612:
420:. Postpartum mental illness can affect both mothers and fathers, and is not uncommon. Early detection and adequate treatment is required. Approximately 70–80% of postpartum women will experience the "baby blues" for a few days. Between 10 and 20 percent may experience clinical depression, with a higher risk among those women with a history of postpartum depression, clinical depression, anxiety, or other mood disorders. Prevalence of PTSD following normal childbirth (excluding stillbirth or major complications) is estimated to be between 2.8% and 5.6% at six weeks postpartum.
137:
42:
151:. Following delivery the area where the placenta was attached to the uterine wall bleeds, and the uterus must contract to prevent blood loss. After contraction takes place the fundus (top) of the uterus can be palpated as a firm mass at the level of the navel. It is important that the uterus remains firm and the nurse or midwife will make frequent assessments of both the fundus and the amount of bleeding. Uterine massage is commonly used to help the uterus contract.
180:
285:
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590:, an organization that works to promote the wellbeing of women and families, says "the benefits of paid family leave in states that have introduced it include improved worker morale, time for parents to bond with their children, increased breastfeeding, more children getting vaccinations on time, cuts in children’s hospital admissions and reduced probabilities of having ADHD and hearing problems."
172:
207:, the caregiver carries out immediate mother and infant assessments as the infant lies on the mother's chest and removes the infant for further observations only after they have had their first breastfeed, depending on the mother's preference. The World Health Organization (WHO) also encourages skin-to-skin contact for the first 24 hours after birth to help regulate the baby's temperature.
129:
199:, Activity, Respiration). Until recently babies were routinely removed from their mothers following birth; however beginning around 2000, some authorities began to suggest that early skin-to-skin contact (placing the naked baby on the mother's chest) is of benefit to both mother and infant. As of 2014, early skin-to-skin contact, also called
510:, are typically very slow and in some cases may not resolve. Symptoms of PTSD often subside in this period, dropping from 2.8% and 5.6% at six weeks postpartum to 1.5% at six months postpartum. During this period, infant sleep during the night gradually increases and maternal sleep generally improves.
453:
should have a blood pressure check within three to ten days postpartum. A 2023 systematic review of the literature suggests monitoring the blood pressure at home of women in the postpartum period appears to help with overall blood pressure measures and supports overall patient satisfaction. More than
436:
be an ongoing process. They recommend that all women have contact (either in person or by phone) with their obstetric provider within the first three weeks postpartum to address acute issues, with subsequent care as needed. A more comprehensive postpartum visit should be done at four to twelve weeks
276:
is experienced by about 33% of all women; women who deliver vaginally are about twice as likely to have urinary incontinence as women who give birth via a cesarean. Urinary incontinence in this period increases the risk of long term incontinence. In the subacute postpartum period, 87% to 94% of women
57:
and is typically considered to last for six weeks. There are three distinct phases of the postnatal period; the acute phase, lasting for six to twelve hours after birth; the subacute phase, lasting six weeks; and the delayed phase, lasting up to six months. During the delayed phase, some changes to
116:
The postpartum period can be divided into three distinct stages; the initial or acute phase, 8–19 hours after childbirth; subacute postpartum period, which lasts two to six weeks, and the delayed postpartum period, which can last up to six months. In the subacute postpartum period, 87% to 94% of
158:
or tearing at the opening of the vagina, it is stitched. In the past, an episiotomy was routine. However, more recent research shows that routine episiotomy, when a normal delivery without complications or instrumentation is anticipated, does not offer benefits in terms of reducing perineal or
630:
Postpartum confinement refers to a system for recovery following childbirth. It begins immediately after the birth, and lasts for a culturally variable length: typically for one month or 30 days, up to 40 days, two months or 100 days. This postnatal recuperation can include "traditional health
497:
The delayed postpartum period starts after the subacute postpartum period and lasts up to six months. During this time, muscles and connective tissue returns to a pre-pregnancy state. Recovery from childbirth complications in this period, such as urinary and
445:
and health maintenance. Results of a 2023 systematic review of the evidence suggests a relationship between having sufficient health insurance and attendance at follow-up postpartum care visits that may prevent additional needs for preventable care.
647:.) Postpartum confinement customs are well-practiced in China, where it is known as "sitting the month", and similar customs manifest all over the world. A modern version of this rest period has evolved, to give maximum support to the new mother.
583:(FMLA), which entitles new parents to up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave. However, 60% of new parents are unable to afford taking unpaid leave for six weeks. According to U.S. Department of Labor statistics, only 17% have access to paid leave.
3794:
597:(OECD) that does not provide paid maternity, paternity, and parental leave. Thirteen countries, including eight of the European countries and Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Argentina and Mexico offer at least three months of equivalent pay.
