Postcolonial international relations

1188:. These scholars argue that the abstraction of the West that is used in postcolonial studies understates the central role of capitalism in the world system and the centrality of capitalism in colonialism. They emphasize the forced integration of colonized societies into a hegemonic, capitalist world system, and the destruction of existing ways of life as being central to the story of colonialism. Postcolonial critics problematize the tendency to view capitalism as a historical inevitability, and to equate capitalist development with progress that begins in Europe. When colonialism and transatlantic slavery are acknowledged in the literature, these processes are often placed in the distant past rather than as foundations of our current economic system. The colonization of the Americas by Spain, Portugal, Britain, and the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries created a new Atlantic economic system which rested on the violent capture and transport of over 13 million Africans. This slave-based production fueled the development of industry for Western Europe and directly structured the capitalist present. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the dispossession of indigenous people from their land and the extraction of their resources was foundational for the economic development of Europe. The development of capitalism was dependent on the simultaneous colonial dispossession in North America and the systematic trade of human beings from Africa. These processes continued beyond the postwar period, with the emergence of 1870:, Nkrumah describes imperialist nations as deliberately perpetuating African poverty and structural economic backwards, whilst Western nations enrich themselves at the expense of the African economies and peoples. Since the 'dangers of Communist subversion' became a growing concern in affecting former colonized nations, Nkrumah describes the West's realization of this occurring as 'two-edged', as it brought notice to the possibility of a change in regime to socialism. Nkrumah intended to fend off imperialist influence through a 'scientific socialist' form of unity, acting as a further reaction along with postcolonialism IR against global capitalism's dominance of economic modernity. Whilst Nkrumah's vision of a united African society was 'explicitly consonant with Marxist–Leninist theory', Nkrumah still contributed to postcolonialism IR on capitalism through extended the concept of class to a global scale beyond economics; identifying a global class of oppressed peoples, rather than focusing on the traditional class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. Therefore, the acting up of the West, through means such as 1206: 1736:. Radical Black Peace Activism encompassed the interconnection between the cessation of global conflict, disarmament, non-proliferation, racial equality. Du Bois harnessed the shared principles and was well known for speaking to these points. Du Bois saw a link between the mistreatment of black people through the colonial systems of power and sought a change. Du Bois "argued for the necessity of anti-racism and anti-imperialism alongside antiwar activism." Du Bois helped in pioneering the connection between racism, colonial imperial and a just end to the war. All three of the concepts interworked into the work as a united form of oppression. Du Bois sought to work through colonialism through the means of Radical Black Peace Activism. Du Bois's activism and literature was focused around the effect of antiwar politics enframed the material and political realities of dispossessed persons. 2014:, Al-e Ahmad claims that national liberation movements and the nationalization of resources have forced Western countries to shift their tactics. Now, the Western emissaries arrive in more "acceptable garb" as consultants and advisors for organizations like UNESCO. This change also saw the West desire more than just the raw materials they had been extracting and importing — they began also gathering and studying the "abundant spiritual goods" of the East. The myths, religions, cultures, and anthropologies of the Eastern world became the object of interest of Western academics and intellectuals. Despite this, Al-e Ahmad contends that occidentosis has caused many Iranians to ignore and minimize their own art, music, traditions, and histories. "Why shouldn't the nations of the East wake up to see what treasures they hold?", he asks. 1098:"That widespread human proclivity creates a fundamental political problem: the mutual accommodation and orderly coexistence of those assorted political groups that share the finite territory of the planet and cannot usually retreat into splendid isolation. How can their relations be arranged and managed so that they can live side by side in an orderly and peaceful way and enjoy an opportunity to flourish domestically in their own distinctive ways? The international society of locally sovereign states based on the principles of equal sovereignty, territorial integrity, and non‐intervention can be understood as a practical institutional response to that problem. Understood in that way, international society is an arrangement to uphold human equality and human freedom around the world." 1597:. According to Said, we begin to read texts "with a simultaneous awareness both of the metropolitan history that is narrated and of those other histories against which the dominating discourse acts." A contrapuntal reading of mainstream IR makes visible the erasures and silences that IR has rendered possible. Academics like Geeta Chowdhry see contrapuntality as a means to "engender the articulation of exiled voices into IR." While mainstream IR is preoccupied with "the state as the unit of analysis" and the absence of "considerations of gender and ethnicity," "a contrapuntal story about IR narrates a different international relations into existence." Thus, the voices of the colonized emerge as primary agents rather than as passive actors within the colonial story. 1363: 914:. Postcolonial studies are traditionally situated in the humanities, which has had two main consequences in the context of their connection to international relations. Firstly, they have been marginalized in the disciplines of political science and international relations due to their unscientific character. This has made the utilization of a postcolonial lens on International Relations more difficult, since there is barely any practical academic overlap between the two disciplines at universities. Secondly, postcolonial thought is frequently understood to not be political enough. This is a critique often echoed in relation to postmodernist thought, for example 1014:

relation to the larger discipline. A middle-ground approach to the question suggests to keep an intellectual distance without completely disengaging from critique of international relations. Proponents of this approach argue that a marginal disciplinary position for postcolonial thought provides advantages to pointing out academic and cultural erasure in knowledge production and the field of international relations. They further insist that there is a need for a continued postcolonial critique of international relations, since the field plays a significant role in the understanding and management of international affairs on the political stage. A

1719:". Racial segregation led to many debates between African American leaders regarding the best course of action for the uplifting of the race. The "colour line" can be described as the division of people according to racial classifications and was rooted in America. Du Bois concluded that one of the ways to combat the oppressive nature of the racial hierarchy was through higher education. Education was crucial for matching the Negro's genius to that of Whites, according to Du Bois. He became a pioneer and advocate for ensuring black people received the highest forms of education. Du Bois's early works such as 1998:, Al-e Ahmad likens occidentosis to a disease, an "accident from without, spreading in an environment rendered susceptible to it." He delineates two camps: the Occident — the industrialized nations of Europe and North America — and the "hungry nations" of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East that provide the raw materials that the Occident transforms into purchasable goods. Occidentosis describes the era in which the East — the hungry nations of the world — have not yet "developed the machine", and instead are subservient to the Western nations that sell their refined products back to them. 1663: 1169:, Joseph Inikori, argues that there is a direct relationship between slave-based economies and economic development in Britain. Central to Inikori's argument is how the origins of finance, a defining feature of the global capitalism we recognize today, are found in transatlantic slave-based trade. The major role of financial institutions in global capitalism can be traced to this period, where the development of banking, the stock exchange, insurance companies, and some of the first joint stock companies were created in the context of the transatlantic economy. 1965:. The fall of the nationalists from power saw Al-e Ahmad lose interest in organized politics and return to literature, poetry, and anthropology. He would eventually discover a renewed interest in Islam and its role in Iranian culture and history — completing his ideological journey. These political transformations reflected the complexity of Iranian politics at the time and led to him being referred to as "a socialist, an anticolonial nationalist, and a towering Muslim intellectual." It was during this time that he wrote his most seminal work: 1319:

dependency on White society for some sense of validation. Fanon expands by asserting that for educated Black people, education and, by extension, assimilation, are tools of escaping their "inferior" status under White colonial regimes. In other words, under colonial regimes, Black people have been severed from their origins and rendered inferior. As a means of upward mobility in White colonial regimes, Black people will attempt to imitate the culture of their White colonisers as a means of being perceived as less inferior.

1924: 880:, who is said to have been influenced by Mazrui through a close professional adversarial relationship. Shortly after, however, international relations scholars turned away from this development. In the 1970s and 1980s, international relations became more westernized, dubbed the "American Social Science", and excluded postcolonial scholars like Mazrui that would challenge some of the foundational theories of international relations. This time period also gave rise to 876:", a stance that reflected a general political interest of the West in the decolonization movements of the former European colonies. Through scholars like Mazrui, whose origins and perspective situated them outside the western mainstream of the discipline, for a few years, scholars within mainstream international relations were influenced to ask questions about the "Third World" in a more postcolonial context. One example of this is Australian scholar 974: 31: 5533: 564: 1054:, etc. A lens of postcolonialism challenges what Sanjay Seth calls a "centrality accorded to Europe as the historical source and origin of the international order". The postcolonial critique requires scholars to investigate and confront the IR scientific knowledge structures that reflect and replicate the power dynamics that characterize the colonial experience. The critiques calls into question the 852: 961:" has been depicted by Western society as being underdeveloped and inferior. Postcolonial IR compares global colonial power dynamics to critique the subjectivity of the cultural and ideological "Other" of international relations, which is embodied by the portrayal of colonized countries and their people as subordinate to European nations. Spivak uses the concept of the 1581:

in IR, where the universalizing claims of 'general theory' are called into question." Mainstream IR, with its emphasis on the "universal, rational and global," assumes theoretical applicability within any time and space. But traveling theory contends that IR's Western-centric theoretical frameworks may not possess the same analytical power within other regions.

