40:
276:
735:
811:
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203:
751:
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visible vestige of the bridge is some masonry from pier 11 that is attached to a private building on the Île de la
Barthelasse. Remains of other piers are buried under a thick layer of sediment on the island or at the bottom of the Rhône. The locations of piers 9 and 10, both now on the Île de la Barthelasse, were confirmed by cores drilled at their expected positions. Masonry from the piers was reached at a depth of 3 m (10 ft) below ground level. Just below the masonry, at a depth of around 6.7 m (22 ft 0 in), wooden fragments, identified as silver fir (
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surmised that this early bridge had collapsed over the following seven centuries and the 12th century Bénézet bridge had consisted of a decking supported on wooden piles linking the ruined Roman piers. The piles were necessary because the gaps between the Roman stone piers would have been too large to span with wooden beams without the intervening support. The height of the Bénézet bridge would have been at the level of the lower chapel.
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the construction of the bridge was said to have caused 18 miraculous healings. Convinced that the work was ordained by God, wealthy patrons formed the first “Bridge-Building
Brotherhood” to fund Bénézet's endeavor. He died four years before the bridge was completed and was buried in a chapel built on one of the piers. After almost 500 years his body was removed, and his relics are at Saint-Didier in Avignon.
2346:
633:(CNR). The article also included long quotes from an unpublished report by Mr Mathian, an engineer working for the CNR, on a survey carried out in 1965 on the four intact piers on the Avignon side of the river. This survey had discovered a layer of wood, at least 20 cm in thickness, under the foundations of each of the four intact piers. A sample of the wood was dated by the
264:
466:. The section across the Avignon branch of the Rhône was replaced by a suspension bridge in 1843. This was demolished in 1960 with the opening of the Edouard Daladier bridge. The section of the wooden bridge across the Villeneuve branch of the Rhône was not replaced until 1909. The replacement stone bridge, the Nouveau Pont, was damaged by bombing in 1944 during
210:
412:Île de Piot. The spacing between the piers varied between 37 and 52 m (121 and 171 ft). The bridge was only 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in) in width, including the parapets at the sides. The arches were liable to collapse when the river flooded and were sometimes replaced with temporary wooden structures before being rebuilt in stone.
604:
of the stonework at the base of the four surviving piers. At very low water, stone blocks were visible which were larger than those above and had features that appeared foreign to the existing bridge. The style of the masonry indicated to Revoil that there had been an earlier bridge dating from either the late Roman or
603:
A scholarly debate has taken place on whether a bridge existed prior to the construction of the Saint Bénézet bridge in the 12th century. An earlier bridge was first proposed by Henri Revoil at the French
Archaeological Conference held in Avignon in 1882. His main argument was based on the appearance
486:
in a vision to build the bridge at a point where the force of the Rhône was so great that it had discouraged even Roman engineers in antiquity. The bishop of
Avignon, at first skeptical, finally approved the project, and work began in 1177. Bénézet reputedly overcame many obstacles miraculously, and
411:
Over the centuries the Rhône has shifted across its floodplain. The position of the islands in the 13th century is not well documented but a 17th-century map shows that the southern end of the Île de la
Barthelasse was upstream of the bridge. The bridge crossed small islands that lay upstream of the
350:
laid siege to
Avignon. Beginning in 1234 the bridge was rebuilt with 22 stone arches. The stone bridge was about 900 m (980 yd) in length and only 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in) in width, including the parapets at the sides. The bridge was abandoned in the mid-17th century as the arches
641:
to between 290 and 530 AD, corresponding to the end of the Roman Empire. In the survey of the ruined piers in the
Villeneuve channel, a pier (listed as number 14) was found to contain wooden beams within the masonry. A sample of this wood was radiodated to 890 AD.(error estimates were not
522:
was inserted into the structure. The simple rectangular upper chapel with the barrel vaulted roof was consecrated in 1411. A side door was created in the lower chapel as the stonework of the raised bridge blocked the original entrance. In 1513 a pentagonal apse with gothic columns was added to the
407:
in 1226. Beginning in 1234 the bridge was rebuilt. Historians have suggested that the first bridge would have been either constructed entirely of wood or may have been a wooden superstructure supported on stone piers. Only when rebuilt was the bridge constructed entirely in stone. The stone bridge
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next to the gatehouse. This chapel was destroyed by the major flood of the Rhône that occurred in 1856. A residence for a caretaker was built on the ruins during the restoration work undertaken beginning around 1878. The residence was demolished as part of the restoration work on the bridge and
415:
The bridge fell into a state of disrepair during the 17th century. By 1644 the bridge was missing four arches, and a flood in 1669 swept away more of the structure. Since then, its surviving arches have successively collapsed or been demolished and only four of the arches remain. The only other
642:
specified). During the dredging of the
Villeneuve channel the remains of three large wooden piles were recovered, two of which were still shod with iron tips. Samples of wood from these were sent for dating, but at the time of the publication of the article, the results had not been received.
621:
towards the end of the Roman occupation. He suggested that the bases of the surviving piers belonged to this earlier bridge and that the semi-circular arches employed during the Roman period meant that the level of the roadway would have been higher than the top of the surviving chapel. Marié
1761:
Ghilardi, M.; Sanderson, D.; Kinnaird, T.; Bicket, A.; Balossino, S.; Parisot, J.-C.; Hermitte, D.; Guibal, F.; Fleury, J. (2015). "Dating the bridge at
Avignon (south France) and reconstructing the Rhone River fluvial palaeo-landscape in Provence from medieval to modern times".