337:
Some women feel uterine contractions, called afterpains, during the first few days after delivery. They have been described as similar to menstrual cramps and are more common during breastfeeding, due to the release of
3787:
611:
432:(ACOG) recognizes the postpartum period (the "fourth trimester") as critical for women and infants. Instead of the traditional single four- to six-week postpartum visit, ACOG, as of 2018, recommends that
3780:
94:
is a number; for example, "day P5" should be read as "the fifth day after birth". This is not to be confused with the medical nomenclature that uses G P to stand for number and outcomes of pregnancy (
4491:
144:
The first 6 to 12 hours after childbirth is the initial or acute phase of the postpartum period. During this time the mother is typically monitored by nurses or midwives as complications can arise.
1211:
992:
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Many factors figure into the likelihood of post natal problems including the size of the infant; the method of delivery, such as c-section, or of forceps; perineum trauma from either an
470:) and psychiatric conditions should continue to follow with their obstetric or primary care provider for ongoing disease management. Women with pregnancies complicated by hypertension,
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594:
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postnatal stay is three to four days. During this time, the mother is monitored for bleeding, bowel and bladder function, and baby care. The infant's health is also monitored.
576:
429:
1314:
American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics (July 2018). "ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 196: Thromboembolism in Pregnancy".
372:
may arise. Maternal sleep is often disturbed as night waking is normal in the newborn, and newborns need to be fed every two to three hours, including during the night. The
245:
may be used in the hospital, particularly if the woman has risk factors, such as obesity, prolonged immobility, recent C-section, or first-degree relative with a history of
2061:
910:
Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA (June 2002). "Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth".
1182:
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are contraindicated as they may introduce bacteria and increase the risk of infection. An increase in lochia between 7–14 days postpartum may indicate delayed postpartum
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1387:
413:
697:
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191:
Within about 10 seconds the infant takes its first breath and the caregiver places the baby on the mother's chest. The infant's condition is evaluated using the
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195:. The Apgar score is determined by evaluating the newborn baby on five criteria which are summarized using words chosen to form an acronym (Appearance, Pulse,
3644:
587:
3271:
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579:(ACOG) recommends women take at least six weeks off work following childbirth. In the U.S., the only national maternity leave provision is covered by the
296:, will gradually decrease and turn from bright red, to brownish, to yellow and cease at around five or six weeks. Women are advised in this period to wear
864:
Glazener CM, Abdalla M, Stroud P, Naji S, Templeton A, Russell IT (April 1995). "Postnatal maternal morbidity: extent, causes, prevention and treatment".
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1612:
1365:
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vaginal trauma. Selective use of episiotomy results in less perineal trauma. A healthcare professional can recommend comfort measures to help to ease
117:
women report at least one health problem. Long-term health problems (persisting after the delayed postpartum period) are reported by 31% of women.
1203:
988:
773:
3523:
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4025:
3992:
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2244:
1265:"Postpartum deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in twin pregnancy: undertaking of clinical symptoms leading to massive complications"
804:
203:, is endorsed by all major organizations that are responsible for the well-being of infants. Thus, to help establish bonding and successful
2554:
101:
A woman giving birth may leave as soon as she is medically stable, which can be as early as a few hours postpartum, though the average for
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35:
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postpartum to address the mother's mood and emotional well-being, physical recovery after birth, infant feeding, pregnancy spacing and
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110:
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729:
70:(WHO) describes the postnatal period as the most critical and yet the most neglected phase in the lives of mothers and babies; most
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2383:
661:
2053:
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249:. For women with a history of thrombotic event in pregnancy or prior to pregnancy, anticoagulation is generally recommended.
234:
2282:
3972:
2974:
1391:
1895:
Alder J, Stadlmayr W, Tschudin S, Bitzer J (June 2006). "Post-traumatic symptoms after childbirth: what should we offer?".
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2906:
2408:
2115:"Maternal lactation characteristics after consumption of an alcoholic soup during the postpartum 'doing-the-month' ritual"
2083:
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Ongoing physical and mental health evaluation, risk factor identification, and preventive health care should be provided
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102:
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or natural tearing; and the physical condition of the birth mother. Conditions that may result from childbirth include
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2617:
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recommends postpartum evaluation of the mother and infant at three days, one to two weeks, and six weeks postpartum.
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1752:
Olde E, van der Hart O, Kleber R, van Son M (January 2006). "Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: a review".
369:
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Adult diapers may be worn in the subacute postpartum period for lochia, as well as urinary and fecal incontinence.
120:
Various organizations recommend routine postpartum evaluation at certain time intervals in the postpartum period.
4402:
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3493:
3089:
2701:
2441:
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948:
Borders N (2006). "After the afterbirth: a critical review of postpartum health relative to method of delivery".
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486:
67:
140:
Postpartum uterine massage helps the uterus to contract after the placenta has been expelled in the acute phase.
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136:
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The subacute postpartum starts after the acute postpartum period concludes and can last for two to six weeks.
1604:
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or birth tray of c. 1410. As women tend to the child, expensively dressed female guests are already arriving.
