Candelario Cervantes 970:Constitution of 1857 639:Casa de Pancho Villa 584:Columbus, New Mexico 563:coalition government 253:The Mexican Napoleon 30:For other uses, see 5706:People from Durango 5646:20th-century rebels 5407:Plan of Agua Prieta 5341:José Yves Limantour 5296:Venustiano Carranza 5276:Francisco I. Madero 5137:Salvador R. Mercado 5130:Government offices 4867:(Bloomsbury, 2012). 4781:"Battle of Ojinaga" 4510:on 2 December 2010. 4405:The Oakland Tribune 4168:"The Assassination" 3895:Chronicling America 3851:Yockelson, Mitchell 3721:. pp. 545–715. 3296:on 10 November 2014 3019:O'Reilly, Edward S. 2198:Battle of Zacatecas 1988:Young Indiana Jones 1650:Adolfo de la Huerta 1569:Horst von der Goltz 1549:Zimmermann Telegram 941:Venustiano Carranza 842:Venustiano Carranza 641:historic museum in 592:Adolfo de la Huerta 555:Venustiano Carranza 543:Francisco I. Madero 337:Battle of Zacatecas 117:Salvador R. Mercado 5676:Mexican guerrillas 5573:División del Norte 5568:Constitutionalists 5356:Félix Díaz Velasco 5190:Mexican Revolution 5071:20(1) Spring 1979. 4520:Buchenau, Jürgen. 4504:www.dallasnews.com 4087:MexicanHistory.org 3474:Buchenau, Jürgen. 3153:has generic name ( 2674:on 3 February 2017 2662:Hickman, Kennedy. 2617:Martín Luis Guzmán 2520:Benjamin, Thomas, 2449:. Merriam-Webster. 2353:on 20 January 2021 2312:Mexican Revolution 2225:Battle of Guerrero 1866:Villa's purported 1841: 1752: 1702: 1681: 1657:Hidalgo del Parral 1626: 1600:Mexican Revolution 1565:Franz von Rintelen 1545:Mexican Revolution 1508: 1460: 1369: 1332: 1320:Division del Norte 1289: 1251: 1243: 1223:División del Norte 1215: 1161:División del Norte 1157:División del Norte 1152:División del Norte 1144:División del Norte 1132: 1094:Servicio sanitario 1058: 978:forced assessments 966:Constitucionalista 929: 921: 909: 837: 805: 766: 721: 711:Mexican Revolution 626: 535:Mexican Revolution 357:Battle of Guerrero 352:Battle of Columbus 307:Mexican Revolution 294:División del Norte 275:antireeleccionista 5608: 5607: 5521:Historical Museum 5412:Plan of San Diego 5402:Plan of Guadalupe 5286:Victoriano Huerta 5204:History of Mexico 5157: 5156: 5150:Succeeded by 5014:O'Brien, Steven. 4931:Katz, Friedrich. 4920:Katz, Friedrich. 4907:México: Tusquets. 4832:Braddy, Haldeen. 4794:978-1-61069-428-5 4759:www.theraider.net 4637:978-0-316-72091-5 3997:978-1-61069-428-5 3751:on 7 January 2005 3717:Katz, Friedrich. 3541:The Last Caudillo 3034:978-3-8496-2276-3 2997:978-1-57488-513-2 2873:John Mason Hart, 2581:Katz, Friedrich, 2537:Katz, Friedrich, 2472:Katz, Friedrich, 2176:Battle of Paredón 2145:Battle of Ojinaga 2106: 2105: 2098: 2001:Telles, Raymond. 1845:Parral, Chihuahua 1581:persona non grata 1434:Bernabe Cifuentes 1314:After losing the 1263:Eulalio Gutiérrez 1185:Plan of Guadalupe 1165:Toma de Zacatecas 945:Plan of Guadalupe 846:Victoriano Huerta 801:Victoriano Huerta 758:Peppino Garibaldi 643:San Juan del Rio. 547:Victoriano Huerta 376: 375: 332:Battle of Ojinaga 176:Parral, Chihuahua 16:(Redirected from 5733: 5671:Mexican generals 5666:Mexican folklore 5376:Genovevo de la O 5264:Important people 5183: 5176: 5169: 5160: 5135:Preceded by 5127: 5051:Insurgent Mexico 4976: 4974: 4972: 4935:. 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Archived from 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4343:Milenio Noticias 4335: 4329: 4322: 4316: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4290: 4283: 4277: 4270: 4264: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4235: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4193: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4164: 4147: 4146: 4131: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3889:The Tacoma Times 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3772: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3736: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3656: 3649: 3643: 3636: 3630: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3550: 3544: 3537: 3531: 3524: 3518: 3511: 3505: 3498: 3492: 3485: 3479: 3472: 3466: 3459: 3453: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3431: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3384: 3371: 3370: 3362: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3319: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3292:. Archived from 3281: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3253: 3252:, Planeta, 2006. 