Sub-Roman Britain - Knowledge (XXG)

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greater estimate would require implausible levels of transformation in a pre-modern context." The difference the lower percentage in the Later Roman Empire can be attributed to fewer slaves in sub-elite households and agricultural estates (replaced by a great expansion in various types of tenancy). The Germanic region was one of the main sources of slaves. It was mainly wholesale dealers, who followed the Roman armies, who sold slaves. After the Empire expanded, there were fewer places to obtain slaves. Around 210,

126: 1131: 2292:. Landowners could pay a set fee to prevent any of their tenants from being pressed into the army (slaves were rarely resorted to even at critical moments in exchange for their freedom). Not enough men wanted to enter military service. The gold from the tax led to a greater use of Germanic or other tribal groups who did not need to be expensively equipped, housed, and paid pensions, as the tax was used to recruit mercenaries as 1766: 6110: 1383: 5162: 38: 79: 3772:; Hunter-Mann, Kurt; Montgomery, Janet; Müldner, Gundula; McLaughlin, Russell L.; Teasdale, Matthew D.; Van Rheenen, Wouter; Veldink, Jan H.; Van Den Berg, Leonard H.; Hardiman, Orla; Carroll, Maureen; Roskams, Steve; Oxley, John; Morgan, Colleen; Thomas, Mark G.; Barnes, Ian; McDonnell, Christine; Collins, Matthew J.; Bradley, Daniel G. (2016). 764:. Gildas is the nearest to a source of Sub-Roman history but there are many problems in using it. The document represents British history as he and his audience understood it. Though a few other documents of the period do exist, such as Gildas' letters on monasticism, they are not directly relevant to British history. Gildas' 2043:. The dates of these migrations are uncertain, but recent studies suggest that the migration from south western Britain to Brittany may have begun as early as 300 and had largely ended by 500. These settlers, unlikely to be refugees if the date was this early, made their presence felt in the naming of the westernmost, 1937:. This interpretation particularly appealed to earlier English historians, who wanted to further their view that England had developed differently from mainland Europe, with a limited monarchy and love of liberty. This, it was argued, came from the mass Anglo-Saxon invasions. While this view was never universal – 1875:

social preeminence in the south and east of Britain. Names with a Latin element may suggest continuity of settlement, while some places are named for pagan Germanic deities. Names of British origin may or may not indicate survival of a British population. Names based on the Anglo-Saxon word for the British,

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Slaves were important in the economy and the army in the Roman Empire. Estimates for the prevalence of slavery in the Roman Empire vary: some estimate that around 30% of the population of the Empire in the 1st century was enslaved. A more recent study suggests 10–15% even for the early empire "as any

2011:

who came from Britain in the late 4th and early 5th centuries, and points out that the supply of coinage to Britain had dried up by the early 5th century, so that administrators and troops were not getting paid. All of this, he argues, led the British people to rebel against Rome. These arguments are

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note, "It is possible that future genetic studies of ancient and modern human DNA may help to inform our understanding of the subject. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics and

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The traditional view about the numbers of Anglo-Saxons arriving in Britain during this period has been deconstructed. Incoming people uniting with the existing population could explain why the island conquest was as slow and incomplete as it was, and why the island was exposed to external attacks by

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system granted a third of the land (or fees) of a region to barbarians who had invaded and occupied those lands assigned to them. In return, these people declared loyalty to the Emperor and provided military support, whilst retaining their independence. If the theory is correct, Germanic peoples may

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Britain was not easily defensible. It did not pay completely the costs of occupation. Nevertheless, the Romans were forced to keep three or four legions, 30,000 to 40,000 men with auxiliary units in place to defend it. They managed fairly well until the collapse of Roman authority after the garrison

2469:. Oppenheimer suggests that the division between the West and the East of England is not due to the Anglo-Saxon invasion but originates with two main routes of genetic flow – one up the Atlantic coast, the other from neighbouring areas of Continental Europe – which occurred just after the 1874:

in its place names. There are scattered Celtic place names throughout, increasing towards the west. There are also Celtic river names and topographical names. An explanation of the toponymic and linguistic evidence is that Anglo-Saxon language and culture became dominant due to their political and

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were sent. Germanus, a former military commander, is reported to have led the British to the "Hallelujah" victory, possibly in Wales or Herefordshire. Germanus is said to have made a second visit to England later. Participation by a British bishop at a synod in Gaul demonstrates that at least some

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Anglo-Saxons. Coming from a fully oral cultural background, the Anglo-Saxons were heavily influenced by the more developed Christianized and literate culture of the Britons. British scholars were often employed at Anglo-Saxon courts to assist in the management of the kingdoms. This reintroduced

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kingdoms existed at some point in the period. Some changed their names and some were absorbed by others. Not all of their names, especially in the southeast, are known, nor are the details of their political development; some authority structures left from the Roman period may have continued in

2946:, 2nd ed. 1991:15f: "it is altogether unlikely that organized town-life can have survived through the troubles of the fifth and sixth centuries. Gildas lamented the destruction of the twenty-eight cities of Britain, and there is no reason to doubt the essential truth of his statement" (p16). 1949:

The traditional view has been partly deconstructed (considerably in some circles) since the 1990s, with a reduction in the numbers of Anglo-Saxons believed to have arrived in Britain. A lower figure is sometimes accepted, which would mean that it is highly unlikely that the existing British

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Little extant written material is available from this period, though a considerable amount from later periods may be relevant. A lot of what is available deals with the first few decades of the 5th century only. The sources can usefully be classified into British and continental, and into

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While pushed back politically and linguistically, British scholars and ecclesiastics had a significant impact on the Anglo-Saxon newcomers through literacy, ecclesiastical social constructs and historical memory of the Roman period in Britain, particularly after the Christianizing of the

2413:, Anglo-Saxon settlers could have enjoyed a substantial social and economic advantage over the native Celtic Britons who lived in what is now England, for more than 300 years from the middle of the 5th century. However, this scenario, assuming that the Anglo-Saxons were just Germanic 1886:

Surviving inscriptions on stones provide another source of information on the settlements of Britons and the Anglo-Saxons. Celtic inscribed stones from this period occur in western England, Wales and southern Scotland. Inscriptions in parts of Scotland, Wales, and Cornwall, are in

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From the middle of the 5th century the Germanic raiders began to settle in the eastern river valleys. Later civil wars seem to have broken out, which have been interpreted either as being between pro-Roman and independence groups or between "Established Church" and

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in 1943, although making considerable allowance for British survival, essentially sums up this view, arguing "that the greater part of southern England was overrun in the first phase of the war". This interpretation was based on the written sources, particularly

2326:, by the Treaty of 382, were allowed to remain with the Empire intact, which reversed the centuries-old Roman policy of destroying barbarian enemies by killing them all, selling them or incorporating them into the Roman army by scattering them across units. The 1220:

and took with him all of the mobile troops left in Britain, thus denuding the province of any first line military protection. The Roman forces in Gaul (modern France) declared for him, followed by most of those in Hispania (modern Spain). On 31 December 406 the

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population was substantially displaced by the Anglo-Saxons. If fewer Anglo-Saxons arrived, it is proposed that they formed a ruling elite, with acculturation of the local population. Thus some "Saxon" graves may be of Britons, though many scholars disagree.

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Two genetic studies published in 2016, using data from ancient burials found in Cambridgeshire, Yorkshire and Durham, found that the ancestry of the modern-day English population contained substantial contributions from the Anglo-Saxon and Celtic peoples.

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This period has attracted a great deal of academic and popular debate, in part because of the scarcity of the written source material. The term "post-Roman Britain" is also used for the period; "sub-Roman" and "post-Roman" are terms that apply to the old

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as "decline and immigration" and "invasion and displacement". It has long been held that the Anglo-Saxons migrated to Britain in large numbers in the 5th and 6th centuries, substantially displacing the British people. The Anglo-Saxon historian

2020:, 2008) suggests tribal conflict, possibly even starting before 410, may have sliced up much of Britain and helped destroy the economy. The evidence from land use suggests a decline in production, which might be a sign of population decline. 2445:, basing his research on the Weale and Capelli studies, maintains that none of the invasions since the Romans have had a significant impact on the gene pool of the British Isles, and that the inhabitants from prehistoric times belong to an 1322:

Writing in Latin, perhaps about 540, Gildas gives an account of the history of Britain, but the earlier part (for which other sources are available) is severely muddled. He castigates five rulers in western Britain – Constantine of

1247:

Meanwhile, there were barbarian raids on Britain in 408, but these seem to have been defeated. After 410 Honorius apparently sent letters to the cities of Britain telling them to fend for themselves, though this is sometimes disputed.

1075:(Radford 1939). This uncovered rectangular structures and much Mediterranean pottery. The buildings were initially interpreted as a monastery, but later as a princely stronghold and trading post. Another important excavation was at 701:", implying wider horizons, is finding more use in the academic community, especially when transformations of classical culture common throughout the post-Roman West are examined. The period may also be considered as part of the 2342:

Ancient authors bitterly comment on this series of policy mistakes. The East which relied far less on mercenaries escaped Britain's fate. The Britons in the decades after 410 repeated the mistakes the emperors had done with the

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charge of some areas for some time. At times some of the kingdoms were united by a ruler who was an overlord, while wars occurred between others. During the period the boundaries are likely to have changed. The major ones were:

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Schiffels, Stephan; Haak, Wolfgang; Paajanen, Pirita; Llamas, Bastien; Popescu, Elizabeth; Loe, Louise; Clarke, Rachel; Lyons, Alice; Mortimer, Richard; Sayer, Duncan; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Cooper, Alan; Durbin, Richard (2016).

1917:, that cast the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons as a violent event. The toponymic and linguistic evidence was also considered to support this interpretation, as very few British place names survived in eastern Britain, very few 793:

Walls are clearly wrong. Nevertheless, Gildas does provide us with an insight into some of the kingdoms that existed when he was writing, and how an educated monk perceived the situation that had developed between the

1343:) – for their sins. He also attacks the British clergy. He gives information on the British diet, dress and entertainment. He writes that Britons were killed, emigrated or enslaved but gives no idea of numbers. 1070:

have been excavated. Work on towns has been particularly important. Work on the hill-forts has shown evidence of refurbishment, and also of overseas trade, in this period. One of the earliest major excavations was at

1941:

believed that there had been a great deal of British survival – it was the dominant paradigm. Though many scholars would now employ this argument, the traditional view is still held by many other historians,

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depends on the presence of suitable pieces of wood. Coins are often the most useful tool for dating, but no newly minted coins are believed to have entered circulation in Britain after the very early 5th century.

