309:(NSF) to increase or decrease funding for the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) programs at least at the same rate as it increases or decreases funding for the Graduate Research Fellowship. There are no comprehensive data of international postdoctoral researchers in the US because of the less-organized survey and the difficulty in counting international postdoctoral researchers. The proportion of postdoctoral researchers on temporary visas reached 53.6% in 2010. The life sciences hold the largest percentage of postdoctoral researchers on temporary visas; in 2008, approximately 56% of postdoctoral researchers in the life sciences were temporary residents. Of these postdoctoral researchers on temporary visas, four out of five earned their PhD outside of the United States. There exists fear that foreign PhD's are taking postdoctoral research positions from American researchers. The influx of foreign PhD's has influenced the supply of ready-researchers, and thereby, the wages. One estimate claims that a 10% increase in the supply of foreign postdoctoral researchers lower the position salary by 3 to 4%.
896:
457:), may be asked to pay back the grants or even the salaries that they have received. Because of the way that the postdoctoral system is managed, postdoctoral research is widely mistaken to be an academic degree in China. The government's administration of the postdoctoral system has been criticized for hindering innovative research, as too much effort is spent on evaluations, and overemphasis on performance prevents the creation of a relaxing research environment.
204:
in a specialist subject, including integrating a team and acquiring novel skills and research methods. Postdoctoral research is often considered essential while advancing the scholarly mission of the host institution; it is expected to produce relevant publications in peer-reviewed academic journals or conferences. In some countries, postdoctoral research may lead to further formal qualifications or certification, while in other countries, it does not.
297:
supply of the professional positions in academia compared to the growing number of postdoctoral researchers makes it difficult to find tenure-track positions. In 2008, the proportion of postdoctoral researchers who got a tenure or tenure-track position within 5 years after they received a doctoral degree was about 39%; nearly 10% of postdoctoral researchers were over 40 years old in 2003.
203:
position. According to data from the US National
Science Foundation, the number of holders of PhD in biological sciences who end up in tenure track has consistently dropped from over 50% in 1973 to less than 20% in 2006. They continue their studies or carry out research and further increase expertise
271:
in 2003, 25% of PhD graduates in the natural sciences continued to undertake post-doctoral research. Since the landmark ruling in the employment tribunal (Scotland) Ball vs
Aberdeen University 2008 case (S/101486/08), researchers who have held successive fixed-term contracts for four years' service
324:
In 2014, postdoctoral researchers in Boston organized the "Future of
Research" Symposium to respond to a conversation about the state of biomedical research from the perspective of junior scientists. The meeting included panel discussions with academics concerned about the scientific enterprise, a
296:
faculty position, especially at research-oriented institutions. Post-doctoral appointments that were traditionally optional have become mandatory in some fields as the degree of competition for tenure-track positions in academia has significantly increased over previous decades. In fact, the small
449:). Those who are approved to leave the stations will receive a postdoctoral certificate from the national administration office. In some universities, postdoctoral researchers who fail to leave their stations normally, either due to failing their evaluations or early withdrawal from the stations (
312:
In the US, life sciences have a greater share than other fields due to higher federal funding of life and medical science areas since mid 1990. One survey shows that 54% of postdoctoral researchers major in life sciences, whereas those who majored in physical science, mathematics, and engineering
320:
in order to secure better working conditions such as the right to file a complaint for alleged discrimination or sexual harassment through a formal grievance procedure. In
California, new postdoctoral appointments receive at least the NIH postdoctoral minimum salary ($ 50,004 in 2019) and many
280:
In the US, a postdoctoral scholar is an individual holding a doctoral degree who is engaged in mentored research or scholarly training for the purpose of acquiring the professional skills needed to pursue a career path of his or her choosing. Postdoctoral researchers play an important role in
300:
On the other hand, 85 percent of engineering doctoral degree holders are likely to initially go into business or the industry sector. Under the circumstances, providing doctoral students as well as postdoctoral researchers with necessary skills for nonacademic positions has become one of the
365:(AIIMS) have postdoctoral positions. The salary typically varies from ₹40,000 to ₹70,000 per month. For example, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Guwahati, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IISER Bhopal, IISER Mohali, IISER Pune, IISER Kolkata, IIM Kolkata offer postdoctoral fellowships. The
333:, and workshops discussing training, funding, the structure of the biomedical workforce, and metrics and incentives in science which were used to generate recommendations in a white paper. Meetings organized by postdoctoral researchers in 2015 spread to
255:
in 2018. The authors found that only about 17% of postdocs ultimately land tenure-track positions. In the 1970s the number for PhD holders in biological sciences was 50%, illustrating how that generation had a significantly different job market.