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occur within ten days of discharge after delivery. Women with chronic medical (e.g., hypertensive disorders,
428:
Various organizations across the world recommend routine postpartum evaluation in the postpartum period. The
4327:
4249:
4007:
3024:
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2627:
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2314:
1986:
1357:
556:. Long-term health problems (persisting after the delayed postpartum period) are reported by 31% of women.
31:
1413:
Thom DH, Rortveit G (December 2010). "Prevalence of postpartum urinary incontinence: a systematic review".
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4015:
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Steele DW, Adam GP, Saldanha IJ, Kanaan G, Zahradnik ML, Danilack-Fekete VA, et al. (August 2023).
666:
507:
442:
409:
365:
265:
242:
113:
is typically defined as discharge of the mother and newborn from the hospital within 48 hours of birth.
41:
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and is maximal in the postpartum period, particularly for women with C-section with reduced mobility.
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1438:
1339:
1025:"Synthetic bio-nanoreactor: mechanical and chemical control of polymersome membrane permeability"
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area (postpartum alopecia). Hair typically grows back normally and treatment is not indicated.
499:
224:
71:
179:
1545:
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2054:"'I was risking my life': why one in four US women return to work two weeks after childbirth"
1720:
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China's grandmothers : gender, family, and aging from late Qing to twenty-first century
2202:
2183:
Tung WC (22 June 2010). "Doing the Month and Asian
Cultures: Implications for Health Care".
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2021:
1982:
1947:
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342:. The cramping is the compressing of the blood vessels in the uterus to prevent bleeding.
75:
1805:
Saldanha IJ, Adam GP, Kanaan G, Zahradnik ML, Steele DW, Chen KK, et al. (June 2023).
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During the subacute postpartum period, psychological disorders may emerge. Among these are
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should undergo counseling and evaluation for cardiometabolic disease, as lifetime risk of
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301:
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are recommended to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles and control urinary incontinence.
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Approximately three months after giving birth (typically between two and five months),
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are routinely given. If an episiotomy or perineal tear had to be sutured, the use of a
278:
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331:
323:
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1807:"Health Insurance Coverage and Postpartum Outcomes in the US: A Systematic Review"
171:
27:
Time period beginning after the birth of a child and extending for about one month
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beliefs, taboos, rituals, and proscriptions." The practice used to be known as "
503:
253:
192:
184:
1676:
1517:"Normal and Abnormal Puerperium: Overview, Routine Postpartum Care, Hemorrhage"
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961:
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260:(swelling) of the woman's vagina gradually resolves in about three weeks. The
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390:
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2140:
2035:
1994:
1959:
1916:
1881:
1840:
1783:
1663:
Dobson V, Sales B (2000). "The
Science of Infanticide and Mental Illness".
1649:
1434:
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17:
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system take much longer to resolve and may result in conditions such as
4144:
3659:
3555:
2622:
1721:"Statistics on Postpartum Depression - Postpartum Depression Resources"
1774:
797:
With Women, Midwives
Experiences: from Shiftwork to Continuity of Care
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or nappies, disposable maternity briefs, maternity pads or towels, or
4148:
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3459:
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3382:
3128:
2590:
2585:
1263:
Fiengo L, Bucci F, Patrizi G, Giannotti D, Redler A (February 2013).
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305:
293:
269:
261:
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Gaitzsch J, Appelhans D, Wang L, Battaglia G, Voit B (April 2012).
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2607:
610:
385:
283:
257:
178:
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135:
127:
1388:"WHO recommendations on postnatal care of the mother and newborn"
334:
allows the woman to sit pain-free or at least with reduced pain.
1856:"Postpartum Home Blood Pressure Monitoring: A Systematic Review"
3776:
3260:
2303:
1938:
Schiff BL, Kern AB (May 1963). "Study of postpartum alopecia".
1636:
McGuire E (July 2013). "Maternal and infant sleep postpartum".
721:
WHO Recommendations on
Postnatal Care of the Mother and Newborn
552:. Other conditions that may also arise in this period include
3611:
1145:"Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth"
81:
In scientific literature, the term is commonly abbreviated to
983:
981:
979:
368:, but this is no longer medically indicated. In this period,
4046:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
2008:
Romano M, Cacciatore A, Giordano R, La Rosa B (April 2010).
1234:"Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth"
1102:
Romano M, Cacciatore A, Giordano R, La Rosa B (April 2010).
820:
Romano M, Cacciatore A, Giordano R, La Rosa B (April 2010).
2113:
Chien YC, Huang YJ, Hsu CS, Chao JC, Liu JF (March 2009).
562:
229:
In the first few days following childbirth, the risk of a
2010:"Postpartum period: three distinct but continuous phases"
1104:"Postpartum period: three distinct but continuous phases"
822:"Postpartum period: three distinct but continuous phases"
360:
will generally come in. Historically, women who were not
799:. Canberra: Australian College of Midwives. p. 17.
