329:
297:, a nearby state, began collecting soldiers to fight off the invaders and prevent the remainder of the Torajan lands from conquest. Ma'dika Bombing, a leader from a southern state, approached Tiku for his assistance. A month after the messengers had dispersed, the leaders gathered at Gowa to make a plan of action. The result was that the local lords were to stop warring amongst themselves and focus on the Dutch, who had superior strength; these internal conflicts, however, did not completely abate. By the time the meeting adjourned, the Dutch had already begun making advances on Luwu. Tiku, tasked with diverting the Dutch from the indefensible town of Rantepo, began to build his army and work on his defences.
285:, allowing him to easily correspond with Buginese leaders. By this time Tiku had captured numerous lands. To avoid a repetition of the raze of Tondon, Tiku began construction of seven fortresses in his lands, as well as several surveillance outposts and storeholds. The Torajan fortresses were designed to prevent entry to the valleys leading to population centres, and Tiku's were divided between the eastern and western parts of his land. He instituted a tax system to fund these defensive measures: owners of rice fields were obligated to tax two-thirds of their produce, while other farmers were taxed ten per cent.
305:
entertain. Aware of Tiku's gathered forces and numerous fortresses, Kilian did not attempt a direct attack. Instead, in April 1906 he sent an expeditionary party to Tondon. Although the party's approach was not resisted, after nightfall Tiku's troops attacked the Dutch camp in Tondon; this forced the Dutch forces to retreat to
Rantepao with Tiku's men in pursuit, suffering numerous casualties along the way.
321:
departed the village, headed south towards Tiku's fortress at Lali' Londong. Tiku ordered the road sabotaged, extending the travel time from one day to five. On the night of 26 June, Tiku's forces attacked the Dutch forces outside of Lali' Londong, an attack for which the Dutch were unprepared; nobody was killed in the attack. The following morning, the Dutch began a siege on Lali' Londong, using
301:
and begin stocking up on rice; that month, Luwu fell to Dutch forces, who then moved further inland. In
February Tiku's men, sent to reinforce the southern kingdoms, reported that there was no longer coherent leadership and that both kingdoms were losing against the Europeans. This convinced Tiku to train more troops and form a nine-member military council, with himself as its leader.
33:
210:) in 1846. At the time, southern Sulawesi was home to a booming coffee trade and controlled by numerous warlords. Tiku was the last of six children born one of these warlords; he was born to Siambo' Karaeng, lord of Pangala', and his wife Leb'ok. An athletic youth, Tiku was friendly with coffee traders who visited his village.
410:. During the occupation, the Japanese forces used Tiku as a symbol of Torajan struggle against colonial aggression, working to unite the people against Europeans. However, this was poorly received in conquered areas such as Baruppu' and Sesean, where Tiku was remembered as a man who killed others to steal their wives.
396:
On 30 June 1907 Tiku and two of his men were caught by the Dutch forces; he was the last guerrilla leader to be caught. After several days in prison, on 10 July 1907 Tiku was shot and killed by the Dutch soldiers near the Sa'dan River; some reports have him bathing at the time. He was buried with the
320:
The failed expeditionary force led to open warfare between Tiku, who went into hiding in his fortress at Buntu Batu, and Dutch troops. Tiku kept spies on the Dutch forces at
Rantepao. On 22 June they reported that the preceding night a Dutch battalion consisting of roughly 250 men and 500 porters had
304:
By March 1906 the other kingdoms had all fallen, leaving Tiku as the last
Torajan lord. The Dutch took Rantepao without a struggle, unaware that the city's surrender had been arranged by Tiku. Through a letter, the Dutch commander Captain Kilian told Tiku to surrender, a demand Tiku was unwilling to
158:
The son of the lord of
Pangala', after Tiku captured the neighbouring kingdom Baruppu' he became its leader, later ruling Pangala' after his father's death. By exploiting the coffee trade and allying with the lowlands Buginese, Tiku was able to obtain large amounts of wealth, land, and power. During
380:
In Tondon Tiku began preparations for his mother's funeral, preparations which, in
Torajan culture, took several months. While taking care of the preparations, he had an advisor collect weapons secretly while another went to his fortresses in Alla' and Ambeso. Tiku then made preparations to escape
300:
In
January 1906 Tiku sent scouts to Sidareng and Sawitto, which the Dutch were invading, to observe their way of battle. When the scouts reported of the Dutch forces' overwhelming strength and seemingly magical powers used against the Bugis soldiers, he ordered his fortresses to increase readiness
257:
The Bone military leader Petta
Panggawae and his Songko' Borrong soldiers invaded Pangala' and sided with Pong Maramba', a minor lord. Panggawae overtook Tiku's capital at Tondon and razed the city, leading Tiku and the civilian population to abandon the area. Tiku, having sided with the Sidenreng
371:
After a long siege, Andi Guru and Tiku's former lieutenant Tandi Bunna' – both by then working for the Dutch – approached Tiku on 26 October and offered a cease fire. Although initially unwilling, Tiku was reportedly convinced by civilians who reminded him that his mother – who had
384:
After he was told that the Dutch had followed him, Tiku ordered most of his followers to return to Tondon while he and a group of fifteen, including his two wives, continued south. They first arrived at Ambeso, but the fortress fell several days later, at which time they evacuated to Alla'. This
381:
Dutch custody; he also returned all property that he had taken as a lord, as he knew he would no longer use it. While in Tondon, Dutch forces may have harassed the
Torajan leader. The night before his mother's funeral, in January 1907, Tiku and 300 of his followers escaped Tondon, heading south.
360:
with protrusions in the shape of buffalo horns, and carried a decorated shield. With his soldiers, Tiku dug pits filled with bamboo stakes along Dutch supply routes; those who wandered over the pits would fall in and be impaled. However, these were not enough to stop the advancing Dutch. On 17
385:
fortress fell at the end of March 1907 and Tiku began to work his way back to Tondon through the forest. He and the other leaders, Buginese and
Torajan alike, were chased by Dutch troops. The other leaders capitulated to the Dutch and were sentenced to either three years in a prison in
213:
In 1880, a war broke out between Pangala' and Baruppu', a neighbouring state led by Pasusu. Tiku took an active role in a successful campaign against the neighbouring state, and when Pasusu was defeated Tiku took his place as ruler of Baruppu'. The newly annexed kingdom was rich in
361:
October 1906, two more fortresses, Bamba Puang and Kotu, fell, after several unsuccessful Dutch attacks since June. As the campaign against Tiku, which had already lasted longer than most other campaigns in the occupation, was thought to undermine Dutch authority in Sulawesi,
181:
considered him damaging the stability of Dutch control over the region and dispatched the Governor of Sulawesi to oversee his capture. Since his death, Tiku has been used as a symbol of Torajan resistance. Long commemorated in Sulawesi, he was officially declared a
372:
died in the siege – needed to be buried. After three days of peaceful intermingling, on the night of 30 October the Dutch forces took over the fortress, appropriated all weapons, and captured Tiku. He and his soldiers were forced to go to Tondon.
243:
to the north and Sidareng and Sawitto to the south, Tiku worked on reinforcing his country's defences. The kingdoms eventually reached several trade agreements. However, Buginese encroaches led to renewed tensions between the states, climaxing in the
405:
After Tiku's death, the colonial powers hoped that he would be forgotten, a hope which was not realised; Tandibua' rebelled in 1917, and other local rebellions arose in different areas of Sulawesi until the Dutch withdrawal following the
171:, invaded Sulawesi in the early 1900s, Tiku and his soldiers utilised fortresses to withstand and launch attacks. Captured in October 1906, in January 1907 he escaped and remained at large until June. He was executed several days later.
218:
and easily defensible, giving Tiku great power. Although the Torajans traditionally valued manpower and did not kill more people than necessary, Baruppu' oral history describes Tiku as killing men, women, and children with abandon.
