Postcolonial feminism - Knowledge (XXG)

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terminology of 'postcolonial' by arguing the fact that 'post' implicitly implies the aftermath of colonization; she poses the question, "when exactly then, does the 'postcolonial' begin?" Postcolonial feminists see the parallels between recently decolonized nations and the state of women within patriarchy taking "perspective of a socially marginalized subgroup in their relationship to the dominant culture." In this way feminism and postcolonialism can be seen as having a similar goal in giving a voice to those that were voiceless in the traditional dominant social order. While this holds significant value aiding new theory and debate to arise, there is no single story of global histories and Western imperialism is still significant. Loomba suggests that colonialism carries both an inside and outside force in the evolution of a country concluding 'postcolonial' to be loaded with contradictions.

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the ongoing process of "alienation and alliance" from other theorists in regards to postcolonial feminism; she emphasizes, "...the obvious danger both in 'speaking for' the silent/silenced as well as in searching for retaliatory power in elusive connections..." There is a tendency throughout many different academic fields and policy strategies to use Western models of societies as a framework for the rest of the world. This critique is supported in other scholarly work including that of Sushmita Chatterjee who describes the complications of adding feminism as a "Western ideological construct to save brown women from their inherently oppressive cultural patriarchy."

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reaching a cultural perspective beyond the Western world by acknowledging the individual experiences of women around the world. Ali Suki highlights the lack of representation of women of color in feminist scholarship comparing the weight of whiteness similar to the weight of masculinities. This issue is not due to a shortage of scholarly work in the global South but a lack of recognition and circulation. This reinforces Western hegemony and supports the claim of outweighed representation of white, Western scholars. Most available feminist literature regarding the global South tends to be written by Western theorists resulting in the whitewashing of histories.

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culture at the expense of other parts of the world. Colonialism also embodies many different meanings for people and has occurred across the world with different timelines. Chatterjee supports the argument that postcolonial perspective repels "Holistic perspectives of the grand narrative of enlightenment, industrial revolution, and rationality render 'other' histories and people invisible under hegemonic constructions of truth and normalcy." Generalizing colonialism can be extremely problematic as it translates into postcolonial feminism due to the contextual 'when, what, where, which, whose, and how' Suki Ali mentions in determining the postcolonial.

2360:"False consciousness" is perpetuated throughout mainstream feminism assuming that people in the global South don't know what is best for them. Postcolonial framework attempts to shed light on these women as "full moral agents" who willingly uphold their cultural practices as a resistance to Western imperialism. For example, representation of the Middle East and Islam focuses on the traditional practice of veiling as a way of oppressing women. While Westerners may view the practice in this way, many women of the Middle East disagree and cannot understand how Western standards of oversexualized dress offer women liberation. Such 2234:'s foundational essay, "The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House", Lorde uses the metaphor of "the master's tools" and "the master's house" to explain that western feminism is failing to make positive change for third world women by using the same tools used by the patriarchy to oppress women. Lorde found that western feminist literature denied differences between women and discouraged embracing them. The differences between women, Lorde asserts, should be used as strengths to create a community in which women use their different strengths to support each other. 2643:

the idea that all developing countries underwent colonizing and began the process of decolonizing at the same time when countries referred to as "postcolonial" have actually endured colonization for different time frames. Some of the countries that are called "postcolonial" can in fact still be considered colonial. Another issue with the term "postcolonial" is that it implies a linear progression of the countries it addresses, which starkly contrasts the goal of postcolonial theory and postcolonial feminism to move away from a presentist narrative.

2252:, writes about how western feminism is lacking when applied to non-western societies. She accuses western feminists of theoretical reductionism when it comes to Third World women. Her major problem with western feminism is that it spends too much time in ideological "nit-picking" instead of formulating strategies to redress the highlighted problems. The most prominent point that Crowley makes in her article is that ethnography can be essential to problem solving, and that freedom does not mean the same thing to all the women of the world. 2352:

from Japanese feminists themselves. Japan's oppression of women is written about displaying that women from yet another culture do not live under the same circumstances as women from western/white cultures. There are different social conducts that occur in Asian countries that may seem oppressive to white feminists; according to Third World feminist ideologies, it is ideal to respect the culture that these women are living in while also implementing the same belief that they should not be oppressed or seen in any sort of sexist light.

2475: 2290:, former colonies were monitored by the West for what was considered social progress. The definition of social progress was tied to adherence to Western socio-cultural norms. The status of women in the developing world has been monitored by organizations such as the United Nations. As a result, traditional practices and roles taken up by women, sometimes seen as distasteful by Western standards, could be considered a form of rebellion against colonial rule. Some examples of this include women wearing headscarves or 2406:, Stephanie M. Wildman states, "The notion of privilege... has not been recognized in legal language and doctrine. This failure to acknowledge privilege, to make it visible in legal doctrine, creates a serious gap in legal reasoning, rendering law unable to address issues of systemic unfairness." White privilege, oppression, and exploitation in the U.S. and Western influenced countries are main contributors to the formation of other feminist and philosophical movements such as black feminism, 40: 2341:

relationship between postcolonial feminism and other racially based feminist movements, especially Black feminism and indigenous feminisms. In Western culture, racism is sometimes viewed as an institutionalized, ingrained facet of society. Postcolonial feminists want to force feminist theory to address how individual people can acknowledge racist presumptions, practices, and prejudices within their own lives attempting to halt its perpetuation through awareness.

