401:
502:(e.g. hair loss) to more severe complications requiring re-hospitalisation or treatment. The most frequently reported symptoms were lethargy or fatigue, joint pain, and hair loss. Sixty-three per cent reported having eye problems including two who were diagnosed with uveitis, 75% reported psychological or cognitive symptoms, and 38% reported neural difficulties. Although most symptoms resolved or improved over time, only one survivor reported complete resolution of all symptoms.
40:
116:. Symptoms include joint and muscle pain, eye problems, including blindness, various neurological problems, and other ailments, sometimes so severe that the person is unable to work. Although similar symptoms had been reported following previous outbreaks in the last 20 years, health professionals began using the term in 2014 when referring to a constellation of symptoms seen in people who had recovered from an acute attack of Ebola disease.
143:
2185:
568:
to persistent symptoms in some but not all Ebola survivors. One hypothesis suggests "ongoing inflammation due to persistent infection vs autoimmune phenomena." The authors suggest that more study is needed to come to conclusions about why some survivors continue to experience post syndrome ailments.
567:
In 2018, over two years after the resolution of the Ebola outbreak in
Eastern Sierra Leone, a study was conducted of Ebola survivors, with their families used as a control group. The study was published in 2021, Looking at the results, the researchers were able to find an underlying process leading
473:
samples (18 survivors) almost 4 months after initial infection, with the last positive samples being more than 6 months (203 days) after infection had occurred. Another aspect of survivors of the Ebola virus, is that it could become sexually transmitted, as the virus is present in semen nine months
501:
From August through
December 2014, a total of 10 patients with Ebola were treated in US hospitals; of these patients, 8 survived. In March 2015, the CDC interviewed the survivors; they all reported having had at least one adverse symptom during their recovery period. The symptoms ranged from mild
557:
PREVAIL III (Partnership for
Research on Ebola Vaccines in Liberia III), a study of survivors and their contacts, a collaboration between NIAID and Liberia, was planned in late 2014. Early results described abdominal, chest, neurologic, musculoskeletal, and ocular challenges faced by survivors.
505:
A study published in May 2015 discussed the case of Ian
Crozier, a Zimbabwe-born physician and American citizen who became infected with Ebola while he was working at an Ebola treatment centre in Sierra Leone. He was transported to the US and successfully treated at Emory University Hospital.
542:
Another study, which was released in August 2015 looked at the health difficulties reported by survivors. Calling the set of symptoms "post-Ebolavirus disease syndrome", the research found symptoms that included "chronic joint and muscle pain, fatigue, anorexia, hearing loss, blurred vision,
550:(NINDS) and Liberian research partners are doing a 5-year follow-up study of 1500 Ebola survivors in Liberia. Survivors will be evaluated every 6 months; as of October 2017, two follow-ups have been performed. Researchers will track relapses and viral persistence, characterize
474:
after the individuals are declared free of Ebola. A 2017 study found the virus in the semen of some men after more than two years following the recovery from the acute infection and in one case, Ebola viral RNA was identified up to 40 months after illness.
498:(i.e. consequences) persisted among survivors. Symptoms included eye pain, blurred vision, hearing loss, difficulty swallowing, difficulty sleeping, arthralgias, memory loss or confusion, and "various constitutional symptoms controlling for age and sex".
477:
At the start of 2021 an outbreak of EVD that caused 18 cases and 9 deaths in Guinea is thought to be due to a West Africa Ebola outbreak survivor. This individual apparently infected a woman more than 5 years after he himself had incurred the infection
2159:
522:
obtained from his eye tested positive for Ebola. The authors of the study concluded that "further studies to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the ocular persistence of Ebola and the possible presence of the virus in other
415:
cannot reach. It is not known if the neurologic symptoms seen in survivors are a direct result of the virus or, instead, triggered by the immune system's response to the infection. It is known that Ebola can trigger a massive
1691:
Bond, N. G.; Grant, D. S.; Himmelfarb, S. T.; Engel, E. J.; Al-Hasan, F.; Gbakie, M.; Kamara, F.; Kanneh, L.; Mustapha, I.; Okoli, A.; Fischer, W.; Wohl, D.; Garry, R. F.; Samuels, R.; Shaffer, J. G.; Schieffelin, J. S. (2021).
1107:
172:
539:) are warranted." The authors also noted that 40% of participants in a survey of 85 Ebola survivors in Sierra Leone reported having "eye problems", though the incidence of actual uveitis was unknown.