235:
Due to the nature of their work in some fields, and an oversupply of graduating PhD students in many fields, some postdoctoral researchers in certain countries face an uncertain future in academia, and a large proportion will not gain
392:
Alternatively the
Australian Research Council (ARC) provides Postdoctoral Fellowships. For example, their Discovery Projects, funds 3 year Fellowships, beginning in 2009, with A$ 61,399 p.a. Furthermore, a mandatory
337:(NYU), Chicago and San Francisco and a second meeting in Boston discussed data collection, labor economics and evidence-based policy to advocate for changes to science, including the future of the PhD.
441:). Postdoctoral researchers are required to undergo regular evaluations, and submit a research report for evaluation at the end of the postdoctoral period to obtain approval to leave the stations (
1371:
285:
activity in the US. The median salary of postdoctoral researchers 1 to 5 years after receiving their doctoral degrees is $ 42,000, 44% less than the $ 75,000 average for tenured positions. The
259:
As of 2022, however, and the broad shifts in the labor market in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, postdoc positions in at least some fields are going unfilled due to a lack of applicants.
1791:
McDowell, Gary S.; Gunsalus, Kearney T. W.; MacKellar, Drew C.; Mazzilli, Sarah A.; Pai, Vaibhav P.; Goodwin, Patricia R.; Walsh, Erica M.; Robinson-Mosher, Avi; Bowman, Thomas A. (2014).
354:
997:"Education: Rethinking PhDs. Fix it, overhaul it or skip it completely — institutions and individuals are taking innovative approaches to postgraduate science training"
1659:
550:
377:
Salaried appointments at the minimum Level A, Step 6 for academic salaries, for doctoral qualified employees (beginning in 2008) are set at A$ 75,612 p.a. at the
433:) at institutes and enterprises in mainland China. Applicants to postdoctoral positions have to pass a detailed medical check-up in order to enter the stations (
1346:
1375:
366:
2390:
362:
2138:
1711:"Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) Stipends, Tuition/Fees and Other Budgetary Levels Effective for Fiscal Year 2012"
1614:
252:
466:
289:(NPA) and Boston Postdoctoral Association (BPDA) are nonprofit organizations that advocate for postdoctoral scholars in the United States.
2483:
2478:
321:
receive annual pay raises of 5% to 7% or more in accordance with the NIH's Ruth L. Kirschstein
National Research Service Awards (NRSA).
2004:
578:
305:
recognized the importance of graduate student support for obtaining skills needed when they pursue nonacademic careers, and required
286:
1939:
2088:
2702:
1972:
2464:
358:
350:
2707:
1663:
1523:
199:). Postdocs most commonly, but not always, have a temporary academic appointment, sometimes in preparation for an academic
2038:
2009:
434:
426:
418:
410:
386:
2055:
2383:
909:
Lauto, G.; Sengoku, S. (2015). "Perceived incentives to transdisciplinarity in a
Japanese university research center".
405:
The postdoctoral system in China was founded in 1985 upon suggestion by
Chinese American physicist and Nobel laureate
346:
306:
1574:
648:
2411:
241:
200:
195:, is a person professionally conducting research after the completion of their doctoral studies (typically a
2620:
2376:
1977:
601:"The future of the postdoc: There is a growing number of postdocs and few places in academia for them to go"
382:
1038:"Harsh reality: Two reports highlight the plight of postdocs on both sides of the pond aiming for academia"
895:
227:. In many English-speaking countries, postdoctoral researchers are colloquially referred to as "postdocs".