222:
When, not long afterwards, Tiku's father died, Tiku became leader of Pangala'. As a leader, Tiku worked to strengthen the economy with an increase in the coffee trade and strategic alliances with predominantly
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This loss led Tiku to reinforce his men. The Torajan troops were armed with rifles, spears, boulders, swords, and chili pepper extract, sprayed into enemy eyes with a device called a
1264:
328:
362:
175:
2432:
407:
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By 1905 the previously fragmented Buginese and Torajan lands had united into four major areas, one of which was under Tiku. In July of that year the king of
421:
with Presidential Decree 073/TK/2002 on 6 November 2002. On the anniversary of Tiku's death, commemorative ceremonies are held in the provincial capital of
2169:
1257:
1134:
258:
leader Andi Guru, was able to retake the remains of the capital that night. The war ended in 1890, after Dutch scouts – representing the
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1250:
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and ladders. Unable to deal with the grenades, which the Dutch had not used on the other lords, that afternoon the fortress was captured.
417:
government declared Tiku a national hero in 1964, and in 1970 a monument to him was built on the bank of the Sa'dan. Tiku was declared a
2427:
277:
Tiku eventually formed an alliance with nearby Buginese leaders, which reduced tensions and improved trade; he also learned the group's
1613:
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forces, on the other hand, underestimated Tiku's forces and were unable to cope with the cold weather of the high altitudes.
1723:
1552:
397:
rest of his family in Tondol, while his cousin Tandibua' became the native ruler of Pangala', serving under the Dutch.
308:
Tiku's military actions were based on the experience he had gained fighting the other lords. The Dutch and their mixed
2284:
2072:
1273:
418:
183:
2269:
1623:
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1317:
2304:
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1969:
1815:
1582:
1562:
1392:
2309:
2204:
2118:
2113:
1995:
1758:
1327:
2264:
2239:
1871:
1866:
1805:
1698:
1487:
1452:
1367:
1292:
2123:
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2093:
1974:
1928:
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2005:
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1482:
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266: – reached Bone. However, the remaining states soon began another series of struggles over the
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1964:
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163:(1889–1890), his capital at Tondon was razed by another lord, but retaken the same day. When the
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ordered the Governor of Sulawesi to capture Tiku because of a loss of face the guerrilla caused.
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160:
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lowlands groups. The economic success this brought led nearby rulers to respect and envy Tiku.
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2015:
1954:
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1990:
1923:
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274:, where states would exchange weapons for slaves; Tiku also participated in the trade.
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Art As Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism, and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia
267:
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2010:
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348:, to blind them. Tiku himself was armed with a Portuguese rifle, spear, and
106:
1728:
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1512:
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1382:
1137:[List of Names of National Heroes of the Republic of Indonesia].
466:
422:
386:
199:
195:
152:
50:
2062:
1959:
1861:
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254:) in 1889. Tiku sided with the Buginese-influenced southern kingdoms.
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Tiku was the longest lasting resistance leader in Sulawesi, such that
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1856:
1738:
1527:
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dispatched Governor of Sulawesi Swart to personally lead the attack.
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136:
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Named after their hats, which were red. In the local language,
625:
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1208:] (in Indonesian). Rantepao: Lepongan Bulan Tana Toraja.
715:
713:
586:
584:
1141:(in Indonesian). Indonesian Social Ministry. Archived from
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557:
532:
530:
1224:
Feasts of Honor: Ritual and Change in the Toraja Highlands
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1116:
Tana Toraja: A Social History of an Indonesian People
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1983:
1942:
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1849:
1788:
1772:
1601:
1280:
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97:
89:
81:
58:
42:
23:
1135:"Daftar Nama Pahlawan Nasional Republik Indonesia"
393:. Tiku, meanwhile, stayed hidden in the forests.