132:
Infant placed directly on the chest following childbirth
1987:
10.1345/1542-6270(2001)035<0255:pa>2.0.co;2
1575:"Postpartum care: What to expect after a vaginal birth"
1143:
Jiang H, Qian X, Carroli G, Garner P (February 2017).
595:
Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
30:"Postpartum" redirects here. For the TV episodes, see
989:"ACOG Committee Opinion: Optimizing Postpartum Care"
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1973:Eastham JH (February 2001). "Postpartum alopecia".
1897:
577:
American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
430:
American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
219:
Physical recovery in the subacute postpartum period
4388:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
2294:Postpartum period: First 6 Weeks After Childbirth
1487:"How soon can I use tampons after giving birth?"
264:gradually narrows and lengths over a few weeks.
2084:"Paid Maternity Leave Across the World in 2022"
1631:
1629:
905:
903:
859:
857:
635:", which, as the term suggests, centres around
147:The greatest health risk in the acute phase is
2047:
2045:
1070:
1068:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
943:
941:
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3272:
2315:
1415:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
866:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
593:The United States is the only country in the
588:National Partnership for Women & Families
235:hypercoagulability increases during pregnancy
183:Woman nurses twins six days after birth. The
8:
2226:
2224:
1747:
1745:
563:§ Maternal-infant postpartum evaluation
1457:"Postpartum care: After a vaginal delivery"
1390:. World Health Organization. Archived from
1149:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
364:(nursing their babies) were given drugs to
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3265:
3257:
3118:
2790:
2544:
2322:
2308:
2300:
2185:Home Health Care Management & Practice
356:At two to four days postpartum, a woman's
2272:eMedicine: Normal and Abnormal Puerperium
2196:
2130:
2025:
1871:
1830:
1773:
1358:"Childbirth recovery and postpartum care"
1290:
1280:
1168:
1119:
1048:
950:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
837:
2283:Postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder
154:Following delivery if the mother had an
40:
2277:Patient UK: Postnatal Care (Puerperium)
688:
4026:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
3993:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
3650:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
2288:Postpartum care of mother and newborn
1077:"Labor and delivery, postpartum care"
776:from the original on 20 December 2016
766:"Recovering from a caesarean section"
424:Maternal-infant postpartum evaluation
7:
4092:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
2155:"Confinement practices: an overview"
1952:10.1001/archderm.1963.01590170067011
746:from the original on 20 January 2022
346:Infant caring in the subacute period
277:report at least one health problem.
272:and if untreated, death. Postpartum
3645:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
3154:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
1605:"Breastfeeding: the first few days"
995:from the original on April 28, 2020
724:. World Health Organization. 2013.
698:"Postpartum Care of the New Mother"
643:used to use this phrase, as in the
404:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
394:may be of assistance at this time.
4041:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
2094:from the original on 23 April 2023
2064:from the original on 23 April 2023
1823:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.16536
1695:Canadian Mental Health Association
1665:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
1075:Mayo Clinic staff (30 July 2015).
878:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09132.x
441:, chronic disease management, and
292:Discharge from the uterus, called
175:Infant nursing shortly after birth
111:Early postnatal hospital discharge
25:
4299:Pain management during childbirth
4226:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
1585:from the original on May 21, 2023
1244:from the original on 3 April 2015
1083:from the original on 27 July 2015
517:levels drop and large amounts of
4485:
4484:
4471:Sexual activity during pregnancy
3159:Postpartum physiological changes
2859:Postpartum physiological changes
2384:Assisted reproductive technology
924:10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00167.x
662:Postpartum physiological changes
167:Infant caring in the acute phase
105:is one to two days. The average
51:postpartum (or postnatal) period
36:Postpartum (The Handmaid's Tale)
3211:Adaptation to extrauterine life
2165:from the original on 2017-12-07
1731:from the original on 2020-05-13
1615:from the original on 2018-04-23
1556:from the original on 2017-06-22
1527:from the original on 2017-11-09
1497:from the original on 2018-04-23
1485:N. H. S. Choices (2017-07-20).
1467:from the original on 2020-05-28
1368:from the original on 2021-09-25
1214:from the original on 2021-01-25
1185:from the original on 2020-05-15
521:is common, particularly in the
370:difficulties with breastfeeding
326:in this period are common, and
3973:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
2854:Maternal physiological changes
1161:10.1002/14651858.CD000081.pub3
1:
4175:Prelabor rupture of membranes
2409:partner-assisted reproduction
2235:. Cambridge, United Kingdom:
1975:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
414:posttraumatic stress disorder
4454:Systemic lupus erythematosus
4105:Maternal care related to the
4087:Gestational thrombocytopenia
2052:Bryant M (27 January 2020).
