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Positive-definite function

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1106: 721: 1728: 1101:{\displaystyle u^{*}A^{(g_{y})}u=\sum _{j,k=1}^{n}{\overline {u_{k}}}u_{j}e^{i\langle y,x_{k}-x_{j}\rangle }=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\overline {u_{k}}}e^{i\langle y,x_{k}\rangle }\sum _{j=1}^{n}u_{j}e^{-i\langle y,x_{j}\rangle }=\left|\sum _{j=1}^{n}{\overline {u_{j}}}e^{i\langle y,x_{j}\rangle }\right|^{2}\geq 0.} 1906: 1427: 1247: 295: 1723:{\displaystyle u^{*}A^{(f^{*})}u=\sum _{j,k=1}^{n}{\overline {u_{k}}}u_{j}f^{*}(x_{k}-x_{j})=\sum _{j,k=1}^{n}{\overline {u_{k}}}u_{j}f(\phi (x_{k})-\phi (x_{j}))=u^{*}{\tilde {A}}^{(f)}u\geq 0,} 1320: 606: 2223: 2088:
are taken and points that are mutually close are required to have measurements that are highly correlated. In practice, one must be careful to ensure that the resulting covariance matrix (an
1736: 508: 438: 1964: 139: 1380: 553: 1284: 667: 1419: 713: 96: 70: 2304: 2106:: this must be positive-definite. Bochner's theorem states that if the correlation between two points is dependent only upon the distance between them (via function 2371: 2330: 2269: 632: 2086: 1984: 1343: 329: 2134: 1121: 2159: 177: 2153: 2499: 2445: 2608: 1901:{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}^{(f)}={\big (}f(\phi (x_{i})-\phi (x_{j}))=f({\tilde {x}}_{i}-{\tilde {x}}_{j}){\big )}_{i,j}} 1289: 558: 2185: 2141: 469: 364: 2635: 2603: 2417:. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete, Band 84. Springer-Verlag, New York-Heidelberg, 1975. vii+108 pp. 1911: 108: 2630: 2230: 1351: 517: 2625: 2598: 2387: 1255: 301: 637: 2534:
Corney, J. F.; Olsen, M. K. (19 February 2015). "Non-Gaussian pure states and positive Wigner functions".
2171: 2162:; Bochner's theorem extends to this context. Positive-definite functions on groups occur naturally in the 39: 1385: 672: 2382: 2163: 2038: 2553: 2029: 1999: 169: 2054: 2034: 1111:
As nonnegative linear combinations of positive definite functions are again positive definite, the
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In this context, Fourier terminology is not normally used and instead it is stated that
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matrix) is always positive-definite. One strategy is to define a correlation matrix
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positive-definite function on the real line is the Fourier transform of a (positive)
1242:{\displaystyle \cos(x)={\frac {1}{2}}(e^{ix}+e^{-ix})={\frac {1}{2}}(g_{1}+g_{-1}).} 1323: 2435: 1115:
is positive definite as a nonnegative linear combination of the above functions:
73: 31: 2565: 2050: 290:{\displaystyle A=\left(a_{ij}\right)_{i,j=1}^{n}~,\quad a_{ij}=f(x_{i}-x_{j})} 2573: 2138: 2008:; it can be seen directly that to be positive-definite it is sufficient for 2119: 1987: 2335:
Note that this definition conflicts with definition 1, given above.
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if the weak inequality is replaced with a strong (<, > 0).
2057:, the theorem is usually applied to real functions. Typically, 2004:
Positive-definiteness arises naturally in the theory of the
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must be positive-definite to ensure the covariance matrix
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In particular, it is necessary (but not sufficient) that
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By definition, a positive semi-definite matrix, such as
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Nonlinear Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems
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scalar measurements of some scalar value at points in
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is, depending on the context, either of two types of
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is sometimes dropped (see, e.g., Corney and Olsen).