1063:Indonesian Social Ministry, Daftar Nama Pahlawan
249:
135:; c. 1846 – 10 July 1907), known among his
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8:
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521:
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1243:
31:
20:
1119:. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
235:Fearing competition from the kingdoms of
1227:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
1206:History of the Hero Pong Tiku's Struggle
1098:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1185:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1074:
1050:
1038:
915:
804:
785:
734:
704:
680:
668:
656:
641:
575:
548:
509:
499:
438:
1161:Weapons and Fighting Arts of Indonesia
876:
465:The native forces mainly consisted of
2433:Prisoners who died in Dutch detention
1202:Sejarah Perjuangan Pahlawan Pong Tiku
861:
16:Torajan guerrilla fighter (1846–1907)
7:
1398:Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono
1139:Awards of the Republic of Indonesia
429:in Tana Toraja is named after him.
14:
1113:Bigalke, Terance William (2005).
101:
155:, part of modern-day Indonesia.
2134:Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah
352:. He wore protective armour, a
425:. Aside from several streets,
1:
2438:National Heroes of Indonesia
1553:Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution
1274:National Heroes of Indonesia
1221:Volkman, Toby Alice (1985).
190:Early life and rise to power
2285:Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan
2454:
2428:People from South Sulawesi
2365:Syech Yusuf Tajul Khalwati
2073:Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes
1200:Tangdilintin, L T (1976).
1092:Adams, Kathleen M (2006).
419:National Hero of Indonesia
184:National Hero of Indonesia
2270:I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung
1624:Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe
1433:Lambertus Nicodemus Palar
1318:Alexander Andries Maramis
1179:Friend, Theodore (2003).
376:Second struggle and death
151:who operated in southern
30:
2305:Martha Christina Tiahahu
2295:Mahmud Shah III of Johor
1970:Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro
1816:Donald Izacus Pandjaitan
1724:Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo
1583:Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto
1563:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara
1393:Ida Anak Agung Gde Agung
1158:Draeger, Donn F (1992).
2310:Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin
2119:Albertus Soegijapranata
1996:Johannes Abraham Dimara
1759:Robert Wolter Mongisidi
1328:Andi Sultan Daeng Radja
2265:I Gusti Ketut Jelantik
2240:Raja Haji Fisabilillah
1872:Wahidin Soedirohoesodo
1867:Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo
1806:Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono
1699:Muhammad Mangundiprojo
1488:Rajiman Wediodiningrat
1453:Mohammad Husni Thamrin
1368:Ferdinand Lumbantobing
1293:Abdul Halim Majalengka
356:(crotch guard), and a
337:
250:
2094:Abdul Wahab Hasbullah
1975:Maria Walanda Maramis
1929:Wage Rudolf Supratman
1831:Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto
1408:Iwa Koesoemasoemantri
1358:Djoeanda Kartawidjaja
1288:Abdoel Kahar Moezakir
1164:. Clarendon: Tuttle.
331:
231:Coffee and civil wars
2360:Sisingamangaraja XII
2290:Mahmud Badaruddin II
2220:Teungku Chik di Tiro
2114:As'ad Syamsul Arifin
2006:Pajonga Daeng Ngalie
1609:Abdul Haris Nasution
1573:Teuku Muhammad Hasan
1523:Sukarjo Wiryopranoto
1478:Oto Iskandar di Nata
1438:Maskoen Soemadiredja
1363:Ernest Douwes Dekker
1298:Abdurrahman Baswedan
1182:Indonesian Destinies
1145:on 26 September 2011
204:North Toraja Regency
198:in the highlands of
2350:Ranggong Daeng Romo
2124:Bagoes Hadikoesoemo
1841:Sutoyo Siswomiharjo
1811:Katamso Darmokusumo
1801:Karel Satsuit Tubun
1649:Halim Perdanakusuma
1423:Kasman Singodimedjo
1403:I Gusti Ketut Pudja
1373:Gatot Mangkoepradja
1333:Arie Frederik Lasut
415:Tana Toraja Regency
408:Japanese occupation
260:colonial government
194:Tiku was born near
93:Tondon, Tana Toraja
82:Cause of death
2255:Tuanku Imam Bonjol
1965:Ki Hajar Dewantara
1739:Sutomo (Bung Tomo)
1669:I Gusti Ngurah Rai
1614:Abdul Rahman Saleh
338:
2398:
2397:
2154:Nyai Ahmad Dahlan
2047:Tirto Adhi Soerjo
1714:Oerip Soemohardjo
1684:R. E. Martadinata
1378:Hamengkubuwono IX
1234:978-0-252-01183-2
1192:978-0-674-01137-3
1171:978-0-8048-1716-5
1126:978-9971-69-313-8
1105:978-0-8248-3072-4
1029:, pp. 65–66.
