98:"relative income" theory, despite the various other theories that these events have been attributed to. The "relative income" theory suggests that couples choose to have children based on a couple's ratio of potential earning power and the desire to obtain material objects. This ratio depends on the economic stability of the country and how people are raised to value material objects. The "relative income" theory explains the baby boom by suggesting that the late 1940s and the 1950s brought low desires to have material objects, because of the Great Depression and World War II, as well as plentiful job opportunities (being a post-war period). These two factors gave rise to a high relative income, which encouraged high fertility. Following this period, the next generation had a greater desire for material objects, however, an economic slowdown in the United States made jobs harder to acquire. This resulted in lower fertility rates causing the Baby Bust.
106:) which considered the post-war economic prosperity that followed deprivation of the Great Depression as main cause of the baby boom, stressing that GDP-birth rate association was not consistent (positive before 1945 and negative after) with GDP growth accounting for a mere 5 percent of the variance in the crude birth rate over the period studied by the authors. Data shows that only in a few countries was there a significant and persistent increase in the marital fertility index during the baby boom, which suggests that most of the increase in fertility was driven by the increase in marriage rates.
156:
births first topped four million and did not drop below that figure until 1965, by which time four out of ten
Americans were under the age of 20. As a result of the baby boom and traditional gender roles, getting married immediately after high school became commonplace and women increasingly encountered tremendous pressure to marry by the age of 20. A joke emerged at the time around comedic speculation that women were going to college to earn their
33:
130:
Greenwood, Seshadri, and
Vandenbroucke ascribe the baby boom to the diffusion of new household appliances that led to reduction of costs of childbearing. However Martha J. Bailey and William J. Collins criticize their explanation on the basis that improvement of household technology began before baby
77:
to a second child. In most of the
Western countries, progression to a third child and beyond declined, which, coupled with aforementioned increase in transition to first and second child, resulted in higher homogeneity in family sizes. The baby boom was most prominent among educated and economically
200:
France and
Austria experienced the strongest baby booms in Europe. In contrast to most other countries, the French and Austrian baby booms were driven primarily by an increase in marital fertility. In the French case, pronatalist policies were an important factor in this increase. Weaker baby booms
273:
There was also a baby boom in Latin
American countries, excepting Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. An increase in fertility was driven by a decrease in childlessness and, in most nations, by an increase in parity progression to second, third and fourth births. Its magnitude was largest in Costa Rica
155:
In the United States and Canada, the baby boom was among the largest in the world. In 1946, live births in the U.S. surged from 222,721 in
January to 339,499 in October. By the end of the 1940s, about 32 million babies had been born, compared with 24 million in the 1930s. In 1954, annual
109:
Jona
Schellekens claims that the rise in male earnings that started in the late 1930s accounts for most of the rise in marriage rates and that Richard Easterlin's hypothesis according to which a relatively small birth cohort entering the labor market caused the marriage boom is not consistent with
122:
crowded out women who participated in the baby boom. Glenn
Sandström disagrees with both variants of this interpretation based on the data from Sweden showing that an increase in nuptiality (which was one of the main causes of an increase in fertility) was limited to economically active women. He
175:
the baby boom is usually defined as occurring from 1947 to 1966. Canadian soldiers were repatriated later than
American servicemen, and Canada's birthrate did not start to rise until 1947. Most Canadian demographers prefer to use the later date of 1966 as the boom's end year in that country. The
131:
boom, differences and changes in ownership of appliances and electrification in U.S. counties are negatively correlated with birth rates during baby boom, that the correlation between cohort fertility of the relevant women and access to electrical service in early adulthood is negative, and that
141:
Peter
Lindert partially attributed the baby boom to the extension of income tax to most of the US population in the early 1940s and newly created tax exemptions for children and married couples creating a new incentive for earlier marriage and higher fertility. It is proposed that because the
97:
in his "Twentieth Century American Population Growth" (2000), explains the growth pattern of the American population in the 20th century by examining the fertility rate fluctuations and the decreasing mortality rate. Easterlin attempts to prove the cause of the baby boom and baby bust by the
204:
In the United Kingdom the baby boom occurred in two waves. After a short first wave of the baby boom during the war and immediately after, peaking in 1946, the United Kingdom experienced a second wave during the 1960s, with a peak in births in 1964 and a rapid fall after the
170:
as those born between mid-1946 and mid-1964, although the U.S. birth rate began to increase in 1941, and decline after 1957. Deborah Carr considers baby boomers to be those born between 1944 and 1959, while Strauss and Howe place the beginning of the baby boom in 1943.
