498:"serious harmful effects" of gambling, or that restriction of free speech was the best or only method of reducing such harmful effects. Justice Stevens, dissenting, concluded that, "The general proposition advanced by the majority today—that a State may prohibit the advertising of permitted conduct if it may prohibit the conduct altogether—bears little resemblance to the grotesquely flawed regulation of speech advanced by Puerto Rico in this case. ... The First Amendment surely does not permit Puerto Rico's frank discrimination among publications, audiences, and words."
42:
348:
Court which heard the case agreed that the advertising restrictions applied to the company had been unconstitutional, describing the
Tourism Company's acts as "capricious, arbitrary, erroneous and unreasonable." However, it "adopted a narrowing construction of the Act and regulations" which permitted local advertising if aimed at inviting tourists but not residents to partake. Under that new construction, the Puerto Rican Supreme Court determined that the Act was not
725:
711:
443:
314:, as the Court did not request evidence or argument supporting the need of Puerto Rico to regulate such advertisement, but merely accepted that such regulations seemed reasonable. It also implicitly allowed for more strict regulations on commercial speech related to legal but presumably dangerous "vice" activities. Although there have been calls to overturn
453:
The case was decided on July 1, 1986. With a 5–4 majority, the
Supreme Court decided on behalf of the appellees, dismissing the facial challenge of the Act and the regulations that supported it, indicating that the Act, in its narrowed construction, was not inherently constitutionally invalid. Among
330:
On 15 May 1948, Puerto Rico adopted Act No. 221, the Games of Chance Act, which allowed regulated casino gambling but disallowed advertisement of gambling establishments within the boundaries of Puerto Rico. In 1978, the Texas-based
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates, which hosted a gambling facility
343:
for such advertising. In 1979, the
Tourism Company sent a memo to casino operators further clarifying restrictions on advertising to include "the use of the word 'casino' in matchbooks, lighters, envelopes, inter-office and/or external correspondence, invoices, napkins, brochures, menus, elevators,
497:
In his dissent, Brennan indicated that the determination to make casino gambling legal in Puerto Rico was indication that Puerto Rico does not believe "serious harmful effects" result from gambling, that the appellees had not demonstrated that restricting such advertisement would reduce any civic
429:
standards establish that, when the activity is legal and the advertising not misleading, the government must show substantial interest in the advertisement and substantial benefit from regulating it, as well as demonstrating that such regulations are not excessive to the need. The
Tourism Company
347:
In 1981, the company filed suit alleging generally that the Act violated
Constitutional guarantees of free speech, equal protection and due process and specifically that the Tourism Company had violated the company's Constitutional rights in interpreting and applying it. The Puerto Rican Superior
493:
In voicing the majority view, Rehnquist stated that the government of Puerto Rico had a legitimate concern in limiting gambling among its residents to promote public well-being under the same logic used by many of the 50 United States in making gambling illegal. The substantial interest of the
550:
reasonable, even granting for the sake of argument that the state does have interest in imposing more rigorous restrictions on commercial speech. Posner notes that reducing advertising costs to casinos might lead to their reducing gambling costs, which may in turn increase gambling and any
2618:
2050:
344:
glasses, plates, lobbies, banners, flyers, paper holders, pencils, telephone books, directories, bulletin boards or in any hotel dependency or object which may be accessible to the public in Puerto Rico." Following this, it fined the company again several times.
2093:
1703:
1516:
589:
was considering a proposal to support extending the ban on tobacco advertising to all media, even though the act of smoking was legal. In the courtroom, the case was cited as precedent in two 1990s
Supreme Court cases testing alcohol-related laws:
494:
government thus affirmed, he indicated that advertising aimed at local residents would undoubtedly increase demand and that the limitations were not excessive because restriction was limited to casino gambling as opposed to all games of chance.
4908:
2504:
5230:
1049:, the activity underlying the relevant advertising – gambling – implicates no constitutionally protected right; rather, it [falls into a category of "vice" activity that could be, and frequently has been, banned altogether."
104:
Puerto Rico's Games of Chance Act of 1948, as narrowed by the Puerto Rican
Superior Court, was not facially unconstitutional because the population specific ban on commercial speech related to casino gambling cleared the
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1943:
5653:
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was permitted. The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the Puerto Rico
Supreme Court conclusion, as construed by the Puerto Rico Superior Court, that the Act and regulations do not facially violate the
5214:
4147:
2066:
6254:
4605:
4171:
1735:
4328:
3031:
2512:
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5198:
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531:
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561:" allowance for restrictions under which federal and state governments can regulate nonmisleading advertisement for substances and services that are legal, but might be subject to
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5573:
5557:
5454:
3732:
2109:
1783:
1415:
1288:
1237:
1035:
812:
784:
738:
83:
671:'s right to restrict advertisement on games of chance with the justification that such restrictions would reduce gambling, given that advertisements for such games of chance as
6876:
6278:
5736:
5166:
2698:
1951:
748:
688:
680:
5118:
4756:
4404:
565:. It was the first in a series of permissive decisions regarding regulation of commercial speech, applying a more lax standard than the intermediate scrutiny recommended in
4937:
4804:
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1791:
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412:
278:
221:
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1892:
1463:
1001:
3708:
6555:
6310:
5661:
2626:
2026:
5888:
3816:
1484:
695:, but the Supreme Court held rather that private casinos must be permitted to advertise to residents since gambling was legal in that state. However, as of 2007,
526:, not requesting any evidence that the restrictions were necessary to protect state interest in public wellbeing, but simply accepting that the assertion that it
5070:
4344:
1743:
3305:
577:
and gambling. At the same time that the Court applied this more relaxed scrutiny to some commercial speech cases, it applied more rigorous scrutiny to others.
1200:
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6193:
5760:
4536:
3920:
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3417:
379:
6404:
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5262:
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1916:
1908:
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5390:
5126:
4499:
4296:
3369:
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1407:
971:
4304:
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5999:
5493:
5350:
5017:
4420:
4248:
3896:
3257:
3225:
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2416:
1799:
1631:
743:
6984:
3952:
3121:
2101:
1967:
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663:
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5270:
4123:
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3321:
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6369:
610:
decision" when the Court unanimously decided that it was unconstitutional to prohibit the display of alcoholic content on beer labels. However,
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5041:
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nevertheless reaffirmed the Court's opinion that commercial speech was less deserving of constitutional protection than non-commercial speech.
