217:. The disorder commences immediately and without time delay at the moment of the triggering event. If left untreated, the prognosis of PTED presents as rather unfavorable, with those who have the disorder trapped in a vicious circle of strong negative emotions constantly intensifying one another and eventually leading into a self-destructive downward spiral. People affected by PTED are more likely to put fantasies of revenge into action, making them a serious threat to the stressor.
293:. However, while âordinaryâ bitterness is just a transient emotion, which will eventually fade away, embitterment is described as a much more prolonged state of bitterness, which will not easily subside and can severely impair the quality of life of those affected and of their environment. Typically, embitterment will flare up time and time again upon recalling the triggering incident.
322:, which define an individual. They function as a cognitive reference system which structures the perception of the world, of oneself, of others, of what is important or not, what is right or wrong, and what is necessary to be done, and can involve both negative and positive feelings. They are of great individual and social importance and can be handed down
519:
PTED will not subside on its own but rather intensify over time, leading patients into a self-destructive downward spiral of negative emotions constantly reinforcing one another. If left untreated, PTED is very likely to eventually lead those affected into implementing their aggressions towards the
545:
The PTED scale is a 19 item self-rating questionnaire and can be used to identify reactive embitterment and assess the severity of PTED. Answers are given on a five-point Likert scale. An average score of 2.5 identifies with a clinically relevant degree of embitterment response, though it does not
676:
The treatment of posttraumatic bitterness is complicated by the typical resignative-aggressive-defensive attitude of the patient, which is also directed against therapeutic offers. One approach of treatment is wisdom therapy developed by Linden, a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that aims to
744:
The problem of embitterment reactions and also the post-traumatic embitterment disorder increasingly gain international attention. Nevertheless, there are some unsolved problems. Further research is needed to differentiate between PTED and other mental disorders. In 2014 science journalist
224:
in 2003, who remains its most involved researcher. Even though it has been backed up by empirical research in the past years, it remains disputed as to whether embitterment should be included among psychological disorders. Therefore, PTED currently does not hold its own category in the
511:
PTED does not present as âtraumaticâ in view of its preceding trigger, but because of its chronological course of events: Minutes prior to the triggering event, those affected were perfectly healthy, minutes later they are ill and severely impaired. In this regard PTED resembles
301:
Preliminary data suggest a prevalence of about 2â3% in the general population. Increased prevalence rates are observed when larger groups of people are subject to social upheaval. Accordingly, Linden described this condition for the first time after the German reunification.
735:
Methodically, the method of "insolvable problems" is used. In this procedure, fictitious serious and insolvable conflict situations are presented, which allow the patients to train wisdom capacities and transfer them to their own situation (so-called "learning transfer.")
337:. PTED can be triggered if a violation of a core belief, especially a positive one, is too severe to be ignored and to be properly processed, and if there is no way for those affected to fight back and defend their beliefs, leaving them in a state of helplessness,
360:
clinically significant emotional symptoms or behavioral problems, starting immediately after exactly one singular negative, stressful life event, which â from the outside â appears to be no more than an everyday occurrence (i.e., nothing out of the ordinary like
1694:
Gao, Yuting; Wang, Xiaoyan; Tan, Liangliang; Yang, Ting; Shi, Linhua; Chen, Huanxin; Jiang, Wenhao; Yuan, Yonggui (28 February 2022). "Characteristics of postâtraumatic embitterment disorder of inpatients in a general hospital in China".
763:
Görmez, Aynur; Yeni Elbay, RĂŒmeysa; Karatepe, Hasan Turan (May 2021). "Post-traumatic embitterment symptoms among woman victims of
February 28th post-modern coup of Turkey after two decades: A comparative cross-sectional study".
341:
and eventually embitterment. As core beliefs are unique for every individual, what might seem like a triviality or just a minor nuisance to one person, can cause an existential crisis in another one, especially if they lack the
1335:
Linden, Michael; Baumann, Kai; Lieberei, Barbara; Lorenz, Constanze; Rotter, Max (2011). "Treatment of
Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder with Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Based on Wisdom Psychology and Hedonia Strategies".
546:
officially confirm a diagnosis. Higher values are only indications of critical embitterment. The diagnosis of PTED is only possible through a detailed clinical assessment or standardized diagnostic interview.