734:
459:
With the collapse of the Saint-Bénézet bridge the Rhône at
Avignon was crossed by ferry until the beginning of the 19th century. Between 1806 and 1818 a wooden bridge was built across the two branches of the river, a few hundred metres south of the old bridge at the
2712:
750:
408:
had 22 arches and 21 piers and a length of some 900 m (980 yd). It did not run directly between the two gatehouses, but instead followed a curved path, probably an adaption to the position of the islands at the time.
585:
but then known as Saint-Saturnin-du-Port. The Pont-Saint-Esprit bridge originally had 20 arches and a length of 900 m (980 yd). Although now somewhat modified, the medieval bridge has survived until the present day.
645:
The archaeologist Dominique Carru, while accepting the radiocarbon date for the sample of wood, argued in 1999 that it is very unlikely that an earlier bridge existed. It is not mentioned in the surviving chronicles from the
517:
The lower chapel with its apse decorated with five arches dates from the second half of the 12th century. At a later date, perhaps as early as the 13th century when the level of the bridge was raised, a floor supported by a
39:
1984:"Géoarchéologie du Rhône dans le secteur du pont Saint-Bénézet (Avignon, Provence, France) au cours de la seconde moitié du deuxième millénaire apr. J.-C.: étude croisée de géographie historique et des paléoenvironnements"
616:
Denis-Marcel Marié, in his book on the bridge self-published in 1953, reviewed all the previous publications and in the final chapter came out in support of the hypothesis that an early bridge had been built by the
507:. The upper floor is on a level with the platform of the bridge and reduces the width of the walkway to 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in). The lower floor is accessed by a set of steps that descend from the bridge.
608:
periods. In 1892 Louis Rochetin published an article suggesting that the projecting stone blocks at the base of the first pier and those on either side of the second pier supporting the chapel were the remains of
455:
around the piers, one of the main threats to the stability of stone bridges. The piers were constructed with openings in the stone work to reduce the pressure from the flow of water when river was in flood.
533:. They initially worshipped in the Saint Nicholas Chapel on the bridge itself (where Saint Bénézet's body was also interred) but the increasing dilapidation of the bridge made access difficult. In 1715 the
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810:
826:
275:
794:
526:
In 1670, after the bridge was abandoned, the relics of Saint Bénézet were transferred to the Hôpital du Pont (also called the Hôpital St Bénézet) within the city walls next to the gatehouse.
1825:
1291:
2289:
778:
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published in 1971. The article described a survey undertaken in 1969 on the surviving vestiges of the piers in the Villeneuve branch of the river before their total destruction by the
2935:
766:
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The exterior of the chapel shows evidence of the rebuilding work with blocked windows on the south-eastern wall. The nave is covered with stone roof tiles which rest on a series of
650:
and a bridge would have led to the development of an urban centre on the right bank of the Rhône opposite Avignon, similar to those at other locations in the Rhône valley, such as
1337:
578:
was erected in the 14th century and then extensively modified in the 15th century. The walkway passed over the city wall and down a ramp (now destroyed) which led into the city.
1698:
Carru, Dominique (2001). "Aux origines du mont Andaon: Villeneuve-lès-Avignon et sa proche région jusqu'au Moyen Âge". In Barruol, Guy; Bacou, Roseline; Girard, Alain (eds.).
2895:
2557:
202:
2058:(in French). Modèles et simulations pour l'architecture et le patrimoine, Centre National de la Research Scientifique/Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication.
362:
which sits on the second pier of the bridge, was constructed in the second half of 12th century but has since been substantially altered. The western terminus, the
2900:
2722:
1863:
391:, and other monuments from the historic centre of Avignon, because of its testimony to Avignon's leading role in the Papacy during the 14th and 15th centuries.
570:. As such, it was closely guarded on both sides of the river. The right bank, which was controlled by the French crown, was overlooked by the fortress of the
2920:
2282:
2052:
634:
55:
2707:
2506:
666:. There is no evidence for a significant early settlement near the terminus of the bridge. The main east–west route in the Roman period passed through
399:
The bridge spanned the Rhône between Avignon and Villeneuve-lès-Avignon. The first bridge was built between 1177 and 1185 but was destroyed during the
913:
Piers are numbered starting from the Avignon side of the river with piers 1 to 4 supporting the surviving arches. The ruins of pier 11 are located at
2524:
2930:
2925:
2377:
2275:
720:
1314:
2761:
2674:
2600:
2572:
2534:
2516:
2465:
2354:
2298:
2608:
2105:
2081:
1707:
692:" ("On the Bridge of Avignon"). An earlier song with the same title was popular in the 16th and 17th centuries. The melody was published by
581:
Between 1265 and 1309 another stone bridge was constructed across the Rhône, 40 km (25 mi) upstream from Avignon, at what is now
916:
706:
used the melody in a mass with the title of "Sus le Pont d'Avignon". The modern version of the song dates from the mid-19th century when
1642:"Théatre Impérial de l'Opéra-Comique, Le Sourd ou l'Auberge pleine: Comédie en trois actes de Desforges, mélée de musique par Ad. Adam"
2910:
852:
953:
The article gives no technical details of the radiocarbon dating procedure and does not specify from which pier the sample was taken.
879:
in 1226 justifying their conduct in the siege of Avignon. The letter refers to a wooden bridge built by the citizens of Avignon: "
2478:
876:
495:
The Saint Nicholas Chapel sits on a platform on the upstream side of the second pier (between the second and third arches). The
2915:
2455:
1657:
630:
426:
of this material gave dates of 1238–1301 AD for pier 9 and 1213–1280 AD for pier 10 (the range is for 2σ).