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to find ways of countering the barbarian threat. The council opted to hire Saxon mercenaries, following Roman practice. After a while these turned against the British and plundered the towns. A British leader,

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to warn contemporary rulers against sin, demonstrating through historical and biblical examples that bad rulers are always punished by God – in the case of Britain, through the destructive wrath of the

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The policy of substituting mercenaries who were paid in gold which should have gone to support the professional standing army and accommodation to their presence spelled the doom of the Western Empire. The

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Verbs and diachronic syntax: a comparative history of English and French Volume 28 of Studies in natural language and linguistic theory Volume 28 of NATO Asi Series. Series C, Mathematical and Physical

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It was a violent period, and there was probably widespread tension, alluded to in all the written sources. This may have led to the deaths of many Britons. There are also references to plagues. Laycock

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provides further evidence for this period, in some cases suggesting that the depopulation of Roman towns and the development of villa and estate organization was already occurring in the 4th century.

2093:), which was the seat of a bishop who ministered to the spiritual needs of the British immigrants to northwestern Spain: in 572 the bishop, Mailoc, had a Celtic name. The settlers had brought their 1662:, though mostly not until the 6th century; but the "Saxons" were pagan. This reinforced a great antipathy between the peoples. Many Roman cemeteries continued into much later times, such as that at 568:. The term was originally used to describe archaeological remains found in 5th- and 6th-century AD sites that hinted at the decay of locally made wares from a previous higher standard under the 1042:. Archaeological excavations in South Wales in 2023 sought evidence of an early medieval monastery and school said to have been founded by St Illtud in the early 6th century, the forerunner of 2003:

and the need to withdraw troops to fight off barbarian armies led Rome to abandon Britain. It was the collapse of the imperial system that led to the end of imperial rule in Britain. However,

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parties (Myres 1965, Morris 1965), a class struggle between peasants and land owners (Thompson 1977, Wood 1984), or a coup by an urban elite (Snyder 1988). A recent view explored by Laycock (

496: 5458: 2977: 439: 5485: 3080: 501: 868:(written around 731) heavily on Gildas, though he tried to provide dates for the events Gildas describes. It was written from an anti-Briton point of view. Later sources, such as the 999:

system, represented by some five hundred archaeological sites, did not survive either; unlike Gaul, in Britain not a single villa name survived into the Germanic period. However, at

5033: 1879:, are also taken as indicating British survival. An example is Walton, meaning settlement of the British and this name is found in many parts of England, though it sometimes means 4004: 934:

of Celtic saints, although often unreliable, do provide some insights into life in Sub-Roman Britain. For example, there is a description of a dilapidated, but still occupied,

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volumes 1–9, general editor: John Morris, Phillimore & Co, Chichester (includes full text of Gildas & Nennius, Saint Patrick material and various annals and charters)

1291:, though Gildas does not identify him. After this there was a long period of peace. The British seem to have been in control of England and Wales roughly west of a line from 4343: 1264:

gradually transformed into kingdoms. Life seems to have continued much as before in the countryside, and on a reduced scale in the towns as evidenced by the descriptions of

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is short, and the material in it is clearly selected with Gildas' purpose in mind. There are no absolute dates given, and some of the details, such as those regarding the

4294: 4966:– An extensive collection of information covering all historical states, including comprehensive features, highly detailed maps, and lists of rulers for each state. 1855:. The consensus is that Old English has little evidence of linguistic contact. Some scholars have suggested that there is more evidence in the grammar than in the 1052:

of settlements have revealed possible changes in social structures, and the extent to which life in Britain continued unaltered in certain pockets into the early

1999:

was that Rome left Britain. This argument was substantiated over time, most recently by A.S. Esmonde-Cleary. According to this argument, internal turmoil in the

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In the sub-Roman period, building in stone gradually came to an end; buildings were constructed of less durable materials than during the Roman period. However,

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Archaeological Resource Assessment of the Isle of Wight: Early Medieval period. Compiled by Ruth Waller, Isle of Wight County Archaeology Service, August 2006

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in 611 might have separated the latter from those of the north of England.) Until the 570s, Britons were still in control of about half of England and Wales.

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associated with these, has done much to expand the understanding of cultural identities in the period. Archaeology has shown some evidence of continuity with

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Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992,

2905:(1), (June 1980:77–92); Simon T. Loseby, "Power and towns in Late Roman Britain and early Anglo-Saxon England" in Gisela Ripoll and Josep M. Gurt, eds., 3667: 7796: 5768: 5739: 3641: 2250:. Michael Jones suggests that declining agricultural production from land that was already fully exploited had considerable demographic consequences. 1268:' visits. It appears that while Roman cities and towns have decreased in size, they retained administrative and symbolic importance for new polities. 2913: 100: 87: 927:). Therefore, they can only be regarded as showing how the legends grew. Not until modern times have serious studies of the period been undertaken. 529: 913:

there were many books written that purport to give the history of the Sub-Roman period. These have been influenced by the fictionalised account in

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operating from within the boundaries of the Empire, eventually became the new landlords, as there was no professional Roman army to subdue them.

705:, if continuity with the following periods is stressed. Popular (and some academic) works use a range of more dramatic names for the period: the 1260:, 2008) sees Britain violently fragmenting into kingdoms based on British tribal identities; 'violently' is disputable, but clearly most of the 7836: 7821: 7811: 5530: 2377:

The population of Britain may have decreased by between 1.5 and 3 million after the Roman period, perhaps caused by environmental changes (the

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in 597. The date taken for the end of this period is arbitrary in that the sub-Roman culture continued in northern England until the merger of

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split from the Indo-European earlier than previously suspected, some 6000 years ago. He claims that the English language split from the other

2055:"). However, there is clear linguistic evidence for close contact between the south west of Britain and Brittany across the sub-Roman period. 1658:

on the same site or nearby. "Celtic" churches or monasteries seem to have flourished during this period in the British areas, such as that at

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for this period has been questioned. These conquests are often said by modern writers, on no clear evidence, to have separated the Britons of

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to those parts of Britain lost to the British politically. The epitome of this process is the adoption of the legendary British war leader,

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Philip Barker's excavation in the Baths Basilica at Wroxeter, (1975) is noted by R. Reece, "Town and country: the end of Roman Britain",

1859:, though this is challenged by many. Latin continued to be used for writing but the extent of its use for speech has been much disputed. 1654:

temples being refurbished at the start of this period in western England. However, most temples seem to have been replaced eventually by

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has advanced an alternative thesis that argues that Rome did not leave Britain, but that Britain left Rome. He highlights the numerous

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in the 5th century, with conditions turning cooler and wetter. This shortened the growing season and made uplands unsuited to growing

1789: 740: 200: 51: 5363: 2120:. To an extent these kingdoms may have derived from Roman structures. But it is also clear that they drew on a strong influence from 7294: 7107: 5314: 4858: 4612: 4036: 4024: 3909: 3155: 3139: 2573: 1778: 565: 187: 169: 65: 5358: 2202:

as a historical figure. Though there is little contemporary written evidence for this, archaeological evidence does suggest that a

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is traditionally seen as the significant Christianising event for the Saxons, a bishop had already arrived in Kent with the king's

1003:, building work continued: a mosaic within Room 28, discovered in 2020, was designed and created in the middle of the 5th century. 469: 4951: 4509: 4415: 4335: 4233: 4103: 890:, are all heavily shrouded in myth and can only be used with caution as evidence for this period. There are also documents giving 5557: 5324: 5319: 5243: 2397:

world in the 6th century and first arrived in the British Isles in 544 or 545, when it reached Ireland. The later medieval Welsh

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The 5th and 6th centuries in Britain are marked by a sharp discontinuity in town life, with the exception of a few sites such as

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reveal aspects of life in Britain, from where he was abducted to Ireland. It is particularly useful in highlighting the state of

847:, say prematurely that "Britain, abandoned by the Romans, passed into the power of the Saxons" and provide information about St 7891: 7886: 5701: 5302: 5297: 4286: 2814:, (1988), pp.367–398; R.W. Burgess, 'The Dark Ages Return to Fifth-Century Britain: The 'Restored' Gallic Chronicle Exploded', 2273:

increased around the North Sea and boosted the supply, taken from villages in that area, along with those captured for ransom.

305: 295: 3318: 2247: 2124:, which was never part of the Roman Empire. Archaeology has helped further the study of these kingdoms, notably at sites like 5336: 5292: 4999: 829:

to British cities that they must look to their own defence. Some historians have suggested that the reference was instead to

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and later incorporating an area of Jutish settlement in the Meon Valley and around Southampton (including the Isle of Wight)

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Wood, I. N. (1984) "The End of Roman Britain: Continental evidence and parallels", in M. Lapidge & D. Dumville (eds.)

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and his visit or visits to Britain, though again this text has received considerable academic deconstruction. The work of

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king might have wielded considerable power during the sub-Roman period, as demonstrated by the creation of sites such as

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Numerous later written sources claim to provide accurate accounts of the period. The first to attempt this was the monk

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More continental contemporary sources mention Britain, although their information is sparse and open to question. The

512: 855:, another 6th-century Byzantine writer, makes some references to Britain, though the accuracy of these is uncertain. 140: 134: 1142:

can provide a rough estimate, this is not accurate enough to associate archaeological finds with historical events.

7881: 7321: 7196: 6801: 6770: 6155: 5598: 5497: 5422: 5375: 5353: 5287: 5218: 5132: 2628: 2593: 2558: 2183:'s monastery). Chance discoveries have helped document the continuing urban occupation of some Roman towns such as 1555: 1283:, fought against them in a number of battles apparently over a long period. Towards the end of this period was the 706: 3471: 1726: 92: 7916: 7282: 7117: 7082: 6745: 4470: 3950: 2800: 2505:

came to fairly similar conclusions as Oppenheimer in his research, which he set forth in his 2006 published book

2410: 2004: 1977: 1926: 1918: 1832: 1096: 1083:(Alcock 1995). Many other sites have now been shown to have been occupied during the sub-Roman period, including 1031: 919: 818: 2363:– they invited mercenaries to protect them, then those same mercenaries subsequently took control over Britain. 151: 7622: 7056: 7032: 6358: 5331: 4491:

Oppenheimer, S. (2006). The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story: Constable and Robinson, London.

2583: 2102: 1284: 1049: 2956: 2312:, continued to exist but gradually disappeared in the 5th century leaving defence of the Empire to hirelings. 5542: 4960:– while Vortigern-focused, it is an in-depth resource for navigating the issues in sub-Roman British history. 3348:

in praesenti ... quinque gentium linguis, ... Anglorum uidelicet, Brettonum, Scottorum, Pictorum et Latinorum

7859: 7333: 6981: 6527: 6246: 6065: 5955: 5638: 5633: 5473: 5257: 5253: 4517: 3671: 2807:, 'The Gallic Chronicle Restored: A Chronology for the Anglo-Saxon Invasions and the End of Roman Britain', 2514: 2474: 1946:

writing in 2002 that England was "submerged by an Anglo-Saxon current which swept away the Romano-British."