1632:
Eghrari, Allen O.; Shantha, Jessica G.; Ross, Robin D.; Ryn, Collin Van; Crozier, Ian; Hayek, Brent; Gradin, Dan; Roberts, Ben; Prakalapakorn, S. Grace; Amegashie, Fred; Nishant, Kumar (2021-01-04).
285:
547:
561:
PREVAIL IV examined if a medication, GS-5734, could help men with persistent Ebola virus RNA in semen to eliminate it, and thereby reduce the potential risk for sexual transmission.
408:
Although, there is some progress that may potentially help Ebola survivors, adequate funding and further research is required to help provide more answers about post-Ebola syndrome.
321:
1115:
1368:
Varkey, JB; Shantha, JG; Crozier, I; Kraft, CS; Lyon, GM; Mehta, AK; Kumar, G; Smith, JR; Kainulainen, MH; Whitmer, S; Ströher, U; Uyeki, TM; Ribner, BS; Yeh, S (Jun 2015).
564:
PREVAIL VII examined if survivors of Ebola virus disease had evidence of Ebola virus RNA in aqueous humor and outcomes of cataract surgery relative to the local population.
543:
headache, sleep disturbances, low mood and short-term memory problems", and suggested the "implementation of specialised health services to treat and follow-up survivors".
167:
428:
In terms of diagnosis, the individual may show sensitivity to light or eye redness when ocular problems are suspected. Neurologically the individual's coordination,
411:
Studies from previous outbreaks reveal that the virus is able to survive for months after recovery in some parts of the body such as the eyes and testes, where the
1607:
2224:
314:
162:
254:
65:
249:
177:
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307:
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that can cause bleeding throughout the body, including the brain, which may explain various neurological symptoms that have been reported.
259:
239:
213:
132:
1819:
1694:"Post-Ebola Syndrome Presents With Multiple Overlapping Symptom Clusters: Evidence From an Ongoing Cohort Study in Eastern Sierra Leone"
1239:
857:
577:
388:
in 2015 report that symptoms include lethargy, joint pains, hair loss, and vision loss, frequently to the point of near blindness, and
339:
985:
1634:"Efficacy and Safety Outcomes of Cataract Surgery in Survivors of Ebola Virus Disease: 12-Month Results From the PREVAIL VII Study"
807:
384:
295:
280:
208:
782:
203:
830:
1748:"Disability Among Ebola Survivors and Their Close Contacts in Sierra Leone: A Retrospective Case-Controlled Cohort Study"
1468:"Disability Among Ebola Survivors and Their Close Contacts in Sierra Leone: A Retrospective Case-Controlled Cohort Study"
1108:"Preliminary study finds that Ebola virus fragments can persist in the semen of some survivors for at least nine months"
244:
659:
229:
2095:"Ebola Virus Ribonucleic Acid Detection in Semen More Than Two Years After Resolution of Acute Ebola Virus Infection"
1139:"Ebola Virus Ribonucleic Acid Detection in Semen More Than Two Years After Resolution of Acute Ebola Virus Infection"
518:
involving his lower legs, and eye pain, which was diagnosed as uveitis. His eye condition worsened and a specimen of
444:
Management depends on the symptoms displayed, for example, if the individual indicates muscular-skeletal pain then
400:
2200:
582:
275:
528:
1058:"Presence and Persistence of Ebola or Marburg Virus in Patients and Survivors: A Rapid Systematic Review"
433:
1842:
370:, and poor long-term health. Some survivors report neurological issues including memory problems and
2052:
2002:
536:
335:
290:
109:
1017:"Long-term sequelae after Ebola virus disease in Bundibugyo, Uganda: a retrospective cohort study"
506:
However, after discharge
Crozier began to experience symptoms including low back pain, bilateral
72:
554:
in various bodily systems, and do clinical studies on pharmacologic interventions and vaccines.
404:
Doctors put on protective gear before entering an Ebola treatment ward in
Liberia, August 2014.
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2074:
2032:
1989:
1946:
1911:
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1798:
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1655:
1589:
1556:
Eghrari AO, Bishop RJ, Ross RD, Davis B, Larbelee J, Amegashie F, et al. (January 2021).
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763:
722:
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355:
90:
60:
2114:
2106:
2064:
2022:
2014:
2001:
Shantha JG, Crozier I, Varkey JB, Kraft CS, Lyon GM, Mehta AK, et al. (December 2016).