1332:(1961) is a psychiatric analysis of the dehumanization of colonial subject peoples under colonialism and is often most well known for its defense of the use of violence by colonized peoples against their colonizers in the struggle to achieve liberation. Presented as an analysis of the impacts of colonialism on personal and societal mental health, 1293:, Fanon was dispatched to the North African theatre war and later Metropolitan France itself. His period of military service led to experience even greater racism, which only further disgusted him. Upon his return to Martinique at the end of the war in 1945, Fanon assisted his former mentor, Césaire, in his bid as a parliamentary delegate of the 1650:, Mudimbe states that "Western interpreters have been using categories and conceptual systems which depend on a Western epistemological order." Power dynamics in mainstream IR depend heavily on the state's preferences and capabilities. Mudimbe, like Said, asserts that power is instead situated within knowledge; the latter derives from 1824:

upon applying an Afrocentric perspective of history in order to revive an African national consciousness subverted by imperialism. Founding pan-Africanism ideology in the unity and oneness of the African people, Nkrumah believed that the only way to overcome false consciousness of the oppressed was to unite against neocolonialism.

828:. The work of these scholars can be considered postcolonial because they stressed global solidarity of liberation movements, questioned racial hierarchies that placed Black people at the bottom, and explored the relationship of race and empire in shaping global power dynamics. Influential in postcolonial IR theory, scholars like 1282:, and likewise was the founder of the Négritude movement, as a young man, Fanon's early intellectual ideas were in large part shaped by those of his mentor. In addition to the intellectual ideas of his mentor, Fanon's work was also in large part shaped by his personal experiences with white European racism under colonialism. 1903:'s analysis of capitalism a stage further, as Nkrumah only contributes to this through attempting to carry Lenin's analysis of imperialism a level higher. From here, Mazuri proclaims that this new "phenomenon" of neocolonialism lacked the inner constraint accountability; it was the most irresponsible form of imperialism. 1289:, Fanon's native Martinique fell under the occupation of the Vichy French navy. Fanon grew disgusted with the oppressive regime of the occupation, describing the soldiers of the Vichy French occupiers as having shed their masks and behaving like proper, "authentic racists." Upon successfully joining the army of 2058:

represented a turning point in Iranian political thought, particularly in regards to Iran's understanding of itself as a postcolonial entity. While many anticolonial and anti-imperial critiques had been written, they were often still created as a product relative to and derivative of Western thought.

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where he writes about the solidarity between the "hungry" Eastern nations. Mimicking the language used by the West, he writes, "... we — the Iranians — fall into the category of the backward and developing nations: we have more points in common with them than points of difference." In summarizing his

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international politics', but rather 'parochially celebrate and defend or promote the West as the proactive subject of 'world politics'. This imbalanced power dynamics, as a result, has left an implicit Euro-centrism in theoretical and empirical literature which postcolonialism critically aims to rid.

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emphasizing the continuation of Neo-colonialism as the 'Last Stage of Imperialism' where the economies of independent states remain directed and exploited by former colonizers. In turn, Nkrumah's prime ministry and presidency saw a commitment to forming a united independent African continent, as seen

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and the globalization of the processes of production. This transnationalization of power has resulted in processes both of fragmentation and unity of nations under global capitalism. Despite Europe and the United States experiencing declining power in the world economy as nation-states, they continue

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and Kinou A. Gaching'a depicted Mazuri's critique as an "excellent illustration" of the misdirected brilliance of African scholarship. They discredit Mazuri's representation of Nkrumah as a puppet of Lenin, as he dismisses non-congruent facts in order to preserve his elegant model. More credit, they

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Developed during the Cold War environment, Nkrumah believed that the major political weapon of the capitalist-imperialist was the false consciousness, his work reflected the ongoing transformations to the traditional structures of imperialism and territorial colonialization in the West. In following

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interrupted the expression of the shared heritage of the African people, resulting in a generated cultural confusion which could only be resolved through the 'ethical imposition of the African conscience'. Here, it is clear that such notions contributes to postcolonial IR as it dives deeper into the

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writes that Mudimbe's central thesis is about the invention of Africa whereas Said's is about the invention of the Orient. Despite arising from distinct origins, both scholars challenge the benevolence of Western epistemology while applying it to different global contexts. To Said, Orientalism is "a

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Said's traveling theory asserts that "theories sometimes 'travel' to other times and situations." Along the way, these theories lose their original power and rebelliousness the farther they travel from the place of their inception. Mark Salter writes that traveling theory "has a particular resonance

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to describe those that are excluded from cultural hegemonic discourse, and have very little or no agency to speak on their oppression. Said argues that taking a political stance of those experiencing ongoing victimization from colonial, capitalist, and patriarchal world order is essential to disrupt

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Ultimately for Nkrumah, the developed countries in the Global North succeeded through 'exporting their internal problems and transferring the conflict between rich and power from the national to the international stage'. Therefore, postcolonialism and his vision of Pan-Africanism aligned in viewing

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Du Bois experienced the dawn of the 20th century, the first century in American history to outlaw slavery. America was still hostile to the idea of respect for the dignity of Black humanity. Black people around America may have been free from the shackles of slavery; nonetheless, the battle was far

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With postcolonialism emerging as a theoretical approach that aimed to provide a discourse for those who had been 'stripped of their authority, culture, and history', its lens on overcoming relations of domination is also evident in Nkrumah's vision of pan-Africanism. In particular, Nkrumah focused

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of military security and strategic issues. But as Ashcroft and Ahluwalia write, Said articulates that power operates within knowledge: "the processes by which the West 'knows' the Orient have been a way of exerting power on it." Mark Salter claims that mainstream IR theory will benefit from Said's

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Said's postcolonial discourse exhibited characteristic pertinent to international relations. According to Said, Orientalism is "a considerable dimension of modern political-intellectual culture, and as such has less to do with the Orient than it does with 'our' world." The international dynamic to

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is a historical critique of the construction of Blackness and its origins in the colonisation process. Using psychoanalysis, Fanon dismantles colonial psychological construction of Blackness, giving explanation to the sentiments of inadequacy Black people feel in a White-dominated society or, even

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Although a postcolonial lens of international relations is becoming increasingly established, it is still marginalized in the wider field of international relations, and there is no consensus among scholars on how to combine postcolonial studies with international relations. Some scholars advocate

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of metanarratives and their negative impacts on the most marginalised actors in IR. In defence, postpositivists argue that metanarratives have proven unworkable. Approaches such as postcolonial IR theories, although limited in scope, provide for much greater possibilities in the normative work of

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is another parallel that has been drawn with the work of Al-e Ahmad. Du Bois describes this phenomenon as a "sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others." Al-e Ahmad claimed that Iranians faced a similar dilemma; their minds were occupied by thoughts of being witnessed by the

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thinking and considers how non-Western thought might transform international relations theory. Some others argue for an alternative outside of the field of international relations because an integration of the two disciplines might limit postcolonial studies and reduce its challenging position in

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Initially composed as Fanon's would-be doctoral dissertation concerning negative psychological effects of colonial subjugation on Black people and in large part inspired by Fanon's own personal experiences with racism in France, Fanon's original manuscript was rejected before being published the

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is among the Black female scholars who wrote on race and foreign and military policy in the 1980s and 1990s but have gotten little recognition within postcolonial IR. Notably, since the 1990s, there have been a number of scholars publishing on the relationship between International Relations and

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approach, rather than connecting colonialism to political and economic structures of the modern world. Many scholars have attempted to bridge the studies of postcolonialism and international relations, and have often taken interdisciplinary approaches that consider various social aspects such as

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themes pertained to postcolonial IR, its effects on IR discourses were largely silent until the 1990s. It was not until scholars like Phillip Darby, A.J. Paolini, and Sankaran Krishna explicitly bridged postcolonialism with IR that Said's work formally crossed disciplines. In their 1994 article

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The study of postcolonial international relations has emerged only recently as a subfield in the discipline of international relations, but there have been previous postcolonial approaches to international relations that were not systematically recognized as such, or were excluded from dominant

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developing an emancipatory politics, formulating foreign policy, understanding conflict, and making peace, which takes into account gender, ethnicity, other identity issues, culture, methodology and other common issues that have emerged from problem-solving, rationalist, reductive accounts IR.