2014:Journal of Prenatal Medicine
1873:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005270
1427:10.3109/00016349.2010.526188
1328:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002706
1108:Journal of Prenatal Medicine
826:Journal of Prenatal Medicine
581:Family and Medical Leave Act
241:or physical methods such as
233:(DVT) is relatively high as
4255:Cephalopelvic disproportion
2645:Traditional birth attendant
560:
482:is higher in these women.
4565:
4366:Breastfeeding difficulties
4165:Constriction ring syndrome
4139:Braxton Hicks contractions
3635:Reproductive endocrinology
2877:Brain health and pollution
2237:Cambridge University Press
1754:Clinical Psychology Review
1677:10.1037/1076-8971.6.4.1098
962:10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.10.014
696:Lopez-Gonzalez DM (2023).
604:
401:
349:
222:
211:Subacute postpartum period
78:occur during this period.
29:
4479:
4403:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
4393:Pubic symphysis diastasis
3703:Human reproductive system
3090:Chorionic villus sampling
2442:Obstetric ultrasonography
2366:Pre-conception counseling
2132:10.1017/S1368980008002152
1909:10.1080/01674820600714632
1860:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1766:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.002
1316:Obstetrics and Gynecology
645:General Lying-in Hospital
493:Delayed postpartum period
487:World Health Organization
68:World Health Organization
3929:Gestational hypertension
2980:Intrahepatic cholestasis
2207:10.1177/1084822310367473
1725:PostpartumDepression.org
1546:"Postpartum hemorrhoids"
45:Mother with newborn baby
4328:Umbilical cord prolapse
4250:Amniotic fluid embolism
4008:dermatoses of pregnancy
3050:Motor vehicle emissions
2911:Concomitant conditions
2885:environmental toxicants
2628:Auxiliary nurse midwife
2389:artificial insemination
2356:Natural family planning
2119:Public Health Nutrition
1940:Archives of Dermatology
1691:"Postpartum Depression"
454:one half of postpartum
398:Psychological disorders
32:Postpartum (The Shield)
4444:Concomitant conditions
4423:Postpartum thyroiditis
4201:Circumvallate placenta
4021:Impetigo herpetiformis
4016:Gestational pemphigoid
3988:Hyperemesis gravidarum
3921:hypertensive disorders
3725:Diseases and disorders
3534:Sexual differentiation
3144:Postpartum confinement
2404:in vitro fertilisation
1515:Kansky C (July 2016).
1362:www.aboutkidshealth.ca
1282:10.1186/1477-9560-11-4
1041:10.1002/anie.201108814
627:
607:Postpartum confinement
554:postpartum thyroiditis
480:cardiovascular disease
451:hypertensive disorders
443:preventive health care
289:
188:
176:
141:
133:
46:
4413:Postpartum infections
4408:Postpartum depression
3757:Premature ejaculation
3752:Hard flaccid syndrome
3422:Human sexual activity
3139:Postpartum depression
3020:Pruritic folliculitis
2764:Unassisted childbirth
667:Postpartum depression
614:
416:, and in rare cases,
410:postpartum depression
287:
266:Postpartum infections
182:
174:
139:
131:
44:
4418:Postpartum psychosis
4287:Obstetrical bleeding
4182:Obstetrical bleeding
4003:Integumentary system
3978:Gestational diabetes
3957:related to pregnancy
3955:Other, predominantly
3747:Erectile dysfunction
3246:Gravidity and parity
3226:Congenital disorders
3185:Lactation consultant
3055:Pre-existing disease
2734:Childbirth positions
2724:Rupture of membranes
2421:Unintended pregnancy
2399:fertility medication
1638:Breastfeeding Review
550:urinary incontinence
472:gestational diabetes
418:postpartum psychosis
374:lactation consultant
274:urinary incontinence
231:deep vein thrombosis
96:gravidity and parity
64:urinary incontinence
4398:Postpartum bleeding
4221:Placental abruption
4206:Monochorionic twins
4036:Prurigo gestationis
3526:reproductive system
3514:Vaginal lubrication
3292:sexual reproduction
3149:Sex after pregnancy
2956:Endocrine diseases
2902:Prenatal depression
2774:Placental expulsion
2692:Uterine contraction
2675:cervical effacement
2416:Fertility awareness
1394:on 22 December 2014
677:Sex after pregnancy
641:Maternity hospitals
504:painful intercourse
149:postpartum bleeding
4428:Puerperal mastitis
4383:Breast engorgement
4170:Monoamniotic twins
4160:Chorionic hematoma
3524:Development of the
3435:Sexual intercourse
2925:Hypercoagulability
2754:Natural childbirth
2603:Postterm pregnancy
2361:Male contraceptive
1269:Thrombosis Journal
672:Puerperal disorder
628:
546:fecal incontinence
500:fecal incontinence
366:suppress lactation
290:
247:thrombotic episode
225:Maternal mortality
189:
177:
142:
134:
47:
4501:
4500:
4459:Thyroid disorders
4449:Diabetes mellitus
4333:Uterine inversion
4265:Shoulder dystocia
4260:Obstructed labour
4236:
4235:
4100:
4099:
4069:Chorea gravidarum
3845:Ectopic pregnancy
3770:
3769:
3539:Sexual dimorphism
3504:Postpartum period
3254:
3253:
3239:Obstetric history
3234:
3233:
3195:Confinement nanny
3108:
3107:
2975:Acute fatty liver
2782:
2781:
2670:cervical dilation
2246:978-1-009-06478-1
1811:JAMA Network Open
1421:(12): 1511–1522.