1979:
1971:
1936:
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916:
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900:
753:
712:
704:
624:
487:
234:
48:
1608:"PREVAIL treatment trial for men with persistent Ebola viral RNA in semen opens in Liberia"
993:
469:
According to a review by
Brainard, et al., Ebola virus was identified in almost 3 out of 4
338:
for 20 years, but it became more widely reported with the large number of survivors of the
39:
1746:
Jagadesh S, Sevalie S, Fatoma R, Sesay F, Sahr F, Faragher B, et al. (January 2018).
1466:
Jagadesh S, Sevalie S, Fatoma R, Sesay F, Sahr F, Faragher B, et al. (January 2018).
1327:
Epstein, Lauren; Wong, Karen K; Kallen, Alexander J; Uyeki, Timothy M (17 December 2015).
1189:
Sneller MC, Reilly C, Badio M, Bishop RJ, Eghrari AO, Moses SJ, et al. (March 2019).
1015:
Clark DV, Kibuuka H, Millard M, Wakabi S, Lukwago L, Taylor A, et al. (August 2015).
511:
2190:
1846:
1829:
Blackley DJ, Wiley MR, Ladner JT, Fallah M, Lo T, Gilbert ML, et al. (April 2016).
2219:
2119:
2094:
2027:
1984:
1959:
1906:
1881:
1863:
1830:
1772:
1747:
1718:
1693:
1668:
1633:
1584:
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1402:
1369:
1304:
1279:
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1215:
1190:
1163:
1138:
1084:
1057:
921:
888:
717:
692:
453:
417:
371:
52:
1975:
1958:
Jacobs M, Rodger A, Bell DJ, Bhagani S, Cropley I, Filipe A, et al. (July 2016).
1941:
1924:
1533:
1516:
1295:
1033:
758:
741:
2213:
884:
519:
470:
412:
187:
515:
379:
359:
1443:
1426:
629:
612:
142:
2018:
1074:
2093:
Fischer WA, Brown J, Wohl DA, Loftis AJ, Tozay S, Reeves E, et al. (2017).
2003:"Long-term Management of Panuveitis and Iris Heterochromia in an Ebola Survivor"
1137:
Fischer WA, Brown J, Wohl DA, Loftis AJ, Tozay S, Reeves E, et al. (2017).
445:
375:
347:
2069:
2168:
587:
507:
449:
367:
351:
343:
1880:
Scott JT, Sesay FR, Massaquoi TA, Idriss BR, Sahr F, Semple MG (April 2016).
1659:
691:
Scott JT, Sesay FR, Massaquoi TA, Idriss BR, Sahr F, Semple MG (April 2016).
1252:
363:
334:
Researchers have been aware of a group of symptoms that frequently followed
2128:
2078:
2036:
1993:
1950:
1915:
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1854:
1802:
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1727:
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1313:
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708:
638:
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may be administered. If the individual presents with ocular problems, then
2151:
2110:
1709:
1385:
1206:
1154:
904:
1763:
1650:
1483:
1345:
1328:
962:
945:
551:
495:
1831:"Reduced evolutionary rate in reemerged Ebola virus transmission chains"
1280:"Ebola control: effect of asymptomatic infection and acquired immunity"
389:
1393:
1184:
1182:
912:
2163:
1960:"Late Ebola virus relapse causing meningoencephalitis: a case report"
1923:
Massaquoi MB, Kennedy SB, Tegli JK, Bolay FK, Kateh FN (April 2016).
1515:
Massaquoi MB, Kennedy SB, Tegli JK, Bolay FK, Kateh FN (April 2016).
532:
491:
1925:"Fostering collaboration on post-Ebola clinical research in Liberia"
1517:"Fostering collaboration on post-Ebola clinical research in Liberia"
1240:"New Ebola outbreak likely sparked by a person infected 5 years ago"
1016:
1056:
Brainard J, Pond K, Hooper L, Edmunds K, Hunter P (February 2016).
808:"'Post-Ebola Syndrome' Persists After Virus Is Cured, Doctor Says"
399:
157:
113:
1370:"Persistence of Ebola Virus in Ocular Fluid during Convalescence"
889:"Persistence of Ebola Virus in Ocular Fluid during Convalescence"
858:"After Nearly Claiming His Life, Ebola Lurked in a Doctor's Eye"
429:
486:
An observational study, done roughly 29 months after the 2007
2053:"Cannabidiol: a potential treatment for post Ebola syndrome?"
1278:; Jonathan Dushoff; Lauren Ancel Meyers (15 October 2015).