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have been resident in Britain before and after these reforms. One thing led to another to create a spiral.

7931: 7801: 7720: 7683: 6755: 6045: 6040: 5248: 2910: 2077:, drawn up about 580, includes a list of the principal churches of each diocese in the metropolitanate of 1499: 665: 57: 7567: 7382: 7127: 7027: 6398: 6241: 6220: 2804: 2533: 2285:

in 401. It seems that after 350 the Roman government was having more difficulty in recruiting soldiers.

1546: – the Anglian kingdom of Deira before joining with Bernicia to become Northumbria (East Yorkshire) 1237: 1170:

The proximate cause of the end of Roman rule in Britannia appears to have been a power-struggle between

1134:

Roman coins findings clearly indicate the areas of greatest "Romanization" and presence in Roman Britain

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Similarly, studies of place names give clues about the linguistic history of an area. England (except

7710: 7582: 7316: 6966: 6363: 6286: 6095: 6020: 5658: 5515: 5395: 5194: 5189: 3925: 3785: 3724: 2588: 2470: 2316: 2211: 1807:(completed in 731) wrote that "currently, the languages of five peoples, namely that of the Angles ( 1663: 1280: 914: 2214:. Such interpretations continue to attract the popular imagination and the scepticism of academics. 1119:

that took place at least 50 years before the dates suggested by historical sources, concurrent with

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Non-Anglo-Saxon kingdoms began appearing in western Britain, and are first referred to in Gildas'

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In the late 6th century there was another period of Saxon expansion, starting with the capture of

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Celtic Connections: Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Celtic Studies. Volume One

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In an effort to remedy the situation it resorted to payment instead of provision of recruit, the

1985: 1848: 1836: 1655: 1549: 1475: 1370:(known later as the West Welsh) from those of Wales. (Just after the period being discussed, the 1367: 1316: 1139: 1120: 1084: 870: 593: 385: 225: 3224:, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) and in Philip Bartholomew 'Fifth-Century Facts' 2787:, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) and in Philip Bartholomew 'Fifth-Century Facts' 2449:

genetic grouping. He says that most people in the British Isles are genetically similar to the

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John Davey, "The Environs of South Cadbury in the Late Antique and Early Medieval Periods" in

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Gwenaël le Duc, "The Colonisation of Brittany from Britain: New Approaches and Questions" in

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Roman infrastructure in early medieval Britain: the adaptations of the past in text and stone

1995:

There is some controversy as to why Roman rule ended in Britain. The view first advocated by

1332: 7656: 7617: 7572: 7559: 7479: 7458: 7361: 7306: 6991: 6811: 6730: 6542: 6322: 6261: 6151: 6030: 6025: 5995: 5965: 5919: 5881: 5747: 5577: 5463: 5108: 4915: 4822: 4713: 4655: 4427: 4386: 4378: 4367:"Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England?" 4175: 4167: 3801: 3793: 3740: 3732: 3583: 3575: 3502: 3420:'Early Contact And Parallels Between English and Celtic.' in 'Vienna English Working Papers' 2623: 2478: 2477:

began to fragment some 10,000 years ago, at the end of the last Ice Age. He claims that the

2382: 2243: 2090: 1820: 1812: 1590: 1469: 1455: 1435: 1328: 1217: 1188: 1143: 1124: 1104: 903: 886: 449: 4957: 3611: 1698:

British churches were in full administrative and doctrinal touch with Gaul as late as 455.

668:). North of the line lay a thinly populated area including the kingdoms of the Maeatae (in 7699: 7637: 7577: 7540: 7512: 7474: 7439: 7419: 7202: 7192: 7177: 7064: 6871: 6735: 6498: 6353: 6312: 6302: 6146: 6085: 6005: 6000: 5985: 5980: 5893: 5608: 5138: 5074: 3966: 3957: 3084: 2917: 2747: 2603: 2309: 2113:. In Spain, the area has sometimes been dubbed "the third Britain" or "the last Britain". 2059: 1996: 1710: 1694: 1561: 1336: 1308: 1213: 910: 756: 669: 572:. It is now used to describe the period that commenced with the recall of Roman troops to 325: 3255:. Early medieval North Atlantic. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 83–119. 4416:"Integration Versus Apartheid in Post-Roman Britain: A Response to Thomas et al. (2008)" 3789: 3728: 3360:

Language and History in Early Britain: A Chronological Survey of the Brittonic Languages

1079:(Alcock 1963) which showed evidence of metalworking. Alcock also led the excavations at 862:, writing in the early 8th century. He based his account of the Sub-Roman period in his 7738: 7728: 7704: 7651: 7607: 7522: 7502: 7484: 7429: 7424: 7392: 7237: 7217: 7042: 6943: 6922: 6917: 6554: 6488: 6483: 6472: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6256: 6251: 6210: 6137: 6123: 6035: 6010: 5975: 5934: 5924: 5860: 5847: 5787: 5731: 5723: 5714: 5687: 5663: 5096: 4717: 4521: 4391: 4366: 4229: 4180: 4155: 4095: 3806: 3773: 3745: 3712: 3588: 3563: 3506: 3109: 2830: 2780: 2613: 2278: 2219: 2203: 1992:, the dating of the end of Roman Britain is complex, and the exact process is unknown. 1989: 1973: 1943: 1824: 1765: 1718: 1666:. In the east, there was a gradual transition among the pagan Saxons from cremation to 1570: 1540: – the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia before joining with Deira to become Northumbria 1413: 1401: 1300: 1198:

in Britain that resulted in the acclamation of several usurpers in quick succession as

1035: 799: 698: 633: 553: 204: 3125:

Bury, J. B., A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol. I (1889)

3039: 7875: 7535: 7507: 7414: 7406: 7148: 7100: 6886: 6834: 6563: 6503: 6493: 6393: 6368: 6159: 5525: 5453: 5448: 5238: 4995: 4980: 4935: 4842: 4675: 3887: 3713:"Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history" 2608: 2450: 2394: 2226:, as the national hero of the English, due to the literary work of Welsh historians. 2133: 1969: 1938: 1905: 1900: 1851:, and Latin have provided evidence for contact among the Britons, the Gaels, and the 1742: 1714: 1619: 1604: 1594: 1533:

Some areas fell under the domination of Anglian or Saxon chieftains, later kingdoms:

1449: 1445: 1116: 1092: 1080: 884:(again written from a non-Briton point of view, based on West Saxon sources) and the 833:, but Gildas describes Britain receiving just such a message. The Gallic chronicles, 790: 730: 685: 637: 557: 429: 419: 337: 255: 221: 4969: 4447: 3134:

Birley, Anthony R., The Roman Government of Britain, Oxford University Press, 2005,

3067:. ed. Rob Collins & James Gerrard, (Oxford: British Archaeological Review, 2004) 7853: 7646: 7434: 6958: 6912: 6851: 6760: 6537: 6515: 6508: 5950: 5875: 5865: 5797: 5400: 4171: 3326: 2643: 2568: 2498: 2298:, but it also drained the treasury. Previously foreigners were put into units, the 2192: 2098: 2000: 1852: 1706: 1643: 1523: 1304: 1179: 1159: 1151: 891: 569: 397: 359: 347: 315: 6142: 5161: 4549: 4005:"Archaeological assessment of Wroxeter, Shropshire" by Roger White and Hal Dalwood 3700:

by Andrew Tyrrell and William O. Frazer (London: Leicester University Press. 2000)

3203:, pp. 376–568 Cambridge University Press; illustrated edition (20 December 2007); 17: 4906:

Wood, Ian (1987). "The Fall of the Western Empire and the End of Roman Britain".

7768: 7753: 7154: 7073: 6881: 6866: 6856: 6829: 6655: 6608: 6520: 6423: 6271: 6194: 6109: 5888: 5792: 4970:

Ethnic and cultural consequences of the war between Saxons and romanised Britons

3774:"Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons" 3769: 2553: 2502: 2466: 2348: 2223: 2199: 2156: 1922: 1840: 1808: 1794: 1686: 1675: 1659: 1625: 1574: 1459: 1382: 1312: 1296: 1288: 1226: 1100: 1088: 1076: 1067: 1027: 996: 992:, but the discontinuity in the episcopate also suggests a decline in town life. 970: 959: 943: 935: 795: 710: 645: 641: 613: 407: 5011: 2702:(1973) is his title for a popular history of the British Isles from 350 to 650. 2389:(around 600, the smallpox spread from India into Europe). It is known that the 1797:

is useful in the analysis of culture, and to an extent political associations.

1717:. His base may have been Dumbarton Rock on the River Clyde, and his descendant 7691: 7679: 7132: 7096: 6896: 6861: 6821: 6413: 6180: 6171: 3564:"Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England" 3301: 3028:. ed. S. James & M. Millett, (York: Council for British Archaeology, 2001) 2414: 2305: 2140: 2086: 1899:

Two contrasting models of the end of sub-Roman Britain have been described by

1816: 1667: 1647: 1584: 1039: 985: 573: 3388: 2685: 7091: 6203: 5593: 5588: 3466: 2598: 2548: 2344: 2294: 2036: 1750: 1730: 1463: 1355: 1347: 1275: 1200: 1193: 1183: 1155: 1023: 977: 852: 810: 609: 212: 6403: 4963: 4439: 4400: 4382: 4189: 3815: 3754: 3597: 3579: 3116:. ed. Paul Fouracre (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pg. 265. 2957:

https://archaeologynationaltrustsw.wordpress.com/tag/chedworth-roman-villa/

78: 4052:(First published in paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3904:. ed. Black, Gillies and Ó Maolaigh, (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 1999), 2665: 2023:

It is clear that some British people migrated to elsewhere in Europe, and

1753:, the supposed apostle to the Britons of the Clyde and alleged founder of 1552:– the Anglian kingdom of Lindsey before joined with Northumbria and Mercia 7748: 7212: 6665: 6620: 6584: 6572: 6433: 6418: 6378: 6198: 6190: 6185: 6167: 6090: 5827: 5822: 5807: 5679: 5648: 5113: 4431: 2712: 2473:. He reports work on linguistics by Forster and Toth which suggests that 2446: 2386: 2282: 2207: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2148: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2110: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2024: 1934: 1930: 1891:, some containing forms which scholars have not been able to understand. 1863: 1746: 1702: 1631: 1537: 1519: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1409: 1324: 1253: 1175: 1112: 1108: 1072: 1057: 1053: 989: 981: 951: 939: 895: 830: 826: 822: 769: 673: 661: 657: 617: 208: 3797: 3736: 3668:"The Anglo-Saxon Influence on Romano-Britain: Research past and present" 3562:

Thomas, Mark G; Stumpf, Michael P.H; Härke, Heinrich (22 October 2006).