433:
rather than the semi-circular shape typically used in Roman bridges. Of the remaining arches the largest span is 35.8 m (
2450:
2367:
857:
1674:
482:(born c.1165 - died c 1184, feast day April 14, patron saint of bridge builders) claimed that he was divinely commanded by
2732:
2387:
1265:
Cathedral, forge, and waterwheel: technology and invention in the Middle Ages By Frances Gies and Joseph Gies (Feb 1994)
1827:
Le pont Saint Bénézet. Étude historique et archéologique d'un ouvrage en partie disparu. Volume 1: Histoires et réalité
1266:
2890:
1882:
698:
2905:
2737:
2497:
674:, 20 km (12 mi) to the south, and avoided the river at Avignon which was wide and variable in position.
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and Avignon was built between 1177 and 1185. This early bridge was destroyed forty years later in 1226 during the
847:
339:
243:
2684:
2658:
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has undergone several phases of reconstruction and restoration. It is now divided into two floors, each with a
227:
2742:
2009:
689:
683:
371:
2654:
2630:
2320:
2236:
610:
567:
448:
400:
1896:
Perrot, Roger; Granier, Jacques; Gagnière, Sylvain (1971). "Contribution à l'étude du pont Saint-Bénézet".
1292:"Pont de bois d'Avignon dit aussi pont de Chevalets ou Pont Bonaparte (Dossier IA84000925 réalisé en 2011)"
744:, the earliest depiction of the bridge, c. 1480. One arch near the center of the bridge has collapsed.
550:
The bridge had great strategic importance as when first built it was the only fixed river crossing between
375:
and is considered a landmark of the city. In 1995, the surviving arches of the bridge were classified as a
255:
235:
2817:
2613:
1137:
757:
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tended to collapse each time the Rhône flooded, making it very expensive to maintain. Four arches and the
2427:
2206:
2193:
2121:(Doctoral Thesis) (in French and Latin). Montpellier: Société anonyme de l'imprimerie générale du Midi.
1100:
1046:
2501:
2314:
897:
875:
The bridge is mentioned in a letter sent by the prelates and barons of the army of Louis VIII to the
833:
571:
404:
363:
347:
297:
248:
1847:"L'antipape Clément VII: Essai sur l'histoire des arts à Avignon vers la fin du XIVe siècle (suite)"
785:
2702:
2404:
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659:
618:
605:
591:
376:
343:
155:
100:
1169:
2622:
2442:
2382:
1229:
901:
693:
638:
423:
2580:
1974:
Die ausgaben der Apostolischen kammer unter Benedikt XII, Klemens VI und Innocenz VI (1335–1362)
1456:
1338:"Pont en pierre sur le bras de Villeneuve dit Nouveau Pont (Dossier IA84000949 réalisé en 2011)"
2256:
2118:Étude des procès et contestations sur la propriété du Rhône et de la ville d'Avignon, 1302-1818
2423:
2413:
2372:
2179:
Romefort, J. de (1930). "La destruction du pont d'Avignon par l'armée de Louis VIII en 1226".
2101:
2077:
2030:
1988:
1948:
1788:
1703:
1661:
1213:
719:
which was first performed in Paris in 1853. The opera was an adaptation of the 1790 comedy by
582:
555:
388:
2126:
Pansier, Pierre (1920–1921). "Histoire de l'ordre des frères du pont d'Avignon (1181-1410)".
1641:
1623:
1607:
2650:
2636:
2562:
2474:
2432:
2362:
2306:
2165:
1997:
1927:
1910:
1846:
1771:
1686:
1507:
1460:
1185:
1153:
711:
663:
647:
559:
538:
430:
382:
182:
2244:
2841:
2698:
2487:
2400:
1961:
1801:
1479:
893:
671:
315:
292:
2091:
2074:
Passages d'une rive à l'autre: exposition, juin 2000-avril 2001: Palais des papes-Avignon
1340:(in French). Inventaire général du Patrimoine culturel, Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
1294:(in French). Inventaire général du Patrimoine culturel, Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
1972:
1317:(in French). Inventaire général du Patrimoine culturel Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
900:
in 1380, 1431, two arches and some of town walls collapsed in 1471, and were rebuilt by
2829:
817:
530:
1832:
No further volumes were published. The link provides the text of chapters 1, 7, 10–12.
1803:
Congrès archéologique de France, 76e session, 1909, Avignon. Volume 1 Guide du Congrès
1702:(in French). Mane, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France: Alpes de Lumière. pp. 15–22.
1646:
Revue et Gazette Musicale de Paris: Journal des Artistes, des Amateurs et des Théâtres
529:
The bridge was also the site of devotion by the Rhône boatmen, whose patron saint was
2884:
2679:
2618:
2483:
2408:
2324:
2218:
Wallon, Simone (1955). "La chanson 'Sur la pont d'Avignon' au XVIe et XVIIe siècle".
2116:
1983:
801:
760:, 1608. Arch 7 has collapsed. Five arches near Villeneuve (18-22) are still standing.
703:
651:
534:
496:
2154:"Les crues sur le bas Rhône de 1500 à nos jours. Pour une histoire hydro-climatique"
2013:
1751:
1267:
https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index=books&linkCode=qs&keywords=0060165901
537:
of boatmen built a chapel on dry land on the Avignon side of the bridge outside the
479:
2747:
2694:
2645:
2585:
2220:
Mélanges d'Histoire et d'Esthétique Musicales offerts à Paul-Marie Masson, Volume I
707:
574:
which was built at the beginning of the 14th century. On the Avignon side, a large
467:
452:
239:
Map of Avignon showing missing arches printed in 1663, but based on a map from 1618
1811:
Maigret, Chantal (2002). "La tour Philippe le Bel 1303-2003: 700 ans d'histoire".
772:
View towards Avignon by Étienne Martellange, 1609. Arches 7 and 14 have collapsed.