944:
Epstein L, Wong KK, Kallen AJ, Uyeki TM (December 2015).
1558:"Characterization of Ebola Virus-Associated Eye Disease"
548:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
112:
affecting those who have recovered from infection with
831:"Free from Ebola, survivors complain of new syndrome"
2141:
1427:"Post-Ebolavirus disease syndrome: what do we know?"
660:"Clinical care for survivors of Ebola virus disease"
613:"Post-Ebolavirus disease syndrome: what do we know?"
16:
Sequelae following recovery from Ebola virus disease
2145:
1191:"A Longitudinal Study of Ebola Sequelae in Liberia"
89:
81:
71:
59:
29:
24:
382:, and blurred vision. Two papers published in the
378:is also frequently reported, along with eye pain,
2051:Reznik SE, Gardner EL, Ashby CR (November 2016).
1329:"Post-Ebola Signs and Symptoms in U.S. Survivors"
946:"Post-Ebola Signs and Symptoms in U.S. Survivors"
456:may be used for treatment, according to the WHO.
783:"Why Ebola Survivors Struggle with New Symptoms"
887:, Lyon GM, Mehta AK, et al. (June 2015).
1638:Translational Vision Science & Technology
342:in 2014. Post Ebola syndrome may manifest as
315:
8:
2057:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
1114:. World Health Organization. Archived from
2142:
590: – Long-term complication of COVID-19
322:
308:
123:
38:
21:
2118:
2068:
2026:
1983:
1940:
1905:
1862:
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1717:
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1583:
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1442:
1401:
1344:
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1251:
1214:
1162:
1083:
1073:
1032:
961:
920:
757:
716:
628:
617:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
600:
267:
221:
195:
149:
131:
178:Ebola virus disease treatment research
986:"Ebola survivors: What happens next?"
686:
684:
654:
652:
650:
648:
7:
1238:Kupferschmidt, Kai (12 March 2021).
606:
604:
1882:"Post-Ebola Syndrome, Sierra Leone"
1612:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
1195:The New England Journal of Medicine
950:The New England Journal of Medicine
893:The New England Journal of Medicine
693:"Post-Ebola Syndrome, Sierra Leone"
578:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa
1575:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32216
990:Foundation for Biomedical Research
883:Varkey JB, Shantha JG, Crozier I,
829:Farge E, Giahyue JH (2015-02-04).
465:Viral persistence and transmission
14:
2225:West African Ebola virus epidemic
1789:Carod-Artal FJ (March 2015). "".
611:Carod-Artal FJ (3 October 2015).
77:Chest pain, fatigue, hearing loss
2183:
1062:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
141:
1374:New England Journal of Medicine
1333:New England Journal of Medicine
1021:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
746:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
385:New England Journal of Medicine
296:List of epidemics and pandemics
281:1976 Zaire Ebola virus outbreak
2099:Open Forum Infectious Diseases
1143:Open Forum Infectious Diseases
340:deadly epidemic in West Africa
1:
1976:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30386-5
1942:10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00323-X
1534:10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00323-X
1444:10.1586/14787210.2015.1079128
1296:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61839-0
1034:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70152-0
759:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00259-5
630:10.1586/14787210.2015.1079128
196:Nations with widespread cases
47:Ebola virus particles (blue)
2230:Syndromes caused by microbes
2019:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.013
1886:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1752:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1698:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1472:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1075:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004475
697:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1431:Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther
669:. World Health Organization
173:Timeline, tables and graphs
2246:
2070:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.09.020
2201:Post-Ebola virus syndrome
1929:The Lancet. Global Health
1521:The Lancet. Global Health
806:Neporent L (2014-09-03).
368:cessation of menstruation
183:Post-Ebola virus syndrome
168:Responses to the epidemic
102:Post-Ebola virus syndrome
46:
37:
25:Post-Ebola virus syndrome
1812:Ebola: An Evolving Story
163:Timeline of the epidemic
95:Neurological observation
1425:Carod-Artal FJ (2015).
1253:10.1126/science.abi4876
583:List of Ebola outbreaks
494:, found that long-term
276:List of Ebola outbreaks
127:Articles related to the
1898:10.3201/eid2204.151302
1855:10.1126/sciadv.1600378
856:Grady D (2015-05-07).
740:Burki TK (July 2016).