1204:"The Apgar Score"
1035:(18): 4448–4451.
1029:Angewandte Chemie
806:978-0-9751674-5-8
795:Vernon D (2007).
622:, from a painted
256:(blood flow) and
187:is still visible.
107:caesarean section
16:(Redirected from
4556:
4488:
4487:
4323:Postmature birth
4311:Placenta accreta
4216:Placenta praevia
4211:Placenta accreta
4155:Chorioamnionitis
3965:Digestive system
3961:
3887:Fetal resorption
3875:Rudimentary horn
3832:abortive outcome
3826:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3774:
3509:Mechanics of sex
3318:Follicular phase
3288:Human physiology
3281:
3274:
3267:
3258:
3119:
3085:Cardiotocography
2791:
2697:Vaginal delivery
2570:Nesting instinct
2545:
2530:Rudimentary horn
2459:Prenatal testing
2324:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2259:
2258:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2200:
2198:10.1.1.1020.5139
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2029:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1777:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1701:on July 14, 2014
1697:. Archived from
1687:
1681:
1680:
1671:(4): 1098–1112.
1660:
1654:
1653:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1172:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1020:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
985:
974:
973:
945:
936:
935:
907:
898:
897:
861:
852:
851:
841:
817:
811:
810:
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
716:
710:
709:
693:
566:
534:uterine prolapse
391:kraamverzorgster
352:Infant mortality
302:sanitary napkins
21:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4544:Women's culture
4524:Maternal health
4519:Human pregnancy
4504:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4475:
4432:
4376:Cracked nipples
4371:Low milk supply
4352:
4338:Uterine rupture
4232:
4127:Oligohydramnios
4112:amniotic cavity
4106:
4096:
4073:
4055:
4006:
3997:
3956:
3950:
3919:
3906:
3892:Molar pregnancy
3831:
3815:
3801:
3771:
3766:
3720:
3697:
3664:
3637:and infertility
3636:
3629:
3606:
3525:
3518:
3416:
3346:Spermatogenesis
3332:
3300:Menstrual cycle
3294:
3285:
3255:
3250:
3230:
3199:
3163:
3134:Postpartum care
3104:
3068:
2971:Liver diseases
2965:Thyroid disease
2863:
2849:Gestational age
2820:
2778:
2744:Labor induction
2649:
2640:Perinatal nurse
2613:Birth attendant
2574:
2534:
2468:
2464:Medical imaging
2425:
2394:fertility fraud
2370:
2337:
2328:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2247:
2231:Lary D (2022).
2230:
2229:
2222:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2168:
2166:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1817:(6): e2316536.
1804:
1803:
1799:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1579:The Mayo Clinic
1573:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1155:(2): CD000081.
1142:
1141:
1137:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1079:. Mayo Clinic.
1074:
1073:
1066:
1022:
1021:
1008:
998:
996:
987:
986:
977:
947:
946:
939:
909:
908:
901:
863:
862:
855:
819:
818:
814:
807:
794:
793:
789:
779:
777:
764:
763:
759:
749:
747:
732:
718:
717:
713:
695:
694:
690:
685:
653:
609:
603:
573:
508:pelvic prolapse
495:
485:Similarly, the
468:thyroid disease
434:postpartum care
426:
406:
400:
354:
348:
328:stool softeners
279:Kegel exercises
239:Anti-coagulants
227:
221:
213:
169:
126:
103:a vaginal birth
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4562:
4560:
4552:
4551:
4549:Women's health
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4466:Maternal death
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4272:Fetal distress
4269:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4132:Polyhydramnios
4129:
4121:amniotic fluid
4116:
4114:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4061:Nervous system
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3939:HELLP syndrome
3931:
3925:
3923:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3830:Pregnancy with
3823:
3817:
3816:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3530:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3430:Sexual arousal
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3351:spermatogonium
3342:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3180:Health visitor
3177:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3095:Nonstress test
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:Skin diseases
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2801:Amniotic fluid
2797:
2795:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:Multiple birth
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Bradley method
2551:
2549:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2447:Pregnancy test
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2266:External links
2264:
2261:
2260:
2245:
2239:. p. 41.
2220:
2191:(5): 369–371.
2175:
2146:
2125:(3): 382–388.
2105:
2090:. 3 May 2022.