3461: 1162:, one can see a family adopting Anglo-Saxon culture over a long period. 7758: 7733: 7612: 7587: 7222: 7187: 7160: 7087: 7069: 6660: 6596: 6225: 5855: 5832: 5628: 5603: 3319:"Williams, Peter N., "Arthurian Britain", Narrative History of Britain" 2494: 2490: 2485:

before the Roman period, and became the English that was spoken by the

2431: 2427: 2356: 2300: 2071: 2008: 1867: 1856: 1754: 1705:

is said to be the earliest church in Scotland, being founded in 397 by

1527: 1340: 1222: 1205: 1015: 1011: 899: 875: 773: 621: 4927: 4834: 4667: 4462: 2667:

Folly and Fortune in Early British History: From Caesar to the Normans

7743: 7530: 7232: 7207: 7171: 7165: 7078: 7001: 6927: 6846: 6348: 5837: 5782: 5613: 2507:

Blood of the Isles: Exploring the Genetic Roots of our Tribal History

2486: 2458: 2360: 2270: 2198:

Western Britain has attracted those archaeologists who wish to place

2180: 2152: 2144: 1910: 1738: 1614: 1610: 1600: 1566: 1493: 1487: 1441: 1394: 1351: 1271: 1154:

and Britons living on the same site. For example, in the cemetery at

1062: 1019: 1007: 947: 778: 734: 677: 653: 605: 4317:"Germanic invaders 'did not bring apartheid' to Anglo-Saxon Britain" 3040:"Excavation looks for evidence of early monastery in Llantwit Major" 2401:

mentions a series of three plagues affecting the British of London.

616:

by dynastic marriage in 633, and longer in the west of Britain, and

4919: 4826: 4704:

Dumville, David N (1977). "Sub-Roman Britain: History and Legend".

4659: 2762:

Cambridge University Press; illustrated edition (20 December 2007)

2511:

Saxons, Vikings and Celts: The Genetic Roots of Britain and Ireland

1713:

was an apostate Pict king who was the recipient of the letter from

6632: 6438: 6383: 6276: 5870: 5812: 5802: 5760: 5710: 5003: 3951:"San Rosendo, bispo dunha Igrexa direfente nunha Galicia distinta" 2462: 2454: 2352: 2320: 2239: 2160: 2078: 2067: 2052: 1888: 1871: 1734: 1651: 1543: 1481: 1430: 1234: 1230: 690: 625: 4646:

Dark, Kenneth (1992). "A Sub-Roman Redefense of Hadrian's Wall".

1186:, Stilicho had seriously depleted the Roman forces defending the 1103:

continued and changed over the period. Archaeology has confirmed

6891: 6428: 6408: 6343: 6176: 5618: 3832:

8, (1977), pp.303-18 and P. Bartholomew, 'Fifth-Century Facts',

2638: 2028: 1914: 1798: 1650:

at the start of the 5th century, but there is evidence of rural

1292: 859: 7785: 7677: 7456: 7312:

Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles

7258: 6690: 6470: 6121: 5758: 5683: 5546: 5015: 4640:

Post-Roman kingdoms: 'Dark Ages' Gaul & Britain, AD 450-800

594:

history of the parts of Britain that had been under Roman rule

119: 72: 31: 4851:

Britain AD: a Quest for Arthur, England and the Anglo-Saxons.

4761:

The English Conquest: Gildas and Britain in the Fifth Century

4029:

Britain AD: A Quest for Arthur, England and the Anglo-Saxons.

2970:"Stunning dark ages mosaic found at Roman villa in Cotswolds" 2513:. In its summary of their article "Who were the Celts?", the 1913:

but also the later sources such as the Anglo-Saxon historian

4256:"Ancient Britain Had Apartheid-Like Society, Study Suggests" 3449:

Excavations at Mucking, Volume 2: The Anglo-Saxon Settlement

2434:, as well as other issues about the population composition. 4156:"Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination" 3024:

A.S. Esmonde Cleary, "The Roman to medieval transition" in

4698:

An Early Welsh Microcosm: Studies in the Llandaff Charters

2920:) makes a strong case for the discontinuity of urban life. 2047:-facing provinces of Armorica, Kerne/Cornouaille ("Kernow/ 652:

and the Forth–Clyde line is similar to that of Wales (see

4789:

The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles 350-650

4733:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume I, c.500–c.700

3922:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume I, c.500-c.700

2139:

In the north there developed the British kingdoms of the

1299:. The Saxons had control of eastern areas in an arc from 592:

The period of sub-Roman Britain traditionally covers the

4626:

Cadbury Castle, Somerset: the early Medieval Archaeology

1685:, had requested support from the Pope in Rome to combat 4867:. London: H.M.S.O. (Reprinted by English Heritage 1985) 4371:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4096:"Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History" 4050:

Worlds of Arthur: facts & fictions of the dark ages

3828:

See for instance E.A. Thompson, 'Britain, AD 406–410',

3568:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

709:, the Brythonic Age, the Age of Tyrants, or the Age of 688:. The Romans referred to these peoples collectively as 3849:, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), pp.256–257 3612:"The Anglo-Saxon Settlement of England by David Capps" 3277:

Saint Germanus of Auxerre and the End of Roman Britain

3026:

Britons and Romans: advancing an archaeological agenda

3000:"Chedworth Roman Villa: Mosaic's age stuns historians" 600:, traditionally dated to be in 410, to the arrival of 6624: 4747:

Worlds of Arthur. Facts and Fictions of the Dark Ages

4573:

The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story

3523:, 3rd edition, (Oxford: University Press, 1973), p.30 1287:, around 490, which later sources claimed was won by 4605:

Arthur's Britain: History and Archaeology AD 367–634

4514:

Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales website

4017:

Arthur's Britain: History and Archaeology AD 367–634

1968:

Various dates have been proposed to mark the end of

725:

Two primary contemporary British sources exist: the

7719: 7690: 7636: 7558: 7549: 7521: 7493: 7465: 7405: 7370: 7344: 7265: 7141: 7055: 7010: 6957: 6936: 6905: 6820: 6779: 6701: 6648: 6562: 6553: 6336: 6295: 6234: 6130: 5943: 5912: 5846: 5767: 5507: 5432: 5385: 5277: 5228: 5169: 5049: 4893:

St Germanus of Auxerre and the End of Roman Britain

4336:"Germanic invaders may not have ruled by apartheid" 4287:"'Apartheid' slashed Celtic genes in early England" 2012:open to criticism, and the question is still open. 1929:and peoples migrated from south-western Britain to 1678:wife. Other Saxons remained pagan after this time. 406: 384: 370: 358: 346: 324: 4954:– A timeline landing at A History of Britain blog. 3362:, (Edinburgh, 1953) for a traditional introduction 3114:The New Cambridge Medieval History, I, c.500–c.700 2501:, and long before the arrival of the Anglo-Saxon. 2191:. Continued urban use might be associated with an 1182:. In order to protect Italy from invasions by the 3642:"The 5th Century Anglo-Saxon Invasion of England" 2035:. There is also evidence of British migration to 1516:) in south west Scotland, Cumberland, Westmorland 1362:(577), though the accuracy of the entries in the 3292:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell; pp. 1 – 25. 2760:Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376–568 1980:'s rebellion in 407, the rebellion mentioned by 1204:, a declaration of rebellion against the ruling 1192:. In the summer of 406 there was a rebellion of 4631:Collins, Rob & James Gerrard, eds. (2004). 4607:. Harmondsworth: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press 3557: 3555: 2670:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 84. 2509:, published in the United States and Canada as 1622: – east Midlands, later joined with Mercia 906:) that appear to date back to the 6th century. 4773:Lapidge, Michael & Dumville, David (1984) 4684:Civitas to Kingdom: British Continuity 300–800 2898:"Town and Country: The End of Roman Britain", 6588: 5695: 5558: 5027: 4881:. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press 4811:Pelagius and the End of Roman Rule in Britain 4796:Nennius: British History and the Welsh Annals 4638:D'Amato, Raffaele & A. Salimbeti (2023). 4633:Debating Late Antiquity in Britain AD 300–700 3065:Debating Late Antiquity in Britain AD 300–700 1587:, containing people of possibly Jutish origin 1018:from this period have survived. The study of 530: 8: 6576: 4518:Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales 4160:Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 4132:Slavery in the Later Roman World, CE 275–450 4072:Davey, 'The Environs of South Cadbury', p.50 6636: 6600: 4900:Gildas, The Ruin of Britain and Other Works 3451:(English Heritage Archaeological Report 21) 3306:Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest 3239:Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest 2944:Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest 2833:, "Sub-Roman Britain: History and Legend", 2489:tribes of what is now southern and eastern 1569: – most of Gloucestershire except the 738: 66:Learn how and when to remove these messages 7782: 7674: 7555: 7453: 7255: 7007: 6698: 6687: 6612: 6559: 6550: 6467: 6118: 5755: 5702: 5688: 5680: 5565: 5551: 5543: 5034: 5020: 5012: 4974: 1496: – around York and northern Yorkshire 954:, as they were in 685, are described in a 537: 523: 217: 4782:Dark Age Britain: Some Sources of History 4390: 4179: 4125: 4123: 4121: 3805: 3744: 3698:Social Identity in Early Medieval Britain 3587: 3112:, 'The earliest Anglo-Saxon kingdoms' in 188:Learn how and when to remove this message 170:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Period in late antiquity in Great Britain 3993:Wroxeter: Life and Death of a Roman City 1764: 1381: 1129: 199: 133:This article includes a list of general 103:of all important aspects of the article. 4735:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 4691:Britain and the End of the Roman Empire 4635:, Oxford: British Archaeological Review 3980:Britain and the End of the Roman Empire 3920:Wendy Davies, "The Celtic Kingdoms" in 3201:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West 2878:. Oxford University Press. p. 18. 2717:Britain and the End of the Roman Empire 2656: 1741:in the late 6th century, as well as of 1603: – formed from areas in the upper 1452:and the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire 1350:in 552 by the dynasty that later ruled 1178:, a Roman general and strongman of the 946:) included in an account of a visit by 684:(castle) near Inverness was visited by 220: 3493:Reece (1989). "Models of continuity". 3100:, (London: Batsford, 1989), pp.138–139 1804:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 1628: – formed from Bernicia and Deira 1274:says that a "council" was convened by 865:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 817:notes in passing that western Emperor 648:line. The history of the area between 580:in 407 and to have concluded with the 99:Please consider expanding the lead to 4346:from the original on 22 November 2018 4297:from the original on 22 November 2018 4236:from the original on 28 December 2007 4144:A. H. M. Jones, LRE. pp. 184, 363, 64 4019:, (Harmondsworth: Allen Lane, 1971), 3399:from the original on 22 November 2018 3166: 3006:from the original on 10 December 2020 2980:from the original on 10 December 2020 2167:. 5th- and 6th-century repairs along 1831:1.1). A review of the changes in the 1558: – including Suffolk and Norfolk 7: 4628:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press 4600:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press 4365:Pattison, John E (7 November 2008). 4266:from the original on 9 December 2007 3622:from the original on 18 October 2009 3389:"Geoffrey Sampson: Birth of English" 1583: – including the settlement of 1416:; eventually taken by the Angles of 1327:, Aurelius Caninus, Vortipor of the 1150:There is archaeological evidence of 781:invaders. The historical section of 5481:Post-war period (political history) 4898:Winterbottom, Michael (ed.) (1978) 4791:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 4784:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles 4414:Pattison, John E. (December 2011). 4230:"English and Welsh are races apart" 2968:Morris, Steven (10 December 2020). 2105:in 633. The diocese stretched from 2097:with them but finally accepted the 747:On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain 722:contemporary and non-contemporary. 4770:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 4754:Rome, Britain and the Anglo-Saxons 4718:10.1111/j.1468-229x.1977.tb02335.x 4700:. London: Royal Historical Society 4575:: Constable and Robinson, London. 4556:. Florida International University 4473:from the original on 11 April 2010 3507:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1989.tb00203.x 3474:from the original on 10 March 2009 2955:The 5th Century Chedworth Mosaic: 2872:Myres, John Nowell Linton (1998). 2719:, (Stroud: Tempus, 2000), pp.32–37 2062:, in the north west corner of the 1790:Celtic language decline in England 1725:. Rhydderch was a contemporary of 1044:St Illtyd's Church, Llantwit Major 741:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae 139:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 7108:Festival Interceltique de Lorient 4749:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 4106:from the original on 1 March 2008 3924:. ed. Paul Fouracre, (Cambridge: 3845:See discussion in Michael Jones, 3768:Martiniano, Rui; Caffell, Anwen; 3435:A History of the English Language 2909:, (Barcelona, 2000: pp. 319–370 ( 2574:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain 1779:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain 1056:period. Hilltops, the so-called " 47:This article has multiple issues. 7858: 6108: 5486:Post-war period (social history) 5160: 4886:Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology 4742:Ithaca: Cornell University Press 4619:By South Cadbury is that Camelot 4550:"Constantine III (407–411 A.D.)" 4510:"Who were the Celts? ... Rhagor" 4210:from the original on 27 May 2012 3182:OUP Oxford (29 September 2005); 2066:, another region of traditional 497:Political history (1979–present) 124: 77: 36: 4154:Riedel, Stefan (January 2005). 3991:Roger White and Philip Barker, 3180:The Roman Government of Britain 3038:Tim Young (19 September 2023). 2732:OUP Oxford (29 September 2005) 2730:The Roman Government of Britain 2544:Historical Kings of the Britons 2497:prior to their conquest by the 1870:) shows patchy evidence now of 1835:during this period is given by 1354:, and including entry into the 925:History of the Kings of Britain 91:may be too short to adequately 55:or discuss these issues on the 4624:Alcock, Leslie et al. (1995). 4172:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028 3536:, (London: Abacus. 2002), p.30 3220:Discussion in Martin Millett, 3002:. BBC News. 10 December 2020. 2851:. Phoenix Press. p. 572. 2143:, the "Old North", comprising 1490: – Cumbria and Lancashire 1099:has also highlighted how much 101:provide an accessible overview 1: 7827:Celtic place names in Galicia 4863:Radford, C. A. Ralegh (1939) 4763:. Manchester University Press 4724:Esmonde-Cleary, A. S. (1989) 3495:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 2664:Henshall, Kenneth G. (2008). 2409:According to research led by 1510: 1503: 1387: 1331:, Cuneglasus and Maglocunus ( 502:Social history (1979–present) 287: 274: 260: 247: 7927:History of England by period 7902:6th century in Great Britain 7897:5th century in Great Britain 5769:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups 5043:History of the British Isles 4731:Fouracre, Paul (ed.) (2005) 4686:. Leicester University Press 4520:. 4 May 2007. Archived from 2619:History of the British Isles 2438:Stephen Oppenheimer's theory 2230:Environmental change effects 2171:have been uncovered, and at 1984:in 409, and the Rescript of 1976:coinage importation in 402, 1964:End of Roman rule in Britain 1484: – south west Yorkshire 1425: – south west England, 1036:trade with the Mediterranean 640:, i.e. Britain south of the 470:Post-war Britain (political) 7922:British traditional history 6751:Welsh literature in English 5848:Modern Celtic ethnic groups 4877:Snyder, Christopher (1996) 4726:The Ending of Roman Britain 4621:. London: Thames and Hudson 3860:The Ending of Roman Britain 3222:The Romanization of Britain 3098:The Ending of Roman Britain 2907:Sedes regiae (ann. 400–800) 2785:The Romanization of Britain 2579:History of the Anglo-Saxons 2493:, northeastern France, and 2379:Late Antique Little Ice Age 2210:and earthworks such as the 825:'s invasion in 410, sent a 7953: 6771:Scottish Gaelic literature 6156:Brigantia (ancient region) 4952:Sub-Roman Britain Timeline 4888:. London: English Heritage 4232:. BBC News. 30 June 2002. 3251:Fafinski, Mateusz (2021). 2629:History of British society 2594:England in the Middle Ages 2559:Historicity of King Arthur 2370: 2018:Britannia the Failed State 1961: 1933:, which eventually became 1787: 1776: 1681:In 429, a British Deacon, 1670:. Although the arrival of 1258:Britannia the Failed State 694:, meaning 'Painted Ones'. 7849: 7792: 7781: 7673: 7452: 7254: 7118:Hebridean Celtic Festival 6746:Welsh-language literature 6697: 6686: 6479: 6466: 6117: 6106: 5754: 5721: 5584: 5158: 4992: 4985: 4977: 4958:Vortigern Studies website 4738:Jones, Michael E. (1996) 4461:Simon (17 October 2007). 4218:– via FindArticles. 2421:Minor migrations theories 2411:University College London 2308:units, the smaller Later 1127:to the Visigoths in 418. 1097:environmental archaeology 950:; and the Roman ruins of 920:Historia Regum Britanniae 680:), and the kingdom whose 480:Post-war Britain (social) 7551:Ancient Celtic languages 4902:. Chichester: Phillimore 4815:Journal of Roman Studies 4803:Arthurian Period Sources 4801:Morris, John (gen. ed.) 4798:. Chichester: Phillimore 4768:The End of Roman Britain 4759:Higham, Nicholas (1994) 4752:Higham, Nicholas (1992) 4740:The End of Roman Britain 4554:De Imperatoribus Romanis 4463:"Origins of the British" 4323:. London. 