709:10.3201/eid2204.151302
529:central nervous system
405:
286:2014 DR Congo outbreak
222:Other affected nations
1791:Revista de Neurología
1386:10.1056/NEJMoa1500306
1274:Steve E Bellanemail;
1207:10.1056/NEJMoa1805435
905:10.1056/NEJMoa1500306
742:"Post-Ebola syndrome"
546:Researchers from the
434:frontal release signs
403:
2013:(12): 2626–2628.e2.
1814:. World Scientific.
1651:10.1167/tvst.10.1.32
1346:10.1056/NEJMc1506576
963:10.1056/NEJMc1506576
864:. The New York Times
527:sites (e.g., in the
436:should be observed.
135:Ebola virus epidemic
2111:10.1093/ofid/ofx155
1847:2016SciA....2E0378B
1710:10.1093/cid/ciab267
1290:(9953): 1499–1500.
1155:10.1093/ofid/ofx155
787:Scientific American
537:articular cartilage
336:Ebola virus disease
291:Kivu Ebola epidemic
158:Ebola virus disease
110:post-viral syndrome
106:post-Ebola syndrome
33:Post Ebola syndrome
1970:(10043): 498–503.
1764:10.1093/cid/cix705
1484:10.1093/cid/cix705
1276:Juliet R C Pulliam
1118:on 7 December 2016
862:The New York Times
406:
120:Signs and symptoms
66:Infectious disease
2178:
2177:
1562:JAMA Network Open
1380:(25): 2423–2427.
1339:(25): 2484–2486.
837:. Dakar, Monrovia
525:immune-privileged
332:
331:
99:
98:
91:Diagnostic method
19:Medical condition
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2030:
1997:
1987:
1954:
1944:
1919:
1909:
1876:
1866:
1835:Science Advances
1825:
1810:Lyons J (2015).
1806:
1785:
1775:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1704:(6): 1046–1054.
1688:
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992:. Archived from
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22:
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1957:
1922:
1879:
1841:(4): e1600378.
1828:
1822:
1821:978-981-4675918
1809:
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1739:Further reading
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1568:(1): e2032216.
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1201:(10): 924–934.
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1068:(2): e0004475.
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996:on 10 July 2015
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512:Achilles tendon
484:
467:
462:
442:
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372:anxiety attacks
328:
268:Other outbreaks
134:
133:Western African
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380:inflammation
360:hearing loss
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214:Sierra Leone
182:
105:
101:
100:
2042:7 September
1935:(4): e239.
1527:(4): e239.
446:paracetamol
376:Vision loss
348:muscle pain
30:Other names
2214:Categories
1618:2021-01-27
1394:2328/35704
1284:The Lancet
913:2328/35704
810:. ABC news
792:2020-05-27
781:Yasmin S.
595:References
588:Long COVID
508:enthesitis
488:Bundibugyo
450:prednisone
440:Management
352:chest pain
344:joint pain
2084:1 October
2063:: 74–76.
1660:2164-2591
1644:(1): 32.
460:Prognosis
424:Diagnosis
396:Mechanism
364:hair loss
61:Specialty
49:attacking
2129:29670927
2079:27686726
2037:27594198
1994:27209148
1951:27013310
1916:26983037
1873:27386513
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1728:33822010
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1594:33399856
1543:27013310
1502:29020205
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1412:25950269
1355:26672870
1314:25390569
1259:19 March
1225:30855742
1173:29670927
1122:5 August
1094:26927697
1043:25910637
972:26672870
931:25950269
885:Kraft CS
768:27352759
727:26983037
673:5 August
639:26293407
572:See also
552:sequelae
496:sequelae
482:Research
150:Overview
73:Symptoms
55:(yellow)
2191:Scholia
2120:5897835
2028:5121070
1985:4967715
1907:4806950
1864:4928956
1843:Bibcode
1773:5833946
1719:8442780
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1585:7786253
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1305:4829342
1244:Science
1216:6478393
1164:5897835
1085:4771830
922:4547451
835:Reuters
718:4806950
510:of the
390:uveitis
356:fatigue
240:Senegal
235:Nigeria
209:Liberia
108:) is a
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535:, and
533:gonads
492:Uganda
204:Guinea
82:Causes
2220:Ebola
2195:topic
2169:B94.8
663:(PDF)
260:Italy
245:Spain
114:Ebola
2125:PMID
2086:2016
2075:PMID
2044:2016
2033:PMID
1990:PMID
1947:PMID
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927:PMID
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843:2015
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635:PMID
452:and
432:and
430:gait
230:Mali
104:(or
53:cell
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2015:doi
2011:123
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1972:doi
1968:388
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