1027:Tangdilintin 1976
1012:Tangdilintin 1976
1000:Tangdilintin 1976
988:Tangdilintin 1976
978:, pp. 60–61.
976:Tangdilintin 1976
964:Tangdilintin 1976
954:, pp. 54–55.
952:Tangdilintin 1976
942:, pp. 51–52.
940:Tangdilintin 1976
930:, pp. 47–50.
928:Tangdilintin 1976
903:, pp. 33–36.
901:Tangdilintin 1976
889:Tangdilintin 1976
841:Tangdilintin 1976
831:, pp. 27–28.
829:Tangdilintin 1976
819:, pp. 21–26.
817:Tangdilintin 1976
776:, pp. 19–20.
774:Tangdilintin 1976
762:Tangdilintin 1976
750:Tangdilintin 1976
720:Tangdilintin 1976
707:, pp. 53–54.
695:, pp. 10–13.
693:Tangdilintin 1976
644:, pp. 34–35.
630:Tangdilintin 1976
615:Tangdilintin 1976
603:Tangdilintin 1976
591:Tangdilintin 1976
564:Tangdilintin 1976
537:Tangdilintin 1976
522:Tangdilintin 1976
332:Governor-General
149:guerrilla fighter
122:
121:
115:Years active
75:Dutch East Indies
66:(aged 60–61)
2445:
2380:Thaha Syaifuddin
2315:Nyi Ageng Serang
2245:Hamengkubuwono I
2190:Andi Mappanyukki
2037:Mohammad Tabrani
1749:T. B. Simatupang
1473:Opu Daeng Risaju
1418:Johannes Leimena
1343:Bagindo Azizchan
1313:Adnan Kapau Gani
1303:Achmad Soebardjo
1267:
1260:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1217:
1196:
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814:
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789:
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752:, p. 16-17.
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427:Pongtiku Airport
366:J. B. van Heutsz
363:Governor-General
334:J. B. van Heutsz
316:Initial struggle
253:
179:J. B. van Heutsz
176:Governor-General
65:
35:
21:
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2448:
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2403:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2385:Untung Surapati
2370:Tuanku Tambusai
2355:Ratu Kalinyamat
2280:La Maddukelleng
2230:Cut Nyak Meutia
2215:Bataha Santiago
2210:Sultan Babullah
2200:Prince Antasari
2195:Aria Wangsakara
2180:Ageng Tirtayasa
2158:
2077:
2051:
2020:
2016:Syarif Kasim II
1979:
1955:Herman Johannes
1938:
1912:
1876:
1845:
1826:Siswondo Parman
1789:Revolutionaries
1784:
1768:
1597:
1578:Teuku Nyak Arif
1458:Mohammad Natsir
1413:Izaak Huru Doko
1338:Arnold Mononutu
1276:
1271:
1241:
1235:
1220:
1199:
1193:
1178:
1172:
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632:, pp. 8–9.
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601:
597:
593:, pp. 4–5.
589:
582:
574:
570:
562:
555:
547:
543:
535:
528:
520:
516:
508:
501:
491:
486:
485:
464:
460:
448:
444:
440:
435:
403:
378:
318:
291:
233:
192:
165:Dutch colonials
77:
67:
63:
54:
47:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2390:Zainal Mustafa
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2345:Radin Inten II
2342:
2340:Raden Mattaher
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2300:Mangkunegara I
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Cut Nyak Dhien
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:Hasyim Asy'ari
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2104:Ahmad Hanafiah
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1991:Frans Kaisiepo
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:Ismail Marzuki
1920:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1903:Mohammad Yamin
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1821:Pierre Tendean
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Muhammad Yasin
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:Gatot Soebroto
1641:
1636:
1634:Djamin Ginting
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:Nani Wartabone
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:Mohammad Hatta
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:Kusumah Atmaja
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1218:
1197:
1191:
1176:
1170:
1155:
1131:
1125:
1110:
1104:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:, p. 166.