17:
2713:
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
2267:
2198:
Réunion des sociétés des beaux-arts des départements en 1890, Quatorzième Session
2095:
2024:
2001:
1886:
1775:
1740:
1729:
1718:
976:"Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge"
625:
Further support for the existence of a Roman bridge came in an article by Perrot
470:. It was repaired after the war but was replaced by the Pont du Royaume in 1972.
2865:
2793:
2015:
Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle Volume 7
2211:
Réunion des sociétés des beaux-arts des départements en 1891, Quinzième Session
111:
Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge
2493:
2261:
2065:
Annuaire de la Société des Amis du Palais des Papes et des Monuments d'Avignon
688:
The bridge has achieved worldwide fame through its commemoration by the song "
514:. The polygonal apse has a flat roof and sits above the cutwater of the pier.
418:
279:
Remains of the gatehouse leading to the bridge, below the Tour Phillipe-le-Bel
1963:
Congrès archéologique de France, 49e session 1882, Séances Générales, Avignon
1800:
Labande, M. L.-H. (1910). "Pont Saint-Bénézet et Chapelle de Saint-Nicolas".
931:
918:
247:
Map from 1685 showing the piers of the bridge. The pier on the bank near the
70:
57:
2170:
2153:
2034:
1690:
589:
The Chapel of Saint Nicholas and the four remaining arches were listed as a
575:
519:
352:
268:
263:
2251:
2245:"Histoire du pont d'Avignon: Corpus documentaire & outils de recherche"
1952:
1792:
1731:
Les inondations en France depuis le VIe siècle jusqu'a nos jours (Volume 4)
1720:
Les inondations en France depuis le VIe siècle jusqu'a nos jours (Volume 3)
2857:
2853:
2821:
2789:
2547:
2418:
667:
324:
320:
881:
quam transire permisserant per pontem ligneum quem extra villam facerant
2869:
2849:
2833:
2825:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2781:
2777:
2765:
2626:
2552:
2335:
328:
2063:
Breton, Alain (1986–1987). "Les restaurations du pont Saint-Bénézet".
1840:(in French). Paris: Société française d'archéologie. pp. 521–523.
1838:
Congrès archéologique de France - Monuments du Gard, 157e session 1999
2845:
975:
511:
332:
143:
2072:
Chauzat, Françoise; Locci, Jean-Pierre; Reversac, Catherine (2000).
1700:
L'Abbaye Saint-André-lès-Avignon: histoire, archéologie, rayonnement
1368:
1366:
1364:
982:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
2861:
2837:
2785:
2771:
2330:
655:
483:
274:
262:
254:
242:
234:
226:
251:
has been omitted. By this date 10 of the 22 arches had collapsed.
2690:
Funerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)
2590:
2542:
2026:
French Music in the Early Sixteenth Century. Volume II Catalogue
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
892:
There are records of repairs to the bridge in 1321, 1324, under
563:
551:
504:
500:
451:
that are pointed both upstream and downstream. These reduce the
2271:
2139:
Pansier, Pierre (1930). "Les chapelles du Pont Saint-Bénézet".
1315:"Pont suspendu d'Avignon (Dossier IA84000924 réalisé en 2011 )"
1723:(in French). Paris: V. Dalmont. pp. 185–232 (up to 1600).
904:
in 1479, one arch collapsed in 1603 and two collapsed in 1633.
259:
The north side of the bridge with the Chapel of Saint Nicholas
231:
The bridge in a print published in 1575 with the arches intact
1836:
Mesqui, Jean (2000). "Pont Saint-Esprit: Pont sur le Rhône".
1080:
1078:
447: ft) between the third and fourth piers. The piers have
2076:(in French). Avignon: Archives départementales de Vaucluse.
1668:(in French). Lyon, France: Pierre Valfray. pp. 111–113.
2553:
Prehistoric sites and decorated caves of the Vézère valley
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
999:
997:
301:
2097:
Bridges: A History of the World's Most Spectacular Spans
1977:(in German and Latin). Paderborn, Germany: F. Schöningh.
1603:
2100:. New York: Hachette/Black Dog & Leventhal Press.
1891:(in French). Vol. 18. Paris: L'Imprimerie Royale.
1830:(in French). Versailles: D.-M. Marié (self-published).
1026:
1024:
1966:(in French). pp. 259–282 (misnumbered from 272).
1567:
1555:
1543:
2222:(in French). Paris: Richard-Masse. pp. 185–192.
1928:"Additions et Corrections: Avignon dans l'Antiquité"
1911:"Archéologie Vauclusienne: Avignon dans l'Antiquité"
2721:
2667:
2599:
2571:
2533:
2515:
2464:
2441:
2353:
2305:
2213:(in French). Paris: Plon-Nourrit. pp. 318–324.
2200:(in French). Paris: Plon-Nourrit. pp. 262–271.
1947:(in French, English, and German). Paris: Zodiaque.
1888:
Ordonnances des rois de France de la troisième race
178:
170:
162:
153:
139:
131:
123:
115:
107:
98:
86:
49:
32:
558:. It was also the only river crossing between the
355:at the Avignon end of the bridge have survived.
2247:(in French). UMR 5648-CNRS/Université d'Avignon.
1989:Géomorphologie: Relief, Processus, Environnement
1960:Sagnier, A. (1883). "Le Pont de Saint-Bénézet".
613:that would have supported earlier Roman arches.
44:The surviving four arches of the Pont St-Bénézet
1084:
896:in 1347, 1375, four arches were rebuilt by the
566:, and France proper under the authority of the
2181:Mémoires de l'Institute Historique de Provence
1096:
2283:
2237:"Le pont d'Avignon sauvegardé au XIXe siècle"
1717:Champion, Maurice (1861). "Bassin du Rhône".