1315:{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {C} } 601:{\displaystyle x\mapsto \exp(i\langle y,x\rangle )} 2516: 2472: 2365: 2324: 2298: 2263: 2218:{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} } 2217: 2158:One can define positive-definite functions on any 2080: 1978: 1958: 1900: 1722: 1413: 1374: 1337: 1314: 1278: 1241: 1100: 707: 661: 626: 600: 547: 502: 443:(these inequalities follow from the condition for 432: 323: 289: 133: 90: 64: 2440:. American Mathematical Society. pp. 77–78. 503:{\displaystyle (X,\langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle )} 433:{\displaystyle f(0)\geq 0~,\quad |f(x)|\leq f(0)} 2102:which is then multiplied by a scalar to give a 1959:{\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}_{k}:=\phi (x_{k})} 454:if the inequality is reversed. A function is 134:{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {C} } 2408:Positive Definite and Definitizable Functions 1881: 1770: 1375:{\displaystyle \phi \colon X\to \mathbb {R} } 548:{\displaystyle g_{y}\colon X\to \mathbb {C} } 8: 1252:One can create a positive definite function 1076: 1057: 997: 978: 931: 912: 858: 826: 592: 580: 494: 482: 2399:Christian Berg, Christensen, Paul Ressel. 2012:to be the Fourier transform of a function 2547: 2343: 2311: 2276: 2241: 2211: 2210: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2187: 2160:locally compact abelian topological group 2072: 2066: 1971: 1947: 1928: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1869: 1858: 1857: 1847: 1836: 1835: 1813: 1791: 1769: 1768: 1753: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1696: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1658: 1636: 1614: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1570: 1554: 1541: 1528: 1518: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1474: 1453: 1445: 1435: 1429: 1393: 1387: 1368: 1367: 1353: 1330: 1308: 1307: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1279:{\displaystyle f\colon X\to \mathbb {C} } 1272: 1271: 1257: 1224: 1211: 1194: 1176: 1160: 1143: 1123: 1086: 1070: 1053: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1015: 991: 971: 961: 951: 940: 925: 908: 893: 887: 881: 870: 852: 839: 822: 812: 797: 791: 785: 768: 747: 739: 729: 723: 699: 680: 674: 653: 649: 648: 639: 613: 560: 541: 540: 525: 519: 471: 410: 393: 366: 316: 278: 265: 243: 226: 209: 196: 179: 127: 126: 119: 118: 110: 84: 83: 81: 58: 57: 55: 2426: 1286:easily from positive definite function 2415:Embeddings and extensions in analysis 2154:Positive-definite function on a group 662:{\displaystyle u\in \mathbb {C} ^{n}} 7: 1414:{\displaystyle f^{*}:=f\circ \phi } 708:{\displaystyle x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}} 2142:probability density function (PDF) 25: 2338:In physics, the requirement that 2437:A course in Approximation Theory 2401:Harmonic Analysis on Semigroups 608:is positive definite for every 392: 238: 2413:Wells, J. H.; Williams, L. R. 2354: 2348: 2287: 2281: 2252: 2246: 2207: 1953: 1940: 1922: 1875: 1863: 1841: 1831: 1822: 1819: 1806: 1797: 1784: 1778: 1760: 1754: 1747: 1703: 1697: 1690: 1667: 1664: 1651: 1642: 1629: 1623: 1560: 1534: 1459: 1446: 1364: 1304: 1268: 1233: 1204: 1188: 1153: 1137: 1131: 753: 740: 595: 574: 565: 537: 497: 473: 427: 421: 411: 407: 401: 394: 377: 371: 284: 258: 123: 18:Positive semidefinite function 1: 2479:. Princeton University Press. 2475:Lectures on Fourier integrals 2599:"Positive-definite function" 2490:Verhulst, Ferdinand (1996). 2434:Cheney, Elliot Ward (2009). 1605: 1509: 1044: 899: 803: 91:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } 65:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } 2604:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 2652: 2566:10.1103/PhysRevA.91.023824 2494:(2nd ed.). Springer. 