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criticized the persona of Nkrumah in 'Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar', as he criticized Nkrumah's efforts to present himself as the 'African Lenin', seen with his belief in the organization of the colonial masses. For Mazuri, the theory of neocolonialism proposed is nothing more than an attempt to

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Postcolonial IR scholars intertwine capitalism and colonialism as serving each other, since colonialism is defined as having the "capitalist economic system" which is 'based on the desire for profit through using raw materials and human labor in the colonized countries'. The understandings of

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Nkrumah's pan-Africanism aimed to explore the theoretical and practical tensions between the non-Western conceptions of citizenship and nation with the dominance of Western modernity. Political pan-Africanism, for Nkrumah, became means to exploring its interactions with the globally pervasive

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arguing that the structures of power have produced systems and hierarchical orders that have outlived formal colonialism. Cultures have been subsumed into these structures of power structure, making it critical for postcolonialism in international relations to consider theories that have been

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Postcolonialism centralizes colonial and imperial structures in the formation of academic knowledge and practices, including the dominant theoretical framework of political ideals, such as the liberal nation-state and citizenship. International Relations, as a result, is seen to not 'explain

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gaining importance as a field at the height of transatlantic slavery, there is an absence of its importance in economic theory. The omission of colonial processes in the history that is told by IPE is reflective of the Western, liberal-modern worldview in which this scholarship is oriented.

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Postcolonialism re-reads colonization as part of an essentially transnational and transcultural "global" process – and it produces a de-centered, diasporic, or "global" rewriting of earlier, nation-centered imperial grand narratives. Postcolonialism can bridges subject areas that are deemed

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across Europe and in the US. While welfare states were touted as projects for equality under capitalism, the very possibility of them was based on the transfer of resources extracted from colonies. The colonial drain of former colonies resulted in them lagging behind their colonizers, with

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among others, considered race, empire, and decolonization in the context of global colonial dynamics. These scholars, active in the first half of the 20th century, challenged dominant theoretical assumptions about global racial hierarchies that informed the early mainstream developments of

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Fanon essentializes the indigenous population into three groups: the laborer, valued by the settler for his labor, the "colonized intellectual," valued by the settler for his assimilation into the settler's culture and having become a spokesperson for the settler's culture, and the

1936:, an Iranian writer, social critic, and ethnographer, was one of the most prominent critics of Western modernization and cultural influence in the country's history. Though never formally colonized, Iran was a constant target for the imperial British and Russian empires during the 1827:

This vision of a "United States of Africa", which required that each African nation forfeited their national autonomy, aimed to combine their economic and industrial development with all of Africa and follow the principle of positive neutralism. Ultimately, the likes of President

628:, scholars of postcolonial IR argue that the legacies of colonialism are ongoing, and that critiquing international relations with this lens allows scholars to contextualize global events. By bridging postcolonialism and international relations, scholars point to the process of 987:

heard in the discipline. In mainstream IR, efforts to naturalize historical discourses and accounts of knowledge further emboldens the discipline's Eurocentric roots and in turn, accounts of history. It is through Europe's 18th century international scientific exploration and

1128:, was conceived of based on a national economy, which ignored the colonial processes taking place at the time. The social sciences in general have based explanations of capitalism in a historical context that does not consider colonialism as central to the development of the 1852:

in April 1961, all signed a charter which formally established a tripartite Union of African States. This charter envisioned a common diplomatic representation and the creation of committees to draw up arrangements for harmonising economic policies for their countries.

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Mainstream IR stories are purposefully limited in scope in terms of statecentric modelling, cataloguing and predicting in formal terms; and like other postpositivist theories, they do not attempt to form an overarching theory as after all, postpositivism is defined as

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in the historical development of Europe and of modern capitalism. Unfortunately, this work is sidelined from the mainstream international political economy literature, and is most often relegated to history departments or slavery studies. In 1938, Trinidadian scholar

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in international relations, which centers empiricist observation and a more scientific approach, as many academic contributions to the discussion are overlooked when they are not explicitly labeled IR by their authors or other academics later on. Political scientist

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built upon his criticism of Said to assert that cultures are not discrete phenomena; instead, they are always changing and in contact with one another. David Huddart writes that hybridity goes beyond the postcolonial and exhibits implications for discourses of

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as a crucial point in both fields, due to the increases in global interactions and integration. Postcolonial IR focuses on the re-narrativization of global politics to create a balanced transnational understanding of colonial histories, and attempts to tie

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into the study of International Relations, often in attempts to disturb dominant models of theorization to relocate IR temporally and spatially. Some scholars of postcolonial IR critique postcolonialism as well for taking too much of a cultural and

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argue, needs to be given to the work that Nkrumah has done for the African continent, whilst concluding that Mazuri either did not understand the implications of the centrality of neo-colonialism for Nkrumah's political and action actions.

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Scholars have compared Al-e Ahmad's work to many key figures in the field of postcolonialism and postcolonial international relations. His criticisms of modernization theory have been compared to the maintenance of the "colour line" that

1388:. To Said, literature is neither canonical nor secular; instead, the literary text "is something which has connections with many other aspects of the world – political, social, cultural." Said's writings and ideas laid the foundation for 1862:

capitalism in postcolonialism particularly relies upon Nkrumah's conceptualization of neocolonialism, which demonstrated the ongoing imperialist conditions that former colonized remain subject to, exploitation of their foreign capital.

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has created a tension between globalization and postcolonialism. Postcolonial critics have labelled the multiculturalism espoused by global capitalism as illusionary, arguing that it is in fact Western cultural hegemony in disguise.

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It can be argued that the discipline of international relations has become less open over the years, becoming less receptive to cultural perspectives other than the dominant Western narrative. In 1968, postcolonial African scholar

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in the making of the modern world. Postcolonial IR scholars argue that colonialism and its processes were necessary to the historic development of global capitalism, which largely defines our economic and political world today.

1350:. While the lumpenproletariat are characterized in Marxist theory as belonging to the lowest, most degraded stratum of the proletariat, those who have so little that they are outside of the system, the population that lacks 1715:

from over. Black segregation reigned through the United States and brought forth different institutional forms of oppression. As white supremacy persisted, Du Bois's literature and scholarship were centered around the "

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West. He also saw strains of Western racial dominance reflected in the modernization and reform programs initiated by the Pahlavi regime, particularly in their emphasis on Aryan purity and untainted Persian history.

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as tools of the West. The days of old were characterized by colonial and imperial contact being made and the first Western emissaries holding great influence over the East through their goods. At the time of writing

1994:, and refers to what Al-e Ahmad saw as the malignant influence of Western systems of economics, education, and culture and the transformation of Iran into a dependent consumer of Western goods. Published in 1962 as 1952:

introduced Al-e Ahmad to notable anticolonial thinkers and influenced his later works. Disillusioned by the Party's Soviet allegiances, he turned towards the anticolonial, secular nationalists led by Prime Minister

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can be attributed to capitalism, as it was the foundation of Europe's power and the motivating force for their exploits in globalization. On the other hand, fragmentation can be observed in the creation of

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has been justified, locking in its political interests and obstructing the space for an understanding of past international political systems and the possibility of non-Eurocentric knowledge structures.

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IR theories limit Said's impact on the field. To Sheila Nair, Said's "marginalization in the IR 'canon' parallels the disenfranchisement, exile, marginality, and oppression he addressed in his work."

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that overlap with postcolonial IR. This proliferation of specialized subfields, combined with its own uncertainty about its identity and positionality, complicates engagement with postcolonial IR.

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and thus is unable to participate in revolution, Fanon takes a departure from Marxist theory and instead asserts that it is the lumpenproletariat that will first exercise violence on the settler.

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Other scholars arrived at their theories irrespective of Said. Nevertheless, some postcolonialists argue that his work combines with other scholars to fill the gaps in postcolonial IR discourse.

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write, Said himself was obsessed with location and fascinated with cultural diversity and heterogeneity. In borrowing from architectural studies, Said located himself within what he called an

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Critical scholars of postcolonial IR argue that even within the field, insufficient attention has been paid to how colonialism is part of the global proliferation of capitalism. For instance,

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Modern global relations are built on the structure of capitalism, which continues patterns of colonialism through domination socially, politically, and culturally. In global capitalism,

5020: 1119:, in studying the relationship between politics and the global economy, has largely excluded the significance of colonialism, slavery, and race in explaining global capitalism. Despite 592: 5303: 1944:

dynasties. After growing up in a devoutly religious family in Tehran, Al-e Ahmad initially rejected the clerical path his family had determined for him and instead joined the Marxist

328: 4140: 1757:(21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972) was a Ghanaian politician and a revolutionary. Serving as Ghana's first Prime Minister (1957–1960) and President (1960–1966), Nkrumah led the 771:

can be viewed from a postcolonial IR perspective to embody racialized and colonial meanings instead. For instance, some scholars of Postcolonial IR argue that the institution of

1272:, also known as Ibrahim Frantz Fanon, was a Martinican-born French West Indian political philosopher and psychiatrist. Having studied under fellow Martinican intellectual, 1140:

Despite insufficient attention in the social sciences, there is a body of critical scholarship written by African American, Caribbean, and African scholars, who center the

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approach to international relations has historically been met with resistance because it would mean a confrontation with the Eurocentric understanding of the discipline.