264:
Many countries outside the west (among them Morocco, China and Turkey) also witnessed the baby boom. The baby boom in Mongolia is probably explained by improvement in health and living standards related to the adoption of technologies and modernisation.
1613:
113:
Matthias Doepke, Moshe Hazan, and Yishay Maoz all argued that the baby boom was mainly caused by the alleged crowding out from the labor force of females who reached adulthood during the 1950s by females who started to work during the
101:
Jan Van Bavel and David S. Reher proposed that the increase in nuptiality (marriage boom) coupled with low efficiency of contraception was the main cause of the baby boom. They doubted the explanations (including the
191:
only had fifty babysitters for its population of 8,000, dramatically increasing demand for sitters. In 1950, out of every $ 7 that a California couple spent to go to the movies, $ 5 went to paying a babysitter.
249:
The volume of baby boom was the largest in the world in New Zealand and second-largest in Australia. Like the US, the New Zealand baby boom was stronger among Catholics than Protestants.
220:. Laws on contraception were restrictive in Ireland, and the baby boom was more prolonged in this country. Secular decline of fertility began only in the 1970s and particularly after the
230:
Baby boom was absent or not very strong in Italy, Greece, Portugal and Spain. There were however regional variations in Spain, with a considerable baby boom occurring in regions such as
118:
and did not quit their jobs after the economy recovered. Andriana Bellou and Emanuela Cardia promote a similar argument, but they claim women who entered the labor force during the
572:"A prelude to the dual provider family – The changing role of female labor force participation and occupational field on fertility outcomes during the baby boom in Sweden 1900–60"
1638:
1415:
1261:
1521:
1374:
298:
936:
Blake, Judith; Das Gupta, Prithwis (December 1975). "Reproductive Motivation Versus Contraceptive Technology: Is Recent American Experience an Exception?".
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357:
449:
237:
There was a strong baby boom in Czechoslovakia, but it was weak or absent in Poland, Bulgaria, Russia, Estonia and Lithuania, partly as a result of the
1791:
308:
221:
62:, although some demographers place it earlier or during the war. This terminology led to those born during this baby boom being nicknamed the
1596:
1302:
303:
1427:
183:
In the United States, more babies were born during the seven years after 1948 than in the previous thirty, causing a shortage of teenage
1811:
984:
896:"Did Improvements in Household Technology Cause the Baby Boom? Evidence from Electrification, Appliance Diffusion, and the Amish"
461:
1271:
227:
The baby boom was very strong in Norway and Iceland, significant in Finland, moderate in Sweden and relatively weak in Denmark.
288:
238:
1223:
1801:
1796:
1724:
1689:"Reconstructing historical fertility change in Mongolia: Impressive fertility rise before continued fertility decline"
476:"Fueled by Aging Baby Boomers, Nation's Older Population to Nearly Double in the Next 20 Years, Census Bureau Reports"
293:
37:
713:
Schellekens, Jona (2017). "The Marriage Boom and Marriage Bust in the United States: An Age-period-cohort Analysis".
342:(Cambridge UP: 6 vol; 2006) vol 1 on population; available online; massive data compendium; online version in Excel
74:
1482:
1053:
Van Bavel, Jan; Reher, David S. (2013). "The Baby Boom and Its Causes: What We Know and What We Need to Know".
650:
Van Bavel, Jan; Reher, David S. (2013). "The Baby Boom and Its Causes: What We Know and What We Need to Know".
1652:
Reher, David; Requena, Miguel (2014). "The mid-twentieth century fertility boom from a global perspective".
213:
138:
Judith Blake and Prithwis Das Gupta point out the increase in ideal family size in the times of baby boom.
81:
The baby boom ended with a significant decline in fertility rates in the 1960s and 1970s, later called the
1001:
790:
69:
The boom coincided with a marriage boom. The increase in fertility was driven primarily by a decrease in
1806:
1786:
1632:
1493:
1015:
804:
525:"Seeding the gender revolution: Women's education and cohort fertility among the baby boom generations"
58:
is often used to refer to this particular boom, generally considered to have started immediately after
833:"A reversal of the socioeconomic gradient of nuptiality during the Swedish mid-20th-century baby boom"
1456:
867:
Greenwood, Jeremy; Seshadri, Ananth; Vandenbroucke, Guillaume (2005). "The Baby Boom and Baby Bust".