2182:Alternatively, a function 2151: 2118:is positive-definite. See 1997: 36:positive-definite function 2299:{\displaystyle f(x)>0} 2388:Positive-definite kernel 145:if for any real numbers 2515:Hahn, Wolfgang (1967). 2410:, Akademie Verlag, 1994 2403:, GTM, Springer Verlag. 2172:unitary representations 2135:characteristic function 2027:The converse result is 1993: 2367: 2366:{\displaystyle f(0)=0} 2326: 2325:{\displaystyle x\in D} 2300: 2265: 2264:{\displaystyle f(0)=0} 2219: 2082: 2016:on the real line with 1980: 1960: 1902: 1724: 1592: 1496: 1415: 1376: 1339: 1316: 1280: 1243: 1102: 1031: 956: 886: 790: 709: 663: 628: 627:{\displaystyle y\in X} 602: 549: 504: 452:negative semi-definite 434: 325: 291: 143:positive semi-definite 135: 92: 66: 2383:Positive definiteness 2368: 2327: 2301: 2266: 2220: 2164:representation theory 2083: 2081:{\displaystyle R^{d}} 1981: 1979:{\displaystyle \phi } 1961: 1903: 1725: 1566: 1470: 1416: 1377: 1340: 1317: 1281: 1244: 1103: 1011: 936: 866: 764: 710: 664: 629: 603: 550: 505: 435: 326: 292: 136: 93: 67: 2342: 2310: 2275: 2240: 2186: 2170:(i.e. the theory of 2065: 1970: 1912: 1737: 1428: 1386: 1352: 1329: 1290: 1256: 1122: 722: 673: 638: 612: 559: 518: 470: 365: 315: 178: 109: 80: 54: 2558:2015PhRvA..91b3824C 2519:Stability of Motion 2306:for every non-zero 2055:Bayesian statistics 2033:, stating that any 512:inner product space 231: 2636:Types of functions 2363: 2322: 2296: 2261: 2215: 2078: 1976: 1956: 1898: 1720: 1411: 1372: 1335: 1312: 1276: 1239: 1098: 705: 659: 624: 598: 545: 500: 430: 321: 287: 187: 131: 88: 62: 2631:Dynamical systems 2536:Physical Review A 2236:of the origin if 2227:positive-definite 2110:), then function 2104:covariance matrix 2053:, and especially 2030:Bochner's theorem 2006:Fourier transform 2000:Bochner's theorem 1994:Bochner's theorem 1925: 1866: 1844: 1750: 1693: 1608: 1512: 1338:{\displaystyle X} 1202: 1151: 1047: 902: 806: 388: 345:complex conjugate 324:{\displaystyle A} 234: 16:(Redirected from 2643: 2626:Complex analysis 2612: 2586: 2585: 2551: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2469:Bochner, Salomon 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2431: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2076: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1966:are distinct as 1965: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1918: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1885: 1884: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1859: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1818: 1817: 1796: 1795: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1763: 1752: 1751: 1743: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1707: 1706: 1695: 1694: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1663: 1662: 1641: 1640: 1619: 1618: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1594: 1591: 1586: 1559: 1558: 1546: 1545: 1533: 1532: 1523: 1522: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1498: 1495: 1490: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1440: 1439: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1398: 1397: 1381: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1321: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1303: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1275: 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2379: 2340: 2339: 2308: 2307: 2273: 2272: 2238: 2237: 2195: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2156: 2150: 2093: ×  2089: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2047: 2002: 1996: 1968: 1967: 1943: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1878: 1856: 1834: 1809: 1787: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1683: 1673: 1654: 1632: 1610: 1595: 1550: 1537: 1524: 1514: 1499: 