2615:
2559:
2526:
2416:
1155:"Fix the PhD: No longer a guaranteed ticket to an academic career, the PhD system needs a serious rethink"
471:
224:
1589:"Graduate Enrollment in Science and Engineering Grew Substantially in the Past Decade but Slowed in 2010"
2654:
282:
1855:
1737:
1710:
1218:
959:
761:
679:
612:
504:
378:
302:
196:
109:
2530:
2454:
2449:
334:
1630:
207:
Postdoctoral research may be funded through an appointment with a salary or an appointment with a
2676:
2589:
2584:
2568:
2549:
2511:
1557:
1543:
1184:
1135:
828:
1347:"As professors struggle to recruit postdocs, calls for structural change in academia intensify"
1873:
1824:
1773:
1755:
1610:
1505:
1454:
1287:
1236:
1176:
1100:
1059:
1018:
977:
884:
820:
779:
707:
630:
528:
520:
2294:
2459:
1863:
1814:
1804:
1763:
1745:
1495:
1485:
1444:
1326:
1318:
1307:"The Postdoc Queue: A Labour Force in Waiting: The Postdoc Queue: A Labour Force in Waiting"
1277:
1267:
1226:
1166:
1127:
1090:
1049:
1008:
967:
926:
918:
874:
864:
810:
769:
730:
697:
687:
620:
512:
450:
442:
330:
2346:
2014:
2681:
2642:
2594:
2554:
2521:
2426:
2164:
2042:
1892:
1372:"UK GRAD Programme: Physical sciences and engineering PhD graduates from 2003 at a glance"
582:
1946:
1859:
1741:
1474:"Monitoring the compliance of the academic enterprise with the Fair Labor Standards Act"
1306:
1222:
963:
765:
683:
616:
508:
2669:
2092:
1973:"Policy library - Salary Scales for Full Time Academic Staff - Effective 14 April 2012"
1819:
1792:
1768:
1725:
1724:
Alberts, Bruce; Kirschner, Marc W.; Tilghman, Shirley; Varmus, Harold (22 April 2014).
1500:
1473:
1282:
1255:
879:
855:
850:
702:
667:
394:
317:
268:
128:
71:
2696:
2626:
2115:
1982:
1414:
1202:
1188:
832:
734:
406:
326:
248:
1588:
1139:
799:"The rise of the professional master's degree: The answer to the postdoc/PhD bubble"
2664:
2659:
2648:
2637:
1490:
409:. The Office of the National Administrative Committee of Postdoctoral Researchers (
293:
2242:
2062:
1809:
922:
27:
Person professionally conducting research after the completion of doctoral studies
2216:
1415:"Science and Engineering Labor Force. In Science and Engineering Indicators 2012"
1397:
692:
1685:
1530:
846:
2035:
1644:
1305:
Andalib, Maryam A.; Ghaffarzadegan, Navid; Larson, Richard C. (November 2018).
2320:
2190:
1915:"Post Doctoral Fellowship | Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)"
551:"The Ph.D Bust: America's Awful Market for Young Scientists—in 7 Charts"
211:
or sponsorship award. Appointments for such a research position may be called
55:
1914:
1759:
1256:"Opinion: Addressing systemic problems in the biomedical research enterprise"
524:
345:
Most of India's premier engineering, science and management institutes (like
2564:
2535:
2421:
1750:
1272:
1131:
272:
are no longer temporary employees but are entitled to open-ended contracts.
31:
2268:
1877:
1828:
1777:
1509:
1458:
1291:
1240:
1180:
1104:
1063:
1022:
981:
888:
824:
783:
711:
634:
532:
2368:
1118:
Jones, A. (2013). "The explosive growth of postdocs in computer science".
652:
492:
2516:
2488:
1537:
1331:
94:
89:
1095:
1078:
17:
931:
208:
124:
67:
1793:"Shaping the Future of Research: a perspective from junior scientists"
1322:
946:
Cyranoski, D.; Gilbert, N.; Ledford, H.; Nayar, A.; Yahia, M. (2011).
2632:
815:
798:
774:
749:
237:
223:. Postdoctoral researchers typically work under the supervision of a
1868:
1843:
1449:
1432:
1231:
1206:
1171:
1154:
1054:
1037:
1013:
996:
972:
947:
625:
600:
516:
1524:"Doctors Without Orders: Highlights of The Sigma Xi Postdoc Survey"
869:
1609:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 166–167, 195.