103:
45:
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918:
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552:
505:
177:
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1219:
1146:
980:
730:
544:
206:
172:
94:
1563:
1483:"La Elevada nupcialidad como posible desencadenante de la transición demográfica en Cataluña"
1166:"The Psychological Consequences of Work-Family Trade-Offs for Three Cohorts of Men and Women"
1093:
446:"Table 1-1. Live Births, Birth Rates, and Fertility Rates, by Race: United States, 1909–2003"
1747:
1739:
1703:
1661:
1536:
1389:
1334:
1180:
1128:
1062:
945:
910:
876:
847:
789:
Bellou, Andriana; Cardia, Emanuela (2014). "Baby-Boom, Baby-Bust and the Great Depression".
769:
722:
693:
659:
619:
583:
536:
497:
453:
217:
119:
115:
523:
Van Bavel, Jan; Klesment, Martin; Beaujouan, Eva; Brzozowska, Zuzanna; Puur, Allan (2018).
17:
1506:
1028:
817:
457:
328:
604:
1428:"Annual Report of the Registrar-General of Marriages, Births and Deaths in Ireland 1952"
176:
later end to the boom in Canada than in the US has been ascribed to a later adoption of
166:
The exact beginning and end of the baby boom is debated. The U.S. Census Bureau defines
142:
taxation was progressive the baby boom was more pronounced among the richer population.
1320:"Measuring and explaining the baby boom in the developed world in the mid-20th century"
1287:
973:
679:"Measuring and explaining the baby boom in the developed world in the mid-20th century"
338:
Carter, Susan B., Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, and Alan L. Olmstead, eds.
1732:
Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History
895:
44:
The middle of the 20th century was marked by a significant and persistent increase in
1775:
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922:
663:
524:
70:
49:
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1401:
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556:
460:(December 8, 2010). CDC. Volume 59, no. 1. The graph is an expanded SVG version of
253:
124:
63:
59:
726:
588:
571:
540:
374:
Boomer Nation: The Largest and Richest Generation Ever, and How It Changed America
1665:
224:. The marriage boom was even more prolonged and did not recede until the 1980s.
40:
defines baby boomers as those born between mid-1946 and mid-1964 (shown in red).
1000:
Zhao, Jackie Kai. "War Debt and the Baby Boom". Society for Economic Dynamics.
1743:
1708:
1339:
1251:
852:
698:
184:
157:
1256:
Boom, Bust and Echo: Profiting from the Demographic Shift in the 21st Century
1165:
880:
623:
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1393:
231:
163:
The baby boom was stronger among American Catholics than among Protestants.
54:
32:
1354:
Calot, GĂ©rard; Sardon, Jean-Paul (1998). "La vraie histoire du baby boom".
734:
548:
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957:
509:
425:
401:
377:
367:
603:
Greenwood, Jeremy; Seshadri, Ananth; Vandenbroucke, Guillaume (2005).
1184:
1133:
1116:
949:
501:
774:
757:
454:"Vital Statistics of the United States, 2003, Volume I, Natality".
132:
1457:"The Demographic Transition in Ireland in International Context"
1725:"Was there a mid-20th-century fertility boom in latin america?"
1094:"People & Events: Mrs. America: Women's Roles in the 1950s"
422:
To Have and to Hold: Marriage, the Baby Boom, and Social Change
408:
Domestic Revolutions: a Social History of American Family Life.
201:
occurred in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands.
1240:
Born at the right time: a history of the baby boom generation
638:
Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare
384:
American Families: a Research Guide and Historical Handbook.
364:
Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare
36:
United States birth rate (births per 1000 population). The
1522:"The Fertility Transition Revisited: A Cohort Perspective"
1375:"The Fertility Transition Revisited: A Cohort Perspective"
1210:
Generations: the history of America's future, 1584 to 2069
979:. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.
758:"The Baby Boom and World War II: A Macroeconomic Analysis"
756:
Doepke, Matthias; Hazan, Moshe; Maoz, Yishay D. (2015).
256:
places the Australian baby boom between 1946 and 1961.
322:
From All Points: America's Immigrant West, 1870s–1952,
1286:
1207:
972:
48:in many countries of the world, especially in the
1627:(4). Archived from the original on March 5, 2009.
354:The American Baby Boom in Historical Perspective,
1637:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1238:The dates 1946 to 1962 are given in Doug Owram,
488:Hajnal, John (April 1953). "The Marriage Boom".