2075:
2041:
2000:
1981:(2): 255–258.
1965:
1946:(5): 609–611.
1930:
1903:(2): 107–112.
1887:
1866:(2): 285–295.
1846:
1797:
1741:
1712:
1682:
1655:
1625:
1611:. 2017-12-21.
1596:
1566:
1537:
1507:
1491:N.H.S. Choices
1477:
1448:
1405:
1378:
1349:
1306:
1255:
1224:
1195:
1135:
1094:
1064:
1006:
975:
956:(4): 242–248.
937:
899:
872:(4): 282–287.
853:
812:
805:
787:
757:
730:
711:
700:. StatPearls.
687:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
657:Parental leave
652:
649:
624:desco da parto
605:Main article:
602:
599:
572:
571:Return to work
569:
494:
491:
464:kidney disease
425:
422:
399:
396:
378:health visitor
347:
344:
310:menstrual cups
252:The increased
220:
217:
212:
209:
168:
165:
125:
122:
76:newborn deaths
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4561:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4348:Uterine atony
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Preterm birth
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4051:Stretch marks
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3934:Pre-eclampsia
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3803:Pathology of
3798:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3693:Breastfeeding
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3485:Fertilization
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3338:Gametogenesis
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:Monthly nurse
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Amniocentesis
3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Vaginal flora
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:Substance use
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Fundal height
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2596:Preterm birth
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Hypnobirthing
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:3D ultrasound
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:Birth control
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:(1): e1–e17.
1321:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
994:
990:
984:
982:
980:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
942:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
904:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
858:
854:
849:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
813:
808:
802:
798:
791:
788:
775:
771:
767:
761:
758:
745:
741:
737:
733:
731:9789241506649
727:
723:
722:
715:
712:
707:
703:
699:
692:
689:
682:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
650:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
625:
621:
618:
613:
608:
600:
598:
596:
591:
589:
584:
582:
578:
570:
568:
564:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
492:
490:
488:
483:
481:
477:
476:preterm birth
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
447:
444:
440:
439:contraception
435:
431:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
405:
397:
395:
393:
392:
387:
383:
382:monthly nurse
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:breastfeeding
359:
353:
345:
343:
341:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
304:. The use of
303:
299:
298:adult diapers
295:
286:
282:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
226:
218:
216:
210:
208:
206:
205:breastfeeding
202:
201:kangaroo care
198:
194:
186:
181:
173:
166:
164:
162:
157:
152:
150:
145:
138:
130:
123:
121:
118:
114:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
92:
87:
86:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:genitourinary
56:
53:begins after
52:
43:
37:
33:
19:
4490:
4483:
4343:Vasa praevia
4303:
4277:Locked twins
4193:
4143:
4119:
3865:Interstitial
3812:
3597:Paternal age
3593:Maternal age
3566:Tanner scale
3549:Virilization
3544:Feminization
3503:
3494:Implantation
3480:Insemination
3464:Ejaculation
3440:Masturbation
3356:spermatocyte
3328:Luteal phase
3313:Menstruation
3113:
2920:Hypertension
2907:Immunization
2890:in pregnancy
2806:Amniotic sac
2759:Silent birth
2702:Presentation
2665:Bishop score
2635:Obstetrician
2525:Interstitial
2452:home testing
2296:: Uofmhealth
2232:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2167:. Retrieved
2158:
2149:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2088:business.org
2087:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2058:The Guardian
2057:
2020:(2): 22–25.
2017:
2013:
2003:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1757:
1753:
1733:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:the original
1694:
1685:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1644:(2): 38–41.
1641:
1637:
1617:. Retrieved
1608:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1578:
1569:
1558:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1529:. Retrieved
1520:
1510:
1499:. Retrieved
1490:
1480:
1469:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1392:the original
1386:WHO (2013).
1381:
1370:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1237:
1232:Phillips R.
1227:
1216:. Retrieved
1208:www.acog.org
1207:
1198:
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1152:
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1111:
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991:. May 2018.
953:
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720:
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629:
615:A mother in
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332:donut pillow
324:constipation
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119:
115:
100:
90:
89:
84:
82:
80:
50:
48:
4282:Nuchal cord
4031:Linea nigra
3983:Hepatitis E
3916:proteinuria
3897:Miscarriage
3882:Embryo loss
3860:Heterotopic
3742:Dyspareunia
3737:Dysorgasmia
3683:Development
3216:Apgar score
3000:Hepatitis C
2986:Infections
2826:Development
2811:Endometrium
2769:Water birth
2687:Bloody show
2618:Men's roles
2548:Preparation
2500:Heterotopic
1760:(1): 1–16.