1449: 1441: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1350: 1349: 1347:linear function 1327: 1326: 1288: 1287: 1254: 1253: 1220: 1207: 1172: 1156: 1120: 1119: 1113:cosine function 1066: 1049: 1034: 1010: 1006: 1005: 987: 967: 957: 921: 904: 889: 848: 835: 818: 808: 793: 743: 735: 725: 720: 719: 695: 676: 671: 670: 647: 636: 635: 610: 609: 557: 556: 521: 516: 515: 468: 467: 464: 363: 362: 313: 312: 306:definite matrix 274: 261: 239: 192: 188: 176: 175: 165: ×  160: 151: 107: 106: 100:complex numbers 78: 77: 52: 51: 48: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2649: 2647: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2593: 2592:External links 2590: 2588: 2587: 2526: 2507: 2500: 2482: 2460: 2446: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 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536: 533: 528: 524: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 463: 460: 450:A function is 441: 440: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 413: 409: 406: 403: 400: 396: 391: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 320: 298: 297: 286: 281: 277: 273: 268: 264: 260: 257: 254: 249: 246: 242: 237: 229: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 207: 202: 199: 195: 191: 186: 183: 156: 149: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 98:be the set of 86: 72:be the set of 60: 47: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2648: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2542:(2): 023824. 2541: 2537: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2501:3-540-60934-2 2497: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2449: 2447:9780821847985 2443: 2439: 2438: 2430: 2427: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2336: 2333: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2202: 2192: 2189: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2166:of groups on 2165: 2161: 2155: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2073: 2069: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1991: 1989: 1973: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1934: 1929: 1919: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1870: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1838: 1828: 1825: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1775: 1765: 1757: 1744: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1700: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1626: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1600: 1596: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1515: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1348: 1332: 1325: 1296: 1293: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1236: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1199: 1196: 1191: 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Retrieved 2436: 2429: 2414: 2407: 2406:Z. Sasvári, 2400: 2337: 2334: 2233: 2231:neighborhood 2226: 2181: 2178:Definition 2 2157: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2058: 2048: 2045:Applications 2028: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1732: 1324:vector space 1251: 1110: 465: 455: 451: 449: 444: 442: 357: 352: 348: 340: 336: 335:; therefore 310: 303: 299: 166: 162: 157: 153: 146: 142: 104: 74:real numbers 49: 46:Definition 1 35: 29: 2523:. Springer. 1382:and define 1345:: choose a 105:A function 32:mathematics 2620:Categories 2453:3 February 2394:References 2225:is called 2051:statistics 2035:continuous 634:: for all 510:is a real 141:is called 2609:EMS Press 2582:119293595 2574:1050-2947 2549:1412.4868 2317:∈ 2208:→ 2139:symmetric 2133:) is the 1974:ϕ 1938:ϕ 1923:~ 1864:~ 1854:− 1842:~ 1804:ϕ 1801:− 1782:ϕ 1748:~ 1712:≥ 1691:~ 1679:∗ 1649:ϕ 1646:− 1627:ϕ 1606:¯ 1568:∑ 1548:− 1530:∗ 1510:¯ 1472:∑ 1455:∗ 1437:∗ 1409:ϕ 1406:∘ 1395:∗ 1365:→ 1359:: 1356:ϕ 1305:→ 1297:: 1269:→ 1263:: 1226:− 1178:− 1129:⁡ 1093:≥ 1077:⟩ 1058:⟨ 1045:¯ 1013:∑ 998:⟩ 979:⟨ 973:− 938:∑ 932:⟩ 913:⟨ 900:¯ 868:∑ 859:⟩ 846:− 827:⟨ 804:¯ 766:∑ 731:∗ 690:… 645:∈ 619:∈ 593:⟩ 581:⟨ 572:⁡ 566:↦ 538:→ 532:: 495:⟩ 492:⋅ 486:⋅ 483:⟨ 447:= 1, 2.) 