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not only failed to "dent the casings of international relations, it received only occasional mention in the literature." Said's emphasis on the "counter-history of the

1483:, Said's questions of "power, domination, culture, imperialism, identity and territory" are central to IR and its subsequent criticisms. Moreover, as Bill Ashcroft and 5200: 3090: 2827: 1083: 223: 743:" to bring Western ideologies in order to enlighten morally "primitive" colonized peoples. Postcolonial IR traces the global economy to exploitation in the forms of 4855: 4004: 3745: 3606: 2781: 1732:

Du Bois was a part of a select group of scholars that author Charisse Burden-Stelly would say are embracing "Radical Black Peace Activism" during the era of the

1025:"assumes the priority of the first term and conceives the second in relation to it, as a complication, a negation, a manifestation, a disruption of the first." 1165:

would later build on Williams' argument in an analysis that considers the central role of Africa in world history. Contemporary historian and professor at the

5013: 585: 5235: 5134: 1958: 258: 155: 1628:. Bhabha uses hybridity to "complicate divisions between Western and non-Western identities." While mainstream IR adheres to the common definition of the 1874:

which Nkrumah denounces, meant imperialist nations could maintain their influence and monopolise to dominate African nations and seize their materials.

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In mainstream IR theories such as realism, power derives from the state and its tangible forces. For example, in realism, power relates directly to the

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has been exported from Europe to the rest of the planet, one has to look to Europe and its history to understand modern state politics. Therefore, IR's

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cultural and psychological effects of colonialism in the mis-shaping of a nation-state identity, left in the hands of former colonisers to complete.

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Jalal Al-e Ahmad's references to Iranian culture, heritage, politics, and history represented a more authentic critique of the international order.

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Following the surrender of France to Germany in 1940 during the Second World War and the subsequent establishment of the collaborationist regime of

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interview, Bhabha noted that Said was the writer who most influenced his work. But despite his praise, Bhabha considered Said's interpretation of

578: 322: 273: 263: 218: 5093: 113: 1082:. In mainstream IR, variables like culture are argued have little to do with how states govern and interact. There are schools in IR like the 5286: 4987: 4831: 4279: 3848: 3721: 3500: 3408: 3177: 3123: 2949: 2909: 2673: 2343: 1841: 1593:, contrapuntal reading refers to the re-reading of literature from the perspective of the colonized to highlight the submerged voices within 311: 5144: 5055: 1516: 1218: 1075: 165: 73: 1021:

Through IR's discourse on the proliferation of an international society, the discipline does not depart from its logocentric tendencies.

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van den Boogard, Vanessa (2017). "Modern post-colonial approaches to citizenship: Kwame Nkrumah's political thought on Pan-Africanism".

4468:

van den Boogard, Vanessa (2017). "Modern post-colonial approaches to citizenship: Kwame Nkrumah's political thought on Pan-Africanism".

4449:

van den Boogard, Vanessa (2017). "Modern post-colonial approaches to citizenship: Kwame Nkrumah's political thought on Pan-Africanism".

4396:

van den Boogard, Vanessa (2017). "Modern post-colonial approaches to citizenship: Kwame Nkrumah's political thought on Pan-Africanism".

2017:

While critics have accused Jalal Al-e Ahmad of being against modernity, some scholars contend that his criticism was instead focused on

1240: 1043: 243: 80: 2029:

intellectuals who desired sovereignty and self-determination over imposed "modernization." Al-e Ahmad opposed not all production, but

1691:. Du Bois's scholarship encapsulated how colonial forces work to undermine the black community. Du Bois co-founded a group called the 872:, one of the leading journals of international relations. In the 1960s and 1970s, the discipline was more engaged with the so-called " 825: 4871:"An Explaining of the Components of Occidentosis: A Plague by the West and Returning to Self-identity in Jalal Al-e-Ahmad's Thoughts" 1445:

built upon previous scholarship to codify Said's central tenets and help contribute to the emergence of the postcolonial discipline.

5126: 4789: 3980: 3890: 3582: 3460: 3274: 3066: 3031: 2757: 2520: 2474: 2423: 2386: 2198: 1878:

class struggle as the foundations of imperialism, seeing class alliance amongst Africans as the necessary revolution to solve this.

1512: 1488: 1362: 1071: 148: 5517: 3105: 2931: 1807:, ultimately contributing to postcolonialism IR through attempting to deorientalize and deparochialize IR's liberal conceptions. 1696: 1543:

Despite the neglect by mainstream IR, scholars argue that Said's central themes implicitly challenge conventional IR discourses.

1087: 735:, and emphasizes the European colonial empire's desire to "civilize" pre-colonial societies. This concept is also highlighted by 548: 941:

Much of initial postcolonial IR critiqued mainstream international relations as overlooking European imperialism as to create a

5215: 5111: 1557: 1116: 1086:, that do find cultural theory important international relations theory. Robert H. Jackson, Canadian author and academic, is a 732: 238: 130: 1605:

Edward Said influenced various postcolonial scholars who were later informed by his works to further criticize mainstream IR.

5029: 2086: 1426: 1217:

have de-centered the nation-state as the bearers of economic power (Dirlik, 350). Central to global capitalism as well is an

760: 44: 4171:"IN BATTLE FOR PEACE DURING 'SCOUNDREL TIME': W. E. B. Du Bois and United States Repression of Radical Black Peace Activism" 1962: 1662: 1783: 911: 1680:. Du Bois was a black American man born February 23, 1868, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, just after the end of the 1433:

to illustrate the power of European culture through its management and production of the Orient. Likewise, Said grounded

775:

has reinforced these inferiority narratives by creating systems in which Western countries, through agencies such as the

5209: 2538:"The Revolution Will Not Be Theorised: Du Bois, Locke, and the Howard School's Challenge to White Supremacist IR Theory" 1532: 232: 2001:

However, Al-e Ahmad's analysis goes beyond material concerns, as he also views international organizations such as the

983:

Postcolonialism in international relations provides the opportunity to give agency to the Third World, pluralizing the

1896: 1804: 1758: 1565: 1236: 984: 962: 776: 667: 812:

International Relations. They were focused on systemic factors that disadvantaged Black people globally, such as the

1840:

in 1958. This pledge included creating a union of West African states and solidify their pan-African efforts in the

5230: 2021:. As one academic stated, Al-e Ahmad "was critical of colonial modernity; he was not antimodern." His critiques of 977: 946: 703: 253: 5190: 1328: 1214: 740: 213: 1070:

Postcolonialism is important to international relations because largely absent from strands of scholarship like

1038:

undervalued as a result of the systematization and prioritization of particular knowledge. In the discipline of

616:. This critique of IR theory suggests that mainstream IR scholarship does not adequately address the impacts of 5561: 5159: 5083: 1590: 1499:

Said's postcolonial discourse has been largely neglected in canonical IR. Mainstream IR scholarship emphasizes

756: 723: 180: 100: 992:

that modern Eurocentrism has found itself at the core of mainstream knowledge production. If the concept of a

1632:, Bhabha built upon Said to reject "the well-defined and stable identity associated with the national form." 5164: 5106: 5068: 5045: 4311: 2073: 1829: 1476:, demonstrated a means to convey the global anti-imperialist struggle and the post-imperial reconstruction. 1456: 1393: 1177: 1166: 1039: 989: 640:

Postcolonial IR developed through the study of postcolonialism as a rejection of colonialism, and parallels

609: 185: 125: 85: 60: 1042:, there are several critiques on the limits of international relations theory made from different lenses – 3768:"Edward Said and Contrapuntal Reading: Implications for Critical Interventions in International Relations" 1837: 1721: 1569: 1298: 1294: 1158: 1153:, studied the centrality of the transatlantic slave system to Europe's economy. His work would influence 1015: 910:

and structures of power between (post-) colonial states and colonized regions, sometimes described as the

817: 710: 4738:

Onoge, Omufume F.; Gaching'a, Kinou A. (1967). "Mazuri's 'Nkrumah': A Case of Neo-colonial Scholarship".