30 March 2016. 4083:The End of Roman Britain 4031:(Harper Collins, 2004), 3995:, (Stroud: Tempus, 1998) 3873:The End of Roman Britain 3847:The End of Roman Britain 3547:The End of Roman Britain 3178:Birley, Anthony Richard 2728:Birley, Anthony Richard 2584:List of Anglo-Welsh wars 2515:National Museum of Wales 2381:) and, subsequently, by 2103:Fourth Council of Toledo 1895:Extent of the migrations 1438: – south west Wales 1285:Battle of Mons Badonicus 762:Christianity at the time 7822:Gaulish words in French 7807:Celtic words in English 6066:Scottish New Zealanders 5956:Anglo-Celtic Australian 5576:established around the 5315:Early medieval Scotland 4891:Thompson, E. A. (1984) 4884:Thomas, Charles (1993) 4617:Alcock, Leslie (1972). 4603:Alcock, Leslie (1971). 4596:Alcock, Leslie (1963). 4100:Encyclopædia Britannica 3956:12 October 2007 at the 3875:, esp. chapters 4 and 7 3616:vortigernstudies.org.uk 3275:Thompson, E. A. (1984) 2916:25 January 2012 at the 2875:The English Settlements 2475:Indo-European languages 2417:, has been questioned. 2304:, officered by Romans. 2277:was reduced in size by 2101:'s jurisdiction at the 1972:, including the end of 1757:, is a shadowy figure. 966:Archaeological evidence 154:more precise citations. 7892:6th century in England 7887:5th century in England 6756:Early Irish literature 6637: 6625: 6613: 6601: 6589: 6577: 6046:Scotch-Irish Canadians 6041:Scotch-Irish Americans 5359:Early medieval Ireland 5325:Late medieval Scotland 5320:High medieval Scotland 5293:Early medieval England 4870:Ridley, Ronald (1982) 4853:London: HarperCollins 4849:Pryor, Francis (2004) 4775:Gildas: New Approaches 4766:Jones, Michael (1996) 4383:10.1098/rspb.2008.0352 4260:nationalgeographic.com 3939:Saint James's Catapult 3928:Press, 2005), pp255–61 3836:13, (1982), pp.261–270 3580:10.1098/rspb.2006.3627 3290:Gildas: New Approaches 3096:A. S. Esmonde Cleary, 2837:62, (1977), pp.173–192 2529:Mythical British kings 2437: 2405:Anglo-Saxon settlement 2259:Theories for reduction 2254:Population fluctuation 2234:There is evidence for 2179:(possibly the site of 1988:in 410. Unlike modern 1774: 1711:Coroticus (or Ceretic) 1397: 1135: 739: 566:Anglo-Saxon settlement 215: 7383:Scottish independence 7128:Celtic Media Festival 7011:National music scenes 6242:Proto-Celtic religion 5944:Related ethnic groups 5406:Early modern Scotland 5369:Late medieval Ireland 5364:High medieval Ireland 5303:Late medieval England 5298:High medieval England 5254:Protohistoric Ireland 4895:. Woodbridge: Boydell 4809:Myres, John (1960). " 4780:Marsh, Henry, (1970) 4777:. Woodbridge: Boydell 4696:Davies, Wendy (1978) 4689:Dark, Kenneth (2000) 4682:Dark, Kenneth (1993) 4204:"6th–10th century AD" 4130:Harper, Kyle (2011). 4048:Halsall, Guy (2014). 3778:Nature Communications 3717:Nature Communications 3358:See Kenneth Jackson, 3279:. Woodbridge: Boydell 3241:, 2nd ed. 1991, p. 3. 3228:vol. 13, 1982, p. 260 2847:Morris, John (1973). 2534:Groans of the Britons 2248:climatic event in 540 2246:reveals a particular 1768: 1761:Anglo-Saxon migration 1723:Life of Saint Columba 1385: 1364:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1335:or in later spelling 1208:. The last of these, 1133: 1101:agricultural practice 881:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 772:: it is written as a 203: 7912:6th century in Wales 7907:5th century in Wales 7707:(Medieval Welsh law) 7317:Scottish nationalism 6967:Ancient Celtic music 6287:Romano-Celtic temple 6096:Welsh New Zealanders 6021:Irish New Zealanders 5634:Kingdom of the Aurès 5594:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 5516:House of Plantagenet 5418:Early modern Ireland 5401:Early modern England 5396:Early modern Britain 5337:Early medieval Wales 5195:Prehistoric Shetland 5190:Prehistoric Scotland 4872:Zosimus: New History 4794:Morris, John (1980) 4787:Morris, John (1973) 4745:Halsall, Guy (2013) 4548:Elton, Hugh (1999). 4524:on 17 September 2009 4432:10.3378/027.083.0604 3926:Cambridge University 3433:van Gelderen, Elly. 2821:, (1990), pp.185–195 2791:vol. 13, 1982 p. 260 2746:7 March 2017 at the 2471:Last Glacial Maximum 2317:Battle of Adrianople 2083:ecclesia Britonensis 1958:End of Roman Britain 1664:Cannington, Somerset 1281:Ambrosius Aurelianus 1123:'s award of land in 915:Geoffrey of Monmouth 874:often attributed to 608:(the kingdom of the 7397:Irish republicanism 7378:Breton independence 7357:Scottish devolution 7290:Cornish nationalism 7113:Pan Celtic Festival 6987:Scottish folk music 6741:Scottish literature 6267:Celtic Christianity 6071:Scottish Travellers 6056:Scottish Argentines 5900:Scottish Travellers 5644:Ostrogothic kingdom 5493:Late modern Ireland 5387:Early modern period 5347:Late medieval Wales 5342:High medieval Wales 5214:Prehistoric Ireland 5185:Prehistoric England 5180:Prehistoric Britain 4377:(1650): 2423–2429. 4321:The Daily Telegraph 3798:10.1038/ncomms10326 3790:2016NatCo...710326M 3737:10.1038/ncomms10408 3729:2016NatCo...710408S 3648:on 27 February 2009 3574:(1601): 2651–2657. 3083:4 July 2022 at the 2539:Celtic Christianity 2443:Stephen Oppenheimer 2391:Plague of Justinian 2373:Plague of Justinian 2367:Plague of Justinian 2095:Celtic Christianity 1784:Linguistic evidence 1613: – centred on 1522: – centred on 1478: – north Wales 1466: – south Wales 1444: – south west 821:, in the throes of 598:Roman imperial rule 242:Prehistoric Britain 7937:Barbarian kingdoms 7388:Welsh independence 7352:Cornish devolution 7273:Breton nationalism 7123:Celtic Connections 6726:Cornish literature 6076:Ulster Protestants 6061:Scottish Canadians 6051:Scottish Americans 5961:Anglo-Irish people 5669:Visigothic kingdom 5629:Kingdom of Odoacer 5599:Burgundian kingdom 5589:Alamannian kingdom 5574:Barbarian kingdoms 5521:House of Lancaster 5474:World Wars (Wales) 5434:Late modern period 5411:Early modern Wales 5200:Prehistoric Orkney 5171:Prehistoric period 4987:Sub-Roman Britain 4728:. London: Batsford 3462:"Horton Genealogy" 3078:Oxford Archaeology 2634:History of England 2483:Germanic languages 2399:Lludd and Llefelys 2051:") and Domnonea (" 1927:Brythonic language 1921:words entered the 1837:Kenneth H. Jackson 1833:Brythonic language 1775: 1749:. Unlike Columba, 1656:Christian churches 1593: – including 1398: 1368:South West England 1317:South East England 1140:radiocarbon dating 1136: 902:) and land deeds ( 871:Historia Brittonum 216: 18:Post-Roman Britain 7882:Sub-Roman Britain 7869: 7868: 7845: 7844: 7777: 7776: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7628:Cisalpine Gaulish 7448: 7447: 7334:national identity 7329:Welsh nationalism 7322:national identity 7302:Irish nationalism 7250: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7183:Cornish wrestling 7051: 7050: 6972:Breton Folk music 6937:Regional cultures 6780:National cultures 6766:Gaelic literature 6721:Breton literature 6682: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6462: 6461: 6374:Chief of the Name 6247:Celtic polytheism 6164:Sub-Roman Britain 6104: 6103: 5991:Irish Australians 5971:Cornish Americans 5930:Scottish diaspora 5677: 5676: 5654:Sub-Roman Britain 5624:Kingdom of Altava 5540: 5539: 5423:Early modern Mann 5310:Medieval Scotland 5268:Sub-Roman Britain 5263:End of Roman rule 5207:Prehistoric Wales 5010: 5009: 4993:Succeeded by 4964:The History Files 4879:An Age of Tyrants 4642:. Oxford: Osprey. 4581:978-1-84529-158-7 4497:978-1-84529-158-7 4059:978-0-19-870084-5 4027:; Francis Pryor, 3941:, ch. 1, note 61. 3447:Hamerow, H. 1993 3418:Hickey, Raymond. 3308:, 2nd ed. 1991:3. 3262:978-90-485-5197-2 3209:978-0-521-43491-1 3188:978-0-19-925237-4 2931:World Archaeology 2900:World Archaeology 2885:978-0-19-282235-2 2858:978-1-84-212477-2 2849:The Age of Arthur 2768:978-0-521-43491-1 2738:978-0-19-925237-4 2700:The Age of Arthur 2677:978-0-230-58379-5 2564:Matter of Britain 2457:and southwestern 2175:in south western 2147:(probable name), 2064:Iberian Peninsula 1925:language and the 1771:Sutton Hoo helmet 1727:Áedán mac Gabráin 1472: – mid Wales 1393:, in the time of 1372:Battle of Chester 1360:Battle of Deorham 1238:crossed the Rhine 1166:End of Roman rule 904:Llandaff charters 703:early Middle Ages 582:Battle of Deorham 562:end of Roman rule 552:is the period of 550:Sub-Roman Britain 547: 546: 488: 487: 269:Sub-Roman Britain 198: 197: 190: 180: 179: 172: 118: 117: 70: 16:(Redirected from 7944: 7917:Arthurian legend 7862: 7783: 7675: 7657:Galwegian Gaelic 7556: 7454: 7362:Welsh devolution 7256: 7008: 6997:Sean-nós singing 6992:Welsh folk music 6982:Irish folk music 6949:Highland culture 6731:Irish literature 6711:Arthurian Legend 6699: 6688: 6640: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6580: 6560: 6551: 6528:Neo-Christianity 6468: 6399:Gaelic astrology 6359:Celtic festivals 6262:Celtic mythology 6235:Ancient religion 6152:Iron Age Britain 6119: 6112: 6091:Welsh Argentines 6031:Irish Uruguayans 6026:Irish Travellers 5996:Irish Brazilians 5986:Irish Argentines 5966:Breton Americans 5920:Cornish diaspora 5882:Irish Travellers 5756: 5748:Celtic languages 5704: 5697: 5690: 5681: 5604:Frankish kingdom 5578:Migration Period 5567: 5560: 5553: 5544: 5498:Late modern Mann 5469:Second World War 5454:Edwardian period 5449:Victorian period 5354:Medieval Ireland 5288:Medieval England 5230:Classical period 5219:Prehistoric Mann 5164: 5121:Northern Ireland 5036: 5029: 5022: 5013: 4978:Preceded by 4975: 4939: 4846: 4721: 4712:(205): 173–192. 4679: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4506: 4500: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4394: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4183: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4127: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4092: 4086: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4045: 4039: 4013: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3962: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3918: 3912: 3898: 3892: 3886:The Environs of 3882: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3858:Esmonde-Cleary, 3856: 3850: 3843: 3837: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3748: 3707: 3701: 3692:Andrew Tyrrell, 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3670:. 