382:Hawes Joseph M. and Elizabeth I. Nybakken, eds.
1079:Figures in Landon Y. Jones, "Swinging 60s?" in
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
894:Bailey, Martha J.; Collins, William J. (2011).
123:pointed out that in 1939 a law prohibiting the
1621:The Australian Journal of Emergency Management
398:Birth Quake: The Baby Boom and Its Aftershocks
340:The Historical Statistics of the United States
1115:Westoff, Charles F.; Jones, Elise F. (1979).
8:
471:
469:
347:Statistical Handbook on the American Family.
1612:Head, Neil; Arnold, Peter (November 2003).
1569:Archives de sciences sociales des religions
478:. United States Census Bureau. May 6, 2014.
450:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
391:A Population History of the United States.
356:(1962), the single most influential study
345:Chadwick Bruce A. and Tim B. Heaton, eds.
27:Baby boom that occurred after World War II
1751:
1707:
1591:. South Yarra, Vic.: Hardie Grant Books.
1338:
1132:
1005:
903:American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics
851:
794:
773:
697:
587:
570:Sandström, Glenn; Marklund, Emil (2018).
393:Cambridge University Press, 2004. 316 pp
299:History of the United States (1945–1964)
31:
437:
1723:Reher, David; Requena, Miguel (2014).
1630:
1502:
1491:
1481:Cabré, Anna; Torrents, Àngels (1990).
1293:. New York University Press. pp.
1262:"By definition: Boom, bust, X and why"
1024:
1013:
813:
802:
212:The baby boom in Ireland began during
125:firing of a woman when she got married
1318:Sánchez-Barricarte, Jesús J. (2018).
1206:Strauss, William; Howe, Neil (1991).
677:Sánchez-Barricarte, Jesús J. (2018).
335:3rd Edition (1997) compendium of data
304:Post-war displacement of Keynesianism
222:legalization of contraception in 1979
7:
309:Post–World War II economic expansion
160:due to the increased marriage rate.
1214:. William Morrow & Co. p.
458:"National Vital Statistics Reports"
417:(1985), general demographic history
333:The Population of the United States
216:declared in the country during the
187:. At one point during this period,
1464:Proceedings of the British Academy
831:Sandström, Glenn (November 2017).
25:
1416:Births in England and Wales: 2017
1117:"The end of "Catholic" fertility"
1055:Population and Development Review
975:Fertility and Scarcity in America
938:Population and Development Review
652:Population and Development Review
1792:20th century in economic history
1260:Pearce, Tralee (June 24, 2006).
1067:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00591.x
664:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00591.x
462:File:U.S.BirthRate.1909.2003.png
456:CDC.) Post-2003 data came from:
406:Mintz Steven and Susan Kellogg.
135:also experienced the baby boom.
1414:Office for National Statistics
1289:Babysitter: An American History
1285:Forman-Brunell, Miriam (2009).
289:Aging in the American workforce
1529:Comparative Population Studies
1382:Comparative Population Studies
376:(2004), by leading historian.
1:
727:10.1080/00324728.2016.1271140
605:"The Baby Boom and Baby Bust"
589:10.1080/1081602X.2018.1556721
541:10.1080/00324728.2018.1498223
366:(1987), by leading economist
110:data from the United States.
1687:Spoorenberg, Thomas (2015).
1666:10.1080/1081602X.2014.944553
1614:"Book Review: The Big Shift"
1173:Social Psychology Quarterly
1083:, January 2006, pp 102–107.
331:, and Douglas L. Anderton.
294:Counterculture of the 1960s
127:was passed in the country.
18:Post-World War II baby boom
1828:
971:Lindert, Peter H. (1978).
762:Review of Economic Studies
636:See Richard A. Easterlin,
239:Soviet famine of 1946–1947
93:Economist and demographer
1812:Aftermath of World War II
1744:10.1017/S0212610914000172
1709:10.4054/DemRes.2015.33.29
1654:The History of the Family
1564:"Religion in New Zealand"
1435:Central Statistics Office
1340:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.40
853:10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.50
699:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.40
576:The History of the Family
444:Pre-2003 data came from:
252:The author and columnist
881:10.1257/0002828053828680
869:American Economic Review
624:10.1257/0002828053828680
612:American Economic Review
452:(CDC). (Retrieved from:
320:Barkan, Elliott Robert.
1541:10.12765/CPoS-2017-09en
1455:Coleman, D. A. (1992).