255:
6979:
6412:
5744:
5474:
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4657:
4005:
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2440:
1959:
1500:
1266:
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6759:
5621:
5605:
4868:
4697:
4625:
2771:
2544:
1983:
1924:
676:
430:
rebutted that First
Amendment does not protect local advertising of casinos and, even if it did, restriction on such advertisement met the
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2472:
1583:
6708:
6457:
6073:
5326:
4224:
4139:
4082:
3552:
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2136:
1852:
634:
all called for it to be overruled. Even though she did not call for overruling, Justice O'Connor—whose opinion was signed by Rehnquist,
598:
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2010:
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17:
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6660:
6345:
5525:
5318:
4633:
3880:
3385:
2195:
1671:
391:
304:
advertising and other advertisement related to gambling. It is regarded as a landmark case in illustrating the elasticity of the
3904:
6884:
6668:
6318:
5907:
5374:
5366:
5246:
5033:
4716:
4544:
4320:
3433:
3249:
3161:
2802:
6201:
371:
The case was argued on April 28, 1986, with Maria Milagros Soto representing the appellant and Lino J. Saldana the appellees.
6932:
6246:
6238:
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4560:
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3511:
1719:
1567:
1439:
395:
383:
360:
5254:
5238:
1492:
1116:
6579:
6065:
5720:
5358:
5009:
4371:
4288:
3888:
3785:
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3639:
2918:
2488:
1340:
356:
4993:
2034:
6820:
6466:
6302:
6262:
4507:
3936:
3832:
3177:
3104:
2991:
2940:
2432:
1975:
1009:
340:
3583:
4208:
975:
6735:
6652:
6353:
5693:
5422:
4179:
3716:
3039:
3015:
1687:
1559:
1455:
1204:
266:. In a 5–4 decision, the Supreme Court held that the Puerto Rico government (law) could restrict advertisement for
251:
6743:
6852:
6361:
6209:
6057:
6041:
3848:
3401:
3185:
2272:
247:
5310:
592:
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6148:
5086:
5062:
4689:
4034:
4013:
3631:
3409:
3193:
3153:
2948:
2923:
2879:
2810:
2757:
2320:
2018:
1775:
1532:
586:
557:
has been precedent in a number of subsequent cases on commercial speech due to its implicit recognition of a "
5915:
4232:
687:
could restrict the advertisement to its residents of legal private casinos. In its hearing of that case, the
6270:
6230:
4953:
4187:
3912:
3777:
3761:
3724:
3575:
3478:
3084:
2983:
2899:
2858:
2826:
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2312:
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1333:
483:
286:
259:
5934:
1308:
359:
affirmed the lower court's decision. The company appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, seeking review of the
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6185:
5637:
4610:
3808:
3700:
3113:
3092:
3068:
2874:
2352:
1607:
1005:
463:
178:
134:
5966:
6767:
6025:
5840:
5787:
4916:
3129:
2842:
2818:
2601:
2456:
1647:
1292:
1241:
1039:
816:
788:
75:
6828:
6727:
6503:
6081:
5278:
2707:
2203:
1663:
1679:
5589:
5001:
4945:
4828:
4216:
4042:
3840:
3824:
3599:
3523:
3241:
3209:
2336:
2260:
1884:
1860:
1599:
1370:
459:
1639:
1623:
6474:
6445:
6385:
5880:
5382:
5102:
4796:
4780:
4724:
3976:
3872:
3591:
3145:
3137:
3023:
2894:
2128:
2058:
1540:
847:
Posades de Puerto Rico Associates, dba Condado Holiday Inn v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico et al.
623:
419:
except when such speech failed to meet the four-part test established by the 1980 landmark case of
297:
158:
65:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates, dba Condado Holiday Inn v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico et al.
5190:
6684:
6614:
6495:
6420:
6177:
6132:
6105:
5864:
5811:
5685:
5613:
5158:
4681:
4552:
3864:
3615:
3527:
3454:
3265:
3217:
3201:
3169:
3007:
2834:
2723:
2400:
2384:
2376:
2360:
2171:
2144:
1876:
1759:
1423:
716:
296:
The controversial case has been subsequently referenced with respect to the legality of bans on
6892:
6294:
6033:
5669:
5446:
5053:
4880:
4732:
4491:
4456:
4131:
3997:
3944:
3928:
3655:
3377:
3313:
3233:
3076:
2974:
2211:
1836:
1767:
1727:
1591:
1399:
1391:
1262:
1092:
1067:
950:
925:
900:
867:
487:
475:
471:
446:
416:
311:
170:
166:
146:
896:
889:
661:
In 1999, it became precedent in another Supreme Court case involving gambling advertisement,
273:
from being targeted to residents, even if the activity itself was legal and advertisement to
6868:
6571:
5950:
5832:
5779:
5728:
5712:
5597:
5485:
4961:
4772:
4412:
4098:
3968:
3856:
3623:
3047:
2686:
2670:
2528:
2408:
2344:
2304:
2179:
1711:
1447:
455:
349:
126:
862:
Brody, Steven G.; P. Cameron DeVore; Bruce E. H. Johnson; Practising Law Institute (2004).
6844:
6587:
6113:
6049:
6011:
5872:
5803:
5462:
4985:
4892:
4515:
4352:
4336:
4312:
3564:
3536:
3494:
3462:
2906:
2850:
2589:
2328:
2280:
2235:
2187:
2002:
1868:
1844:
1807:
631:
627:
336:
1325:
849:
6900:
5974:
5958:
4852:
4740:
4617:
2968:
2565:
2094:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
2085:
1900:
1704:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
1575:
1299:
1244:
1042:
819:
791:
635:
574:
535:
479:
154:
6953:
3692:
2886:
2715:
404:
322:
in some, if not all, subsequent cases, the case has never been officially overruled.
679:
were allowed in all states and all gambling advertisement had been permitted by the
6633:
5848:
5629:
5438:
5295:
Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy
5142:
4527:
4483:
3799:
2448:
2392:
639:
619:
569:. Specifically, the case has been brought up in considering other cases related to
515:
434:
standard as reasonable and necessary to secure substantial governmental interest.
387:
78:
6924:
5752:
3059:
724:
467:
442:
332:
263:
243:
142:
6221:
6016:
2782:
1112:
730:
706:
684:
543:
319:
90:
1317:
2787:
562:
506:
The case is regarded as a landmark in illustrating the elasticity of the
270:
618:
s successful challenge to a law banning publication of liquor prices in
5215:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
4148:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
570:
274:
5263:
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois
2679:
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania
301:
267:
5175:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
808:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
422:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
6837:
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.