1067:
1055:
1043:
1041:, p. 199.
1031:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:
956:
944:
932:
920:
905:
893:
881:
879:, p. 352.
866:
864:, p. 143.
845:
833:
821:
809:
790:
778:
766:
754:
739:
724:
709:
697:
685:
673:
661:
646:
634:
619:
607:
595:
580:
568:
553:
541:
526:
514:
512:, p. 218.
498:
497:
496:
495:
490:
487:
484:
483:
458:
452:means hat and
437:
436:
434:
431:
402:
399:
377:
374:
317:
314:
290:
289:Dutch advances
287:
279:writing system
232:
229:
208:South Sulawesi
191:
188:
127:(also spelled
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
110:
109:
104:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
68:
60:
56:
55:
48:
44:
40:
39:
37:Sketch of Tiku
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2450:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:Pakubuwono VI
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Iskandar Muda
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Achmad Rifa'i
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Siti Hartinah
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Ruhana Kuddus
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Marthen Indey
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1908:Raja Ali Haji
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1754:Usman Janatin
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Slamet Rijadi
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Keumalahayati
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Djatikoesoemo
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:Basuki Rahmat
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1593:Zainul Arifin
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:Sutan Sjahrir
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1548:Soerjopranoto
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:Sam Ratulangi
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1053:, p. 27.
1052:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1014:, p. 64.
1013:
1008:
1005:
1002:, p. 63.
1001:
996:
993:
990:, p. 62.
989:
984:
981:
977:
972:
969:
966:, p. 56.
965:
960:
957:
953:
948:
945:
941:
936:
933:
929:
924:
921:
918:, p. 60.
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
897:
894:
891:, p. 30.
890:
885:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
846:
843:, p. 32.
842:
837:
834:
830:
825:
822:
818:
813:
810:
807:, p. 58.
806:
801:
799:
797:
795:
791:
788:, p. 56.
787:
782:
779:
775:
770:
767:
764:, p. 18.
763:
758:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
737:, p. 52.
736:
731:
729:
725:
722:, p. 14.
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
701:
698:
694:
689:
686:
683:, p. 51.
682:
677:
674:
671:, p. 57.
670:
665:
662:
659:, p. 44.
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
638:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
611:
608:
604:
599:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
578:, p. 27.
577:
572:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
551:, p. 43.
550:
545:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
518:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
493:
492:
488:
480:
476:
472:
468:
462:
459:
455:
451:
442:
439:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
400:
398:
394:
392:
388:
382:
375:
373:
369:
367:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
335:
330:
326:
324:
323:hand grenades
315:
313:
311:
306:
302:
298:
296:
288:
286:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
255:
252:
247:
242:
238:
230:
228:
226:
220:
217:
211:
209:
205:
202:(now part of
201:
197:
189:
187:
185:
180:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
117:
113:
108:
105:
102:
100:
96:
92:
90:Resting place
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
61:
57:
52:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2413:1840s births
2400:
2334:
2325:Pakubuwono X
2275:Kiras Bangun
2205:Sultan Agung
2109:Ahmad Sanusi
2099:Ahmad Dahlan
2089:Abdul Chalim
2032:Ilyas Yakoub
2011:Silas Papare
1950:Dewi Sartika
1934:Usmar Ismail
1888:Abdoel Moeis
1773:Independence
1654:Harun Thohir
1588:Wahid Hasyim
1388:Idham Chalid
1353:Tjilik Riwut
1223:
1205:
1201:
1181:
1160:
1147:. Retrieved
1143:the original
1138:
1115:
1094:
1085:Bibliography
1075:Volkman 1985
1070:
1058:
1051:Volkman 1985
1046:
1039:Bigalke 2005
1034:
1007:
995:
983:
971:
959:
947:
935:
923:
916:Bigalke 2005
896:
884:
836:
824:
812:
805:Bigalke 2005
786:Bigalke 2005
781:
769:
757:
735:Bigalke 2005
705:Bigalke 2005
700:
688:
681:Bigalke 2005
676:
669:Bigalke 2005
664:
657:Bigalke 2005
642:Bigalke 2005
637:
617:, p. 7.