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movement. Western feminists and feminists outside of the West also often differ in terms of race and religion, which is not acknowledged in Western feminism and can cause other differences. Western feminism tends to ignore or deny these differences, which discursively forces Third World women to exist within the world of Western women and their oppression to be ranked on an ethnocentric Western scale.

5997: 2655: 2048: 2201:', postcolonial theory was formed as a scholarly critique of colonial literature. By acknowledging the differences among diverse groups of women, postcolonial feminism addresses what some call the oversimplification of Western feminism as solely a resistance against sexist oppression. Postcolonial feminism, in contrast, also relates gender issues to other spheres of influence within society. 2227:

theory is limited. In this way, postcolonial feminism attempts to account for perceived weaknesses within both postcolonial theory and within Western feminism. The concept of colonization occupies many different spaces within postcolonial feminist theory; it can refer to the literal act of acquiring lands or to forms of social, discursive, political, and economic enslavement in a society.

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still exist and aims to bring these issues into feminist discourse. In the past, mainstream Western feminism has largely avoided the issue of race, relegating it to a secondary issue behind patriarchy and somewhat separate from feminism. Until more recent discourse, race was not seen as an issue that white women needed to address.

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women into smaller groups to address the unique qualities and diversity of each individual causes the entire movement of feminism to lose purpose and power. This criticism claims that postcolonial feminism is divisive, arguing that the overall feminist movement will be stronger if women can present a united front.

2301:. In sociology, postcolonial theory is a theory that is preoccupied with understanding and examining the social impacts of European colonialism, its main claim is that the modern world as it is now is impossible to understand without understanding its relation with and history of imperialism and colonial rule. 2294:. These practices are generally looked down upon by Western women, but are seen as legitimate cultural practices in many parts of the world fully supported by practicing women. Thus, the imposition of Western cultural norms may desire to improve the status of women but has the potential to lead to conflict. 2631:

each other. She also states that postcolonial feminism is “not matched with any logical or theoretical consistency” because it reduces sexuality to “the literal structure of the racial body” which is not consistent with postcolonial feminism's stance on the removal of oppressive labels and categorization.

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language coupled with an overall strategy to incorporate all women into the theoretical milieu. While efforts are made to eliminate the idea of the Third World "other", a Western Eurocentric feminist framework often presents the "other" as victim to their culture and traditions. Brina Bose highlights

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This is significant because feminist discourses are critical and liberatory in intent and are not thereby exempt from inscription in their internal power relations. The hope of postcolonial feminists is that the wider feminist movement will incorporate these vast arrays of theories which are aimed at

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Postcolonial feminism is also criticized for the implications behind its name. The term "postcolonial", consisting of the prefix "post-" and suffix "colonial", insinuates that the countries it is referring to have left the era of colonialism and are progressing from it. This way of thinking promotes

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Sara Suleri is a common critic of postcolonial feminism, in her work “Woman Skin Deep: Feminism and the Postcolonial Condition” she questions whether the language used in feminism and ethnicity were not so similar, if racial identity and feminism would be connected or “so radically inseparable” from

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from the late nineteenth century to present day. Women in Japan began questioning their place in the social class system and began questioning their roles as subjects under the Emperor. The book goes into detail about iconic Japanese women who stood out against gender oppression, including documents

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began in the early 1960s and inspired women to look at the sexist power struggles that existed within their personal lives and broadened the conversation to include issues within the workplace, issues of sexuality, family, and reproductive rights. It scored remarkable victories relating to Equal Pay

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who were reasonably able to access both resources and education. Thus, the first wave of feminism almost exclusively addressed the issues of these women who were relatively well off. The first-wavers focused on absolute rights such as suffrage and overturning other barriers to legal gender equality.

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As postcolonial feminism is itself a critique of Western feminism, criticism of postcolonial feminism is often understood as a push back from Western feminism in defense of its aims. One way in which the Western feminist movement criticizes postcolonial feminism is on the grounds that breaking down

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Postcolonial feminists are still concerned with identifying and revealing the specific effects double colonization has on female writers and how double colonization is represented and referred to in literature. However, there is an ongoing discussion among theorists about whether the patriarchal or

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highlights the differences; "Third World" nations, termed as such by North America and Europe, were characterized as underdeveloped and poor resulting in a dependency of "First World" nations for survival. This term started being widely used in the 1980s but shortly after began to receive criticism

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Postcolonial feminism began simply as a critique of both Western feminism and postcolonial theory, but later became a burgeoning method of analysis to address key issues within both fields. Unlike mainstream postcolonial theory, which focuses on the lingering impacts that colonialism has had on the

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Double colonization is a term referring to the status of women in the postcolonial world. Postcolonial and feminist theorists state that women are oppressed by both patriarchy and the colonial power, and that this is an ongoing process in many countries even after they achieved independence. Thus,

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discusses how feminism strives to fight for equality of the sexes through equal pay, equal opportunity, reproductive rights, and education. She also goes on to write about how these rights apply to women in the global South as well but that depending on their country and culture, each individual's

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Postcolonial feminists do not agree that women are a universal group and reject the idea of a global sisterhood. Thus, the examination of what truly binds women together is necessary in order to understand the goals of the feminist movements and the similarities and differences in the struggles of

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women as a composite, singular construction that is arbitrary and limiting. She states that these women are depicted in writings as victims of masculine control and of traditional culture without incorporating information about historical context and cultural differences with the Third World. This

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contributed to the creation of Postcolonial Feminism with her 1984 essay "The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House". Chandra Talpade Mohanty's essay "Under Western Eyes" also came out in 1984, analyzing the homogenizing western feminist depiction of the "third world woman." These