1394:10.12765/CPoS-2017-09en
426:excerpt and text search
402:excerpt and text search
386:(Greenwood Press, 1991)
378:excerpt and text search
368:excerpt and text search
1587:Salt, Bernard (2004).
1520:Frejka, Tomas (2017).
1501:Cite journal requires
1373:Frejka, Tomas (2017).
1164:Carr, Deborah (2002).
1023:Cite journal requires
812:Cite journal requires
362:Easterlin, Richard A.
352:Easterlin, Richard A.
64:baby boomer generation
41:
396:Macunovich, Diane J.
327:Barrett, Richard E.,
35:
1802:Population geography
1696:Demographic Research
1327:Demographic Research
1081:Smithsonian Magazine
840:Demographic Research
686:Demographic Research
358:complete text online
104:Easterlin hypothesis
1797:20th-century births
915:10.1257/mac.3.2.189
284:1970s energy crisis
189:Madison, New Jersey
178:birth control pills
73:and an increase in
1562:Mol, Hans (1967).
1274:on August 7, 2006.
1267:The Globe and Mail
715:Population Studies
529:Population Studies
415:Uncle Sam's Family
389:Klein, Herbert S.
75:parity progression
42:
1598:978-1-74066-188-1
1304:978-0-8147-2759-1
413:Wells, Robert V.
209:came into force.
207:Abortion Act 1967
95:Richard Easterlin
85:by demographers.
16:(Redirected from
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420:Weiss, Jessica.
324:(2007) 598 pages
218:Second World War
120:Great Depression
116:Second World War
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372:Gillon, Steve.
329:Donald J. Bogue
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260:Asia and Africa
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46:fertility rates
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1061:(2): 264–265.
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796:10.1.1.665.133
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78:active women.
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71:childlessness
67:
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50:Western world
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39:
34:
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19:
1807:Baby boomers
1787:Demographics
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1633:cite journal
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1494:cite journal
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1440:February 15,
1438:. Retrieved
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1176:
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1120:
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1098:. Retrieved
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1016:cite journal
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805:cite journal
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721:(1): 65–82.
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315:Bibliography
274:and Panama.
272:
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254:Bernard Salt
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168:baby boomers
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68:
60:World War II
53:
43:
29:
1753:10016/29916
1702:: 841–870.
1258:(1997) see
582:: 149–173.
185:babysitters
52:. The term
1776:Categories
1252:David Foot
1225:0688119123
1121:Demography
432:References
158:MRS degree
1762:154726041
1674:154258701
1002:CiteSeerX
923:154327125
791:CiteSeerX
232:Catalonia
173:In Canada
146:By region
83:baby bust
55:baby boom
1782:Natalism
1549:55080460
1402:55080460
1362:: 41–44.
1356:Sociétal
1100:July 22,
743:41508881
735:28209083
557:52911705
549:30280973
278:See also
1535:: 100.
1193:3090096
1143:2061139
958:1972222
510:2730761
424:(2000)
400:(2002)
245:Oceania
1760:
1672:
1595:
1576:: 123.
1547:
1488:: 3–4.
1400:
1388:: 97.
1301:
1242:(1997)
1222:
1191:
1151:456702
1149:
1141:
1004:
983:
956:
921:
793:
741:
733:
640:(1987)
555:
547:
508:
410:(1988)
349:(1992)
196:Europe
89:Causes
1758:S2CID
1728:(PDF)
1692:(PDF)
1670:S2CID
1617:(PDF)
1545:S2CID
1525:(PDF)
1486:(PDF)
1470:: 65.
1460:(PDF)
1431:(PDF)
1398:S2CID
1378:(PDF)
1323:(PDF)
1297:–50.
1189:JSTOR
1169:(PDF)
1139:JSTOR
1096:. PBS
954:JSTOR
919:S2CID
899:(PDF)
836:(PDF)
739:S2CID
682:(PDF)
608:(PDF)
553:S2CID
506:JSTOR
133:Amish
1639:link
1593:ISBN
1507:help
1442:2019
1299:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1147:PMID
1102:2008
1029:help
981:ISBN
818:help
731:PMID
545:PMID
1748:hdl
1740:doi
1704:doi
1662:doi
1537:doi
1390:doi
1335:doi
1181:doi
1129:doi
1063:doi
946:doi
911:doi
877:doi
848:doi
770:doi
723:doi
694:doi
660:doi
620:doi
584:doi
537:doi
498:doi
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