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London, Seaby 4703: 4645: 4591: 4589:Further reading 4586: 4569:Oppenheimer, S. 4559: 4557: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4128: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4015:Leslie Alcock, 4014: 4010: 4003: 3999: 3990: 3986: 3977: 3973: 3960: 3958:Wayback Machine 3949: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3919: 3915: 3899: 3895: 3883: 3879: 3871:Michael Jones, 3870: 3866: 3857: 3853: 3844: 3840: 3827: 3823: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3674:on 18 June 2009 3666: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3545:Michael Jones, 3544: 3540: 3531: 3527: 3518: 3514: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3300: 3296: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3236: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3198: 3194: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3149: 3145: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3108: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3085:Wayback Machine 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2924: 2918:Wayback Machine 2897: 2893: 2886: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2829: 2825: 2799: 2795: 2778: 2774: 2757: 2753: 2748:Wayback Machine 2727: 2723: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2693: 2678: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2604:Ancient Britain 2524: 2440: 2423: 2407: 2375: 2369: 2290:aurum tironicum 2266: 2261: 2256: 2232: 2220:British culture 1997:Theodor Mommsen 1978:Constantine III 1966: 1960: 1897: 1792: 1786: 1781: 1763: 1695:Lupus of Troyes 1672:Saint Augustine 1642:Officially the 1640: 1513: 1506: 1390: 1380: 1358:area after the 1309:Nottinghamshire 1210:Constantine III 1168: 1091:forts. Work on 1032:Roman education 968: 911:Norman Conquest 719: 602:Saint Augustine 590: 578:Constantine III 543: 507: 506: 493: 440:First World War 235: 226:English history 194: 183: 182: 181: 176: 165: 159: 156: 146:Please help to 145: 129: 125: 114: 108: 105: 98: 86:This article's 82: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7950: 7948: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7874: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7856: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7729:Gaelic warfare 7725: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7705:Cyfraith Hywel 7702: 7696: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7678: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7652:Deeside Gaelic 7649: 7643: 7641: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7623:Hispano-Celtic 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7578:Proto-Goidelic 7575: 7570: 7564: 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6310: 6305: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6257:Celtic Animism 6254: 6252:Celtic deities 6249: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6211:Cisalpine Gaul 6208: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6183: 6174: 6149: 6140: 6138:Gaelic Ireland 6134: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6115: 6114: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6036:Manx Americans 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6011:Irish Chileans 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5976:English people 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5935:Welsh diaspora 5932: 5927: 5925:Irish diaspora 5922: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5891: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5752: 5751: 5732:Celtic studies 5724:Celtic nations 5722: 5719: 5718: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5684: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5664:Vandal kingdom 5661: 5656: 5651: 5649:Rugian kingdom 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5547: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5443:United Kingdom 5439: 5438: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5332:Medieval Wales 5329: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5251: 5246: 5244:Roman Scotland 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5187: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5136: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5102:Outer Hebrides 5099: 5097:Inner Hebrides 5094: 5089: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5060:United Kingdom 5056: 5055: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5008: 5007: 5000:Welsh Kingdoms 4994: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4947: 4946:External links 4944: 4941: 4940: 4920:10.2307/526450 4903: 4896: 4889: 4882: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4847: 4827:10.2307/298284 4821:(1–2): 21–36. 4806: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4701: 4694: 4693:Stroud: Tempus 4687: 4680: 4660:10.2307/526105 4643: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4615: 4601: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4566: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4501: 4484: 4453: 4426:(6): 715–733. 4406: 4357: 4326: 4308: 4277: 4247: 4221: 4195: 4146: 4137: 4117: 4087: 4074: 4065: 4058: 4040: 4008: 3997: 3984: 3971: 3943: 3930: 3913: 3893: 3877: 3864: 3851: 3838: 3821: 3760: 3702: 3685: 3659: 3633: 3603: 3551: 3538: 3525: 3519:F.M. Stenton, 3512: 3501:(2): 231–36 . 3485: 3453: 3440: 3425: 3410: 3380: 3364: 3351: 3340: 3329:on 6 June 2014 3310: 3294: 3281: 3268: 3261: 3243: 3230: 3213: 3192: 3171: 3159: 3143: 3127: 3118: 3110:Helena Hamerow 3102: 3089: 3069: 3056: 3044:Glamorgan Star 3030: 3017: 2991: 2960: 2948: 2935: 2922: 2891: 2884: 2864: 2857: 2839: 2831:David Dumville 2823: 2793: 2781:Martin Millett 2779:Discussion in 2772: 2751: 2721: 2711:Discussion in 2704: 2691: 2676: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2614:Romano-British 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518:archaeology". 2461:, from 90% in 2439: 2436: 2428:Danish pirates 2422: 2419: 2406: 2403: 2371:Main article: 2368: 2365: 2279:Magnus Maximus 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2236:climate change 2231: 2228: 2204:Romano-British 2193:ecclesiastical 2169:Hadrian's Wall 1990:decolonisation 1974:Roman currency 1962:Main article: 1959: 1956: 1944:Lawrence James 1919:British Celtic 1896: 1893: 1815:), the Scots ( 1788:Main article: 1785: 1782: 1777:Main article: 1762: 1759: 1719:Rhydderch Hael 1701:In the north, 1639: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1608: 1598: 1588: 1578: 1571:Forest of Dean 1564: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1531: 1530: 1517: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1453: 1439: 1433: 1420: 1414:Northumberland 1379: 1376: 1301:East Yorkshire 1212:, crossed the 1167: 1164: 967: 964: 718: 715: 699:late antiquity 650:Hadrian's Wall 634:Roman province 589: 586: 554:late antiquity 545: 544: 542: 541: 534: 527: 519: 516: 515: 509: 508: 505: 504: 499: 489: 486: 485: 482: 476: 475: 472: 466: 465: 462: 456: 455: 452: 446: 445: 442: 436: 435: 432: 426: 425: 422: 416: 415: 410: 404: 403: 400: 394: 393: 388: 382: 381: 376: 368: 367: 362: 356: 355: 350: 344: 343: 340: 334: 333: 328: 322: 321: 318: 312: 311: 308: 302: 301: 298: 296:Norman/Angevin 292: 291: 285: 279: 278: 271: 265: 264: 258: 252: 251: 244: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228: 205:Barbury Castle 196: 195: 178: 177: 132: 130: 123: 116: 115: 95:the key points 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7949: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7932:Roman Britain 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7861: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7838: 7837:– in Portugal 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7817:– in Galician 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7676: 7672: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7455: 7451: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7415:Celtic League 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7407:Pan-Celticism 7404: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7283:reunification 7281: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7257: 7253: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6897:Triple spiral 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6716:Bardic Poetry 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6685: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6639: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564:Celtic League 6561: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6504:Celtic League 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6494:Pan-Celticism 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6394:Gaelicisation 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6369:Celticisation 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6177:Iron Age Gaul 6175: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6160:Roman Britain 6157: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6016:Irish Mexican 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5740:Celtic tribes 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5693: 5691: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5619:Hunnic empire 5617: 5615: 5614:Gepid kingdom 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5526:House of York 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445:(since 1707) 5444: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5376:Medieval Mann 5374: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258:Roman Ireland 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5239:Roman Britain 5237: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5070:Isle of Wight 5068: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4996:The Heptarchy 4990:410 – c. 550 4988: 4982: 4976: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4860: 4859:0-00-718186-8 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4614: 4613:0-7139-0245-0 4610: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4472: 4468: 4467:Omniglot blog 4464: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4420:Human Biology 4417: 4410: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4358: 4345: 4341: 4340:New Scientist 4337: 4334:Young, Emma. 4330: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4309: 4296: 4292: 4291:New Scientist 4288: 4285:Vince, Gaia. 4281: 4278: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4037:0-00-718186-8 4034: 4030: 4026: 4025:0-7139-0245-0 4022: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3961:(in Galician) 3959: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3910:1-898410-77-1 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3888:South Cadbury 3881: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3556: 3552: 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2877: 2876: 2868: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2801:Michael Jones 2797: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2758:Halsall, Guy 2755: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2698:John Morris, 2695: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2660: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2609:Roman Britain 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2451:Basque people 2448: 2444: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2395:Mediterranean 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2310:Roman legions 2307: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2134:South Cadbury 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2070:culture, the 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027:in northwest 2026: 2021: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2005:Michael Jones 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970:Roman Britain 1965: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1939:Edward Gibbon 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1906:Frank Stenton 1902: 1901:Richard Reece 1894: 1892: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1839:. Studies of 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1783: 1780: 1773:, 7th century 1772: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:Saint Patrick 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1620:Middle Anglia 1618: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1605:Thames Valley 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1450:Monmouthshire 1447: 1446:Herefordshire 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1396: 1384: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:Isle of Wight 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093:field systems 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081:South Cadbury 1078: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 974: 972: 965: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 942:(probably at 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 921: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888: 883: 882: 877: 873: 