677:
empower the patient to distance themselves from the critical life event and build up new life perspectives. One uses the usual cognitive strategies of attitude change and problem-solving are used, such as:
1895:
Linden, M.; Baumann, K.; Lieberei, B.; Lorenz, C.; Rotter, M. (2011). "Treatment of posttraumatic embitterment disorder with cognitive behaviour therapy based on wisdom psychology and hedonia strategies".
554:
The standardized diagnostic interview of PTED asks for core criteria of PTED. In the diagnostic interview, it must be clarified what the patient means when they describe their experiences and feelings.
233:
under F43.2, since âordinaryâ adjustment disorders normally subside within six months, while PTED is much more likely to become chronic. A condition similar to PTED has already been described by
1453:
Linden, Michael; Baumann, Kai; Rotter, Max; Schippan, Barbara (January 2008). "Diagnostic criteria and the standardized diagnostic interview for posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED)".
333:
Since core beliefs are a central aspect of an individual's identity, they are especially vulnerable to insults, humiliations, betrayal, and injustice, which are psychologically perceived as
919:
Ege, Harald (1 November 2008). "Ăber den
Zusammenhang zwischen Mobbing/ Arbeitsplatzkonflikten und dem posttraumatischen Verbitterungssyndrom (PTED): Eine empirische italienische Studie".
802:
1077:
Dobricki, Martin; Maercker, Andreas (January 2010). "(Post-traumatic) embitterment disorder: Critical evaluation of its stressor criterion and a proposed revised classification".
537:
The Berner
Embitterment-Inventory (BEI) (Znoj, 2008; 2011) measures emotional embitterment, performance-related embitterment, pessimism/hopelessness, and misanthropy/aggression.
1583:
You, Myoungsoon; Ju, Youngkee (September 2020). "Modeling embitterment dynamics: The influence of negative life events and social support mediated by belief in a just world".
2173:
Linden, M.; Baumann, K.; Rotter, M.; Lieberei, B. (2008). "Diagnostic
Criteria and the Standardized Diagnostic Interview for Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder (PTED)".
753:("The Psycho Trap: How the Mental Health Industry Makes Us Patients"). It is discussed whether the introduction of PTED may make a problem out of everyday problems.
330:
true to an individual, no matter what they consist of. Therefore, information contradicting them is commonly ignored, making them difficult to change or challenge.
2378:
Dobricki, M.; Maercker, A. (2010). "(Post-traumatic) embitterment disorder: Critical evaluation of its stressor criterion and a proposed revised classification".
1821:
847:"Morally injurious events and post-traumatic embitterment disorder in UK health and social care professionals during COVID-19: a cross-sectional web survey"
2576:
570:
triggered by one singular or several potentially life-threatening, uncommon events causing extreme fear and panic (e.g., road accidents, robberies, war)
1490:
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1416:
Linden, Michael; Baumann, Kai; Rotter, Max; Schippan, Barbara (2008). "Posttraumatic
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803:"Work disability in soldiers with posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic embitterment disorder, and not-event-related common mental disorders"
310:
Severe reactions of embitterment can be triggered if someone's core beliefs are being heavily violated. In psychology, core beliefs are defined as
2748:
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60:-aggressive-depressive mood; unspecific somatic symptoms; phobic avoidance of persons or places related to the triggering event; fantasies of
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1147:
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502:
clinically significant impairment or strain on own condition, and social, occupational, or other important spheres of life
220:
The concept of PTED as a distinct clinical disorder has been first described by the German psychiatrist and psychologist
703:
A special treatment module aims at the training of wisdom competencies, which means promoting the following abilities:
890:"Anger attacks and «anger disorders»: clinical relevance, problem of classification, comorbidity and therapy (review)"
1298:
Linden, Michael; Noack, Isabel (2018). "Suicidal and Aggressive Ideation Associated with Feelings of Embitterment".
48:
Severe emotional symptoms and behavioral problems in direct temporal connection to the triggering event; recurring
1257:"Embitterment and Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder (PTED): An Old, Frequent, and Still Underrecognized Problem"
516:. However, the nature of the triggering event in PTED has little influence on the nature of the ensuing symptoms.