610:
605:, p. 6.
598:
576:Bigalke 2005
571:
566:, p. 3.
549:Bigalke 2005
544:
539:, p. 2.
524:, p. 1.
517:
510:Draeger 1992
461:
453:
446:
441:
412:
404:
395:
389:or exile to
383:
379:
370:
353:
349:
341:
339:
319:
307:
303:
299:
292:
276:
256:
234:
221:
212:
193:
173:
157:
140:
132:
128:
124:
123:
64:(1907-07-10)
62:10 July 1907
18:
2418:1907 deaths
2170:Abdul Kadir
2149:Mas Mansoer
2144:Lafran Pane
2056:Development
1984:Integration
1898:Amir Hamzah
1862:Dr. Soetomo
1764:Yos Sudarso
1659:Hasan Basry
1543:Ario Soerjo
1493:Rasuna Said
1348:B.W. Lapian
1323:Andi Djemma
877:Friend 2003
481:conscripts.
272:slave trade
251:Perang Kopi
216:rice fields
167:, based in
147:leader and
98:Occupations
71:Tana Toraja
2423:Guerrillas
2407:Categories
2375:Teuku Umar
2250:Hasanuddin
2235:Diponegoro
2129:Fakhruddin
1893:Agus Salim
1850:Resistance
1796:Ahmad Yani
1619:Adisucipto
1568:Tan Malaka
1483:P. M. Noor
1308:Adam Malik
862:Adams 2006
489:References
456:means red.
342:tirik lada
246:Coffee War
161:Coffee War
139:allies as
53:, Sulawesi
2335:Pong Tiku
2330:Pattimura
2185:Andi Depu
1943:Education
1780:Fatmawati
1734:Supriyadi
1709:Noer Alie
1689:Mas Isman
1664:Iswahyudi
1508:Samanhudi
1281:Political
494:Footnotes
186:in 2002.
125:Pong Tiku
118:1880–1907
107:guerrilla
25:Pong Tiku
2163:Struggle
2082:Religion
1881:Literary
1836:Suprapto
1729:Sudirman
1694:Moestopo
1674:John Lie
1602:Military
1513:Soekarni
1498:Sahardjo
1463:Moewardi
1383:Hazairin
1214:13501891
479:Timorese
475:Javanese
467:Ambonese
423:Makassar
387:Makassar
283:language
225:Buginese
200:Sulawesi
196:Rantepao
153:Sulawesi
143:, was a
141:Ne' Baso
137:Buginese
133:Pongtiku
69:Tondon,
51:Rantepao
2063:Suharso
1960:Kartini
1744:Syam'un
1538:Soeroso
1533:Soepomo
1518:Sukarno
1443:Masjkur
454:borrong
358:songkok
346:blowgun
145:Torajan
129:Pontiku
46:c. 1846
1857:Alimin
1528:Supeno
1231:
1212:
1189:
1168:
1149:25 May
1123:
1102:
477:, and
447:songko
401:Legacy
310:native
103:Leader
2025:Press
1204:[
471:Batak
449:'
433:Notes
391:Buton
344:, or
49:near
1229:ISBN
1210:OCLC
1187:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1151:2012
1121:ISBN
1100:ISBN
413:The
354:sepu
350:labo
295:Gowa
281:and
270:and
268:arms
264:Java
241:Bone
239:and
237:Luwu
169:Java
159:the
131:and
85:Shot
59:Died
43:Born
1917:Art
262:on
2409::
1019:^
908:^
869:^
848:^
793:^
742:^
727:^
712:^
649:^
622:^
583:^
556:^
529:^
502:^
473:,
469:,
206:,
73:,
1266:e
1259:t
1252:v
1237:.
1216:.
1195:.
1174:.
1153:.
1129:.
1108:.
1065:.
248:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