2056:"Discovery Projects Funding Rules for funding commencing in 2009"
1575:"Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship Program"
649:"National Postdoctoral Association: Career Development Resources"
369:
also offers fellowship(s) for pursuing a post doctoral degree.
316:
In 2010, postdoctoral researchers in
California formed a union,
2372:
1254:
Alberts, B; Kirschner, M. W.; Tilghman, S; Varmus, H (2015).
851:"Survival strategies for choosing the right postdoc position"
140:
Post-doctoral researchers by discipline (United States, 2012)
247:
A study on the topic was conducted in collaboration between
301:
important roles for graduate schools and institutions. The
1726:"Rescuing US biomedical research from its systemic flaws"
725:
Ruben, A. (2013). "The
Postdoc: A Special Kind of Hell".
668:"Ten Simple Rules for Selecting a Postdoctoral Position"
30:"Post-doctoral" redirects here. Not to be confused with
750:"Postdoc glut means academic pathway needs an overhaul"
2221:
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University
2036:
Discovery Projects – Australian Research Council (ARC)
797:
Theodosiou, M; Rennard, J. P.; Amir-Aslani, A (2012).
292:
Postdoctoral research may be required for obtaining a
1398:"UCU – University and College Union – Research staff"
2608:
2577:
2497:
2435:
2404:
1940:"Academic staff agreement 2006 – 2008 annual rates"
355:
Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research
116:
103:
82:
77:
61:
49:
44:
2299:East China University of Political Science and Law
2116:"China establishes 4,300 postdoc research centers"
1645:"Postdoctoral Education Survey Summary of Results"
1558:"Pathway Through Graduate School and Into Careers"
425:) at universities and postdoctoral work stations (
2005:"Human Resources - Salary Rates - Academic Staff"
177: Psychology, social sciences and others (5%)
2089:"Superannuation - Department of Human Resources"
573:
571:
1730:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1260:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
417:) regulates all postdoctoral mobile stations (
2384:
8:
1660:"California Postdocs Embrace Union Contract"
1207:"Give postdocs a career, not empty promises"
39:
397:payment of 11–17% is paid by Universities.
2391:
2377:
2369:
1409:
1407:
1867:
1818:
1808:
1767:
1749:
1499:
1489:
1448:
1330:
1281:
1271:
1230:
1170:
1094:
1053:
1012:
971:
930:
878:
868:
814:
773:
701:
691:
624:
594:
592:
367:Indian Council of Social Science Research
1631:"Budget of NSF for the fiscal year 2015"
363:All India Institutes of Medical Sciences
1311:Systems Research and Behavioral Science
1079:"Academia: The changing face of tenure"
483:
549:Weissmann, Jordan (20 February 2013).
38:
1600:
1598:
666:Bourne, P. E.; Friedberg, I. (2006).
651:. NationalPostDoc.org. Archived from
165: Math and computer sciences (3%)
7:
544:
542:
467:Postdoctoral researcher unionization
244:in their chosen field of research.
2137:Ministry of Personnel of the PRC.
2118:. People's Daily. 29 November 2010
1658:Kristen Minogue (13 August 2010).
25:
1662:. Science Insider. Archived from
287:National Postdoctoral Association
1713:. National Institutes of Health.
1686:"Salary & NIH-NRSA Stipends"
894:
735:10.1126/science.caredit.a1300256
491:Powell, Kendall (1 April 2015).
2347:"两会热点校长说：校长后加副部级丢人 把博士后当成学位很荒唐"
1529:. May–June 2005. Archived from
359:Indian Institutes of Management
351:Indian Institutes of Technology
221:postdoctoral research assistant
217:postdoctoral research associate
2247:Xi'an University of Technology
1491:10.12688/f1000research.10086.2
1433:"The spread of postdoc unions"
438:
430:
422:
414:
1:
2195:Shanghai Jiao Tong University
2010:University of New South Wales
1810:10.12688/f1000research.5878.2
1536:on 23 March 2012 – via
923:10.1016/j.futures.2014.10.010
387:University of New South Wales
153: Physical sciences (13%)
2273:Shanghai University of Sport
1607:How Economics Shapes Science
948:"Education: The PhD factory"
693:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020121
385:, and A$ 75,612 p.a. at the
213:postdoctoral research fellow
2504:Research and teaching track
2353:(in Chinese). 10 March 2015
2105:, Retrieved on 22 July 2008
2078:, Retrieved on 22 July 2008
1844:"How to build a better PhD"
493:"The future of the postdoc"
347:Indian Institute of Science
307:National Science Foundation
2724:
2191:"上海交通大学关于调整博士后相关管理工作规定的通知"
1962:, Retrieved on 4 June 2012
672:PLOS Computational Biology
29:
1120:Communications of the ACM
454:
446:
147: Life sciences (65%)
2321:"求助：博后中途退站——退还之前发放生活补贴？"
599:Powell, Kendall (2015).