578:
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584:
very common misdiagnosis due to several symptomatic similarities (e.g., depressed mood, avolition, suicidality,
437:
407:
343:
185:) is defined as a pathological reaction to a negative life event, which those affected experienced as a grave
107:
2515:
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326:, thereby shaping entire cultures. Core beliefs are not necessarily true in view of reality, but they
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2624:"Standardization of the Korean Version of the Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale"
2753:
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can be caused by a number of events, not necessarily by insults, betrayal, humiliation or injustice
603:
230:
120:
36:
473:
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but is categorized under F43.8 âOther reactions to severe stressâ. It cannot be categorized as an
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49:
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symptoms have been persisting for at least six months since the moment of the triggering event
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self-blame for not having prevented the triggering event or for being unable to cope with it
427:
patient sees their self as helpless and unable to overcome the triggering event or its cause
591:
contrary to PTED no direct temporal connection to debilitating events, no singular stressor
376:
patient is aware of the triggering event and has identified it as the cause of the disorder
1881:
489:
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Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder: Definition, Evidence, Diagnosis, Treatment
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and aggressive thoughts towards the stressor, sometimes including fantasies of
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61:
32:
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behavior therapeutic methods like behavioral analysis and cognitive rehearsal
573:
cardinal emotion is recurring or persisting fear; embitterment does not occur
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970:
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one singular traumatic event experienced as insulting, humiliating or unjust
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patients reacts with emotional arousal upon recalling the triggering event
649:
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262:
210:
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132:
2577:"Exploring predictors and consequences of embitterment in the workplace"
1657:
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1708:
617:
521:
469:
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phobic avoidance of persons or places related to the triggering event
257:) is defined as a basic human reaction in response to experiences of
226:
206:
186:
124:
2238:
1503:
637:
PTED completely reversible by therapy, effects of PDs only mitigable
2024:
Kraepelin, Emil; Mayer-Gross, Willy; King's College London (1909).
379:
triggering event is experienced as unjust, humiliating or insulting
290:
274:
202:
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1255:
Linden, Michael; Arnold, Christopher Patrick (23 November 2020).
634:
Lifelong development, no immediate connection to a singular event
2715:
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1230:
Embitterment: societal, psychological, and clinical perspectives
751:
Die Psychofalle - Wie die Seelenindustrie uns zu Patienten macht
449:
241:
as a form of traumatic neuroses, explicitly demarcating it from
989:"An exploratory study of embitterment in traumatized refugees"
609:
normally subsides within six months after the triggering event
370:
2266:
2264:
2044:
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1375:"The Psychopathology of Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorders"
1548:
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845:
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810:
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2108:(1. Auflage ed.). Göttingen: Hogrefe. pp. 19â21.
1745:
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894:
V.m. Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology
1858:
1856:
2175:
International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice
1455:
International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice
640:
Development of PTED might be facilitated by existing PDs
481:
persistence in the fight for the restoration of justice
2106:
Verbitterung und Posttraumatische Verbitterungsstörung
2077:
Alexander, J. (1960). "The psychology of bitterness".
1790:
Verbitterung und Posttraumatische Verbitterungsstörung
1166:
Verbitterung und Posttraumatische Verbitterungsstörung
623:
Avoidance behavior caused by fear, not by embitterment
2575:
Michailidis, Evie; Cropley, Mark (2 September 2017).
402:-aggressive-depressive mood; mood appears similar to
1792:. Hogrefe Verlag (1. Auflage ed.). Göttingen.
1145:. In Linden, Michael; Rutkowski, Krzysztof (eds.).
166:
158:
106:
96:
88:
80:
72:
42:
26:
21:
2168:
2166:
76:immediately at the moment of the triggering event
2288:Fachtagung: Verletzung, Verbitterung, Vergebung
201:. Prevalent emotions of PTED are embitterment,
1519:Linden, Michael; Rutkowski, Krzysztof (2013).
520:stressor, thereby committing the most serious
2271:Baumann, K.; Linden, M. "Weisheitstherapie".
8:
2717:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer.
2673:Okayama-shi, Japan: Okayama University Press
1228:Linden, Michael; Maercker, Andreas (2011).
684:analysis of automatic thoughts and schemata
1820:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
766:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
172:good if treated in time, poor if untreated
18:
2647:
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2491:
2442:
1390:
1272:
1014:
1004:
969:
901:
870:
2079:International Journal of Psycho-Analysis
1939:Linden, M.; Rutkowsky, K. (2013-01-29).