3243: 3234: 3227: 3221: 3214:Insurgent Mexico 3210: 3204: 3197: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3146: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3119: 3110: 3103: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2977: 2968: 2961: 2952: 2947:Enrique Krauze, 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2925:. Archived from 2914: 2891: 2886:quoted in Katz, 2884: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2813: 2803: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2777: 2771: 2764: 2737: 2732:* Howell, Jeff. 2730: 2721: 2720: 2705: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2670:. Archived from 2659: 2628: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2579: 2542: 2535: 2529: 2518: 2507: 2500:Insurgent Mexico 2496: 2490: 2483: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2389: 2380: 2371:Friedrich Katz, 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2343: 2301: 2296: 2295: 2287: 2285:Biography portal 2282: 2281: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2240:Battle of Parral 2204:Battle of Celaya 2184: 2171: 2101: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2058: 2050: 1967: 1955: 1939: 1892: 1300:Battle of Celaya 1239:Palacio Nacional 1027:Insurgent Mexico 933:Abraham González 871:, a follower of 835:opposing Huerta. 734:Abraham González 726:Francisco Madero 696:Francisco Madero 692:Abraham González 528: 523: 516: 512: 507: 506: 503: 502: 497: 496: 491: 490: 487: 484: 480: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 457: 446: 442: 437: 436: 433: 432: 429: 426: 423: 419: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 396: 342:Battle of Celaya 265:Military service 238: 224: 222: 218: 209:María Luz Corral 172: 154: 152: 136:Personal details 124: 114: 105: 84: 83: 1908–1919 81: 76: 62: 21: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5681:Mexican outlaws 5611: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5546: 5516:Popular culture 5506:Mexican miracle 5474: 5438:Morelos Commune 5416: 5380: 5336:Lázaro Cárdenas 5301:Emiliano Zapata 5259: 5192: 5187: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5101: 5096: 5042:Osorio, Rubén. 4970: 4968: 4952: 4943:Krauze, Enrique 4843: 4836:. Albuquerque: 4821: 4819:Further reading 4816: 4815: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4690: 4686: 4678:Brunk, Samuel. 4677: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4596:Washington Post 4590: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4546:Plana, Manuel. 4545: 4541: 4532: 4528: 4519: 4515: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4484: 4477: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4412: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4319: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4280: 4272:Michael Gunby, 4271: 4267: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4220: 4216: 4207: 4203: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4179: 4166: 4165: 4150: 4133: 4132: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4056: 4055: 4048: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3935: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3891:. 31 July 1916. 3883: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3828: 3827: 3820: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3774: 3773: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3738: 3737: 3726: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3663: 3659: 3650: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3607: 3598: 3594: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3521: 3512: 3508: 3499: 3495: 3487:Hall, Linda B. 3486: 3482: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3432: 3411: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3385: 3374: 3364: 3363: 3350: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3320: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3267: 3256: 3244: 3237: 3228: 3224: 3211: 3207: 3198: 3194: 3185: 3181: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3149: 3139: 3132: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2962: 2955: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2916: 2915: 2894: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2816: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2774: 2766:McLynn, Frank. 