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Another critique of postcolonial feminism is much the same as the critiques that postcolonial feminism has for Western feminism. Like Western feminism, postcolonial feminism and Third World feminism are also in danger of being ethnocentric, limited by only addressing what is going on in their own

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Postcolonial feminism attempts to avoid speaking as if women were a homogeneous population with no differences in race, sexual preference, class, or even age. The notion of whiteness, or lack thereof, is a key issue within the postcolonial feminist movement. This is primarily due to the perceived

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With the continued rise of global debt, labor, and environmental crises, the precarious position of women (especially in the global south) has become a prevalent concern of postcolonial feminist literature. Other themes include the impact of mass migration to metropolitan urban centers, economic

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because both black feminists and postcolonial feminists argue that mainstream Western feminism fails to adequately account for racial differences. Racism has a major role to play in the discussion of postcolonial feminism. Postcolonial feminists seek to tackle the ethnic conflict and racism that

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Postcolonial feminism began as a criticism of the failure of Western feminism to cope with the complexity of postcolonial feminist issues as represented in Third World feminist movements. Postcolonial feminists seek to incorporate the struggle of women in the global South into the wider feminist

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of countries, postcolonial feminist theorists are interested in analyzing why postcolonial theory fails to address issues of gender. Postcolonial feminism also seeks to illuminate the tendency of Western feminist thought to apply its claims to women around the world because the scope of feminist

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Many of the first key theorists of postcolonial feminism hail from India and were inspired by their direct experiences with the effects that colonization had left in their society. When colonizers came to India, an importance that was not as prevalent before was placed on gender. Many women lost

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can provide an outlet for citizens to discuss various experiences from the colonial period. These can include: "migration, slavery, oppression, resistance, representation, difference, race, gender, place and responses to the influential discourses of imperial Europe." Ania Loomba critiques the

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The U.S., where Western culture flourishes most, has a majority white population of 77.4% as of the 2014 U.S. census. They have also been the majority of the population since the 16th century. Whites have had their role in the colonialism of the country since their ancestors settlement of

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from postcolonial scholarship. Naples defines the term 'postcolonial' as, "...typically applied to nations like India where a former colonial power has been removed." Both terms can be argued as problematic due to the reinforced idea of "othering" those from non-Western culture.

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Postcolonial feminism argues that by using the term "woman" as a universal group, women are then only defined by their gender and not by social class, race, ethnicity, or sexual preference. Postcolonial feminists also work to incorporate the ideas of indigenous and other

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Feminist postcolonial theorists are not always unified in their reactions to postcolonial theory and Western feminism, but as a whole, these theorists have significantly weakened the bounds of mainstream feminism. The intent of postcolonial feminism is to reduce

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in 1620. Although they ruled majority of the U.S. since their settlement, it was only the men who did the colonizing. The women were not allowed to have the same freedoms and rights that men had at the time. It was not until the victory of World War I that the

2639:. Where postcolonial theory highlighted representation and the "othering" of experience of those in the global South, transnational feminism aids in understanding "new global realities resulting from migrations and the creation of transnational communities." 2434:

argues for Third World Feminism to be reclaimed highlighting the importance of the local/national,"...in order to promote inclusive and democratic feminisms that accommodate diverse and multiple feminist perspectives of Third World women on the ground."

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Postcolonial feminism is sometimes criticized by mainstream feminism, which argues that postcolonial feminism weakens the wider feminist movement by dividing it. It is also often criticized for its Western bias which will be discussed further below.

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creates a dynamic where Western feminism functions as the norm against which the situation in the developing world is evaluated. Mohanty's primary initiative is to allow Third World women to have agency and voice within the feminist realm.

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Mohanty's argument in "Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses" goes into the same direction. She blames Western feminists of presenting women of color as one entity and failing to account for diverse experiences.

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relations throughout the nineteenth century have impacted the way particular cultures view themselves. This particular strain of feminism promotes a wider viewpoint of the complex layers of oppression that exist within any given society.

2494:: "The fact that black women are subject to the simultaneous oppression of patriarchy, class and "race" is the prime reason for not employing parallels that render their position and experience not only marginal but also invisible". 2634:

While postcolonial discourse has brought significant expansion of knowledge regarding feminist work, scholars have begun to rework and critique the field of postcolonial feminism developing a more well-rounded discourse termed

2490:. "White Woman Listen!", an essay composed by Carby, harshly critiques Western feminists who she accuses of being prejudiced and oppressors of black women rather than supporters. In this context she also talks about 2265:

women worldwide. The aim of the postcolonial feminist critique to traditional Western feminism is to strive to understand the simultaneous engagement in more than one distinct but intertwined emancipatory battle.

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failed to account for differences between women in terms of race and class—it only addressed the needs and issues of white, Western women who started the movement. Postcolonial feminism emerged as part of the

4406: 147: 2471:, a Canadian writer and editor, puts it in her essay "A Gentle Circumcision": "Try being female and living in the kingdom of the male virgin; try being female and writing in the kingdom of the male virgin." 2466:

in their anthology "A Double Colonization: Colonial and Postcolonial Women's Writing", which deals with the question of female visibility and the struggles of female writers in a primarily male's world. As

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The postcolonial feminist movements look at the gendered history of colonialism and how that continues to affect the status of women today. In the 1940s and 1950s, after the formation of the

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emerged and gave women a chance to fight for independence. It is also the reason that first-wave feminist were able to protest. Their first major accomplishment was the ratification of the

2128:. Third World feminism stems from the idea that feminism in Third World countries is not imported from the First World, but originates from internal ideologies and socio-cultural factors. 2337:

in terms of their own experiences alone, then women of Color become 'other'..." which prevents the literary work produced by women of color from being represented in mainstream feminism.