6693:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
4156:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
1201:"High court to re-examine commercial speech with gambling-ads case"
781:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico
35:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico
18:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico
5231:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee
441:
5207:
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio
5111:
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council
4051:
Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association
3394:
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland
5351:
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.
5018:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
2417:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
754:
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
558:
6806:
6534:
6443:
5997:
4281:
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
4164:
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
2750:
2258:
1368:
1329:
1286:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
1002:"First Amendment triumphs mark attorney's Supreme Court record"
585:
In 1987, the implications of the decision were raised when the
235:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
41:
5399:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4909:
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers
4837:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4821:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
4674:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4666:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
1616:
Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty
5343:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
2369:
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.
1696:
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan
1235:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
664:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
6784:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
5079:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations
4067:
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
3741:
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC
6917:
BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board
5415:
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA
5223:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
2067:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano
6370:
Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC
5654:
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett
4172:
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra
2655:
Gonzales v. O Centro EspĂrita Beneficente UniĂŁo do Vegetal
2228:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
1752:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
1736:
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind
864:
Advertising and commercial speech: a First Amendment guide
691:
affirmed that the prohibition was constitutional based on
866:(2 ed.). Practising Law Institute. p. §14–143.
2513:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
1944:
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.
1047:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. of P.R.
6255:
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
6287:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
5407:
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States
5199:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
5026:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
1064:
Intellectual property rights: critical concepts in law
887:
Moore, Roy L.; Ronald T. Farrar; Erik Collins (1998).
614:
was not overturned then nor when it was raised during
510:
standards for regulating commercial speech. In 2003's
474:, who wrote the majority opinion. Dissenters included
6965:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
5574:
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee
5558:
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC
5455:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
3733:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
1952:
Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette
1416:
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union
1261:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 409.
739:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 478
6877:
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited
6279:
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
4075:
Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes
2867:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.
2473:
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security
749:
Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
689:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
681:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
195:
Rehnquist, joined by Burger, White, Powell, O'Connor
6719:
6644:
6625:
6606:
6547:
6485:
6456:
6396:
6337:
6220:
6159:
6124:
6010:
5926:
5899:
5822:
5771:
5704:
5473:
5052:
4927:
4879:
4749:
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle
4708:
4579:
4526:
4455:
4445:
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II
4405:
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington
4394:
4363:
4198:
4097:
4024:
3987:
3796:
3751:
3666:
3563:
3522:
3493:
3444:
3103:
3058:
2967:
2917:
2781:
2770:
2697:
2644:
2637:
2600:
2555:
2163:
2120:
2077:
1994:
1935:
1818:
1584:
Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen
1551:
1474:
1381:
1089:
Constitutional interpretation: illusion and reality
215:
207:
199:
191:
186:
115:
98:
70:
60:
53:
34:
4805:United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
4598:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
4476:Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans
4437:USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I
3338:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
2497:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
2137:Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley
1172:"High Court says liquor price ads can't be banned"
888:
6909:Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation
6776:New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres
5737:Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee
5510:Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley
3961:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
3709:Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board
1432:McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union
413:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
4606:Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.
4380:Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight
3545:Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus
2051:Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich
1464:American Legion v. American Humanist Association
650:posits this decision as a "rebounding" from the
522:decision was the way in which the Court applied
398:, the Atlantic City Casinos Association and the
238:, 478 U.S. 328 (1986), was a 1986 appeal to the
6556:Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath
6311:Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
5662:American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock
5335:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
5119:Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
4273:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
2627:Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru
2011:Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila
454:the Justices supporting the majority view were
5889:National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo
4938:Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio
1194:
1192:
850:478 U.S. 328l 106 S. Ct 2968; 92 L. Ed. 2d 266
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
518:points out that what was remarkable about the
4345:Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association
1744:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
1341:
1117:"Lawyers debating ban on tobacco advertising"
8:
6596:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
6512:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
6194:Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner
5761:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
4765:Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local
4116:West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette
3921:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
3608:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
2481:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
2220:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
1656:Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger
1203:. The First Amendment Center. Archived from
974:. The First Amendment Center. Archived from
642:—stated that the Court had properly ignored
380:American Association of Advertising Agencies
6405:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
5796:Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
5303:Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
4757:Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.
2521:Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
2110:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
1784:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
1672:Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland
1091:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 100.
924:. Oxford University Press. pp. 56–57.
683:in nine. At issue was whether the state of
602:(1996). According to attorney Bruce Ennis,
6803:
6544:
6531:
6453:
6440:
6007:
5994:
5127:Carey v. Population Services International
4813:Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr
4650:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
4500:Houston Community College System v. Wilson
4360:
3905:USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.
3793:
3346:City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.
3306:American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut
3032:Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie
2778:
2767:
2747:
2641:
2552:
2255:
1893:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
1485:Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York
1408:Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary
1378:
1365:
1348:
1334:
1326:
995:
993:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
699:had still not been officially overturned.
646:in determining subsequent cases. Although
31:
6885:Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees
6098:Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
5494:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
5375:Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
5167:Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n
4421:National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
4321:Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association
4249:Communications Workers of America v. Beck
3258:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film
3226:United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs
2582:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
2505:Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton
1800:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
1632:Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist
744:List of United States Supreme Court cases
392:American Newspaper Publishers Association
6970:United States commercial speech case law
5943:Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union
3122:United States v. One Book Called Ulysses
2102:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
1968:Good News Club v. Milford Central School
1057:
1055:
949:. Harvard University Press. p. 76.
530:be necessary and useful was reasonable.
6990:Advertising and marketing controversies
6677:New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York
6378:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
5646:Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan
5566:Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC
5518:FEC v. National Right to Work Committee
5431:Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman
5271:City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network
4305:Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n
4124:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
3362:United States v. American Library Ass'n
3322:United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.
3274:Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad
970:Johnson, Bruce E.H. (October 8, 2007).
764:
6413:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
5582:Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
5550:Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce
5542:Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.
5534:FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life
5287:United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.
5042:Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement
4642:Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
4590:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
4569:Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
4537:American Communications Ass'n v. Douds
4241:Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson
4108:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
3418:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n
3298:Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.
2297:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
1917:Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow
1165:
1163:
1032:United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.
972:"Justice Thomas and commercial speech"
802:
800:
6752:Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party
6669:Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte
5502:California Medical Association v. FEC
5151:Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association
4789:Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
4059:Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund
3953:Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.