2765: 2740: 2731: 2724: 2707: 2706: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2661: 2660: 2631: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2545: 2536: 2532: 2528:, 2000. p. 134. 2519: 2510: 2497: 2493: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2467: 2458: 2454: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2345: 2344: 2335: 2330: 2299:Politics portal 2297: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2254: 2178: 2165: 2102: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2071: 2059: 2048: 1978: 1971: 1968: 1959: 1956: 1947: 1940: 1895:Lázaro Cárdenas 1890: 1886: 1880: 1853:Skull and Bones 1829: 1740: 1673: 1622:Francisco Villa 1608: 1529: 1500: 1494: 1448: 1442: 1430:Joaquin Alvarez 1357: 1351: 1345: 1267:Emiliano Zapata 1227:Emiliano Zapata 1207: 1197: 1181:Pact of Torreón 1177: 1124: 1118: 1074:(owners of the 1040: 893: 873:Emiliano Zapata 869:Gildardo Magaña 810:Ten Tragic Days 793: 713: 707: 618: 567:Emiliano Zapata 521: 514: 510: 499: 493: 481: 461: 452: 451: 444: 440: 420: 400: 391: 390: 368: 259: 247: 226: 214: 210: 174: 170: 156: 150: 148: 147: 146: 122: 112: 106: 101: 85: 82: 67: 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5739: 5737: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5691:Mexican rebels 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5433:Decena trágica 5430: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5371:Manuel Palafox 5368: 5366:Eufemio Zapata 5363: 5361:Bernardo Reyes 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5326:Aquiles Serdán 5323: 5318: 5316:Pascual Orozco 5313: 5308: 5306:Álvaro Obregón 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5163: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5109: 5100: 5099:External links 5097: 5095: 5094: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4997:2:1–13 (1983). 4991: 4984: 4977: 4950: 4940: 4929: 4918: 4908: 4905:978-6074216042 4893: 4888:Howell, Jeff. 4886: 4879: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4848:. Norman, OK: 4841: 4830: 4825:Arnold, Oren. 4822: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4809:Life and Times 4800: 4793: 4771: 4746: 4719: 4706: 4697: 4684: 4671: 4662: 4643: 4636: 4616: 4583: 4577:978-1610695671 4576: 4552: 4539: 4526: 4513: 4491: 4475: 4462: 4445: 4432: 4423: 4410: 4391: 4360: 4349:on 9 July 2012 4330: 4317: 4315:, pp. 785–786. 4304: 4291: 4278: 4265: 4252: 4227: 4214: 4201: 4188: 4177: 4148: 4099: 4074: 4046: 4031: 4016: 4014:, pp. 545–719. 4003: 3996: 3974: 3955: 3946: 3933: 3914: 3899: 3876: 3842: 3818: 3797: 3762: 3724: 3709: 3690:Bibliographica 3676: 3670: 3657: 3644: 3631: 3618: 3605: 3592: 3545: 3532: 3528:Álvaro Obregón 3519: 3506: 3502:Álvaro Obregón 3493: 3480: 3467: 3454: 3441: 3409: 3394: 3372: 3348: 3329: 3307: 3276: 3254: 3235: 3222: 3205: 3192: 3179: 3160: 3111: 3098: 3085: 3071: 3065:. p. 34. 3047: 3033: 3010: 2996: 2969: 2953: 2940: 2892: 2879: 2866: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2814: 2798: 2785: 2772: 2738: 2722: 2685: 2629: 2625:Friedrich Katz 2609: 2600: 2587: 2543: 2530: 2524:. Austin, TX: 2508: 2491: 2478: 2465: 2452: 2432: 2408: 2393:"Pancho Villa" 2381: 2364: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2288: 2274: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2242:(1918 victory) 2237: 2236:(1916 victory) 2231: 2228: 2227:(1916 victory) 2222: 2221:(1916 victory) 2216: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2200:(1914 victory) 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2185:(1914 victory) 2173: 2172:(1914 victory) 2160: 2159:(1914 victory) 2154: 2153:(1913 victory) 2148: 2147:(1914 victory) 2142: 2139: 2138:(1913 victory) 2133: 2132:(1913 victory) 2127: 2126:(1911 victory) 2121: 2118: 2117:(1910 victory) 2111: 2104: 2103: 2062: 2060: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2037:Revolución by 2035: 2023: 2015: 2008: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1946:mountain range 1941: 1934: 1879: 1876: 1828: 1825: 1821:Melitón Lozoya 1801:Friedrich Katz 1776:Friedrich Katz 1768:dumdum bullets 1760:Alvaro Obregón 1758:and President 1739: 1736: 1685:Friedrich Katz 1672: 1669: 1646:Álvaro Obregón 1635:Felipe Angeles 1607: 1604: 1528: 1525: 1517:Julio Cárdenas 1496:Main article: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1478: 1444:Main article: 1441: 