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The concept of double colonization is particularly significant when referring to colonial and postcolonial women's writing. It was first introduced in 1986 by Kirsten Holst Petersen and

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Postcolonial feminism is a relatively new stream of thought, developing primarily out of the work of the postcolonial theorists who concern themselves with evaluating how different

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This population did not include the realities of women of color who felt the force of racial oppression or economically disadvantaged women who were forced out of the home and into

4438: 152: 2240:, a principal theorist within the movement, addresses this issue in her seminal essay "Under Western Eyes". In this essay, Mohanty asserts that Western feminists write about 2165:. However, first-wave feminism did succeed in getting votes for women and also, in certain countries, changing laws relating to divorce and care and maintenance of children. 4448: 269: 5554: 3231: 1577: 2333:

In her article "Age, Race, Class and Sex: Women Redefining Difference", Lorde succinctly explained that, "as white women ignore their built-in privilege and define

4217: 2181:, which began in the 1980s, in tandem with many other racially focused feminist movements in order to reflect the diverse nature of each woman's lived experience. 5310: 2422:

Depending on feminist literature, Third World and postcolonial feminism can often be used interchangeably. In a review upon other scholars work of the two terms,

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Crowley, Ethel. "Third World Women and the Inadequacies of Western Feminism." Global Research. N.p., 8 Mar. 2014. Web. 21 Sept. 2015. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.8215621

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pointing out the universalizing tendencies of mainstream feminist ideas and argues that women living in non-Western countries are misrepresented.

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Belleau, Marie-Claire (2007). "L'intersectionnalité": Feminisms in a Divided World". In Orr; Taylor; Kahl; Earle; Rainwater; McAlister (eds.).

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Marchand, Marianne H (2009). "The future of gender and development after 9/11: insights from postcolonial feminism and transnationalism".

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Postcolonial feminism has strong ties with indigenous movements and wider postcolonial theory. It is also closely affiliated with

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Moraga, Cherrie (1981). "Refugees of a World on Fire. Forward to the Second Edition". In Cherrie Moraga; Gloria Anzaldua (eds.).

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Lorde, Audre (1983). "The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House". In Moraga, Cherríe; Anzaldúa, Gloria (eds.).

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terrorism, and how to decolonize the imagination from the multiple binds of writing as a woman of color. Pivotal novels include

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Mohanty, Chandra Talpade (2003-01-01). ""Under Western Eyes" Revisited: Feminist Solidarity through Anticapitalist Struggles".

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power and economic autonomy as men gained much more of it, and this had a lasting effect even after India gained independence

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Writers that are usually identified with the topic of double colonization and critique on Western feminism are for example

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Mackie, Vera C. Feminism in Modern Japan: Citizenship, Embodiment, and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. Print.

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Though postcolonial feminism was supposed to represent the evolution of Third World into a more reformed ideology,

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In the article "Third World Women and the Inadequacies of Western Feminism", Ethel Crowley, sociology professor at

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Chatterjee, Sushmita (2016-02-01). "What Does It Mean to Be a Postcolonial Feminist? The Artwork of Mithu Sen".

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about Puerto Rican independence. Other major works of postcolonial feminist literature include novels by

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Changing the terms: Community activism, globalization, and the dilemmas of transnational feminist praxis

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by white people is a main contributor to the inequality of rights in the United States. In the book

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the colonial aspect are more pressing and which topic should be addressed more intensively.

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works, along with many others, were foundational to the formation of postcolonial feminism.

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world. Postcolonial feminism originated in the 1980s as a critique of feminist theorists in

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McClintock, Anne (1992). "The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term "Post-Colonialism".

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that developed as a response to feminism focusing solely on the experiences of women in

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Essence of Culture and a Sense of History: A Feminist Critique of Cultural Essentialism

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In order to understand the postcolonial feminist theory, one must first understand the

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Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge

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and the removal of gender based discriminatory practices. First and second-wave

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Lorde, Audra (1984). "Age, Class, Race, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference".

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originated in the late nineteenth century, it arose as a movement among white,

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The history of modern feminist movements can be divided into three waves. When

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and former colonies. Postcolonial feminism seeks to account for the way that

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Narayan, Uma (2000). "Decentering the Center". In Narayan; Harding (eds.).

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Ali, Suki (2007-03-01). "Feminism and Postcolonial: Knowledge/Politics".

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Re-orienting western feminisms: women's diversity in a postcolonial world

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Colonialism/postcolonialism: Situating colonial and postcolonial studies

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women are colonized in a twofold way by imperialism and male dominance.

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The term is also in relation with other strands of feminism, such as

2101: 4191: 4117: 3826: 3665: 2972: 2390:. Some of the women that led the first-wave feminist movement were 3908:"Novelization in Decolonization, or, Postcolonialism Reconsidered" 3777:

Precarious crossings: Immigration, Neoliberalism, and the Atlantic

3280:"Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses" 3035:"Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses" 2473: 2348: 2313: 2139: 2104:

and the long-lasting political, economic, and cultural effects of

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Engendering Critique: Postnational Feminism in Postcolonial Syria

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describes the history of feminist rights and women's activism in

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A Double Colonization Colonial and Post-Colonial Women's Writing

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This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color

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This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color

3315:. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. p. 54. 4218:"Key Issues in Postcolonial Feminism: A Western Perspective" 4249: 4102:"Woman Skin Deep: Feminism and the Postcolonial Condition" 3232:"Feminist Encounters: locating the politics of experience" 2957:"Women Skin Deep: Feminism and the Postcolonial Condition" 4245:

https://public.wsu.edu/~amerstu/dis/content/12-00/1a.html

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Mills, Sara (1998). Stevi Jackson; Jackie Jones (eds.).