1737:
1697:Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
1492:Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
2423:Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health
1877:
1866:
1813:
950:Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health
921:Psychosomatik und Konsiliarpsychiatrie
2227:Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy
2138:"Core Beliefs Info Sheet (Worksheet)"
2039:
2037:
731:self-distance and self-relativization
716:emotional balance and sense of humour
713:perception and acceptance of emotions
496:into previous psychological disorder
7:
749:mentioned this disorder in his book
687:reframing or cognitive reattribution
213:, often accompanied by fantasies of
209:, especially against the triggering
179:Post-traumatic embitterment disorder
22:Post-traumatic Embitterment disorder
2273:Verhaltenstherapiemanual (Springer)
888:Simutkin, G. G. (2 November 2018).
1193:International Review of Psychiatry
1141:Linden, Michael (7 January 2013).
433:indifference in view of own health
14:
1966:Journal of Individual Differences
550:Standardized diagnostic interview
424:patient sees their self as victim
1898:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
1659:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
1418:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
1338:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
1261:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
350:Symptoms and diagnostic criteria
1523:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
903:10.31363/2313-7053-2018-3-10-21
699:promotion of self-effectiveness
2749:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1585:Journal of Affective Disorders
565:Post-traumatic stress disorder
113:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
2593:10.1080/00140139.2016.1255783
1205:10.1080/09540261.2020.1747410
696:rebuilding of social contacts
237:as early as 1915 by the name
2700:10.1176/appi.ps.58.11.1507-a
2435:10.1080/15555240.2014.898569
2054:10.1007/978-3-211-99741-3_14
2001:10.1007/978-3-211-99741-3_21
1079:Nordic Journal of Psychiatry
962:10.1080/15555240.2014.898569
2534:10.1093/rheumatology/ker342
863:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054062
249:Bitterness and embitterment
2770:
2713:Blech, Jörg (2014-03-27).
1634:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109670
1149:. Newnes. pp. 83â92.
1006:10.1186/s40359-021-00599-2
162:Counseling, wisdom therapy
2744:Types of mental disorders
2392:10.3109/08039480903398185
2187:10.1080/13651500701580478
1978:10.1027/1614-0001/a000208
1597:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.108
1467:10.1080/13651500701580478
1091:10.3109/08039480903398185
933:10.1007/s11800-008-0133-1
579:Major depressive disorder
404:Major depressive disorder
117:Major depressive disorder
2628:Psychiatry Investigation
2484:10.4306/pi.2017.14.4.392
2104:Linden, Michael (2017).
1788:Linden, Michael (2017).
1164:Linden, Michael (2017).
1114:Linden, Michael (2006).
778:10.1177/0020764020946346
728:tolerance of uncertainty
408:Somatic symptom disorder
346:to overcome the crisis.
344:psychological resilience
253:Bitterness (also called
2640:10.4306/pi.2012.9.4.368
2318:TĂŒrk Psikiyatri Dergisi
464:recurring fantasies of
394:B. Additional symptoms:
386:of the triggering event
2558:Rivista di Psichiatria
1876:Cite journal requires
693:increase of activities
559:Differential diagnoses
490:psychological disorder
458:weariness of life and
355:A. Essential criteria:
108:Differential diagnosis
722:long-term orientation
707:changing perspectives
629:Personality disorders
243:personality disorders
129:Personality disorders
2688:Psychiatric Services
2337:Psychother Psychosom
2048:. pp. 177â186.
1995:. pp. 248â254.
1747:Psychother Psychosom
1118:. Ashland: Hogrefe.
654:schizotypal disorder
141:Schizotypal disorder
68:towards the stressor
2478:(4): 392â12792124.
2472:Psychiatry Investig
690:exposure treatments
604:Adjustment disorder
324:transgenerationally
231:adjustment disorder
121:Adjustment disorder
37:Clinical psychology
1622:Medical Hypotheses
1560:10.1037/tra0000307
1232:. Wien: Springer.
1054:10.3233/WOR-205228
822:10.1037/tra0000293
662:querulant delusion
384:intrusive thoughts
239:querulous paranoia
149:Querulant delusion
50:intrusive thoughts
2724:978-3-10-004419-8
2694:(11): 1507â1508.