1438: 1390:Woodrow Wilson 1363:Villa wearing 1347:Main article: 1344: 1341: 1309:Rodolfo Fierro 1196: 1193: 1176: 1173: 1120:Main article: 1117: 1114: 1051:Rodolfo Fierro 1039: 1036: 1031:Woodrow Wilson 1005:Ambrose Bierce 954:Álvaro Obregón 950:Pablo González 892: 889: 881:Bernardo Reyes 829:Toribio Ortega 825:Rodolfo Fierro 814:Decena Trágica 792: 789: 774:Pascual Orozco 754:Pascual Orozco 709:Main article: 706: 703: 617: 614: 575:Álvaro Obregón 374: 373: 370: 369: 367: 366: 365: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 303: 301: 297: 296: 291: 287: 286: 283: 279: 278: 271: 267: 266: 262: 261: 244: 240: 239: 232: 228: 227: 212: 208: 207: 205: 201: 200: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 173:(aged 45) 167: 163: 162: 144: 142: 138: 137: 133: 132: 129: 128: 125: 119: 118: 115: 109: 108: 98: 97: 91: 90: 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5322: 5321:Carmen Serdán 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5271:Porfirio Díaz 5269: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226:social system 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5179: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5145: 5144: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4734: 4733:Grupo Milenio 4730: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4617: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4579: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4421:, pp. 765–766 4420: 4414: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4392: 4380:on 8 May 2012 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4361: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4241: 4238:Fuchik, Don. 4234: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4075: 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Chicago: 4739:29 December 4245:10 November 4092:10 November 4067:10 November 3869:23 February 3755:10 November 3300:10 November 2796:, v.1, 143. 2248:(1919 loss) 2215:(1915 loss) 2206:(1915 loss) 2179: [ 2166: [ 2030:, Starring 2027:Viva Villa! 1916:Alan Knight 1909:guerrillero 1730:, in 1960. 1728:Gulf Cartel 1594:The use of 1561:Karl Boy-Ed 1402:Agua Prieta 1140:Guadalajara 1055:Raúl Madero 982:Wells Fargo 858:Raul Madero 243:Nickname(s) 155:5 June 1878 127:Manuel Chao 113:Preceded by 5615:Categories 5595:Soldaderas 5588:Magonistas 5583:Felicistas 5468:formations 5250:Porfiriato 5240:La Reforma 5235:Reform War 5197:Background 5147:1913–1914 5091:9681913116 4713:O'Malley, 4384:25 January 4353:25 January 3969:Mexconnect 3790:12 January 3655:, 638, 643 3642:, v.2, 338 3539:Buchenau, 3465:, 361–362. 3203:, 314–316. 3078:13 January 3040:10 January 3003:10 January 2858:Mraz, John 2812:, v.1, 124 2328:References 1882:See also: 1868:death mask 1817:Félix Lara 1661:Quinta Luz 1617:Quinta Luz 1374:soldaderas 1365:bandoliers 1353:See also: 1293:Tamaulipas 1199:See also: 1085:hacendados 1072:hacendados 1023:soldaderas 1000:followed. 616:Early life 270:Allegiance 151:1878-06-05 5578:Federales 5219:Haciendas 4811:, 706–707 4604:0190-8286 4537:, 772–782 4524:, 102–103 4489:, p. 767. 4443:, p. 766. 4430:see photo 4328:, p. 788. 4302:, p. 908. 4289:, p. 980. 4263:, p. 149. 4225:, p. 148. 4212:, p. 147. 4199:, p. 784. 3587:149383391 3579:0742-9797 3517:, 322–323 3290:about.com 3096:, p. 310. 2967:, p. 309. 2923:about.com 2890:, p. 117. 2783:, p. 824. 2668:about.com 2463:, 280–282 2086:July 2017 1944:Zacatecas 1454:Ruins of 1406:Villistas 1378:Namiquipa 1255:caudillos 1110:Zacatecas 1080:haciendas 1076:haciendas 1019:John Reed 994:Chihuahua 780:in 1911. 600:John Reed 379:Francisco 231:Signature 107:1913–1914 103:In office 5558:Factions 5458:Maximato 4971:4 August 3859:Prologue 3853:(1997). 3638:Knight, 3513:Krauze, 3143:cite web 3092:Krauze, 3021:(2012). 2963:Krauze, 2933:1 August 2792:Knight, 2257:See also 1588:Villista 1395:Villista 1274:Veracruz 1136:Saltillo 937:Coahuila 905:Pershing 752:General 678:Coahuila 605:corridos 522:Spanish: 290:Commands 273:Mexico ( 178:, Mexico 161:, Mexico 54:Arámbula 37:In this 4939:, 1998. 4928:, 1981. 4878:, 1966. 4840:, 1955. 3696:: 211. 3530:, 73–75 3491:, 67–69 3346:, 1972. 3233:, p. 7. 3133:8 April 3128:loc.gov 2678:29 July 2441:"Villa" 2417:"Villa" 2357:19 June 1764:Dorados 1573:catspaw 1538:Tampico 1412:, near 1106:Torreón 998:Ojinaga 964:). 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