17: 5078: 1961:

in 1951 remains a notable instance of Iranian anticolonial resistance, Mosaddegh was later deposed in a

1949: 1552: 1374: 906:

Postcolonial IR is an evolving academic approach that has diverse methodologies, usually addressing the

763:, in order to create conditions suitable for European colonial expansion. As such, the labeling of the " 752: 95: 949:

to the contributions of non-Western perspectives. Eurocentrism is often also accompanied by the term "

5470: 5420: 5405: 5324: 5319: 5205: 5139: 5116: 2022: 2018: 1651: 1141: 1034: 780: 744: 499: 449: 434: 351: 346: 228: 160: 135: 4540:

Kam Kah, Henry (2016). "Kwame Nkrumah and the Pan-African Vision: Between Acceptance and Rebuttal".

3813: 2054:

view of international relations, he says, "I speak of solidarity with progressive human societies."

1619:

overly unifying; thus, he amended the concept to be "ruptured and hybrid." Bhabha's central idea of

1384:. Said was a vocal public intellectual who sought to critique the prevailing representations of the 1062:

unscientific, subjective, and historically do not meet the standard of this Eurocentric discipline.

5360: 5334: 4216: 1945: 1800: 1716: 1438: 1381: 1351: 1232: 1120: 1010: 389: 361: 4979: 4263:

Architecture in global socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War

709:

Postcolonial IR's critique of mainstream IR studies of capitalism claims that the legacies of the

5435: 5355: 4950: 4900: 4849: 4624: 4590: 4504: 4413: 4378: 4293: 4198: 4116: 4086: 4047: 3998: 3951: 3943: 3795: 3739: 3692: 3600: 3550: 3333: 3236: 3084: 3037: 2994: 2870: 2821: 2775: 2619: 2565: 2299: 2251: 2145: 1954: 1726: 1725:

showcased his thought process of having a small group of educated, middle-class individuals, the

1681: 1412: 1347: 1197:

offering no reparations for these processes which built European countries and settler colonies.

1150: 954: 841: 748: 645: 464: 384: 2404:"Postcolonial Studies and Atlantic Studies: Interdisciplinary Reflections on Slavery and Empire" 2224:"The Importance of Being Ironic: A Postcolonial View on Critical International Relations Theory" 2179:"Dangerous Relations? Lessons from the Interface of Postcolonialism and International Relations" 1273: 1058:

privileges granted to specific understandings of knowledge and the standards created from them.

718: 3767: 3664: 3522: 5154: 5149: 5101: 4983: 4942: 4892: 4837: 4827: 4795: 4785: 4370: 4285: 4275: 4190: 4078: 4039: 3986: 3976: 3935: 3896: 3886: 3854: 3844: 3787: 3727: 3717: 3684: 3588: 3578: 3542: 3496: 3456: 3414: 3404: 3372: 3325: 3270: 3228: 3173: 3119: 3072: 3062: 3027: 2986: 2945: 2905: 2862: 2809: 2763: 2753: 2718: 2669: 2611: 2557: 2516: 2470: 2419: 2382: 2339: 2243: 2194: 2137: 1892: 1508: 1473: 1342: 1094:, he established a way to organize international politics that appreciates cultural diversity: 804: 175: 170: 120: 4487:

Darby, Phillip; Paolini, A.J (1994). "Bridging International Relations and Postcolonialism".

2335: 2117: 1707:

along with other notable African Americans. Du Bois's ideology left an everlasting legacy on

1479:

Scholars today argue that Said and his central themes transcend international discourses. To

5440: 5395: 5380: 5260: 5244: 5185: 5073: 4975: 4934: 4882: 4496: 4405: 4362: 4267: 4182: 4031: 3927: 3779: 3676: 3534: 3488: 3448: 3400:

Forms of Fanonism : Frantz Fanon's critical theory and the dialectics of decolonization

3364: 3317: 3262: 3218: 3111: 3019: 2978: 2937: 2897: 2854: 2726: 2710: 2661: 2603: 2549: 2508: 2462: 2454: 2411: 2374: 2331: 2323: 2291: 2279: 2235: 2186: 2129: 2038: 1933: 1927: 1692: 1677: 1666: 1252: 1244: 1162: 973: 829: 469: 424: 409: 283: 267: 208: 90: 2966: 5537: 5485: 5455: 5445: 5430: 1941: 1836:

agreed to this vision, leading to the two nations sharing an informal agreement after the

1708: 1646:

discipline representing institutionalized Western knowledge of the Orient." Meanwhile, in

1430: 1422: 1418: 1389: 1377: 1248: 930: 919: 845: 821: 772: 736: 678:. Additionally, scholars of postcolonial IR have also critically analyzed systems such as 613: 568: 514: 484: 474: 459: 30: 4067:"W.E.B. Du Bois's Southern Front: Georgia "Race Men" and the Niagara Movement, 1905-1907" 1845: 925:

Postcolonial approaches in political science are also present in other subfields such as

836:

on modern war and international affairs. They have also formulated cultural theses about

5465: 5425: 5410: 5375: 2731: 2026: 2002: 1923: 1867: 1815:

Furthermore, Nkrumah's pan-Africanism noted that the common history of colonialism and

1762: 1608: 1572:" as problematic concepts that Said's discourse on power-knowledge can better examine. 1504: 1480: 1465: 1194: 1146: 1079: 993: 868: 494: 454: 439: 404: 5532: 2967:"The Big Bangs of IR: The Myths That Your Teachers Still Tell You about 1648 and 1919" 1899:

in 1966. This theory is seen as a recycling of the works of Lenin's attempts to carry

713:

of labour through colonization and imperialism are not acknowledged enough as current

563: 5550: 5480: 5460: 5415: 5400: 5385: 5329: 4954: 4904: 4508: 4433:

The Eurocentric conception of world politics: Western International Theory, 1760-2010

4417: 4382: 4297: 4236: 4202: 4051: 3955: 3799: 3696: 3554: 3337: 3240: 3041: 2998: 2874: 2623: 2569: 2303: 2255: 2149: 2049:

Al-e Ahmad's contributions to anticolonialism are also displayed through portions of

1937: 1911: 1754: 1748: 1700: 1638: 1594: 1561: 1527:"Bridging International Relations and Postcolonialism", Darby and Paolini write that 1500: 1484: 1469: 1189: 1154: 1051: 958: 895: 891: 813: 714: 694:. Some prominent scholars that have informed the approach of postcolonialism include 657: 653: 641: 634: 629: 509: 489: 444: 429: 414: 356: 35: 4524:

Kwame Nkrumah's Quest for Pan Africanism: From Independence Leader to Deposed Despot

3482: 922:

for the lack of space for materialist thinking and active resistance in his works.

690:

as modes in which colonization has impacted political issues such as governance and

5475: 5390: 5291: 5225: 3207:"Colonial global economy: towards a theoretical reorientation of political economy" 1975: 1629: 1286: 1269: 1227: 1223: 1055: 1022: 1006: 1005:

for the establishment of a postcolonial international relations study that employs

997: 942: 800: 699: 675: 662: 504: 419: 316: 248: 4938: 4610:"Reviewed Work(s): Neocolonialism, The Last Stage of Imperialism by Kwame Nkrumah" 4576:"Reviewed Work(s): Neocolonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism by Kwame Nkrumah" 4409: 3223: 3206: 2889: 1278: 1222:

to maintain domination through the hegemonic capitalist culture which is based on

4998: 4112:

The Sociology of W. E. B. Du Bois: Racialized Modernity and the Global Color Line

3783: 3680: 3538: 2901: 2653: 1769:, Nkrumah's works and principles substantially contributed to the development of 5490: 5365: 5339: 5169: 4922: 4609: 4575: 3352: 3169:'Slavery, Finance and International Political Economy: Postcolonial reflections' 3115: 2699:"Race and racism in international relations: retrieving a scholarly inheritance" 2665: 2223: 1967: 1871: 1816: 1625: 1616: 1461: 1370: 1301:

in Paris. Thereafter, Fanon left for France to study psychiatry and medicine in

1290: 1185: 1173: 1108: 1107:

The postcolonial approach to international relations advances the centrality of

950: 915: 886: 877: 873: 833: 764: 695: 691: 621: 617: 519: 394: 366: 190: 4500: 3368: 3254: 3167: 2714: 2403: 2239: 2133: 5495: 5450: 5370: 4841: 4526:. Acadia University: Graduate School of Wichita State University. p. 121. 4366: 4289: 4186: 3731: 3306:"The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism" 3266: 2537: 2415: 2178: 1887: 1642: 1129: 1125: 881: 863: 855: 851: 808: 687: 683: 679: 524: 479: 399: 4946: 4896: 4870: 4374: 4194: 4082: 4043: 3972:

The invention of Africa : gnosis, philosophy, and the order of knowledge

3939: 3931: 3858: 3791: 3688: 3546: 3418: 3376: 3329: 3232: 2990: 2982: 2866: 2813: 2722: 2698: 2615: 2561: 2553: 2295: 2247: 2190: 2141: 2041:

spoke of. The "double consciousness" outlined by the American sociologist in

1437:

in Gramsci by drawing attention to the overlap between colonial ideology and

1417:. In articulating the text's pivotal ideas, he relied upon the influences of 826:

increased spatial concentration of Black people, culture, and intellectualism

4887: 4799: 4120: 4110: 3990: 3900: 3592: 3076: 2767: 1900: 1766: 1620: 907: 649: 4823:

The last Muslim intellectual : the life and legacy of Jalal Al-e Ahmad

4821: 4019: 3711: 3442: 3013: 2502: 2448: 2368: 1744: 4271: 4035: 3838: 3492: 3452: 3398: 3023: 2941: 2512: 2458: 2378: 945:

narrative of global politics, with postcolonial scholars aiming to expand

866:

published an article on issues of the Global North and South relations in

608:(postcolonial IR) is a branch of scholarship that approaches the study of 4779: 3970: 3880: 3572: 2842: 2747: 2592:"Ali A. Mazrui, postcolonialism and the study of international relations" 2591: 1844:. Later on, following a meeting with President Sékou Touré and President 1733: 1729:

to be the leaders to lift black people towards success in a White world.

1612: 967: 837: 768: 4628: 4594: 4261: 4090: 4066: 3523:"Traveling in Paradox: Edward Said and Critical International Relations" 2858: 2607: 1703:, black disenfranchisement, and racial violence. Du Bois co-founded the 1124:

Historically, the very idea of the economy, as advanced by the likes of

648:

in the skepticism towards and departure from the dominant ideologies of

3947: 3915: 2466: 3636: 1761:

independence from the United Kingdom in 1957. Through his devotion to

1407:

Said established his prominence as a cultural critic through his 1978

3641:

International Relations Theory and Philosophy: Interpretive Dialogues

2803: 2006: 1833: 1775: 1385: 728: 671: 3916:"The Re-Invention of Africa: Edward Said, V. Y. Mudimbe, and beyond" 3305: 3056: 1033:

Scholars in postcolonialism address colonial and racial dynamics of

3321: 2965:

de Carvalho, Benjamin; Leira, Halvard; Hobson, John M. (May 2011).

1774:

with his successful forged alliances with African nations, such as

1922: 1743: 1705:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

1704: 1688: 1685: 1661: 1361: 1204: 972: 850: 3058:

The post-colonial question : common skies, divided horizons

1849: 1779: 1560:

through imagination and identity. He references terms like the "

1535:" contributed to the text being ruled out of the mainstream IR. 1302: 5002: 4923:"Gharbzadegi, colonial capitalism and the racial state in Iran" 1782:

in aims to create a league of united African states under the

1449:

Connection between postcolonialism and international relations

624:

on current day world politics. Despite using the language of

2654:"An American Social Science: International Relations (1977)" 4875:

International Journal of Social Science Research and Review

4542:

Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations

2639:

Order and Violence: Hedley Bull and International Relations

727:

rejects the claim that capitalism is simply the pursuit of

3635:

Salter, M. (2010), Moore, Cerwyn; Farrands, Chris (eds.),

3261:, Princeton University Press, pp. 47–71, 2008-12-31, 4141:"Postcolonial theory and the African American experience" 4020:"The Figure of W. E. B. Du Bois as a Problem for Thought" 1539:

Implicit challenges to mainstream international relations

2072:. This is replaced by a sensitivity and openness to the 1366:

Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim in Sevilla, 2002 (Said)

4563:. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd. pp. xiii. 3637:"Edward Said and Post-Colonial International Relations" 3107:

The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States

2367:

Persaud, Randolph B.; Sajed, Alina, eds. (2018-03-05).

1092:

The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States

832:

and Alain Locke have considered the impact of national

2118:"Bridging International Relations and Postcolonialism" 1611:

is an Indian scholar and critical theorist. In a 1995

4683:. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd. p. 255. 4339:. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd. pp. ix. 3716:. Paul R. Viotti (Sixth ed.). Lanham, Maryland. 3521:

Duvall, Raymond; Varadarajan, Latha (December 2007).

2328:

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies

1866:

the theoretical framework of economic imperialism by

1336:

is a sharp criticism of imperialism and nationalism.

34:

Political cartoon titled "The White Man's Burden" by

3353:"Postcolonial Discourse in the Age of Globalization" 3166:

Gruffydd Jones, Branwen (2012), Seth, Sanjay (ed.),

2896:, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 271–313, 2370:

Race, Gender, and Culture in International Relations

1460:. Said explored the lasting implications of British 5504: 5348: 5312: 5274: 5178: 5125: 5092: 5054: 5036: 4784:. R. Campbell, Hamid Algar. Berkeley: Mizan Press. 4646:. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd. p. 5. 4435:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 4351:"Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union (Union of African States)" 3665:"FORUM: Edward W. Said and International Relations" 2660:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 212–241, 1974:Originally coined as a term by Iranian philosopher 1454:his literature persisted throughout his 1993 work, 27:

Critical theory approach to international relations

4716:Mazuri, Ali (1966). "Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar". 4694:Mazuri, Ali (1966). "Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar". 3484:Power, Postcolonialism and International Relations 3481:Geeta, Chowdhry; Nair, Sheila, eds. (2013-10-15). 2933:Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation 2596:Journal of International Relations and Development 1392:and would later implicitly transcend postcolonial 1641:is a Congolese French philosopher and historian. 767:" in the economic and political sense during the 1184:, rather than naming capitalism in processes of 4175:Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 2450:Postcolonial Theory and International Relations 1790:Emphasis of colonial relations in shaping power 4968:Kohn, Margaret; McBride, Keally (2011-02-16). 4681:Neo-colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism 4644:Neo-colonialism, The Last Stage of Imperialism 4561:Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism 4337:Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism 1247:. The decline of the nation-state in place of 656:, respectively. Postcolonial IR is critically 5014: 3441:Ashcroft, Bill; Ahluwalia, Pal (2000-12-21). 1511:. The discipline's longstanding adherence to 1495:Neglect in mainstream international relations 1346:. The third of these groups is borrowed from 586: 8: 4065:Capeci, Dominic J.; Knight, Jack C. (1999). 3772:Millennium: Journal of International Studies 3669:Millennium: Journal of International Studies 3527:Millennium: Journal of International Studies 3089:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2971:Millennium: Journal of International Studies 2826:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2752:. Moustafa Bayoumi, Andrew Rubin. New York. 2542:Millennium: Journal of International Studies 2324:"Postcolonialism in International Relations" 2116:Darby, Phillip; Paolini, A. J. (July 1994). 2033:production that replaced native industries. 1297:from Martinique to the National Assembly of 1243:, as well as cultural fragmentation seen in 4921:Sadeghi-Boroujerdi, Eskandar (2021-04-03). 2408:Postcolonial Studies across the Disciplines 1403:and the groundwork for postcolonial studies 5021: 5007: 4999: 4854:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4781:Occidentosis : a plague from the west 4109:Itzigsohn, José; Brown, Karida L. (2020). 4003:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3744:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3605:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2843:"Ali A. Mazrui, the Postcolonial Theorist" 2780:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2641:. Oxford University Press. pp. 65–87. 637:sources of thought into political praxis. 593: 579: 40: 5266:Chinese school of international relations 4980:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195399578.001.0001 4886: 3255:"Chapter 2. The Two Histories of Capital" 3222: 3211:Review of International Political Economy 2894:Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture 2730: 2637:Miller, J. B. (1990). "The Third World". 2185:, Routledge, pp. 42–60, 2015-08-11, 1771:Postcolonialism (international relations) 957:, which describes the ways in which the " 818:global colonial exploitation by Europeans 289:Chinese school of international relations 18:Postcolonialism (international relations) 3840:The postcolonial politics of development 3577:(1st Vintage books ed.). New York. 1380:who worked as a literature professor at 29: 4773: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 2504:White World Order, Black Power Politics 2097: 1891:resolve the difficulty surrounding his 1090:in the English School and in his book, 43: 4916: 4914: 4847: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4733: 4731: 4711: 4709: 4655: 4653: 4535: 4533: 4489:Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 4444: 4442: 4330: 4328: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4104: 4102: 4100: 3996: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3737: 3658: 3656: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3598: 3566: 3564: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3082: 3055:Lidia., Chambers, Iain. Curti (1996). 2819: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2773: 2336:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.101 2280:"What postcolonial theory doesn't say" 2228:Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 2122:Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 1959:nationalization of Iran's oil industry 3172:, London: Routledge, pp. 49–69, 2692: 2690: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 1857:Capitalism shaping the colonial world 1209:President Bill Clinton at NAFTA Event 795:For instance, a group of scholars at 7: 4971:Political Theories of Decolonization 4217:"Kwame Nkrumah at LSE | LSE History" 3205:Bhambra, Gurminder K. (2020-10-20). 2888:Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1988), 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2442: 2440: 2362: 2360: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2217: 2215: 2183:What Postcolonial Theory Doesn't Say 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 1996:Occidentosis: A Plague From the West 1674:postcolonial international relations 606:Postcolonial international relations 3110:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1684:. Du Bois died August 22, 1963, in 1464:and the international struggle for 5514: 2536:Henderson, Errol A. (2017-04-14). 2070:incredulity towards metanarratives 1672:A notable scholar in the study of 1425:. Said was informed by Foucault's 953:", coined by Edward Said in their 545: 25: 4018:Chandler, Nahum Dimitri. (2007). 3766:Chowdhry, Geeta (December 2007). 2936:(2 ed.). London: Routledge. 2930:Pratt, Mary Louise (2007-09-26). 1982:has been variously translated as 5531: 4169:Burden-Stelly, Charisse (2019). 4071:The Georgia Historical Quarterly 3403:. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. 612:(IR) using the critical lens of 562: 5216:International political economy 5112:Uneven and combined development 3920:Research in African Literatures 3012:Culler, Jonathan (2018-10-09). 2697:Shilliam, Robbie (2020-12-01). 2278:Lazarus, Neil (June 22, 2011). 2222:Krishna, Sankaran (July 1993). 1219:international division of labor 1180:, refers to the abstraction of 1117:international political economy 739:in their conceptualization of " 239:International political economy 131:Uneven and combined development 5557:International relations theory 5030:International relations theory 4145:Journal of Pan African Studies 3713:International relations theory 3663:Nair, Sheila (December 2007). 2841:Adem, Seifudein (April 2014). 2808:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 2703:International Politics Reviews 2590:Adem, Seifudein (2011-07-22). 2501:Vitalis, Robert (2018-05-26). 2087:International relations theory 1654:and related modes of inquiry. 1522:Mark Salter writes that while 1241:North American Free Trade Zone 761:genocide of indigenous peoples 45:International relations theory 1: 4939:10.1080/13688790.2020.1834344 4410:10.1080/13621025.2016.1213223 4312:"Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972) •" 4024:CR: The New Centennial Review 3304:Dirlik, Arif (January 1994). 3224:10.1080/09692290.2020.1830831 2025:place him among the ranks of 1784:Organisation of African Unity 1103:Capitalism in postcolonial IR 5210:liberal intergovernmentalism 4522:Lawson, Autumn Anne (2004). 3784:10.1177/03058298070360010701 3681:10.1177/03058298070360010501 3539:10.1177/03058298070360010601 2902:10.1007/978-1-349-19059-1_20 233:liberal intergovernmentalism 4974:. Oxford University Press. 3351:Wai, Chu Yiu (2002-01-01). 3116:10.1093/0199262012.001.0001 2666:10.1007/978-1-349-23773-9_9 2447:Seth, Sanjay (2013-03-05). 2330:, Oxford University Press, 2322:Wilkens, Jan (2017-11-20), 1897:National Liberation Council 1805:national self-determination 1759:Gold Coast (British colony) 1533:European literary tradition 1237:European Economic Community 1233:supranational organizations 1121:classical political economy 5578: 5231:Hegemonic stability theory 4501:10.1177/030437549401900304 4355:International Organization 4237:"Kwame Nkrumah, Biography" 3369:10.3167/015597702782384200 2890:"Can the Subaltern Speak?" 2715:10.1057/s41312-020-00084-9 2652:Hoffmann, Stanley (1995), 2402:Watson, Tim (2013-01-01), 2240:10.1177/030437549301800306 2134:10.1177/030437549401900304 1215:transnational corporations 978:Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 783:to Third World countries. 759:, as well as conquest and 749:British East India Company 704:Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 254:Hegemonic stability theory 5528: 5191:Critical security studies 4778:Āl Aḥmad, Jalāl. (1984). 4367:10.1017/S0020818300011206 4187:10.1017/S1742058X19000213 3487:(0 ed.). Routledge. 3267:10.1515/9781400828654-005 2802:W., Said, Edward (1978). 2416:10.1163/9789401210027_002 1882:Critiques of contribution 1334:The Wretched of the Earth 1329:The Wretched of the Earth 1323:The Wretched of the Earth 1142:transatlantic slave trade 931:critical political theory 816:in the United States and 214:Critical security studies 5160:Territorial peace theory 5084:Liberal institutionalism 4139:Lake, Tim (2007-11-01). 3932:10.2979/RAL.2005.36.3.68 3710:Kauppi, Mark V. (2020). 3571:Said, Edward W. (1994). 3397:Rabaka, Reiland (2010). 3104:Jackson, Robert (2003). 2983:10.1177/0305829811401459 2746:Said, Edward W. (2000). 2554:10.1177/0305829817694246 2410:, BRILL, pp. 1–21, 2296:10.1177/0306396811406778 2191:10.4324/9780203796740-10 1799:political principles of 1314:following year in 1952. 937:Confronting Eurocentrism 757:Dutch East India Company 724:Discourse on Colonialism 181:Territorial peace theory 101:Liberal institutionalism 5518:International relations 5165:Democratic peace theory 5107:Theories of imperialism 5069:Democratic peace theory 5046:Feminist constructivism 4888:10.47814/ijssrr.v2i3.24 4869:Nezafat, Jalal (2019). 4820:Dabashi, Hamid (2021). 4724:: 12 – via JSTOR. 4679:Nkrumah, Kwame (1965). 4642:Nkrumah, Kwame (1965). 4559:Nkrumah, Kwame (1965). 4431:Hobson, John M (2012). 4335:Nkrumah, Kwame (1965). 4260:Stanek, Łukasz (2020). 3969:Mudimbe, V. Y. (1988). 3914:Mazrui, Ali A. (2005). 3879:Huddart, David (2005). 3814:"TRANSLATOR TRANSLATED" 3574:Culture and imperialism 2074:unintended consequences 2043:The Souls of Black Folk 1648:The Invention of Africa 1591:Western classical music 1457:Culture and Imperialism 1394:international relations 1316:Black Skin, White Masks 1309:Black Skin, White Masks 1276:, who coined the term, 1178:Culture and Imperialism 1167:University of Rochester 1040:International Relations 990:planetary consciousness 706:, amongst many others. 