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of the United States and the oppression that came with

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Chandra Talpade Mohanty, author of "Under Western Eyes"

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Privilege Revealed: How Invisible Preference Undermines

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Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)

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Feminist politics: identity, difference, and agency

2527:about two sisters in pre and post war Nigeria, and 16:

Branch of feminism centered in non-Western cultures

3157: 2886:. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. 3207:. New York: Kitchen Table Press. pp. 94–101. 3002: 3000: 3505:. New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press. 3485:. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. pp. 114–123. 2771:(2nd which page? ed.). Oxford : Blackwell. 2769:Feminist practice & poststructuralist theory 3811:""Women of Color" Writers and Feminist Theory" 3654:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 3236:Social Postmodernism: beyond identity politics 4265: 4240:," Women's Studies Quarterly Vol. 42, No. 3/4 3780:. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press. 3760:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 46. 3567:"Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015)" 2070: 8: 3225: 3223: 2853:(Rev. ed.). New Delhi: Kali for Women. 3530:Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism 2851:Feminism and nationalism in the Third World 2321:wrote about postcolonial feminism and race. 2124:feminist movements into mainstream Western 2108:affect non-white, non-Western women in the 5865: 5023:African-American women's suffrage movement 4488: 4293: 4272: 4258: 4250: 3756:Carby, Hazel V. Mirza, Heidi Safia (ed.). 3377:Postcolonialism: A Very Short Introduction 2077: 2063: 1890: 1262: 1192: 962:African-American women's suffrage movement 294: 52: 18: 3494: 3492: 3295: 3238:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3071:"Gender and Imperialism in British India" 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 2874: 2872: 2870: 4968:Discrimination against transgender women 3622:"White Privilege and Affirmative Action" 3192:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 3183: 3181: 3033:Mohanty, Chandra Talpade (Autumn 1988). 2838:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2762: 2760: 2372:Colonial and postcolonial race influence 2364:claims have been referred to by some as 907:Discrimination against transgender women 3412:Kramarae, Cheris; Dale Spender (2000). 2756: 2017: 1893: 1330: 437: 354: 170: 133: 100: 30: 3711:Post-Colonial Studies The Key Concepts 3386:10.1093/actrade/9780192801821.001.0001 3013:Feminist Postcolonial Theory: A Reader 5311:Post-structuralist discourse analysis 4588:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary 3769: 3767: 3732: 3730: 3647: 3645: 3523: 3521: 3445:Nolen, Jeannette L. (22 April 2024). 3425: 3423: 3108: 3106: 3104: 2601:: The Two Grandmothers (belletristic) 7: 3483:Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches 3069:Liddle, Joanna; Joshi, Rama (1985). 2907: 2905: 2903: 2418:Relationship to Third World feminism 3713:. Routledge. 2000. pp. 66–67. 2282:Relationship to postcolonial theory 3470:. Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press. 3278:Mohanty, Chandra; Talpade (1988). 14: 6049:Feminist movements and ideologies 3549:"Veils and postcolonial feminism" 3230:Mohanty, Chandra Talpade (1995). 3164:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc. 2357:experience and needs are unique. 2256:Relationship to Western feminisms 2144:Feminism logo originating in 1970 6017: 6008: 6007: 5995: 5555:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4978:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 4071:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2010.01137.x 2653: 2502:Postcolonial feminist literature 2046: 1578:Democratic Republic of the Congo 917:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 38: 2801:Progress in Development Studies 2568:Zami: A New Spelling of My Name 4055:"Toward a Decolonial Feminism" 3881:Kiunguyu, Kylie (2018-02-12). 3416:. New York, London: Routledge. 3190:Contemporary Feminist Theories 2193:In efforts to move away from ' 2010:Women's suffrage organizations 1: 3856:Upmanyu, Aditi (2017-08-16). 3075:Economic and Political Weekly 2517:about the lynching of women, 5917:Suffragists and suffragettes 4236:Gould, Rebecca Ruth (2014) " 3951:Riofrio, John (2020-03-01). 3374:Young, Robert J. C. (2003). 2849:Jayawardena, Kumari (1986). 2414:, and many other movements. 1995:Suffragists and suffragettes 1925:American feminist literature 4243:Lugo-Lugo. Carmen R (2000) 4004:Journal of American Studies 3920:10.1007/978-3-030-14980-2_9 3774:Perisic, Alexandra (2019). 3380:. Oxford University Press. 2561:, and the autobiography of 1235:Views on transgender topics 1225:Views on sexual orientation 6085: 3969:10.1057/s41276-019-00239-2 3355:"Postcolonial feminisms". 2813:10.1177/146499340100100201 5989: 4998:Female genital mutilation 4407:Majority-Muslim countries 4161:10.1080/01436590902959149 4016:10.1017/S0021875809990041 3998:Pearl, Monica B. (2009). 3906:Hitchcock, Peter (2019). 3809:Homans, Margaret (1994). 3737:Holst Petersen, Kirsten; 3127:10.1080/01419870601143877 3115:Ethnic and Racial Studies 3044:: 333–358. Archived from 2735:Sex segregation and Islam 2292:female genital mutilation 2250:Trinity College of Dublin 2026:Women's rights by country 937:Female genital mutilation 5964:Women's studies journals 5922:Women's rights activists 4483:Movements and ideologies 3244:10.1017/CBO9780511520792 2607:: Between Women (poetry) 2031:Feminists by nationality 2005:Women's studies journals 2000:Women's rights activists 728:Movements and ideologies 6069:Intersectional feminism 5508:International relations 4053:Lugones, Marìa (2010). 