3290:Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
2441:Bob Jones University v. United States
1501:Bob Jones University v. United States
1066:. Taylor & Francis. p. 349.
211:Stevens, joined by Marshall, Blackmun
203:Brennan, joined by Marshall, Blackmun
29:1986 United States Supreme Court case
7:
6760:California Democratic Party v. Jones
6202:Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland
5622:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
5606:Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC
5391:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
4698:Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.
4626:Island Trees School District v. Pico
4297:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
3426:FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.
1720:School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball
1000:Hudson, David (September 25, 1998).
891:Advertising and public relations law
677:Native American gambling enterprises
490:, who authored dissenting opinions.
6709:Christian Legal Society v. Martinez
6074:New York Times Co. v. United States
5327:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
5255:State University of New York v. Fox
5239:Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association
4225:Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
4140:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
4083:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
3553:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
2663:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
1853:Abington School District v. Schempp
1493:California v. Grace Brethren Church
1142:"Should cigarette ads be outlawed?"
606:"put the nail in the coffin of the
599:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
400:Association of National Advertisers
6327:Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
5359:United States v. United Foods Inc.
5010:Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.
4372:Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co
4289:United States v. United Foods Inc.
3504:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
2611:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
2153:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
2043:Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church
1509:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
1170:Greenhouse, Linda (May 14, 1996).
240:Supreme Court of the United States
47:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
6960:United States Supreme Court cases
6861:United Mine Workers v. Pennington
5745:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n
5247:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
5034:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
4994:Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar
4901:United Public Workers v. Mitchell
4869:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
4429:Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez
4257:Keller v. State Bar of California
3897:Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe
3770:Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
3471:Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
3282:Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
2957:Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus
2545:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2035:Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
2027:Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
1984:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1925:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1909:Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe
1517:Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos
1295:328 (1986) is available from:
669:Federal Communications Commission
6661:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
6346:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
5526:FEC v. National Conservative PAC
5319:Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.
4658:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
4634:Bethel School District v. Fraser
4006:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
3881:Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne
2574:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
1960:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
1792:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
1199:Mauro, Tony (January 20, 1999).
922:Freedom of commercial expression
723:
709:
622:, even though Justices Stevens,
512:Freedom of Commercial Expression
250:is in legal compliance with the
40:
6985:United States gambling case law
6319:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
5908:NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
5857:Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach
5367:Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
5071:Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.
4717:Pickering v. Board of Education
4545:Garner v. Board of Public Works
4265:Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n
3434:Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton
3250:Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
3162:MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
2803:Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
415:did not permit restrictions on
384:American Broadcasting Companies
6975:1986 in United States case law
6933:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
6247:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
6239:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
6170:Grosjean v. American Press Co.
6141:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
6090:Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
5095:Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
4970:Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
4845:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
4209:Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson
3000:Terminiello v. City of Chicago
2933:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
2638:Statutory religious exemptions
2537:Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
1829:McCollum v. Board of Education
1525:Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock
376:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
6736:Democratic Party v. Wisconsin
6701:Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
6653:Hishon v. King & Spalding
5678:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
5183:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
5135:Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
4978:Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown
4861:Heffernan v. City of Paterson
4561:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
4468:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
3685:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
3512:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
2196:Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.
1688:New York v. Cathedral Academy
1568:Everson v. Board of Education
1560:Cochran v. Board of Education
1440:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
1357:United States First Amendment
396:National Broadcasting Company
6980:Legal history of Puerto Rico
6744:Tashjian v. Republican Party
6580:Bates v. City of Little Rock
6486:Protection from prosecution
6066:Lamont v. Postmaster General
5721:Bates v. City of Little Rock
3889:Coates v. City of Cincinnati
3786:Packingham v. North Carolina
3677:Lamont v. Postmaster General
2489:Employment Division v. Smith
1259:Communication Law in America
648:Freedom of Commercial Speech
551:undesirable social effects.
357:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
352:(always) unconstitutional.
6821:United States v. Cruikshank
6467:United States v. Cruikshank
6362:FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild
6303:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
6263:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
4508:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
3937:Ward v. Rock Against Racism
3833:Martin v. City of Struthers
3648:City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.
3178:Quantity of Books v. Kansas
2992:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
2941:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
2465:O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
1976:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
1087:Shaman, Jeffrey M. (2001).
945:Posner, Richard A. (2004).
408:in favor of the appellant.
341:Puerto Rico Tourism Company
318:and it has been ignored as
248:Games of Chance Act of 1948
7006:
6354:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
5694:FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate
5423:Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.
5311:Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.
4180:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
3717:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
3040:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
3016:Gregory v. City of Chicago
1456:Town of Greece v. Galloway
1318:Oyez (oral argument audio)
593:Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.
449:wrote the Court's opinion.
254:, specifically as regards
252:United States Constitution
6853:Edwards v. South Carolina
6815:
6802:
6543:
6530:
6452:
6439:
6210:Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
6058:Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.
6042:Lovell v. City of Griffin
6006:
5993:
3849:Edwards v. South Carolina
3402:United States v. Kilbride
3386:United States v. Williams
3186:Ginzburg v. United States
2766:
2746:
2273:Reynolds v. United States
2267:
2254:
1377:
1364:
947:Frontiers of Legal Theory
920:Shiner, Roger A. (2003).
563:regulation for civic good
540:Frontiers of Legal Theory
339:, was fined twice by the
310:standards for regulating
281:, nor did it violate the
220:
120:
103:
39:
6564:Watkins v. United States
6149:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
5087:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
5063:Valentine v. Chrestensen
4690:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
4364:Compelled representation
4329:Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000
4035:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
4014:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3632:United States v. Eichman
3584:United States v. O'Brien
3410:United States v. Stevens
3194:Memoirs v. Massachusetts
3154:Marcus v. Search Warrant
2949:United States v. Alvarez
2880:clear and present danger
2811:Schenck v. United States
2321:United States v. Ballard
2019:United States v. Ballard
1936:Private religious speech
1776:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
1533:City of Boerne v. Flores
654:decision, it noted that
587:American Bar Association
411:Posadas argued that the
287:Equal Protection Clauses
6720:Primaries and elections
6271:Time, Inc. v. Firestone
6231:Beauharnais v. Illinois
5916:FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA
4954:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
4233:Ellis v. Railway Clerks
4188:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
3778:City of Ladue v. Gilleo
3762:Schneider v. New Jersey
3725:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
3576:Stromberg v. California
3479:United States v. Hansen
3085:Elonis v. United States
2984:Cantwell v. Connecticut
2900:imminent lawless action
2859:Dennis v. United States
2827:Abrams v. United States
2796:Alien and Sedition Acts
2313:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
2289:Cantwell v. Connecticut
1995:Internal church affairs
667:, which challenged the
484:William J. Brennan, Jr.