872: 867: 866: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 844: 839: 837: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 807:Historia Nova 803: 801: 797: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 758: 752: 749:). Patrick's 748: 743: 742: 736: 732: 731:Saint Patrick 728: 723: 716: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 693: 692: 687: 686:Saint Columba 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 587: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 558:Great Britain 555: 551: 540: 535: 533: 528: 526: 521: 520: 518: 517: 514: 511: 510: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 492: 483: 481: 478: 477: 473: 471: 468: 467: 463: 461: 458: 457: 453: 451: 448: 447: 443: 441: 438: 437: 433: 431: 430:Edwardian era 428: 427: 423: 421: 420:Victorian era 418: 417: 414: 411: 409: 405: 401: 399: 396: 395: 392: 389: 387: 383: 380: 377: 374: 369: 366: 363: 361: 357: 354: 351: 349: 345: 341: 339: 336: 335: 332: 329: 327: 323: 319: 317: 314: 313: 309: 307: 304: 303: 299: 297: 294: 293: 286: 284: 281: 280: 272: 270: 267: 266: 259: 257: 256:Roman Britain 254: 253: 245: 243: 240: 239: 231: 230: 227: 223: 219: 214: 210: 206: 202: 192: 189: 174: 171: 163: 153: 149: 143: 142: 136: 131: 122: 121: 112: 109:February 2022 102: 96: 94: 89: 84: 80: 75: 74: 69: 67: 60: 59: 54: 53: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 7854:Celts portal 7812:– in Spanish 7647:Arran Gaelic 7568:Proto-Celtic 7536:Bungi Creole 7435:Celtic unity 7371:Independence 7170: 7153: 6977:Gaelic music 6913:Celtic Dress 6862:High crosses 6852:Celtic cross 6830:Bell shrines 6761:Irish annals 6543:Neo-Druidism 6538:Celtic Wicca 6509:Celtic union 6473:Modern Celts 6364:Celtic women 6272:Celtic Rites 6221:Transylvania 6163: 6081:Ulster Scots 5951:Anglo-Celtic 5798:Celtiberians 5743: 5735: 5727: 5715:modern Celts 5653: 5267: 4986: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4850: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4604: 4597: 4572: 4558:. 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Retrieved 2974:The Guardian 2973: 2963: 2951: 2943: 2938: 2930: 2925: 2911:on-line text 2906: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2874: 2867: 2848: 2842: 2834: 2826: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2759: 2754: 2729: 2724: 2716: 2707: 2699: 2694: 2666: 2659: 2644:Roman Empire 2569:Anglo-Saxons 2510: 2506: 2453:of northern 2441: 2424: 2408: 2393:entered the 2376: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2328:hospitalitas 2327: 2323: 2314: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2275: 2267: 2233: 2216: 2197: 2138: 2117: 2115: 2099:Latin Church 2082: 2074: 2057: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2001:Roman Empire 1994: 1967: 1952: 1948: 1898: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1861: 1853:Anglo-Saxons 1828: 1802: 1793: 1722: 1707:Saint Ninian 1700: 1680: 1644:Roman Empire 1641: 1573:and western 1532: 1524:Traprain Law 1429:and much of 1399: 1363: 1345: 1321: 1307:and perhaps 1305:Lincolnshire 1270: 1261: 1257: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1199: 1194: 1187: 1180:Roman Empire 1169: 1160:Warwickshire 1152:Anglo-Saxons 1149: 1137: 1061: 1048: 1005: 994: 975: 969: 955: 931: 929: 924: 918: 908: 892:Welsh poetry 885: 879: 869: 863: 857: 842: 835: 806: 804: 796:Anglo-Saxons 782: 765: 754: 750: 746: 726: 724: 720: 696: 689: 681: 630: 628:especially. 591: 570:Roman Empire 560:between the 549: 548: 490: 412: 398:Georgian era 390: 378: 364: 352: 330: 268: 184: 166: 157: 138: 106: 90: 88:lead section 63: 56: 50: 49:Please help 46: 29: 7769:Trimarcisia 7754:Gallóglaigh 7583:Celtiberian 7307:Isle of Man 7266:Nationalism 7155:Bataireacht 7074:Calan Gaeaf 7033:Isle of Man 6877:Leaf-crowns 6867:Insular art 6840:Dragonesque 6802:Isle of Man 6656:Nova Scotia 6609:Isle of Man 6533:Neopaganism 6282:Monasticism 5793:Caledonians 5249:Roman Wales 5133:Isle of Man 4914:: 251–262. 4654:: 111–120. 4598:Dinas Powys 4270:30 December 4240:30 December 4214:30 December 4166:(1): 21–5. 3237:H.R. Loyn, 3049:19 November 3010:10 December 2984:10 December 2942:H.R. Loyn, 2554:King Arthur 2503:Bryan Sykes 2467:East Anglia 2349:Burgundians 2281:in 388 and 2224:King Arthur 2200:King Arthur 2195:structure. 2157:Strathclyde 1923:Old English 1841:Old English 1795:Linguistics 1769:The famous 1687:Pelagianism 1676:Merovingian 1660:Glastonbury 1626:Northumbria 1575:Oxfordshire 1556:East Anglia 1514: 1100 1500:Strathclyde 1460:Brycheiniog 1448:, northern 1313:East Anglia 1297:Bournemouth 1289:King Arthur 1227:Burgundians 1172:aristocrats 1107:burials at 1089:Saxon Shore 1077:Dinas Powys 1068:monasteries 1050:Excavations 1038:, and with 1028:grave goods 997:Roman villa 971:Archaeology 960:St Cuthbert 944:Portskewett 936:Roman villa 666:Strathclyde 614:Northumbria 408:Regency era 386:Restoration 373:Interregnum 326:Elizabethan 306:Plantagenet 283:Anglo-Saxon 277:7th century 152:introducing 7876:Categories 7832:– in Italy 7734:Ceathairne 7598:Gallaecian 7228:Road bowls 7133:Eisteddfod 7101:Calan Awst 7097:Lughnasadh 6703:Literature 6566:definition 6389:Clan chief 6181:Roman Gaul 6172:Hen Ogledd 5898:including 5880:including 4560:17 October 4541:References 4528:14 October 3978:Ken Dark, 3965:La Voz de 3937:Fletcher, 3549:, pp.8–38. 3302:H. R. Loyn 3167:Elton 1999 2976:. London. 2805:John Casey 2770:pp.217–218 2741:pp.461–463 2465:to 66% in 2415:Ingaevones 2337:federates, 2315:After the 2306:Roman army 2264:Background 2141:Hen Ogledd 2118:De Excidio 2089:(north of 2075:Parochiale 1743:Æthelfrith 1689:. Bishops 1668:inhumation 1597:and Surrey 1585:Haestingas 1507: 900 1391: 540 1195:legionarii 1085:Birdoswald 1046:(c.1100). 1040:Celtic art 1026:, and the 1024:cremations 986:Canterbury 948:St Tatheus 909:After the 783:De Excidio 766:De Excidio 755:Letter to 697:The term " 402:1714–1837 342:1603–1714 320:1485–1603 135:references 52:improve it 7764:Redshanks 7739:Ceithearn 7467:Brittonic 7459:Languages 7092:Calan Mai 7083:Gŵyl Fair 7057:Festivals 6872:Interlace 6296:Mythology 6204:Gallaecia 5818:Galatians 4981:Britannia 4936:162348716 4908:Britannia 4843:161885864 4676:164015470 4648:Britannia 3834:Britannia 3830:Britannia 3784:: 10326. 3723:: 10408. 3678:27 August 3652:27 August 3626:27 August 3467:Angelfire 3226:Britannia 2816:Britannia 2809:Britannia 2789:Britannia 2686:314773412 2639:The Celts 2599:Heptarchy 2549:Vortigern 2345:Visigoths 2324:foederati 2295:foederati 2037:Gallaecia 1881:Wall-town 1813:Brittonic 1751:Kentigern 1731:Dal Riata 1683:Palladius 1648:Christian 1595:Middlesex 1502: – ( 1464:Glywysing 1356:Cotswolds 1348:Searoburh 1276:Vortigern 1262:civitates 1201:imperator 1184:Visigoths 1156:Wasperton 1138:Although 1058:hillforts 1001:Chedworth 978:Londinium 853:Procopius 811:Byzantine 787:Hadrian's 757:Coroticus 751:Confessio 727:Confessio 707:Dark Ages 638:Britannia 610:Brigantes 484:1945–1979 474:1945–1979 464:1939–1945 454:1919–1939 444:1914–1918 434:1901–1914 424:1837–1901 413:1811–1820 391:1660–1714 379:1649–1660 365:1625–1649 353:1603–1625 331:1558–1603 310:1216–1485 300:1066–1216 213:Wiltshire 160:July 2022 93:summarize 58:talk page 7749:Gaesatae 7640:dialects 7603:Lepontic 7593:Galatian 7495:Goidelic 7345:Autonomy 7260:Politics 7213:Rounders 7065:Calendar 7038:Scotland 7023:Cornwall 7018:Brittany 6906:Clothing 6857:Knotwork 6835:Brooches 6807:Scotland 6792:Cornwall 6787:Brittany 6666:Y Wladfa 6621:Scotland 6585:Cornwall 6573:Brittany 6424:Seanchaí 6419:Tanistry 6379:Derbfine 6308:Scottish 6199:Brittany 6195:Domnonée 6191:Armorica 6186:Britonia 6168:Dumnonia 6143:Dálriata 5828:Lepontii 5823:Helvetii 5808:Gallaeci 5531:Monarchs 5149:Guernsey 5114:Anglesey 5087:Shetland 5082:Scotland 5051:Overview 4874:. Sydney 4571:(2006). 4471:Archived 4448:11856539 4440:22276970 4401:18430641 4344:Archived 4295:Archived 4264:Archived 4234:Archived 4208:Archived 4190:16200144 4104:Archived 3954:Archived 3816:26783717 3755:26783965 3620:Archived 3598:17002951 3472:Archived 3397:Archived 3081:Archived 3004:Archived 2978:Archived 2914:Archived 2744:Archived 2713:Ken Dark 2589:Wansdyke 2522:See also 2387:smallpox 2283:Stilicho 2212:Wansdyke 2208:Tintagel 2189:Caerwent 2185:Wroxeter 2177:Scotland 2173:Whithorn 2165:Gododdin 2149:Bryneich 2130:hillfort 2126:Tintagel 2122:Hibernia 2111:Eo River 2049:Cornwall 2045:Atlantic 2041:Hispania 2033:Brittany 2025:Armorica 2009:usurpers 1986:Honorius 1935:Brittany 1931:Armorica 1864:Cornwall 1849:Q-Celtic 1823:and the 1747:Bernicia 1703:Whithorn 1691:Germanus 1638:Religion 1632:Wihtwara 1538:Bernicia 1520:Gododdin 1509: – 1427:Cornwall 1423:Dumnonia 1418:Bernicia 1412: – 1410:Bryneich 1400:Various 1386:Britain 1378:Kingdoms 1325:Dumnonia 1303:through 1266:Germanus 1254:Pelagian 1176:Stilicho 1121:Honorius 1113:Gatcombe 1109:Bowcombe 1105:Germanic 1073:Tintagel 1054:medieval 1008:brooches 990:Wroxeter 982:Eboracum 952:Carlisle 940:Chepstow 896:Taliesin 849:Germanus 831:Bruttium 827:rescript 819:Honorius 813:scholar 798:and the 791:Antonine 770:jeremiad 753:and his 674:Dalriada 662:Gododdin 658:Bernicia 618:Cornwall 584:in 577. 564:and the 513:Timeline 491:See also 360:Caroline 348:Jacobean 290:449–1066 209:hillfort 7802:Deities 7759:Hobelar 7721:Warfare 7684:Warfare 7618:Pictish 7613:Cumbric 7588:Gaulish 7560:Extinct 7480:Cornish 7278:history 7223:Hurling 7197:Ladies' 7188:Curling 7161:Camogie 7088:Beltane 7070:Samhain 7028:Ireland 6797:Ireland 6692:Culture 6661:England 6597:Ireland 6555:Nations 6454:Coinage 6444:Warfare 6337:Society 6328:Cornish 6318:British 6226:Galatia 6216:Balkans 6124:Studies 5861:Cornish 5856:Bretons 5833:Noricum 5788:Britons 5761:Peoples 5508:Related 5128:Ireland 5065:England 4813:. In". 4706:History 4392:2603190 4350:8 March 4301:8 March 4181:1200696 4081:Jones, 3967:Galicia 3884:Davey, 3862:, p.161 3807:4735653 3786:Bibcode 3746:4735688 3725:Bibcode 3589:1635457 3403:8 March 3375:Science 2933:, 1980. 2835:History 2495:Belgium 2491:England 2447:Iberian 2432:Normans 2357:Vandals 2301:auxilia 2128:or the 2109:to the 2087:Bretoña 2072:Suebian 2060:Galicia 1982:Zosimus 1868:Cumbria 1857:lexicon 1819:), the 1809:English 1755:Glasgow 1550:Lindsey 1528:Lothian 1476:Gwynedd 1402:British 1341:Gwynedd 1337:Maelgwn 1333:Mailcun 1329:Demetae 1223:Vandals 1218:Bononia 1214:Channel 1206:emperor 1115:on the 1020:burials 1016:weapons 1012:pottery 900:Aneirin 876:Nennius 815:Zosimus 800:Britons 774:polemic 622:Cumbria 612:) with 222:Periods 148:improve 7797:Tribes 7744:Fianna 7531:Shelta 7475:Breton 7295:status 7233:Shinty 7208:Gouren 7172:Cnapan 7166:Cammag 7079:Imbolc 7002:Carnyx 6928:Tartan 6847:Carnyx 6614:Mannin 6590:Kernow 6578:Breizh 6448:Gaelic 6404:Fáinne 6349:Brehon 6323:Breton 6277:Druids 6131:Places 5838:Volcae 5783:Belgae 5744:· 5742: 5736:· 5734: 5728:· 5726: 5144:Jersey 5135:(Mann) 5092:Orkney 4934: 4928:526450 4926: 4857: 4841: 4835:298284 4833: 4674: 4668:526105 4666: 4611: 4579: 4495: 4446: 4438: 4399: 4389: 4188: 4178: 4110:3 July 4056: 4035: 4023: 3908: 3814: 3804: 3753: 3743: 3596: 3586: 3333:3 June 3259: 3207: 3186: 3154: 3138: 2882: 2855: 2766: 2736: 2684: 2674: 2499:Romans 2487:Belgae 2459:France 2383:plague 2361:Franks 2359:, and 2353:Sueves 2321:Gothic 2319:, the 2271:piracy 2181:Ninian 2153:Rheged 2145:Ebrauc 2107:Ferrol 2085:, now 2081:: the 2068:Celtic 1911:Gildas 1872:Celtic 1825:Latins 1817:Gaelic 1739:Rheged 1615:Repton 1611:Mercia 1601:Wessex 1581:Sussex 1567:Hwicce 1494:Ebrauc 1488:Rheged 1442:Ergyng 1395:Gildas 1352:Wessex 1272:Gildas 1235:Sueves 1066:, and 1063:castra 1014:, and 930:Later 878:, the 845:of 511 838:of 452 823:Alaric 735:Gildas 711:Arthur 678:Argyll 654:Rheged 606:Rheged 338:Stuart 263:43–410 246:until 234: 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