3160:Culture and Imperialism 2792:McEwan, Cheryl (2001). 2611:Chandra Talpade Mohanty 2534:United States of Banana 2488:Chandra Talpade Mohanty 2238:Chandra Talpade Mohanty 1419:International relations 290:Intersectional variants 6059:Multicultural feminism 5937:Conservative feminisms 5237:Women in the workforce 5205:Violence against women 5180:Sexual objectification 5140:Opposition to feminism 4347:Bicycling and feminism 4216:Weedon, Chris (2002). 3758:Black British Feminism 3015:. New York: Routledge. 2767:Weedon, Chris (2000). 2740:Transnational feminism 2637:transnational feminism 2479: 2396:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 2322: 2224:political institutions 2179:third wave of feminism 2145: 1945:Conservative feminisms 1200:Bicycling and feminism 1176:Women in the workforce 1144:Violence against women 1119:Sexual objectification 1079:Opposition to feminism 346:Vegetarian ecofeminism 5977:Women in peacekeeping 5518:Revisionist mythology 4961:Children's literature 4149:Third World Quarterly 4100:Suleri, Sara (1992). 3464:Lorde, Audre (1984). 3156:Said, Edward (1993). 2955:Suleri, Sara (1992). 2675:Coloniality of gender 2477: 2317: 2222:current economic and 2143: 2090:Postcolonial feminism 1975:Feminist rhetoricians 1965:Feminist philosophers 1517:Revisionist mythology 1220:Views on prostitution 1205:Criticism of marriage 900:Children's literature 6064:Feminism and history 5420:Pathways perspective 5266:Gender mainstreaming 5185:Substantive equality 5165:Reproductive justice 5115:Matriarchal religion 4973:Diversity (politics) 3914:. pp. 177–194. 3815:New Literary History 3699:. London: Routledge. 3620:Law, Sylvia (1999). 3434:. London: Routledge. 2605:Shirley Geok-lin Lim 2524:Half of a Yellow Sun 2514:The Fall of the Iman 2388:Nineteenth Amendment 2169:Second-wave feminism 1955:Feminist art critics 1930:Feminist comic books 1887:Lists and categories 1566:By continent/country 1397:Pathways perspective 1280:Gender mainstreaming 1215:Views on pornography 1124:Substantive equality 1104:Reproductive justice 1054:Matriarchal religion 912:Diversity (politics) 853:Political lesbianism 163:Other women's rights 6002:Feminism portal 5882:Ecofeminist authors 5732:Trinidad and Tobago 5672:Republic of Ireland 5533:Composition studies 5215:Women's empowerment 5170:Sex workers' rights 5095:Feminist capitalism 5075:Internalized sexism 5013:Feminism in culture 4896:Kurdish (Jineology) 3629:University of Akron 3596:www.genderforum.org 3547:Cawley, Stephanie. 2705:Indigenous feminism 2695:History of feminism 2492:"triple" oppression 2450:Double colonization 2299:postcolonial theory 2150:first-wave feminism 2114:developed countries 2053:Feminism portal 1960:Feminist economists 1950:Ecofeminist authors 1755:Trinidad and Tobago 1695:Republic of Ireland 1387:Composition studies 1154:Women's empowerment 1109:Sex workers' rights 1034:Feminist capitalism 1014:Internalized sexism 952:Feminism in culture 65:History of feminism 5378:Literary criticism 5256:Complementarianism 4983:Effects on society 4951:Complementarianism 4763:Women's liberation 3297:10.1057/fr.1988.42 2926:10.1111/hypa.12225 2519:Chimamanda Adichie 2480: 2323: 2146: 1365:Literary criticism 1230:Views on sexuality 922:Effects on society 890:Complementarianism 870:Women's liberation 625:Religious variants 599:trans-exclusionary 317:Radical lesbianism 6031: 6030: 5985: 5984: 5395:Political ecology 5301:Écriture féminine 5200:Triple oppression 5190:Toxic masculinity 5175:Sexual harassment 5040:Feminist stripper 5018:Feminist movement 4937: 4936: 4875:Ethnic and racial 4476: 4475: 4222:Genderealisations 3929:978-3-030-14979-6 3862:Feminism In India 3787:978-0-8142-1410-7 3745:. Dangaroo Press. 3720:978-0-203-93347-3 3395:978-0-19-177545-1 3322:978-0-7425-4778-0 3081:(43): WS72–WS78. 2860:978-0-86232-265-6 2778:978-0-631-19825-3 2720:Latinx philosophy 2710:Intersectionality 2700:Imperial feminism 2579:Indigenous people 2432:Ranjoo Seodu Herr 2412:Latinx philosophy 2366:imperial feminism 2310:Race and religion 2087: 2086: 2038: 2037: 1557: 1556: 1547:womanist theology 1490:Political ecology 1321:Écriture féminine 1248: 1247: 1139:Triple oppression 1129:Toxic masculinity 1114:Sexual harassment 979:Feminist stripper 957:Feminist movement 518: 517: 449:Africana womanism 280: 279: 6076: 6021: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5866: 5849:History of women 5326:Political theory 5227: 5220:Women-only space 5105:Likeability trap 4993:Female education 4489: 4484: 4444:African-American 4374:Women's suffrage 4365: 4352:Feminist history 4294: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4251: 4233: 4228:. 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Anthony 2384:Roaring Twenties 2197:' stemmed from ' 2195:grand narratives 2163:blue-collar jobs 2098:Western cultures 2079: 2072: 2065: 2051: 2050: 2049: 1990:Feminist parties 1985:Muslim feminists 1980:Jewish feminists 1891: 1872:History of women 1495:Political theory 1263: 1193: 1166: 1159:Women-only space 1044:Likeability trap 932:Female education 746:Anti-pornography 601: 600: 596: 312:Lesbian of color 295: 172:Women's suffrage 148:Muslim countries 143:Women's suffrage 60:Feminist history 53: 42: 19: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6054:Feminist theory 6044:Postcolonialism 6034: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6018: 5996: 5994: 5981: 5925: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5764:Northern Cyprus 5536: 5528:Science fiction 5321:Oedipus complex 5281:Women's studies 5243: 5242: 5241: 5225: 5135:Oedipus complex 5125:Men in feminism 5090:Language reform 5070:Ideal womanhood 5050:Gender equality 5045:Formal equality 5008:Feminationalism 4933: 4901:Native American 4870: 4869: 4868: 4767: 4677:Post-structural 4482: 4472: 4368: 4361: 4357:Women's history 4335: 4283: 4278: 4215: 4212: 4207: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4052: 4051: 4047: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3930: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3891: 3889: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3866: 3864: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3788: 3773: 3772: 3765: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3741:, eds. (1986). 