1042:
8:
1787:(in French). Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit.
1675:"Le Rhône à Avignon. Données archéologiques"
1069:
714:
635:Centre national de la recherche scientifique
461:
380:
369:The bridge was the inspiration for the song
2490:, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance
2252:Romanes.com: Map and pictures of the bridge
804:, 1756. Arches 9 and 11 are still standing.
338:A wooden bridge spanning the Rhône between
2896:Buildings and structures completed in 1185
2708:Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France
2507:Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps
2290:
2276:
2268:
1764:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
359:
209:
29:
2169:
1982:Vella, Marc-Antoine; et al. (2013).
1619:
1384:
1372:
1241:
1015:
2525:Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe
2141:Annales d'Avignon et du Comtat Venaissin
2128:Annales d'Avignon et du Comtat Venaissin
1945:Provence Romane: La Provence Rhodanienne
1871:Annales d'Avignon et du Comtat Venaissin
1753:Histoire générale de Languedoc. Volume 8
1503:
1336:Delétoille, S.; Havard, I.; Decrock, B.
1313:Delétoille, S.; Havard, I.; Decrock, B.
1290:Delétoille, S.; Havard, I.; Decrock, B.
1225:
1181:
1165:
970:
968:
267:Drawbridge connecting the bridge to the
217:Location of Pont Saint-Bénézet in France
2936:Transport in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
2743:Pitons, cirques and remparts of Réunion
2378:Champagne hillsides, houses and cellars
2029:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
2023:Woetmann Christoffersen, Peter (1994).
1475:
1432:
1420:
1396:
1133:
1121:
1003:
964:
868:
730:
152:
2675:The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier
2053:"Le Pont d'Avignon: combien de piles?"
2051:Berthelot, Michel (17 February 2014).
1750:Devic, C.; Vaissete, J., eds. (1879).
1745:(in French). Paris: Francois Clousier.
1444:
1358:britannica.com/biography/Saint-Benezet
1277:
1209:
1197:
816:The four surviving arches depicted by
702:of 1503–04. The 16th-century composer
2901:Bridges completed in the 12th century
2609:Roman and Romanesque monuments, Arles
1591:
1579:
1531:
1519:
1491:
1408:
1253:
1149:
1030:
314:
291:
177:
169:
161:
138:
130:
122:
114:
106:
97:
7:
2239:(in French). L’Histoire par l’image.
1971:Schäfer, Karl Heinrich, ed. (1914).
1463:, Ministère français de la Culture.
542:gatehouse carried out in the 1980s.
2921:Buildings and structures in Avignon
1568:Perrot, Granier & Gagnière 1971
1556:Perrot, Granier & Gagnière 1971
1544:Perrot, Granier & Gagnière 1971
832:The four surviving arches drawn by
1898:Mémoires de l'Académie de Vaucluse
853:List of medieval bridges in France
25:
1932:Mémoire de l'Académie de Vaucluse
1915:Mémoire de l'Académie de Vaucluse
800:The ruined bridge as depicted by
2479:Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans
2344:
1943:Rouquette, Jean-Maurice (1974).
825:
809:
793:
777:
765:
749:
733:
678:The song "Sur le Pont d'Avignon"
208:
201:
38:
2456:Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin
1742:Les Riviéres de France Volume 2
1734:(in French). Paris: V. Dalmont.
788:. Arches 5 to 7 have collapsed.
562:, an enclave controlled by the
2931:Tourist attractions in Avignon
2926:World Heritage Sites in France
2451:Belfries of Belgium and France
2368:Belfries of Belgium and France
2299:World Heritage Sites in France
1461:Chapelle et pont Saint-Bénézet
858:French Romanesque architecture
784:View of the bridge in 1700 by
389:Cathédrale Notre-Dame des Doms
166:Chapelle et pont Saint-Bénézet
1:
2733:French Austral Lands and Seas
2315:Palace and Park of Versailles
2018:(in French). Paris: A. Morel.
1658:Bouette de Blémur, Jacqueline
1640:Anonymous (6 February 1853).
2002:10.4000/geomorphologie.10300
1883:Pastoret, Claude-Emmanuel de
1824:Marié, Denis-Marcel (1953).
1806:(in French). pp. 46–52.
1776:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.10.002
1604:Woetmann Christoffersen 1994
980:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
716:Le Sourd ou l'Auberge pleine
631:Compagnie Nationale du Rhône
335:. Only four arches survive.
1864:"La Tour du Pont d'Avignon"
1756:. Toulouse: Edouard Privat.
756:View towards Villeneuve by
699:Harmonice Musices Odhecaton
677:
2952:
2760:Shared locally with other
2655:Roman Theatre and environs
2548:Port of the Moon, Bordeaux
2405:Former Abbey of Saint-Rémi
2342:
2205:Rouvet, Massillon (1891).
2192:Rouvet, Massillon (1890).
1853:. 3rd series (in French).
1785:Évocation du Vieil Avignon
1728:Champion, Maurice (1862).
681:
520:ribbed quadripartite vault
101:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2756:
2160:(in French and English).
1992:(in French and English).
1673:Carru, Dominique (1999).
1666:Vies des Saints, Volume 2
1662:"La vie de Saint Benoist"
1043:Devic & Vaissete 1879
848:List of bridges in France
462:
381:
196:
192:
188:
149:
94:
37:
2738:Lagoons of New Caledonia
2685:Fortifications of Vauban
2152:Pichard, George (1995).
2115:Falque, Maurice (1908).
1900:. 6th ser. (in French).