2380:Nord J Psychiatry
2349:10.1159/000270914
2115:978-3-8017-2822-9
2063:978-3-211-99740-6
2010:978-3-211-99740-6
1950:978-0-12-398393-0
1910:10.1159/000321580
1846:978-0-88937-344-0
1799:978-3-8017-2822-9
1759:10.1159/000070783
1671:10.1159/000270914
1530:978-0-12-398404-3
1430:10.1159/000110060
1392:10.1159/000100005
1350:10.1159/000321580
1312:10.1159/000489176
1274:10.1159/000511468
1239:978-3-211-99741-3
1175:978-3-8017-2822-9
1156:978-0-12-398404-3
1125:978-1-61676-344-2
586:absent-mindedness
460:suicidal ideation
414:affect regulation
176:
175:
102:Based on symptoms
98:Diagnostic method
84:at least 6 months
16:Medical condition
2761:
2729:
2728:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2587:(9): 1197â1206.
2572:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2444:20.500.11857/428
2418:
2412:
2411:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2170:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1742:
1728:
1709:10.1002/cpp.2727
1703:(4): 1426â1432.
1690:
1653:
1616:
1579:
1542:
1515:
1486:
1449:
1412:
1394:
1369:
1331:
1294:
1276:
1251:
1224:
1199:(5â6): 396â402.
1187:
1160:
1137:
1110:
1073:
1036:
1018:
1008:
983:
973:
971:20.500.11857/428
944:
915:
905:
884:
874:
841:
807:
797:
725:value relativism
598:in PTED patients
446:loss of appetite
440:symptoms (e.g.,
269:, consisting of
19:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2239:10.1002/cpp.610
2224:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1875:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1812:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1693:
1656:
1619:
1582:
1545:
1531:
1518:
1504:10.1002/cpp.610
1489:
1452:
1415:
1379:Psychopathology
1372:
1334:
1300:Psychopathology
1297:
1254:
1240:
1227:
1190:
1176:
1163:
1157:
1140:
1126:
1113:
1076:
1039:
986:
947:
918:
887:
844:
805:
800:
762:
759:
742:
674:
561:
552:
543:
535:
530:
416:when distracted
352:
308:
299:
251:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2705:
2678:
2663:
2634:(4): 368â372.
2614:
2567:
2548:
2527:(2): 347â353.
2507:
2458:
2429:(2): 127â142.
2413:
2370:
2327:
2308:
2303:Hogrefe Verlag
2293:
2278:
2260:
2233:(2): 139â147.
2217:
2208:
2162:
2153:
2129:
2114:
2096:
2069:
2062:
2033:
2016:
2009:
1983:
1972:(4): 213â222.
1956:
1949:
1931:
1904:(4): 199â205.
1887:
1878:|journal=
1852:
1845:
1827:
1798:
1780:
1753:(4): 195â202.
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1691:
1654:
1617:
1580:
1543:
1529:
1516:
1498:(2): 139â147.
1487:
1450:
1413:
1385:(3): 159â165.
1370:
1344:(4): 199â205.
1332:
1306:(4): 245â251.
1295:
1252:
1238:
1225:
1188:
1174:
1161:
1155:
1138:
1124:
1111:
1085:(3): 147â152.
1074:
1048:(1): 211â220.
1037:
993:BMC Psychology
984:
956:(2): 127â142.
945:
927:(4): 244â247.
916:
885:
857:(5): e054062.
842:
798:
772:(3): 269â276.
758:
755:
741:
738:
733:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
701:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
673:
670:
669:
668:
643:
642:
641:
638:
635:
626:
625:
624:
615:
614:
613:
610:
601:
600:
599:
592:
589:
576:
575:
574:
571:
560:
557:
551:
548:
542:
539:
534:
531:
529:
526:
488:no signs of a
483:
482:
476:
474:murder-suicide
462:
456:
453:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
417:
410:
391:
390:
387:
380:
377:
374:
363:road accidents
351:
348:
307:
304:
298:
295:
283:disappointment
250:
247:
235:Emil Kraepelin
222:Michael Linden
174:
173:
170:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
110:
104:
103:
100:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
46:
40:
39:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2766:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2564:(5): 376â387.