3736: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3695:Naples (2002). 3694: 3693: 3689: 3651: 3650: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3605: 3603: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3527: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3467:Sister Outsider 3463: 3462: 3458: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3430:Loomba (1998). 3429: 3428: 3421: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3357:Feminist Theory 3354: 3353: 3349: 3338:Feminist Theory 3335: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3284:Feminist Review 3277: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3261: 3254: 3229: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3112: 3111: 3102: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3042:Feminist Review 3037: 3032: 3031: 3020: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2983: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2911: 2910: 2901: 2894: 2880:Bulbeck, Chilla 2878: 2877: 2868: 2861: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2796: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2685:Global feminism 2680:Feminationalism 2661:Feminism portal 2659: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2620: 2595: 2593:Further reading 2559:Sandra Cisneros 2504: 2469:Aritha van Herk 2464:Anna Rutherford 2452: 2424:Nancy A. Naples 2420: 2400:white privilege 2379:Plymouth Colony 2374: 2312: 2303:Postcolonialism 2284: 2258: 2207: 2174:feminist theory 2138: 2083: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2039: 1941: 1888: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1787:Northern Cyprus 1567: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1375:Science fiction 1326: 1305:Women's studies 1270:Feminist method 1260: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1190: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1164: 1074:Oedipus complex 1064:Men in feminism 1029:Language reform 1009:Ideal womanhood 989:Gender equality 984:Formal equality 947:Feminationalism 884: 876: 875: 874: 831:Post-structural 730: 720: 719: 718: 627: 617: 616: 615: 598: 595:Gender-critical 594: 593: 544:Femonationalism 528: 520: 519: 514: 493:Native American 433: 388:Critical theory 350: 292: 282: 281: 276: 231:Second Republic 159: 129: 96: 70:Women's history 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6082: 6080: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6036: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6015: 6005: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5970:SCUM Manifesto 5966: 5961: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5872: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5841: 5839:United Kingdom 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5513:Existentialism 5510: 5505: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5469:Existentialism 5466: 5465: 5464: 5462:Justice ethics 5454: 5449: 5444: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5261:Gender studies 5258: 5253: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5232:Women's rights 5229: 5226:Women's health 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5110:Male privilege 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5079:International 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4558: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4446: 4441: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4422:United Kingdom 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4241: 4234: 4232:on 2016-03-03. 4211: 4210:External links 4208: 4206: 4205: 4192:10.2307/466219 4174: 4155:(5): 921–935. 4139: 4118:10.1086/448655 4112:(4): 756–769. 4092: 4065:(4): 742–759. 4045: 4010:(2): 297–317. 3990: 3957:Latino Studies 3943: 3928: 3898: 3887:This is africa 3873: 3848: 3827:10.2307/469441 3801: 3786: 3763: 3748: 3726: 3719: 3702: 3687: 3666:10.1086/342914 3660:(2): 499–535. 3641: 3612: 3590:Reinsch, Ole. 3582: 3571:www.census.gov 3558: 3555:on 2019-07-03. 3539: 3517: 3508: 3488: 3473: 3456: 3437: 3419: 3401: 3394: 3366: 3347: 3328: 3321: 3303: 3270: 3252: 3219: 3210: 3195: 3177: 3170: 3148: 3121:(2): 191–212. 3100: 3061: 3018: 3007:Lewis, Reina; 2996: 2981: 2973:10.1086/448655 2947: 2899: 2892: 2866: 2859: 2841: 2826: 2784: 2777: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2690:Gypsy feminism 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2648: 2645: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2594: 2591: 2551:Cherríe Moraga 2503: 2500: 2484:Hazel V. Carby 2451: 2448: 2440:Black feminism 2419: 2416: 2373: 2370: 2354:Chilla Bulbeck 2345:Vera C. Mackie 2327:black feminism 2311: 2308: 2288:United Nations 2283: 2280: 2257: 2254: 2206: 2203: 2137: 2134: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1970:Feminist poets 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1939: 1937:Feminist songs 1934: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1913:by nationality 1905: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1864: 1862:United Kingdom 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1473:Existentialism 1470: 1469: 1468: 