1862:Pansier, Pierre (1930).
1375:, pp. 229–232, 470.
932:43.9568361°N 4.8025389°E
478:An uneducated shepherd,
360:Chapel of Saint Nicholas
2433:Vézelay Church and hill
2401:Cathedral of Notre-Dame
2171:10.3406/medit.1995.2908
1783:Girard, Joseph (1958).
1691:10.3406/galia.1999.3248
599:Roman bridge hypothesis
2916:Bridges with buildings
2911:Bridges over the Rhône
2818:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2639:, Episcopal Ensemble,
2010:Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène
1739:Coulon, Louis (1644).
715:
340:Villeneuve-lès-Avignon
302:
293:[pɔ̃sɛ̃benezɛ]
280:
272:
260:
252:
240:
232:
2558:Pyrénées – Mont Perdu
1926:Rochetin, L. (1893).
1909:Rochetin, L. (1892).
1124:, p. 17 Note 24.
937:43.9568361; 4.8025389
690:Sur le Pont d'Avignon
684:Sur le Pont d'Avignon
639:radiocarbon technique
491:Saint Nicholas Chapel
372:Sur le pont d'Avignon
366:, is also preserved.
306:), also known as the
289:French pronunciation:
278:
266:
258:
246:
238:
230:
2723:Overseas departments
2543:Episcopal city, Albi
2329:Paris: Banks of the
2257:Saint-Bénezet Bridge
2235:Chauzat, Françoise.
1813:Études Vauclusiennes
1244:, pp. 225, 233.
1085:Ghilardi et al. 2015
898:antipope Clement VII
877:Emperor Frederick II
834:Edward William Cooke
648:high medieval period
572:Tour Philippe-le-Bel
405:Louis VIII of France
379:, together with the
364:Tour Philippe-le-Bel
348:Louis VIII of France
316:[pɔ̃daviɲɔ̃]
303:Pònt de Sant Beneset
249:Tour Philippe-le-Bel
71:43.95389°N 4.80500°E
2703:Chalonnes-sur-Loire
2614:Carcassonne citadel
2473:Great Saltworks of
2207:"Le Pont d'Avignon"
2194:"Le Pont d'Avignon"
2067:(in French): 87–94.
1921:: 187–212, 269–312.
1851:Revue Archéologique
1534:, pp. 150–154.
1522:, pp. 118–122.
1447:, pp. 521–522.
1097:Viollet-le-Duc 1875
1018:, pp. 223–224.
928: /
758:Étienne Martellange
742:Pérussis Altarpiece
710:included it in the
660:Saint-Romain-en-Gal
592:Monument historique
422:), were recovered.
377:World Heritage Site
344:Albigensian Crusade
156:Monument historique
67: /
2891:Bridges to nowhere
2623:Calanches de Piana
2443:Nord-Pas-de-Calais
2383:Chartres Cathedral
1845:Müntz, E. (1888).
694:Ottaviano Petrucci
323:bridge across the
285:Pont Saint-Bénézet
281:
273:
261:
253:
241:
233:
179:Reference no.
140:Reference no.
33:Pont Saint-Bénézet
18:Pont Saint-Bénezet
2906:Bridges in France
2878:
2877:
2424:Mont-Saint-Michel
2414:Abbey of Fontenay
2373:Bourges Cathedral
2107:978-0-316-47380-4
2083:978-2-86084-021-7
1709:978-2-906162-54-9
1546:, pp. 67–70.
1494:, pp. 89–91.
1070:Vella et al. 2013
1006:, pp. 46–47.
637:(CNRS) using the
583:Pont-Saint-Esprit
556:Mediterranean Sea
225:
224:
76:43.95389; 4.80500
16:(Redirected from
2943:
2668:Multiple regions
2631:Scandola Reserve
2627:Gulf of Girolata
2475:Salins-les-Bains
2363:Amiens Cathedral
2348:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2269:
2248:
2240:
2223:
2214:
2201:
2188:
2175:
2173:
2148:
2135:
2122:
2111:
2087:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2038:
2019:
2005:
1978:
1967:
1956:
1939:
1922:
1905:
1892:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1841:
1831:
1820:
1807:
1796:
1779:
1757:
1746:
1735:
1724:
1713:
1694:
1669:
1653:
1627:
1617:
1611:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1570:, p. 85-86.
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1223:
1217:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1179:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1104:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
992:
991:
989:
987:
972:
954:
951:
945:
943:
942:
940:
939:
938:
933:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:
911:
905:
890:
884:
873:
829:
813:
797:
781:
769:
753:
740:Detail from the
737:
727:Pictorial record
718:
560:Comtat Venaissin
465:
464:
463:Porte de l'Oulle
446:
445:
441:
438:
424:Carbon-14 dating
401:siege of Avignon
386:
385:
383:Palais des Papes
318:
313:
305:
295:
290:
271:in the city wall
212:
211:
205:
82:
81:
79:
78:
77:
72:
68:
65:
64:
63:
60:
42:
30:
21:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2842:North Macedonia
2752:
2725:and territories
2724:
2717:
2699:Sully-sur-Loire
2663:
2595:
2581:Chaîne des Puys
2567:
2529:
2511:
2488:Place Stanislas
2460:
2437:
2349:
2340:
2301:
2296:
2243:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2178:
2151:
2138:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2090:
2084:
2071:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2044:Further reading
2041:
2022:
2008:
1981:
1970:
1959:
1942:
1925:
1908:
1895:
1881:
1866:
1861:
1844:
1835:
1823:
1810:
1799:
1782:
1760:
1749:
1738:
1727:
1716:
1710:
1697:
1672:
1656:
1652:(6). Paris: 42.