381:, A$ 75,404 p.a. at the
231:Job security in academia
2703:Academic administration
2621:Distinguished professor
2600:Postdoctoral researcher
2399:Academic ranks overview
1978:University of Melbourne
1751:10.1073/pnas.1404402111
1690:www.nationalpostdoc.org
1605:Stephan, Paula (2012).
1273:10.1073/pnas.1500969112
1132:10.1145/2408776.2408801
383:University of Melbourne
189:postdoctoral researcher
159: Engineering (11%)
40:Postdoctoral researcher
2560:Senior research fellow
1893:"Postdoc in IIT Delhi"
1542:Special Supplement to
748:Brooks, I. M. (2008).
472:Postgraduate education
225:principal investigator
171: Geosciences (3%)
2708:Postdoctoral research
2655:Professor of practice
2436:North American system
2295:"华东政法大学师资博士后研究人员工作协议"
1842:Gould, Julie (2015).
283:postgraduate research
2139:"关于印发《博士后管理工作规定》的通知"
2041:19 July 2008 at the
1891:IIT Delhi, PostDoc.
1472:Bankston, A (2016).
1378:on 29 September 2007
803:Nature Biotechnology
579:"What is a Postdoc?"
379:University of Sydney
303:America COMPETES Act
32:Post-doctoral degree
2531:associate professor
2498:Commonwealth system
2455:Associate professor
2450:Assistant professor
2243:"西安理工大学博士后研究人员管理办法"
2217:"药学院博士后流动站管理工作实施细则"
2068:on 14 February 2014
2053:Appendix 3, p. 58,
1860:2015Natur.528...22G
1742:2014PNAS..111.5773A
1223:2011Natur.471....7R
1096:10.1038/nj7320-123a
1077:Kaplan, K. (2010).
995:McCook, A. (2011).
964:2011Natur.472..276C
766:2008Natur.454.1049B
684:2006PLSCB...2..121B
617:2015Natur.520..144P
509:2015Natur.520..144P
335:New York University
325:video message from
185:postdoctoral fellow
41:
2677:Teaching assistant
2590:Research associate
2585:Research assistant
2569:research professor
2550:Research assistant
2512:Associate lecturer
1544:American Scientist
105:Education required
2690:
2689:
2479:Adjunct professor
1952:on 23 August 2009
1736:(16): 5773–5777.
1666:on 9 October 2012
1616:978-0-674-04971-0
1431:Gewin, V (2010).
1323:10.1002/sres.2510
1165:(7343): 259–260.
1089:(7320): 123–125.
1007:(7343): 280–282.
958:(7343): 276–279.
655:on 16 March 2015.
503:(7546): 144–147.
313:account for 28%.
134:
133:
16:(Redirected from
2715:
2578:Junior positions
2471:Non-tenure track
2460:Professor (full)
2417:Ranks and titles
2393:
2386:
2379:
2370:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2169:Fudan University
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2091:. Archived from
2085:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2061:. Archived from
2060:
2051:
2045:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2013:. Archived from
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1985:on 27 April 2012
1981:. Archived from
1969:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1945:. Archived from
1944:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1753:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1577:. 10 March 2011.
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1443:(7316): 739–41.
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1374:. Archived from
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1016:
992:
986:
985:
975:
943:
937:
936:
934:
906:
900:
899:
898:
892:
882:
872:
843:
837:
836:
818:
816:10.1038/nbt.2180
794:
788:
787:
777:
775:10.1038/4541049a
745:
739:
738:
722:
716:
715:
705:
695:
663:
657:
656:
645:
639:
638:
628:
596:
587:
586:
585:on 2 April 2015.