1466:Justice ethics 1458: 1453: 1448: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1424:Constructivism 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331:Areas of study 1328: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1275:Gender studies 1272: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1240:SCUM Manifesto 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1196: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1171:Women's rights 1168: 1165:Women's health 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1049:Male privilege 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1018:International 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 975: 974: 969: 964: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 903: 902: 892: 886: 885: 882: 881: 878: 877: 873: 872: 867: 865:Technofeminism 862: 861: 860: 855: 850: 840: 839: 838: 828: 823: 822: 821: 820: 819: 809: 804: 794: 793: 792: 791: 790: 775: 770: 765: 764: 763: 758: 748: 743: 738: 732: 731: 726: 725: 722: 721: 717: 716: 711: 710: 709: 699: 694: 689: 688: 687: 682: 677: 667: 666: 665: 660: 655: 650: 640: 635: 629: 628: 623: 622: 619: 618: 614: 613: 608: 603: 590: 589: 588: 583: 578: 568: 563: 562: 561: 551: 546: 541: 536: 530: 529: 527:Other variants 526: 525: 522: 521: 516: 515: 513: 512: 507: 502: 497: 496: 495: 485: 484: 483: 473: 472: 471: 466: 461: 451: 445: 442: 441: 435: 434: 432: 431: 426: 425: 424: 419: 409: 408: 407: 397: 396: 395: 390: 380: 375: 374: 373: 362: 359: 358: 352: 351: 349: 348: 343: 342: 341: 331: 326: 325: 324: 319: 314: 304: 298: 293: 288: 287: 284: 283: 278: 277: 275: 274: 273: 272: 262: 261: 260: 255: 253:Cayman Islands 248:United Kingdom 245: 240: 239: 238: 233: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 179: 176: 175: 168: 167: 166: 165: 158: 157: 156: 155: 150: 139: 136: 135: 131: 130: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 106: 103: 102: 98: 97: 95: 94: 93: 92: 87: 82: 77: 67: 62: 56: 51: 48: 47: 44: 43: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6081: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6024: 6016: 6014: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5844:United States 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5692:Latin America 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5523:Technoscience 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5373:Art criticism 5371: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5286:Men's studies 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5195:Transmisogyny 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5155:Purplewashing 5153: 5151: 5150:Protofeminism 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5065:Honor killing 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4931: 4928: 4926: 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4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4509:Anti-abortion 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4479: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4434:United States 4432: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 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3220: 3214: 3211: 3206: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3171:9780394587387 3167: 3162: 3161: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3051:on 2015-06-21 3047: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2982:9780415345651 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893:9780521589758 2889: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2807:(2): 93–111. 2806: 2802: 2795: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2730:Purplewashing 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2617: 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Zealand 5754:Netherlands 5486:Pornography 5474:Metaphysics 5415:Criminology 5410:Archaeology 5383:Film theory 5085:Women's Day 4835:Ecofeminist 4694:Reactionary 4642:Materialist 4417:Switzerland 4412:New Zealand 4331:Fourth-wave 4314:Second-wave 4184:Social Text 2587:bourgeoisie 2563:Audre Lorde 2543:Fatou Diome 2362:Eurocentric 2319:Audre Lorde 2242:Third World 2232:Audre Lorde 2183:Audre Lorde 2122:Third World 2106:colonialism 1822:South Korea 1802:Philippines 1782:New Zealand 1777:Netherlands 1500:Pornography 1478:Metaphysics 1392:Criminology 1370:Film theory 1345:Archaeology 1024:Women's Day 826:Libertarian 768:Ecofeminism 685:Ecofeminist 566:Reactionary 559:Neofeminism 500:Multiracial 405:Ecofeminist 400:Materialist 243:Switzerland 223:New Zealand 6038:Categories 5942:Literature 5887:Economists 5607:Bangladesh 5541:By country 5491:Psychology 5447:Empiricism 5442:Aesthetics 5437:Philosophy 5296:Patriarchy 5276:Matriarchy 5081:Girl's Day 5060:Girl power 5033:In hip hop 4956:Literature 4891:Indigenous 4830:Reclaiming 4726:Standpoint 4699:Separatism 4672:Postmodern 4566:Vegetarian 4556:Difference 4499:Analytical 4326:Third-wave 4309:First-wave 3892:2020-10-20 3867:2020-10-20 3796:1096294244 3606:2016-04-21 3576:2016-03-17 3451:Britannica 3264:2018-08-31 3055:2013-04-22 3009:Sara Mills 2752:References 2018:Categories 1920:Literature 1630:Bangladesh 1505:Psychology 1451:Empiricism 1446:Aesthetics 1441:Philosophy 1315:Patriarchy 1300:Matriarchy 1020:Girl's Day 999:Girl power 972:In hip hop 895:Literature 858:Separatist 836:Postmodern 802:Difference 736:Analytical 680:Reclaiming 488:Indigenous 393:Standpoint 322:Separatist 174:by country 5697:Argentina 5657:Indonesia 5647:Hong Kong 5602:Australia 5503:Seriality 5427:Geography 5353:Sociology 5306:Economics 5291:Kyriarchy 4793:Christian 4773:Religious 4714:Socialist 4504:Anarchist 4449:States of 4387:Australia 4169:144522258 4134:162324294 4126:0093-1896 4087:143897451 4079:0887-5367 4040:145600404 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