2563:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2143:
2142:Therapist Aid
2139:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1870:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
904:
899:
895:
891:
886:
882:
878:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
761:
760:
756:
754:
752:
748:
739:
737:
730:
727:
724:
721:
719:contextualism
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
705:
704:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
679:
678:
672:Psychotherapy
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:schizophrenia
655:
651:
647:
644:
639:
636:
633:
632:
630:
627:
622:
621:
619:
616:
611:
608:
607:
605:
602:
597:
593:
590:
587:
583:
582:
580:
577:
572:
569:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
556:
549:
547:
540:
538:
532:
527:
525:
523:
517:
515:
509:
507:
503:
501:
497:
495:
494:recrudescence
491:
487:
480:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
461:
457:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
421:
418:
415:
411:
409:
405:
401:
398:
397:
396:
395:
388:
385:
381:
378:
375:
372:
368:
364:
359:
358:
357:
356:
349:
347:
345:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
305:
303:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
145:Schizophrenia
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
109:
105:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
45:
41:
38:
34:
31:
29:
25:
20:
2714:
2708:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2672:
2666:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2524:
2521:Rheumatology
2520:
2510:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2343:(2): 65â72.
2340:
2336:
2330:
2324:(1): 94â100.
2321:
2317:
2311:
2302:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2272:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2211:
2181:(2): 93â96.
2178:
2174:
2156:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:
2132:
2105:
2099:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2046:Embitterment
2045:
2026:
2019:
1993:Embitterment
1992:
1986:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1943:. Elsevier.
1940:
1934:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1869:cite journal
1836:
1830:
1789:
1783:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1700:
1696:
1665:(2): 65â72.
1662:
1658:
1625:
1621:
1588:
1584:
1551:
1547:
1520:
1495:
1491:
1461:(2): 93â96.
1458:
1454:
1424:(1): 50â56.
1421:
1417:
1382:
1378:
1341:
1337:
1303:
1299:
1267:(2): 73â80.
1264:
1260:
1229:
1196:
1192:
1165:
1146:
1115:
1082:
1078:
1045:
1041:
996:
992:
953:
949:
924:
920:
896:(3): 10â21.
893:
854:
850:
816:(1): 30â35.
813:
809:
769:
765:
757:Bibliography
750:
743:
734:
702:
675:
666:moral injury
553:
544:
536:
518:
510:
505:
504:
499:
498:
485:
484:
393:
392:
354:
353:
332:
327:
309:
300:
252:
219:
205:, fury, and
182:
178:
177:
153:Moral injury
2386:(3): 1â26.
2085:: 514â520.
1591:: 269â275.
1168:. Hogrefe.
436:unspecific
412:unimpaired
339:resignation
335:aggressions
267:humiliation
191:humiliation
73:Usual onset
2754:Aggression
2738:Categories
2581:Ergonomics
2275:: 416â422.
2147:2022-05-25
1733:References
1628:: 109670.
1554:(1): 1â6.
1134:1012347668
747:Jörg Blech
541:PTED scale
382:recurring
297:Prevalence
255:resentment
62:aggression
33:Psychiatry
2453:145093175
2124:999757230
1816:cite book
1808:971201601
1725:247010406
1650:212752178
1613:219104263
1539:826854556
1291:227156350
1248:710113250
1221:218690718
1184:971201601
1070:248145294
1033:235397648
999:(1): 96.
980:145093175
941:143281840
912:133538945
794:220877561
740:Criticism
650:delusions
596:anhedonia
528:Diagnosis
479:querulous
420:Avolition
400:dysphoric
367:robberies
279:hostility
277:, wrath,
259:injustice
199:injustice
168:Prognosis
159:Treatment
137:Delusions
58:dysphoric
54:avolition
28:Specialty
2658:23251201
2601:27801614
2543:22096009
2502:28845164
2408:20643288
2400:20148750
2365:33399909
2357:20051704
2255:21479673
2247:19229838
2203:43218399
2195:24916618
2091:13682342
1926:24773913
1918:21494061
1775:19723598
1767:12792124
1717:35187759
1687:33399909
1679:20051704
1642:32182559
1605:32469815
1576:37127826
1568:29323520
1512:19229838
1483:43218399
1475:24916618
1446:23975961
1438:18087208
1409:25759680
1401:17318008
1366:24773913
1358:21494061
1328:46974208
1320:29879700
1283:33227789
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