581:. Archived from
575:
566:
565:
563:
561:
546:
537:
536:
488:
456:
448:
440:
432:
424:
416:
331:Elizabeth Warren
242:faculty position
176:
170:
164:
158:
152:
146:
63:Activity sectors
42:
21:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2682:Teaching fellow
2643:Head of college
2609:Other positions
2604:
2595:Research fellow
2573:
2555:Research fellow
2522:Senior lecturer
2493:
2431:
2400:
2397:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2269:"上海体育学院博士后管理办法"
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2098:
2096:
2095:on 15 July 2011
2087:
2086:
2082:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2043:Wayback Machine
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1869:10.1038/528022a
1854:(7580): 22–25.
1841:
1840:
1836:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1450:10.1038/467638a
1430:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1351:www.science.org
1345:
1344:
1340:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1232:10.1038/471007a
1201:
1200:
1196:
1172:10.1038/472259b
1152:
1151:
1147:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1055:10.1038/516007b
1035:
1034:
1030:
1014:10.1038/472280a
994:
993:
989:
973:10.1038/472276a
945:
944:
940:
908:
907:
903:
893:
845:
844:
840:
796:
795:
791:
747:
746:
742:
724:
723:
719:
665:
664:
660:
647:
646:
642:
626:10.1038/520144a
611:(7546): 144–7.
598:
597:
590:
577:
576:
569:
559:
557:
548:
547:
540:
517:10.1038/520144a
490:
489:
485:
480:
463:
403:
375:
343:
278:
265:
233:
181:
180:
179:
178:
174:
172:
168:
166:
162:
160:
156:
154:
150:
148:
144:
121:
119:
106:
99:
64:
52:
51:Occupation type
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:Vice-principal
2667:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:Research track
2539:
2538:
2533:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2338:
2312:
2286:
2260:
2234:
2208:
2182:
2156:
2129:
2107:
2080:
2046:
2028:
2017:on 14 May 2012
1996:
1964:
1931:
1906:
1883:
1834:
1783:
1716:
1702:
1677:
1650:
1636:
1622:
1615:
1594:
1580:
1566:
1549:
1515:
1464:
1423:
1403:
1389:
1363:
1338:
1317:(6): 675–686.
1297:
1246:
1194:
1145:
1110:
1069:
1028:
987:
938:
901:
870:10.1186/gb4163
856:Genome Biology
838:
789:
760:(7208): 1049.
740:
717:
658:
640:
588:
567:
538:
482:
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
469:
462:
459:
402:
399:
395:superannuation
374:
371:
342:
339:
318:UAW Local 5810
277:
274:
269:United Kingdom
264:
263:United Kingdom
261:
232:
229:
173:
167:
161:
155:
149:
143:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
122:
117:
114:
113:
107:
104:
101:
100:
98:
97:
92:
86:
84:
80:
79:
75:
74:
65:
62:
59:
58:
53:
50:
47:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2720:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:Endowed Chair
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:Professorship
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2170:
2166:
2165:"复旦大学博士后退站流程"
2160:
2157:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:F1000Research
1794:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:F1000Research
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1332:1721.1/122786
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1266:(7): 1912–3.
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:Anon (2011).
1149:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1048:(7529): 7–8.
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:Anon (2014).