416:≤ 381:≥ 343:) is the 333:Hermitian 302:positive 272:− 124:→ 2471:(1959). 2377:See also 1322:for any 715:we have 669:and all 462:Examples 456:definite 40:function 2611:, 2001 2554:Bibcode 2120:Kriging 2039:measure 2024:) ≥ 0. 1421:. Then 514:, then 2580:  2572:  2498:  2444:  1988:linear 1908:where 1733:where 387:  233:  170:matrix 2578:S2CID 2544:arXiv 2422:Notes 2229:on a 2137:of a 331:, is 304:semi- 300:is a 152:, …, 2570:ISSN 2496:ISBN 2455:2022 2442:ISBN 2291:> 2271:and 355:)). 161:the 76:and 50:Let 34:, a 2562:doi 2332:. 2174:). 2049:In 1986:is 1126:cos 569:exp 466:If 347:of 30:In 2622:: 2607:, 2601:, 2576:. 2568:. 2560:. 2552:. 2540:91 2538:. 2144:. 2122:. 2041:. 1990:. 1935::= 1400::= 1096:0. 555:, 339:(− 308:. 102:. 42:. 2584:. 2564:: 2556:: 2546:: 2504:. 2457:. 2361:0 2358:= 2355:) 2352:0 2349:( 2346:f 2320:D 2314:x 2294:0 2288:) 2285:x 2282:( 2279:f 2259:0 2256:= 2253:) 2250:0 2247:( 2244:f 2234:D 2212:R 2203:n 2198:R 2193:: 2190:f 2131:x 2129:( 2127:f 2116:A 2112:f 2108:f 2100:A 2095:n 2091:n 2074:d 2070:R 2059:n 2022:y 2020:( 2018:g 2014:g 2010:f 1954:) 1949:k 1945:x 1941:( 1930:k 1920:x 1894:j 1891:, 1888:i 1882:) 1876:) 1871:j 1861:x 1849:i 1839:x 1832:( 1829:f 1826:= 1823:) 1820:) 1815:j 1811:x 1807:( 1798:) 1793:i 1789:x 1785:( 1779:( 1776:f 1771:( 1766:= 1761:) 1758:f 1755:( 1745:A 1718:, 1715:0 1709:u 1704:) 1701:f 1698:( 1688:A 1675:u 1671:= 1668:) 1665:) 1660:j 1656:x 1652:( 1643:) 1638:k 1634:x 1630:( 1624:( 1621:f 1616:j 1612:u 1601:k 1597:u 1589:n 1584:1 1581:= 1578:k 1575:, 1572:j 1564:= 1561:) 1556:j 1552:x 1543:k 1539:x 1535:( 1526:f 1520:j 1516:u 1505:k 1501:u 1493:n 1488:1 1485:= 1482:k 1479:, 1476:j 1468:= 1465:u 1460:) 1451:f 1447:( 1443:A 1433:u 1403:f 1391:f 1369:R 1362:X 1333:X 1309:C 1301:R 1294:f 1273:C 1266:X 1260:f 1237:. 1234:) 1229:1 1222:g 1218:+ 1213:1 1209:g 1205:( 1200:2 1197:1 1192:= 1189:) 1184:x 1181:i 1174:e 1170:+ 1165:x 1162:i 1158:e 1154:( 1149:2 1146:1 1141:= 1138:) 1135:x 1132:( 1088:2 1083:| 1072:j 1068:x 1064:, 1061:y 1055:i 1051:e 1040:j 1036:u 1028:n 1023:1 1020:= 1017:j 1008:| 1003:= 993:j 989:x 985:, 982:y 976:i 969:e 963:j 959:u 953:n 948:1 945:= 942:j 927:k 923:x 919:, 916:y 910:i 906:e 895:k 891:u 883:n 878:1 875:= 872:k 864:= 854:j 850:x 841:k 837:x 833:, 830:y 824:i 820:e 814:j 810:u 799:k 795:u 787:n 782:1 779:= 776:k 773:, 770:j 762:= 759:u 754:) 749:y 745:g 741:( 737:A 727:u 701:n 697:x 693:, 687:, 682:1 678:x 655:n 650:C 642:u 622:X 616:y 596:) 590:x 587:, 584:y 578:i 575:( 563:x 542:C 535:X 527:y 523:g 498:) 489:, 480:, 477:X 474:( 445:n 428:) 425:0 422:( 419:f 412:| 408:) 405:x 402:( 399:f 395:| 390:, 384:0 378:) 375:0 372:( 369:f 353:x 351:( 349:f 341:x 337:f 319:A 285:) 280:j 276:x 267:i 263:x 259:( 256:f 253:= 248:j 245:i 241:a 236:, 228:n 223:1 220:= 217:j 214:, 211:i 206:) 201:j 198:i 194:a 190:( 185:= 182:A 167:n 163:n 158:n 154:x 150:1 147:x 128:C 120:R 116:: 113:f 85:C 59:R 20:)

Index

Positive semidefinite function
mathematics
function
real numbers
complex numbers
matrix
positive semi-definite matrix
Hermitian
complex conjugate
inner product space
cosine function
vector space
linear function
linear
Bochner's theorem
Fourier transform
Bochner's theorem
continuous
measure
statistics
Bayesian statistics
covariance matrix
Kriging
characteristic function
symmetric
probability density function (PDF)
Positive-definite function on a group
locally compact abelian topological group
representation theory
Hilbert spaces

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