1550:Baby Center
1461:Mayo Clinic
1398:22 December
1248:21 December
780:16 December
770:NHS Choices
449:Women with
320:Hemorrhoids
254:vascularity
243:compression
193:Apgar scale
185:linea nigra
124:Acute phase
18:Post partum
4539:Obstetrics
4534:Motherhood
4514:Childbirth
4508:Categories
4292:Postpartum
4187:Antepartum
3902:Stillbirth
3813:puerperium
3811:, and the
3809:childbirth
3762:Vaginismus
3732:Anorgasmia
3586:Adrenarche
3581:Spermarche
3561:Gonadarche
3221:Child care
3114:Postpartum
3073:Procedures
3025:Dermatoses
2881:Nutrition
2739:Home birth
2661:Pelvimetry
2540:Childbirth
2520:Unintended
2376:Conception
2335:childbirth
2255:1292532755
2169:2016-03-21
2159:BabyCenter
1775:1874/16760
1735:2020-05-18
1619:2018-04-22
1609:www.nhs.uk
1560:2018-05-19
1531:2017-11-08
1501:2018-04-22
1471:2020-05-18
1372:2018-04-22
1218:2021-03-04
1189:2020-05-18
683:References
530:episiotomy
402:See also:
358:breastmilk
350:See also:
314:hemorrhage
223:See also:
156:episiotomy
55:childbirth
4529:Midwifery
4358:Puerperal
3946:Eclampsia
3850:Abdominal
3821:Pregnancy
3805:pregnancy
3688:Lactation
3678:Thelarche
3655:Andrology
3602:Menopause
3499:Pregnancy
3489:Fertility
3444:Erection
3400:Germ cell
3373:Oogenesis
3361:spermatid
3323:Ovulation
2729:Caesarean
2495:Abdominal
2331:Pregnancy
2193:CiteSeerX
2098:April 23,
2068:April 23,
1589:April 22,
1087:15 August
999:April 29,
542:rectocele
538:cystocele
519:hair loss
4492:Category
4305:placenta
4195:placenta
3855:Cervical
3840:Abortion
3625:Vivipary
3595: /
3576:Menarche
3571:Pubarche
3453:Clitoral
3405:gonocyte
3378:oogonium
3308:Menarche
3122:Maternal
3100:Abortion
3045:Bleeding
2995:COVID-19
2960:Diabetes
2945:Cannabis
2895:prenatal
2816:Placenta
2787:Prenatal
2717:shoulder
2712:cephalic
2680:position
2654:Delivery
2515:Postterm
2480:Cervical
2343:Planning
2215:73055081
2163:Archived
2141:18426631
2092:Archived
2062:Archived
2036:22439056
1995:11215848
1960:13991677
1925:21859634
1917:16808085
1882:37311173
1841:37266938
1832:10238947
1792:22137961
1784:16176853
1729:Archived
1650:23957180
1613:Archived
1583:Archived
1554:Archived
1525:Archived
1521:Medscape
1495:Archived
1465:Archived
1443:18385231
1435:21050146
1366:Archived
1344:49404670
1336:29939938
1301:23433174
1275:(1): 4.
1242:Archived
1238:Medscape
1212:Archived
1183:Archived
1179:28176333
1130:22439056
1081:Archived
1059:22438056
993:Archived
970:16814217
932:12051189
894:38872754
848:22439056
774:Archived
750:12 March
744:Archived
740:24624481
706:33351433
651:See also
637:bed rest
633:lying-in
620:lying-in
617:Florence
601:Cultures
515:estrogen
460:diabetes
340:oxytocin
161:perineal
88:, where
72:maternal
4145:chorion
3870:Ovarian
3660:Hormone
3556:Puberty
3031:Others
3005:Malaria
2950:Opioids
2940:Alcohol
2935:Smoking
2794:Anatomy
2623:Midwife
2591:Newborn
2510:Ovarian
2490:Ectopic
2485:Cryptic
2430:Testing
2027:3279173
1705:July 9,
1292:3629711
1170:5449575
1121:3279173
1050:3279173
886:7612509
839:3279173
456:strokes
306:tampons
197:Grimace
66:. The
4149:amnion
3716:Female
3670:Breast
3473:Female
3460:Orgasm
3448:Penile
3410:gamete
3383:oocyte
3204:Infant
3129:Lochia
2915:Anemia
2834:Embryo
2707:breech
2586:Mother
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262:cervix
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4437:Other
4242:Labor
4108:fetus
4079:Blood
3918:, and
3912:Edema
3388:ootid
3366:sperm
3175:Doula
3168:Roles
3060:Sleep
3035:Drugs
3015:Lupus
2839:Fetus
2608:Doula
2579:Roles
2505:Molar
2473:Types
2290:: WHO
2281:NHS:
2211:S2CID
1921:S2CID
1788:S2CID
1439:S2CID
1340:S2CID
912:Birth
890:S2CID
561:(see
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1837:PMID
1780:PMID
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1431:PMID
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1175:PMID
1153:2017
1126:PMID
1089:2015
1055:PMID
1001:2020
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1827:PMC
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1770:hdl
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