1032:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
988:
983:
979:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
939:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
902:
897:
890:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
862:
858:
857:
852:
848:
842:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
790:
785:
781:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
741:
736:
732:
728:
721:
718:
713:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
659:
654:
650:
644:
641:
636:
632:
627:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
595:
593:
589:
584:
580:
574:
572:
568:
556:
552:
545:
543:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
487:
484:
477:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
460:
458:
452:
444:
436:
428:
420:
415:全国博士后管理委员会办公室
412:
408:
407:Tsung-Dao Lee
400:
398:
396:
390:
388:
384:
380:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
327:Massachusetts
322:
319:
314:
310:
308:
304:
298:
295:
290:
288:
284:
281:spearheading
276:United States
275:
273:
270:
262:
260:
257:
254:
250:
249:Virginia Tech
245:
243:
240:or a coveted
239:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
142:
141:
130:
126:
123:
115:
112:or equivalent
111:
108:
102:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
85:
81:
76:
73:
69:
66:
60:
57:
54:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2665:Head teacher
2660:Schoolmaster
2649:Privatdozent
2647:
2638:Habilitation
2625:
2599:
2442:Tenure track
2427:Tenure track
2355:. Retrieved
2350:
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2327:(in Chinese)
2324:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2301:(in Chinese)
2298:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2275:(in Chinese)
2272:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2249:(in Chinese)
2246:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2223:(in Chinese)
2220:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2197:(in Chinese)
2194:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2171:(in Chinese)
2168:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2145:(in Chinese)
2142:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2110:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2083:
2070:. Retrieved
2063:the original
2049:
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:the original
2008:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1983:the original
1976:
1967:
1954:. Retrieved
1947:the original
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1886:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:the original
1653:
1639:
1625:
1606:
1583:
1569:
1552:
1541:
1531:the original
1518:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:the original
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:
1341:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1214:
1210:
1197:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1126:(2): 37–39.
1123:
1119:
1113:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1004:
1000:
990:
955:
951:
941:
914:
910:
904:
860:
854:
841:
809:(4): 367–8.
806:
802:
792:
757:
753:
743:
726:
720:
678:(11): e121.
675:
671:
661:
653:the original
643:
608:
604:
583:the original
558:. Retrieved
555:The Atlantic
554:
500:
496:
486:
404:
391:
376:
344:
323:
315:
311:
299:
294:tenure-track
291:
279:
266:
258:
246:
234:
220:
216:
212:
206:
192:
191:, or simply
188:
184:
182:
139:
138:
83:Competencies
36:
2357:18 November
2122:18 November
1895:. IIT Delhi
1217:(7336): 7.
932:2433/196093
917:: 136–149.
847:Odom, D. T.
361:(IIMs) and
78:Description
2697:Categories
2627:Agrégation
2616:Chancellor
2484:Instructor
2331:26 October
2305:26 October
2279:26 October
2253:26 October
2227:26 October
2201:26 October
2175:26 October
2149:26 October
1695:31 October
1382:4 December
863:(3): 107.
478:References
357:(IISERs),
120:employment
56:Profession
45:Occupation
2565:Professor
2536:Professor
1919:icssr.org
1760:0027-8424
1189:205063761
833:205276890
525:1476-4687
373:Australia
125:Academics
118:Fields of
2517:Lecturer
2489:Lecturer
2405:Overview
2039:Archived
1899:8 August
1878:26632571
1829:25653845
1778:24733905
1538:Sigma Xi
1510:27990268
1484:: 2690.
1459:20930810
1292:25691698
1241:21368781
1205:(2011).
1203:Rohn, J.
1181:21512527
1140:28370486
1105:21157983
1064:25471843
1023:21512549
982:21512548
889:25001498
849:(2014).
825:22491294
784:18756230
712:17121457
635:25855437
533:25855437
461:See also
431:博士后科研工作站
423:博士后科研流动站
353:(IITs),
349:(IISc),
329:senator
129:Industry
95:Teaching
90:Research
72:Industry
68:Academia
18:Post-doc
2412:Faculty
2351:Guancha
2099:29 July
2072:29 July
1956:29 July
1924:28 June
1856:Bibcode
1820:4304227
1803:: 291.
1769:4000813
1738:Bibcode
1670:22 June
1501:5130071
1356:14 July
1283:4343141
1219:Bibcode
960:Bibcode
911:Futures
880:4053951
762:Bibcode
727:Science
703:1664706
680:Bibcode
613:Bibcode
560:29 July
505:Bibcode
451:Chinese
443:Chinese
435:Chinese
427:Chinese
419:Chinese
411:Chinese
267:In the
209:stipend
201:faculty
193:postdoc
2633:Docent
2527:Reader
2143:中国博士后网
2021:4 June
1989:4 June
1876:
1848:Nature
1827:
1817:
1776:
1766:
1758:
1613:
1540:.org.