1639:
1635:
1630:
1618:
1614:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1224:
1220:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1180:
1176:
1164:
1160:
1148:
1144:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1107:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1053:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
995:
985:
983:
974:
973:
966:
962:
957:
952:
948:
936:
934:
930:
927:
922:
919:
917:
915:
914:
912:
908:
894:Pope Clement VI
891:
887:
874:
870:
866:
844:
837:
830:
821:
814:
805:
798:
789:
782:
773:
770:
761:
754:
745:
738:
729:
686:
680:
601:
568:kings of France
548:
493:
476:
443:
439:
436:
434:
429:The arches are
397:
327:in the town of
311:
288:
221:
220:
219:
218:
215:
214:
213:
158:
103:
90:1177–1185
75:
73:
69:
66:
61:
58:
56:
54:
53:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2830:Czech Republic
2802:
2796:
2774:
2768:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2659:Triumphal Arch
2648:
2643:
2641:Avignon Bridge
2633:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
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2530:
2528:
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2513:
2512:
2510:
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2504:
2491:
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2470:
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2459:
2458:
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2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
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2430:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2397:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2355:Parisian basin
2351:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2319:Fontainebleau
2317:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2249:
2241:
2230:
2229:External links
2227:
2225:
2224:
2215:
2202:
2189:
2176:
2164:(3): 105–116.
2149:
2136:
2123:
2112:
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2039:
2020:
2006:
1979:
1968:
1957:
1940:
1923:
1906:
1893:
1885:, ed. (1828).
1879:
1859:
1842:
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1821:
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1797:
1780:
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1725:
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1670:
1654:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1620:Anonymous 1853
1612:
1596:
1584:
1582:, p. 117.
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1496:
1484:
1468:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1411:, p. 130.
1401:
1389:
1387:, p. 232.
1385:Rouquette 1974
1377:
1373:Rouquette 1974
1360:
1351:
1328:
1305:
1282:
1280:, p. 354.
1270:
1258:
1256:, p. 135.
1246:
1242:Rouquette 1974
1234:
1218:
1202:
1200:, p. 352.
1190:
1174:
1158:
1142:
1126:
1105:
1089:
1074:
1051:
1035:
1033:, p. 145.
1020:
1016:Rouquette 1974
1008:
993:
963:
961:
958:
956:
955:
946:
906:
885:
867:
865:
862:
861:
860:
855:
850:
843:
840:
839:
838:
831:
824:
822:
818:Isidore Dagnan
815:
808:
806:
799:
792:
790:
786:Robert Bonnart
783:
776:
774:
771:
764:
762:
755:
748:
746:
739:
732:
728:
725:
682:Main article:
679:
676:
600:
597:
547:
544:
531:Saint Nicholas
523:upper chapel.
492:
489:
475:
472:
396:
393:
331:, in southern
308:Pont d'Avignon
223:
222:
216:
207:
206:
200:
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2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:Canal du Midi
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:Gulf of Porto
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2601:Mediterranean
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2563:Saint-Émilion
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Palace of Tau
2406:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
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2358:
2356:
2352:
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2337:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2307:Île-de-France
2304:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2183:(in French).
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2143:(in French).
2142:
2137:
2133:
2130:(in French).
2129:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2092:Dupré, Judith
2089:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1934:(in French).
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1917:(in French).
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1873:(in French).
1872:
1865:
1860:
1857:(2): 168–183.
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1815:(in French).
1814:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:(in French).
1647:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1594:, p. 19.
1593:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1558:, p. 74.
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:Rochetin 1892
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1399:, p. 26.
1398:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:Champion 1862
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:Pastoret 1828
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:Champion 1861
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:358 (Aug. 29)
1135:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:cols. 840-842
1044:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
981:
977:
971:
969:
965:
959:
950:
947:
941:
920:43°57′24.61″N
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
889:
886:
882:
878:
872:
869:
863:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
841:
835:
828:
823:
819:
812:
807:
803:
802:Joseph Vernet
796:
791:
787:
780:
775:
768:
763:
759:
752:
747:
743:
736:
731:
726:
724:
722:
717:
713:
712:opéra comique
709:
705:
704:Pierre Certon
701:
700:
695:
691:
685:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:Trinquetaille
649:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
620:
614:
612:
607:
598:
596:
594:
593:
587:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
543:
540:
536:
535:confraternity
532:
527:
524:
521:
515:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
497:bridge chapel
490:
488:
485:
481:
474:Saint Bénézet
473:
471:
469:
457:
454:
450:
432:
427:
425:
421:
420:
413:
409:
406:
402:
394:
392:
390:
384:
378:
374:
373:
367:
365:
361:
356:
354:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
309:
304:
299:
294:
286:
277:
270:
265:
257:
250:
245:
237:
229:
204:
195:
191:
187:
184:
181:
173:
165:
163:Official name
157:
148:
145:
142:
134:
126:
118:
110:
108:Official name
102:
93:
89:
85:
80:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
27:Historic site
19:
2804:Shared with
2798:Shared with
2776:Shared with
2770:Shared with
2748:Taputapuātea
2695:Loire Valley
2646:Pont du Gard
2640:
2637:Papal Palace
2586:Chauvet Cave
2392:
2388:
2260:
2219:
2210:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2161:
2158:Méditerranée
2157:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2096:
2073:
2064:
2025:
2014:
1993:
1987:
1973:
1962:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1918:
1914:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1874:
1870:
1854:
1850:
1837:
1826:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1784:
1767:
1763:
1752:
1741:
1730:
1719:
1699:
1682:
1678:
1665:
1649:
1645:
1615:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1499:
1487:
1476:Sagnier 1883
1471:
1457:Base Mérimée
1452:
1440:
1433:Pansier 1930
1428:
1421:Maigret 2002
1416:
1404:
1397:Pansier 1930
1392:
1380:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1221:
1205:
1193:
1177:
1161:
1145:
1134:Schäfer 1914
1129:
1122:Maigret 2002
1092:
1038:
1011:
1004:Labande 1910
984:. Retrieved
979:
949:
909:
888:
880:
871:
741:
708:Adolphe Adam
697:
687:
644:
626:
624:
619:Gallo-Romans
615:
602:
590:
588:
580:
549:
528:
525:
516:
509:
494:
477:
468:World War II
458:
428:
417:
414:
410:
398:
370:
368:
357:
337:
307:
284:
282:
2866:Switzerland
2794:Switzerland
2573:Centre East
2395:of Burgundy
1996:: 287–310.