6645:Membership restriction
6537:Freedom of association
6488:and state restrictions
6186:Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
5638:Citizens United v. FEC
4611:substantial disruption
3913:United States v. Grace
3809:Davis v. Massachusetts
3640:Barnes v. Glen Theatre
3114:Rosen v. United States
3093:Counterman v. Colorado
3069:Watts v. United States
2875:Yates v. United States
2425:Thomas v. Review Board
2353:Fowler v. Rhode Island
1006:First Amendment Center
450:
135:William J. Brennan Jr.
6397:Copyrighted materials
6026:Patterson v. Colorado
5935:Procunier v. Martinez
5788:Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner
4930:restriction of speech
4917:Broadrick v. Oklahoma
3130:Roth v. United States
2843:Whitney v. California
2819:Debs v. United States
2619:Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC
2602:Ministerial exception
2556:Exclusion of religion
2457:Goldman v. Weinberger
1257:Siegel, Paul (2007).
1115:(February 15, 1987).
895:. Routledge. p.
445:
242:to determine whether
222:U.S. Const. amends. I
54:Argued April 28, 1986
6000:Freedom of the press
5824:Official retaliation
5478:and political speech
5002:Freedman v. Maryland
4946:Cox v. New Hampshire
4829:Garcetti v. Ceballos
4217:Machinists v. Street
3841:Niemotko v. Maryland
3825:Thornhill v. Alabama
3701:Butterworth v. Smith
3600:Spence v. Washington
3242:Miller v. California
3210:Ginsberg v. New York
2558:from public benefits
2433:United States v. Lee
2337:Niemotko v. Maryland
2261:Free Exercise Clause
1885:Edwards v. Aguillard
1861:Epperson v. Arkansas
1608:Lemon v. Kurtzman II
1600:Tilton v. Richardson
1371:Establishment Clause
1012:on November 30, 2008
978:on December 24, 2007
538:suggested in 2004's
460:Lewis F. Powell, Jr.
291:Fourteenth Amendment
89:106 S. Ct. 2968; 92
56:Decided July 1, 1986
6809:Freedom to petition
6475:Presser v. Illinois
6446:Freedom of assembly
6386:Bartnicki v. Vopper
5967:Overton v. Bazzetta
5881:Gonzalez v. Trevino
5383:Nike, Inc. v. Kasky
5103:Bigelow v. Virginia
4797:Waters v. Churchill
4781:Rankin v. McPherson
4725:Perry v. Sindermann
3977:McCullen v. Coakley
3873:Adderley v. Florida
3592:Cohen v. California
3447:to criminal conduct
3370:Ashcroft v. ACLU II
3146:Smith v. California
3138:One, Inc. v. Olesen
3024:Cohen v. California
2895:Brandenburg v. Ohio
2129:McGowan v. Maryland
1541:Cutter v. Wilkinson
1475:Statutory religious
1309:Library of Congress
1148:. February 22, 1987
1045: (1993) "As in
624:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
464:Sandra Day O'Connor
298:tobacco advertising
179:Sandra Day O'Connor
159:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
6768:Clingman v. Beaver
6685:Dallas v. Stanglin
6615:Baggett v. Bullitt
6496:De Jonge v. Oregon
6421:Eldred v. Ashcroft
6178:Branzburg v. Hayes
6133:Time, Inc. v. Hill
5865:Nieves v. Bartlett
5841:Reichle v. Howards
5812:Murthy v. Missouri
5686:Thompson v. Hebdon
5614:Randall v. Sorrell
5159:Friedman v. Rogers
4682:Morse v. Frederick
4553:Speiser v. Randall
3865:Brown v. Louisiana
3616:Dallas v. Stanglin
3455:New York v. Ferber
3354:Ashcroft v. ACLU I
3266:Jenkins v. Georgia
3218:Stanley v. Georgia
3202:Redrup v. New York
3170:Jacobellis v. Ohio
3008:Feiner v. New York
2835:Gitlow v. New York
2724:Ramirez v. Collier
2401:Wisconsin v. Yoder
2385:Sherbert v. Verner
2377:Torcaso v. Watkins
2361:Braunfeld v. Brown
2172:Torcaso v. Watkins
2145:Braunfeld v. Brown
1877:Wallace v. Jaffree
1760:Agostini v. Felton
1648:Wheeler v. Barrera
1424:Van Orden v. Perry
1146:The New York Times
1121:The New York Times
717:Puerto Rico portal
581:Subsequent history
451:
131:Associate Justices
6947:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6893:McDonald v. Smith
6829:Thomas v. Collins
6798:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6728:Cousins v. Wigoda
6526:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6504:Thomas v. Collins
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6295:McDonald v. Smith
6082:Pell v. Procunier
6034:Near v. Minnesota
5989:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5670:McCutcheon v. FEC
5447:Iancu v. Brunetti
5279:Edenfield v. Fane
5054:Commercial speech
4733:Arnett v. Kennedy
4492:Iancu v. Brunetti
4395:Government grants
4390:
4389:
4201:of others' speech
4199:Compelled subsidy
4132:Wooley v. Maynard
4093:
4092:
3998:Widmar v. Vincent
3945:Burson v. Freeman
3929:Frisby v. Schultz
3656:Virginia v. Black
3489:
3488:
3378:Nitke v. Gonzales
3314:People v. Freeman
3234:Kois v. Wisconsin
3077:Virginia v. Black
2753:Freedom of speech
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2708:Sossamon v. Texas
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2212:Bowen v. Kendrick
2204:Larson v. Valente
2078:Taxpayer standing
1837:Zorach v. Clauson
1768:Mitchell v. Helms
1728:Aguilar v. Felton
1664:Meek v. Pittenger
1592:Lemon v. Kurtzman
1400:Lynch v. Donnelly
1392:Marsh v. Chambers
1268:978-0-7425-5387-3
1062:Vaver, D (2006).