1508:
1498:
1457:
1437:Nature
1290:
1280:
1239:
1211:Nature
1187:
1179:
1159:Nature
1138:
1103:
1083:Nature
1062:
1042:Nature
1021:
1001:Nature
980:
952:Nature
887:
877:
831:
823:
782:
754:Nature
710:
700:
633:
605:Nature
531:
523:
497:Nature
453::
445::
437::
429::
421::
413::
238:tenure
175:
169:
163:
157:
151:
145:
2066:(PDF)
2059:(PDF)
1950:(PDF)
1943:(PDF)
1561:(PDF)
1534:(PDF)
1527:(PDF)
1418:(PDF)
1185:S2CID
1136:S2CID
829:S2CID
401:China
341:India
219:, or
2359:2018
2333:2018
2307:2018
2281:2018
2255:2018
2229:2018
2203:2018
2177:2018
2151:2018
2124:2018
2101:2015
2074:2015
2023:2012
1991:2012
1958:2015
1926:2020
1901:2015
1874:PMID
1825:PMID
1774:PMID
1756:ISSN
1697:2019
1672:2011
1611:ISBN
1506:PMID
1455:PMID
1384:2007
1358:2022
1288:PMID
1237:PMID
1177:PMID
1101:PMID
1060:PMID
1019:PMID
978:PMID
885:PMID
821:PMID
780:PMID
708:PMID
631:PMID
562:2023
529:PMID
521:ISSN
251:and
2567:or
2529:or
2325:小木虫
1864:doi
1852:528
1815:PMC
1805:doi
1764:PMC
1746:doi
1734:111
1496:PMC
1486:doi
1445:doi
1441:467
1327:hdl
1319:doi
1278:PMC
1268:doi
1264:112
1227:doi
1215:471
1167:doi
1163:472
1128:doi
1091:doi
1087:468
1050:doi
1046:516
1009:doi
1005:472
968:doi
956:472
927:hdl
919:doi
875:PMC
865:doi
811:doi
770:doi
758:454
731:doi
698:PMC
688:doi
621:doi
609:520
513:doi
501:520
253:MIT
197:PhD
110:PhD
2699::
2349:.
2323:.
2297:.
2271:.
2245:.
2219:.
2193:.
2167:.
2141:.
2007:.
1975:.
1917:.
1872:.
1862:.
1850:.
1846:.
1823:.
1813:.
1799:.
1795:.
1772:.
1762:.
1754:.
1744:.
1732:.
1728:.
1688:.
1597:^
1504:.
1494:.
1480:.
1476:.
1453:.
1439:.
1435:.
1406:^
1349:.
1325:.
1315:35
1313:.
1309:.
1286:.
1276:.
1262:.
1258:.
1235:.
1225:.
1213:.
1209:.
1183:.
1175:.
1161:.
1157:.
1134:.
1124:56
1122:.
1099:.
1085:.
1081:.
1058:.
1044:.
1040:.
1017:.
1003:.
999:.
976:.
966:.
954:.
950:.
925:.
915:65
913:.
883:.
873:.
861:15
859:.
853:.
827:.
819:.
807:30
805:.
801:.
778:.
768:.
756:.
752:.
729:.
706:.
696:.
686:.
674:.
670:.
629:.
619:.
607:.
603:.
591:^
570:^
553:.
541:^
527:.
519:.
511:.
499:.
495:.
455:退站
447:出站
439:进站
389:.
215:,
187:,
183:A
127:,
70:,
2392:e
2385:t
2378:v
2361:.
2335:.
2309:.
2283:.
2257:.
2231:.
2205:.
2179:.
2153:.
2126:.
2103:.
2076:.
2025:.
1993:.
1960:.
1928:.
1903:.
1880:.
1866::
1858::
1831:.
1807::
1801:3
1780:.
1748::
1740::
1699:.
1674:.
1647:.
1633:.
1619:.
1591:.
1563:.
1512:.
1488::
1482:5
1461:.
1447::
1420:.
1400:.
1386:.
1360:.
1335:.
1329::
1321::
1294:.
1270::
1243:.
1229::
1221::
1191:.
1169::
1142:.
1130::
1107:.
1093::
1066:.
1052::
1025:.
1011::
984:.
970::
962::
935:.
929::
921::
891:.
867::
835:.
813::
786:.
772::
764::
737:.
733::
714:.
690::
682::
676:2
637:.
623::
615::
564:.
535:.
515::
507::
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.