1770:: 336–354.
1685:: 109–120.
1478:, pp.
1465:(in French)
1445:Mesqui 2000
1278:Girard 1958
1210:Coulon 1644
1198:Girard 1958
935: /
923:4°48′9.14″E
606:Carolingian
74: /
50:Coordinates
2885:Categories
2535:South West
2498:Grande Île
2494:Strasbourg
2262:Structurae
2187:: 149–155.
1938:: 240–243.
1622:, p.
1606:, p.
1592:Carru 2001
1580:Carru 1999
1532:Marié 1953
1520:Marié 1953
1506:, p.
1492:Marié 1953
1409:Marié 1953
1254:Marié 1953
1228:, p.
1212:, p.
1184:, p.
1168:, p.
1152:, p.
1150:Müntz 1888
1136:, p.
1099:, p.
1031:Marié 1953
986:20 October
960:References
546:Gatehouses
539:city walls
419:Abies alba
183:PA00081815
171:Designated
132:Designated
59:43°57′14″N
2764:and with
2635:Avignon:
2147:: 81–117.
721:Desforges
672:Beaucaire
654:opposite
611:springers
595:in 1840.
576:gatehouse
449:cutwaters
431:segmental
353:gatehouse
319:), was a
298:Provençal
269:gatehouse
127:i, ii, iv
62:4°48′18″E
2858:Slovenia
2854:Slovakia
2822:Bulgaria
2790:Slovenia
2762:region/s
2697:between
2502:Neustadt
2426:and its
2419:Le Havre
2393:terroirs
2094:(2017).
2035:32069293
2012:(1875).
1904:: 67–93.
1660:(1689).
1344:13 April
1321:13 April
1298:13 April
902:Louis XI
842:See also
668:Tarascon
554:and the
321:medieval
124:Criteria
119:Cultural
2870:Ukraine
2850:Romania
2834:Germany
2826:Croatia
2814:Belgium
2810:Austria
2806:Albania
2800:Belgium
2782:Germany
2778:Austria
2766:Belgium
2399:Reims:
2389:Climats
2336:Provins
2134:: 7–75.
1953:1036957
1877:: 5–19.
1819:: 5–22.
1793:5391399
1633:Sources
1480:259-260
836:in 1845
820:in 1833
696:in his
512:corbels
503:and an
480:Bénézet
442:⁄
395:History
329:Avignon
2846:Poland
2651:Orange
2321:Palace
2104:
2080:
2033:
1951:
1791:
1706:
1679:Gallia
664:Vienne
627:et al.
333:France
2862:Spain
2838:Italy
2786:Italy
2772:Spain
2484:Nancy
2331:Seine
2056:(PDF)
1867:(PDF)
864:Notes
662:near
656:Arles
484:Jesus
453:scour
346:when
325:Rhône
87:Built
2868:and
2792:and
2701:and
2591:Lyon
2517:West
2477:and
2466:East
2391:and
2325:Park
2323:and
2102:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2031:OCLC
1949:OCLC
1789:OCLC
1704:ISBN
1346:2022
1323:2022
1300:2022
988:2021
658:and
564:Pope
552:Lyon
505:apse
501:nave
358:The
312:IPA:
283:The
174:1840
135:1995
116:Type
2428:Bay
2259:at
2166:doi
1998:doi
1772:doi
1687:doi
1508:304
1214:168
1186:502
1170:206
1154:173
1101:221
435:117
403:by
144:228
2887::
2864:,
2860:,
2856:,
2852:,
2848:,
2844:,
2840:,
2836:,
2832:,
2828:,
2824:,
2820:,
2816:,
2812:,
2808:,
2788:,
2784:,
2780:,
2657:,
2653::
2629:,
2625:,
2621::
2500:,
2496::
2486::
2407:,
2403:,
2209:.
2196:.
2162:82
2156:.
2145:16
1986:.
1936:12
1930:.
1919:11
1913:.
1875:16
1869:.
1855:11
1849:.
1817:68
1766:.
1683:56
1681:.
1677:.
1664:.
1650:20
1644:.
1624:42
1608:55
1459::
1363:^
1230:24
1108:^
1077:^
1054:^
1045:,
1023:^
996:^
978:.
967:^
883:".
723:.
387:,
300::
296:;
2291:e
2284:t
2277:v
2185:7
2174:.
2168::
2132:7
2110:.
2086:.
2037:.
2004:.
2000::
1994:3
1955:.
1902:5
1795:.
1778:.
1774::
1768:4
1712:.
1693:.
1689::
1626:.
1610:.
1510:.
1482:.
1435:.
1423:.
1348:.
1325:.
1302:.
1232:.
1216:.
1188:.
1172:.
1156:.
1140:.
1103:.
1087:.
1072:.
1049:.
990:.
944:.
670:-
444:2
440:1
437:+
310:(
287:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