488:John Paul Stevens
476:Thurgood Marshall
472:William Rehnquist
447:William Rehnquist
417:commercial speech
312:commercial speech
256:freedom of speech
231:
230:
167:William Rehnquist
147:Thurgood Marshall
16:(Redirected from
6997:
6869:Cox v. Louisiana
6804:
6572:NAACP v. Alabama
6545:
6532:
6454:
6441:
6012:Prior restraints
6008:
5995:
5951:Turner v. Safley
5833:Hartman v. Moore
5780:Marsh v. Alabama
5729:Buckley v. Valeo
5713:NAACP v. Alabama
5705:Anonymous speech
5598:McConnell v. FEC
5486:Buckley v. Valeo
5475:Campaign finance
4962:Kunz v. New York
4773:Connick v. Myers
4709:Public employees
4413:Rust v. Sullivan
4361:
4099:Compelled speech
3969:Hill v. Colorado
3857:Cox v. Louisiana
3794:
3624:Texas v. Johnson
3048:Snyder v. Phelps
2779:
2768:
2761:
2748:
2687:Tanzin v. Tanvir
2671:Zubik v. Burwell
2642:
2553:
2529:Tandon v. Newsom
2409:McDaniel v. Paty
2345:Kunz v. New York
2305:Jamison v. Texas
2256:
2180:McDaniel v. Paty
1712:Mueller v. Allen
1680:Wolman v. Walter
1448:Salazar v. Buono
1379:
1366:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1273:
1272:
1254:
1248:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1059:
1050:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1008:. Archived from
997:
988:
987:
985:
983:
967:
961:
960:
942:
936:
935:
917:
911:
910:
894:
884:
878:
877:
859:
853:
844:
823:
804:
795:
778:
733:
728:
727:
719:
714:
713:
712:
532:Court of Appeals
456:Warren E. Burger
361:federal question
260:equal protection
127:Warren E. Burger
116:Court membership
44:
43:
32:
21:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6939:
6845:NAACP v. Button
6811:
6790:
6715:
6640:
6621:
6602:
6588:NAACP v. Button
6539:
6518:
6487:
6481:
6448:
6427:
6392:
6338:Broadcast media
6333:
6330:(9th Cir. 2014)
6216:
6161:
6155:
6120:
6114:Tory v. Cochran
6050:Tucker v. Texas
6014:
6002:
5981:
5922:
5895:
5873:Egbert v. Boule
5818:
5804:Lindke v. Freed
5767:
5700:
5590:FEC v. Beaumont
5477:
5469:
5463:Vidal v. Elster
5048:
4986:NAACP v. Button
4929:
4923:
4893:Ex parte Curtis
4884:
4875:
4704:
4575:
4522:
4516:Vidal v. Elster
4458:
4451:
4396:
4386:
4359:
4353:Janus v. AFSCME
4337:Harris v. Quinn
4313:Locke v. Karass
4200:
4194:
4089:
4043:Brown v. Glines
4026:
4020:
3989:
3983:
3798:
3792:
3753:
3752:Content-neutral
3747:
3668:
3662:
3567:
3565:Symbolic speech
3559:
3537:Smith v. Goguen
3526:
3518:
3495:Strict scrutiny
3485:
3463:Osborne v. Ohio
3446:
3445:Speech integral
3440:
3405:(9th Cir. 2009)
3397:(6th Cir. 2009)
3381:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
3309:(7th Cir. 1985)
3125:(S.D.N.Y. 1933)
3099:
3054:
2972:
2963:
2922:
2913:
2907:Hess v. Indiana
2851:Fiske v. Kansas
2806:(S.D.N.Y. 1917)
2785:
2773:
2762:
2755:
2730:
2693:
2633:
2596:
2590:Carson v. Makin
2557:
2551:
2329:Tucker v. Texas
2281:Davis v. Beason
2263:
2242:
2236:Trump v. Hawaii
2188:Harris v. McRae
2159:
2116:
2073:
2003:Watson v. Jones
1990:
1931:
1869:Stone v. Graham
1845:Engel v. Vitale
1820:
1814:
1808:Carson v. Makin
1547:
1476:
1470:
1383:
1382:Public displays
1373:
1360:
1354:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1207:on May 11, 2009
1198:
1197:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
999:
998:
991:
981:
979:
969:
968:
964:
957:
944:
943:
939:
932:
919:
918:
914:
907:
886:
885:
881:
874:
861:
860:
856:
845:
826:
805:
798:
779:
766:
762:
729:
722:
715:
710:
708:
705:
673:state lotteries
632:Clarence Thomas
628:Anthony Kennedy
583:
546:, this view is
504:
440:
369:
355:On appeal, the
331:at the Condado
328:
279:First Amendment
171:John P. Stevens
169:
157:
145:
94:
55:
49:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7003:
7001:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6952:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6929:
6921:
6913:
6905:
6901:Meyer v. Grant
6897:
6889:
6881:
6873:
6865:
6857:
6849:
6841:
6833:
6825:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6780:
6772:
6764:
6756:
6748:
6740:
6732:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6705:
6697:
6689:
6681:
6673:
6665:
6657:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6610:
6608:
6607:Future Conduct
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6592:
6584:
6576:
6568:
6560:
6551:
6549:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6528:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6508:
6500:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6471:
6462:
6460:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6417:
6409:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6366:
6358:
6350:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6323:
6315:
6307:
6299:
6291:
6283:
6275:
6267:
6259:
6251:
6243:
6235:
6226:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6206:
6198:
6190:
6182:
6174:
6165:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6145:
6137:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6110:
6102:
6094:
6086:
6078:
6070:
6062:
6054:
6046:
6038:
6030:
6021:
6019:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5991:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5975:Beard v. Banks
5971:
5963:
5959:Shaw v. Murphy
5955:
5947:
5939:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5912:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5885:
5877:
5869:
5861:
5853:
5845:
5837:
5828:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5808:
5800:
5792:
5784:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5757:
5749:
5741:
5733:
5725:
5717:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5674:
5666:
5658:
5650:
5642:
5634:
5626:
5618:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5586:
5578:
5570:
5562:
5554:
5546:
5538:
5530:
5522:
5514:
5506:
5498:
5490:
5481:
5479:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5459:
5451:
5443:
5435:
5427:
5419:
5411:
5403:
5395:
5387:
5379:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5347:
5339:
5331:
5323:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5291:
5283:
5275:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5171:
5163:
5155:
5147:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5115:
5107:
5099:
5091:
5083:
5075:
5067:
5058:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4966:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4933:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4888:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4853:Lane v. Franks
4849:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4741:Elrod v. Burns
4737:
4729:
4721:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4618:Healy v. James
4614:
4602:
4594:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4549:
4541:
4532:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4480:
4472:
4463:
4461:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4417:
4409:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4376:
4367:
4365:
4358:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4309:
4301:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3993:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3804:
3802:
3791:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3571:
3569:
3568:versus conduct
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3532:
3530:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2979:
2977:
2975:heckler's veto
2969:Fighting words
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2928:
2926:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2903:
2891:
2883:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2792:
2790:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2566:Locke v. Davey
2561:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2086:Flast v. Cohen
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1901:Lee v. Weisman
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1821:public schools
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1640:Sloan v. Lemon
1636:
1628:
1624:Hunt v. McNair
1620:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1576:Flast v. Cohen
1572:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1552:Public funding
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1384:and ceremonies
1375:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1280:
1279:External links
1277:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1249:
1227:
1218:
1188:
1176:New York Times
1159:
1133:
1104:
1097:
1079:
1072:
1051:
1023:
989:
962:
955:
937:
930:
912:
905:
879:
872:
854:
824:
796:
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
735:
734:
720:
704:
701:
636:Stephen Breyer
616:44 Liquormart'
582:
579:
567:Central Hudson
536:Richard Posner
524:Central Hudson
508:Central Hudson
503:
500:
480:Harry Blackmun
439:
436:
432:Central Hudson
427:Central Hudson
368:
365:
327:
324:
307:Central Hudson
229:
228:
218:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
184:
183:
182:
181:
155:Harry Blackmun
132:
129:
124:
118:
117:
113:
112:
108:Central Hudson
101:
100:
96:
95:
88:
72:
68:
67:
62:
61:Full case name
58:
57:
51:
50:
45:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7002:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6935:
6934:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6810:
6805:
6801:
6786:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6598:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:Organizations
6546:
6542:
6538:
6533:
6529:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6484:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6458:Incorporation
6455:
6451:
6447:
6442:
6438:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6158:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5992:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:Licensing and
4926:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4581:School speech
4578:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4528:Loyalty oaths
4525:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4454:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:and subsidies
4393:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:Boos v. Barry
3690:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:Content-based
3665:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:Bond v. Floyd
2884:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:Holt v. Hobbs
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:Jones v. Wolf
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
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1887:
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1879:
1878:
1874:
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1866:
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1434:
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1426:
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1397:
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1363:
1358:
1351:
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1332:
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1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1287:
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1282:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1098:0-313-31473-X
1094:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1073:0-415-33091-2
1069:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
990:
977:
973:
966:
963:
958:
956:0-674-01360-3
952:
948:
941:
938:
933:
931:0-19-826261-2
927:
923:
916:
913:
908:
906:0-8058-1679-8
902:
898:
893:
892:
883:
880:
875:
873:1-4024-0451-4
869:
865:
858:
855:
851:
848:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
809:
803:
801:
797:
793:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
765:
759:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
732:
726:
721:
718:
707:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:
659:
657:
656:44 Liquormart
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:
595:
594:
588:
580:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
501:
499:
495:
491:
489:
485:
482:, as well as
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
448:
444:
437:
435:
433:
428:
424:
423:
418:
414:
409:
407:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
366:
364:
362:
358:
353:
351:
345:
342:
338:
334:
326:Prior history
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:
227:
223:
219:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:Case opinions
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:Chief Justice
122:
121:
119:
114:
110:
109:
102:
97:
92:
86:
85:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
52:
48:
38:
33:
27:
19:
6931:
6923:
6915:
6907:
6899:
6891:
6883:
6875:
6867:
6859:
6851:
6843:
6835:
6827:
6819:
6782:
6774:
6766:
6758:
6750:
6742:
6734:
6726:
6707:
6699:
6691:
6683:
6675:
6667:
6659:
6651:
6634:In re Primus
6632:
6626:Solicitation
6613:
6594:
6586:
6578:
6570:
6562:
6554:
6510:
6502:
6494:
6473:
6465:
6419:
6411:
6403:
6384:
6376:
6368:
6360:
6352:
6344:
6325:
6317:
6309:
6301:
6293:
6285:
6277:
6269:
6261:
6253:
6245:
6237:
6229:
6208:
6200:
6192:
6184:
6176:
6168:
6160:Taxation and
6147:
6139:
6131:
6112:
6104:
6096:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6064:
6056:
6048:
6040:
6032:
6024:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5949:
5941:
5933:
5914:
5906:
5887:
5879:
5871:
5863:
5855:
5849:Wood v. Moss
5847:
5839:
5831:
5810:
5802:
5794:
5786:
5778:
5772:State action
5759:
5751:
5743:
5735:
5727:
5719:
5711:
5692:
5684:
5676:
5668:
5660:
5652:
5644:
5636:
5630:Davis v. FEC
5628:
5620:
5612:
5604:
5596:
5588:
5580:
5572:
5564:
5556:
5548:
5540:
5532:
5524:
5516:
5508:
5500:
5492:
5484:
5461:
5453:
5445:
5439:Matal v. Tam
5437:
5429:
5421:
5413:
5405:
5397:
5389:
5381:
5373:
5365:
5357:
5349:
5341:
5333:
5325:
5317:
5309:
5301:
5293:
5285:
5277:
5269:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5237:
5229:
5222:
5221:
5213:
5205:
5197:
5191:In re R.M.J.
5189:
5181:
5173:
5165:
5157:
5149:
5143:In re Primus
5141:
5133:
5125:
5117:
5109:
5101:
5093:
5085:
5077:
5069:
5061:
5040:
5032:
5024:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4992:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4944:
4936:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4885:similar laws
4867:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4696:
4688:
4680:
4672:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4624:
4616:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4484:Matal v. Tam
4482:
4474:
4466:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4378:
4370:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4114:
4106:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3990:public forum
3975:
3967:
3959:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3817:Hague v. CIO
3815:
3807:
3800:public forum
3784:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3754:restrictions
3739:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3669:restrictions
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3510:
3502:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3330:Reno v. ACLU
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3060:True threats
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2924:false speech
2905:
2893:
2885:
2873:
2870:(1955; 1961)
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2449:Bowen v. Roy
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2393:Cruz v. Beto
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1285:
1258:
1252:
1247: (1999).
1234:
1230:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1205:the original
1179:. Retrieved
1175:
1150:. Retrieved
1145:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:
1107:
1088:
1082:
1063:
1046:
1030:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:the original
980:. Retrieved
976:the original
965:
946:
940:
921:
915:
890:
882:
863:
857:
846:
822: (1980).
806:
794: (1986).
780:
696:
692:
662:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:David Souter
620:Rhode Island
615:
611:
607:
603:
597:
591:
584:
566:
554:
553:
547:
539:
527:
523:
519:
516:Roger Shiner
511:
507:
505:
502:Implications
496:
492:
452:
431:
426:
420:
410:
405:amici curiae
403:
373:
370:
354:
346:
337:Sands Casino
329:
315:
305:
295:
234:
233:
232:
216:Laws applied
174:
162:
150:
138:
106:
82:
64:
26:
6925:Doe v. Reed
6106:Lowe v. SEC
5753:Doe v. Reed
3524:Overbreadth
3317:(Cal. 1988)
2772:Unprotected
1819:Religion in
1225:Shiner, 59.
1113:Shipp, E.R.
596:(1995) and
542:that to an
468:Byron White
333:Holiday Inn
283:due process
264:due process
244:Puerto Rico
143:Byron White
6954:Categories
6222:Defamation
6162:privileges
6017:censorship
4459:as speaker
4457:Government
3988:Designated
2919:Defamation
2783:Incitement
1477:exemptions
760:References
731:Law portal
402:submitted
4881:Hatch Act
4025:Nonpublic
3528:Vagueness
3105:Obscenity
2121:Blue laws
685:Louisiana
544:economist
320:precedent
111:standard.
91:L. Ed. 2d
71:Citations
5900:Boycotts
2788:sedition
1359:case law
1284:Text of
703:See also
534:justice
438:Decision
350:facially
275:tourists
271:gambling
192:Majority
6125:Privacy
5927:Prisons
4609:(1969,
2898:(1969,
2878:(1957,
1211:June 1,
1181:May 31,
1152:May 31,
1126:May 31,
1016:June 1,
982:June 1,
852:(1986).
697:Posadas
693:Posadas
652:Posadas
644:Posadas
612:Posadas
608:Posadas
575:alcohol
571:tobacco
555:Posadas
520:Posadas
388:AFL–CIO
316:Posadas
289:of the
208:Dissent
200:Dissent
99:Holding
6936:(2011)
6928:(2010)
6920:(2002)
6912:(1999)
6904:(1988)
6896:(1985)
6888:(1979)
6880:(1972)
6872:(1965)
6864:(1965)
6856:(1963)
6848:(1963)
6840:(1961)
6832:(1945)
6824:(1876)
6787:(2008)
6779:(2008)
6771:(2005)
6763:(2000)
6755:(1997)
6747:(1986)
6739:(1981)
6731:(1975)
6712:(2010)
6704:(2000)
6696:(1995)
6688:(1989)
6680:(1988)
6672:(1987)
6664:(1984)
6656:(1984)
6637:(1978)
6618:(1964)
6599:(2021)
6591:(1963)
6583:(1960)
6575:(1958)
6567:(1957)
6559:(1951)
6515:(2021)
6507:(1945)
6499:(1937)
6478:(1886)
6470:(1876)
6424:(2003)
6416:(1985)
6408:(1977)
6389:(2001)
6381:(1997)
6373:(1996)
6365:(1981)
6357:(1978)
6349:(1969)
6322:(1990)
6314:(1989)
6306:(1988)
6298:(1985)
6290:(1985)
6282:(1984)
6274:(1976)
6266:(1974)
6258:(1970)
6250:(1967)
6242:(1964)
6234:(1952)
6213:(1991)
6205:(1987)
6197:(1983)
6189:(1978)
6181:(1972)
6173:(1936)
6152:(1989)
6144:(1975)
6136:(1967)
6117:(2005)
6109:(1985)
6101:(1978)
6093:(1976)
6085:(1974)
6077:(1971)
6069:(1965)
6061:(1946)
6053:(1946)
6045:(1938)
6037:(1931)
6029:(1907)
5978:(2006)
5970:(2003)
5962:(2001)
5954:(1987)
5946:(1977)
5938:(1974)
5919:(1990)
5911:(1982)
5892:(2024)
5884:(2024)
5876:(2022)
5868:(2019)
5860:(2018)
5852:(2014)
5844:(2012)
5836:(2006)
5815:(2024)
5807:(2024)
5799:(2019)
5791:(1972)
5783:(1946)
5764:(2021)
5756:(2010)
5748:(1995)
5740:(1982)
5732:(1976)
5724:(1960)
5716:(1958)
5697:(2022)
5689:(2019)
5681:(2015)
5673:(2014)
5665:(2012)
5657:(2011)
5649:(2011)
5641:(2010)
5633:(2008)
5625:(2007)
5617:(2006)
5609:(2006)
5601:(2003)
5593:(2003)
5585:(2002)
5577:(2001)
5569:(2000)
5561:(1996)
5553:(1990)
5545:(1989)
5537:(1986)
5529:(1985)
5521:(1982)
5513:(1981)
5505:(1981)
5497:(1978)
5489:(1976)
5466:(2024)
5458:(2020)
5450:(2019)
5442:(2017)
5434:(2017)
5426:(2011)
5418:(2010)
5410:(2010)
5402:(2007)
5394:(2005)
5386:(2003)
5378:(2002)
5370:(2001)
5362:(2001)
5354:(1999)
5346:(1999)
5338:(1997)
5330:(1996)
5322:(1995)
5314:(1995)
5306:(1995)
5298:(1994)
5290:(1993)
5282:(1993)
5274:(1993)
5266:(1990)
5258:(1989)
5250:(1988)
5242:(1988)
5234:(1987)
5226:(1986)
5218:(1986)
5210:(1985)
5202:(1982)
5194:(1982)
5186:(1981)
5178:(1980)
5170:(1980)
5162:(1979)
5154:(1978)
5146:(1978)
5138:(1977)
5130:(1977)
5122:(1977)
5114:(1976)
5106:(1975)
5098:(1975)
5090:(1974)
5082:(1973)
5074:(1970)
5066:(1942)
5045:(1992)
5037:(1988)
5029:(1982)
5021:(1981)
5013:(1967)
5005:(1965)
4997:(1964)
4989:(1963)
4981:(1957)
4973:(1952)
4965:(1951)
4957:(1943)
4949:(1941)
4941:(1915)
4920:(1973)
4912:(1973)
4904:(1947)
4896:(1882)
4872:(2022)
4864:(2016)
4856:(2014)
4848:(2011)
4840:(2007)
4832:(2006)
4824:(2001)
4816:(1996)
4808:(1995)
4800:(1994)
4792:(1990)
4784:(1987)
4776:(1983)
4768:(1979)
4760:(1979)
4752:(1977)
4744:(1976)
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