610:international relations 549:International relations 186:Democratic peace theory 126:Theories of imperialism 86:Democratic peace theory 61:Feminist constructivism 4702:: 9 – via JSTOR. 4608:Perlo, Victor (1967). 4574:Perlo, Victor (1967). 3259:Provincializing Europe 2847:African Studies Review 2749:The Edward Said reader 2063:Criticisms and defense 1930: 1838:Independence of Guinea 1751: 1722:The Philadelphia Negro 1669: 1570:clash of civilizations 1367: 1299:French Fourth Republic 1295:French Communist Party 1210: 1159:Capitalism and Slavery 1100: 980: 858: 747:, such as through the 741:The White Man's Burden 38: 5304:Inter-paradigm debate 5079:Republican liberalism 4272:10.1515/9780691194554 4036:10.1353/ncr.2007.0014 3885:. London: Routledge. 3843:. London: Routledge. 3837:Kapoor, Ilan (2008). 3493:10.4324/9781315017181 3453:10.4324/9780203137123 3024:10.7591/9780801455926 2942:10.4324/9780203932933 2513:10.7591/9781501701887 2459:10.4324/9780203073025 2379:10.4324/9781315227542 1950:Third World socialism 1926: 1747: 1665: 1652:Western Enlightenment 1556:instance on studying 1365: 1208: 1136:Transatlantic economy 1096: 976: 854: 779:, benevolently bring 753:Royal African Company 745:transatlantic slavery 329:Inter-paradigm debate 96:Republican liberalism 33: 5471:Immanuel Wallerstein 5421:Peter J. Katzenstein 5406:Samuel P. Huntington 5325:Historical sociology 5320:International ethics 5206:Intergovernmentalism 5140:Neoclassical realism 5117:World-systems theory 4927:Postcolonial Studies 4361:(2): 443–444. 1962. 2658:International Theory 2023:modernization theory 1811:Re-claiming identity 1709:postcolonial studies 1585:Contrapuntal reading 1562:global war on terror 1390:postcolonial studies 1375:Palestinian American 1130:capitalist structure 1078:are the accounts of 947:knowledge production 500:Immanuel Wallerstein 450:Peter J. Katzenstein 435:Samuel P. Huntington 352:Historical sociology 347:International ethics 229:Intergovernmentalism 161:Neoclassical realism 136:World-systems theory 5538:Politics portal 5361:Zbigniew Brzezinski 5335:State cartel theory 4662:Citizenship Studies 4617:Science and Society 4583:Science and Society 4470:Citizenship Studies 4451:Citizenship Studies 4398:Citizenship Studies 2859:10.1017/asr.2014.10 2608:10.1057/jird.2011.5 1963:Western-backed coup 1946:Tudeh Party of Iran 1842:Conakary Agreements 1801:popular sovereignty 1468:. Literature, like 1382:Columbia University 1352:class consciousness 824:system through the 569:Politics portal 390:Zbigniew Brzezinski 362:State cartel theory 5436:Stephen D. Krasner 4631:– via JSTOR. 4597:– via JSTOR. 1955:Mohammad Mosaddegh 1948:, whose ideals of 1931: 1752: 1682:American Civil War 1670: 1589:In borrowing from 1566:anti-globalization 1489:interstitial space 1427:discourse analysis 1373:(1935-2003) was a 1368: 1211: 1151:The Black Jacobins 981: 912:North–South divide 859: 842:self-determination 465:Stephen D. Krasner 39: 5544: 5543: 5236:Copenhagen School 5155:Defensive realism 5150:Offensive realism 5135:Classical realism 5102:Dependency theory 4989:978-0-19-539957-8 4833:978-1-4744-7930-1 4281:978-0-691-19455-4 3850:978-0-415-77397-3 3723:978-1-5381-1568-8 3502:978-1-136-52737-1 3410:978-0-7391-4035-2 3179:978-0-415-58288-9 3125:978-0-19-926201-4 3015:On Deconstruction 2951:978-0-203-93293-3 2911:978-0-333-46276-8 2675:978-0-333-61761-8 2345:978-0-19-084662-6 1907:Counter-critiques 1830:Ahmed Sékou Touré 1509:national security 1474:Heart of Darkness 1343:lumpenproletariat 1066:Impact on culture 1011:interdisciplinary 822:white supremacist 797:Howard University 646:poststructuralism 603: 602: 259:Copenhagen School 176:Defensive realism 171:Offensive realism 156:Classical realism 121:Dependency theory 16:(Redirected from 5569: 5536: 5535: 5516: 5441:John Mearsheimer 5396:Martha Finnemore 5381:Michael W. Doyle 5313:Other approaches 5261:Intercommunalism 5245:neofunctionalism 5186:Neo-Gramscianism 5074:Capitalist peace 5023: 5016: 5009: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4890: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4853: 4845: 4817: 4804: 4803: 4775: 4748: 4747: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4614: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4580: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4537: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4241:www.ghanaweb.com 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4166: 4153: 4152: 4136: 4125: 4124: 4106: 4095: 4094: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4002: 3994: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3876: 3863: 3862: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3818:www.artforum.com 3810: 3804: 3803: 3763: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3735: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3632: 3611: 3610: 3604: 3596: 3568: 3559: 3558: 3518: 3507: 3506: 3478: 3467: 3466: 3438: 3423: 3422: 3394: 3381: 3380: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3310:Critical Inquiry 3301: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3226: 3202: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3163: 3130: 3129: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3080: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2825: 2817: 2799: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2771: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2694: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2587: 2574: 2573: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2498: 2481: 2480: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2364: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2319: 2308: 2307: 2284:Race & Class 2275: 2260: 2259: 2219: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2175: 2154: 2153: 2113: 1988:West-struck-ness 1934:Jalal Al-e Ahmad 1928:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad 1919:Jalal Al-e Ahmad 1697:neoabolitionists 1693:Niagara Movement 1678:W. E. B. Du Bois 1667:W. E. B. Du Bois 1658:W. E. B. Du Bois 1576:Traveling theory 1260:Notable scholars 1253:multiculturalism 1245:multiculturalism 1201:Transnationalism 1163:W. E. B. Du Bois 985:subaltern voices 890:race, including 830:W. E. B. Du Bois 595: 588: 581: 567: 566: 547: 470:John Mearsheimer 425:Martha Finnemore 410:Michael W. Doyle 341:Other approaches 284:Intercommunalism 268:neofunctionalism 209:Neo-Gramscianism 91:Capitalist peace 41: 21: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5562:Postcolonialism 5547: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5513: 5500: 5486:Alexander Wendt 5456:Kathryn Sikkink 5446:Hans Morgenthau 5431:Henry Kissinger 5356:Michael Barnett 5344: 5308: 5275:Classifications 5270: 5256:Postcolonialism 5196:Critical theory 5174: 5121: 5088: 5050: 5032: 5027: 4997: 4990: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4920: 4919: 4912: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4846: 4834: 4819: 4818: 4807: 4792: 4777: 4776: 4751: 4737: 4736: 4729: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4659: 4658: 4651: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4612: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4317: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4282: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4245: 4243: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4168: 4167: 4156: 4138: 4137: 4128: 4108: 4107: 4098: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4017: 4016: 4012: 3995: 3983: 3975:. Bloomington. 3968: 3967: 3963: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3893: 3878: 3877: 3866: 3851: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3820: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3765: 3764: 3753: 3736: 3724: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3644: 3634: 3633: 3614: 3597: 3585: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3520: 3519: 3510: 3503: 3480: 3479: 3470: 3463: 3440: 3439: 3426: 3411: 3396: 3395: 3384: 3357:Social Analysis 3350: 3349: 3345: 3303: 3302: 3289: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3204: 3203: 3192: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3165: 3164: 3133: 3126: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3081: 3069: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3034: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2818: 2801: 2800: 2789: 2772: 2760: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2696: 2695: 2688: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2589: 2588: 2577: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2500: 2499: 2484: 2477: 2446: 2445: 2438: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2366: 2365: 2358: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2321: 2320: 2311: 2277: 2276: 2263: 2221: 2220: 2213: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2177: 2176: 2157: 2115: 2114: 2099: 2095: 2083: 2065: 1992:Westoxification 1921: 1909: 1884: 1859: 1813: 1792: 1742: 1660: 1603: 1595:canonical texts 1587: 1578: 1549: 1547:Power-knowledge 1541: 1497: 1451: 1431:power-knowledge 1423:Antonio Gramsci 1419:Michel Foucault 1405: 1378:cultural critic 1360: 1325: 1311: 1267: 1262: 1249:cosmopolitanism 1203: 1138: 1105: 1080:cultural theory 1068: 1031: 939: 918:'s critique of 904: 846:cosmopolitanism 789: 773:development aid 737:Rudyard Kipling 614:postcolonialism 599: 561: 556: 555: 554: 553: 552: 551: 544: 538: 530: 529: 515:Alexander Wendt 485:Kathryn Sikkink 475:Hans Morgenthau 460:Henry Kissinger 385:Michael Barnett 380: 372: 371: 342: 334: 333: 302: 301:Classifications 294: 293: 279:Postcolonialism 219:Critical theory 204: 196: 195: 151: 141: 140: 116: 106: 105: 76: 66: 65: 56: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5575: 5573: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5549: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5466:J. Ann Tickner 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5426:Robert Keohane 5423: 5418: 5413: 5411:John Ikenberry 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5376:Daniel Deudney 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5282:Postpositivism 5278: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5203: 5201:English School 5198: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5179:Other theories 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5038:Constructivism 5034: 5033: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4960: 4933:(2): 173–194. 4910: 4861: 4832: 4805: 4790: 4749: 4727: 4705: 4686: 4671: 4649: 4634: 4600: 4566: 4551: 4529: 4514: 4479: 4460: 4438: 4423: 4388: 4342: 4324: 4303: 4280: 4252: 4228: 4208: 4181:(2): 555–574. 4154: 4126: 4096: 4077:(3): 479–507. 4057: 4010: 3981: 3961: 3906: 3891: 3882:Homi K. Bhabha 3864: 3849: 3829: 3805: 3778:(1): 101–116. 3751: 3722: 3702: 3652: 3612: 3583: 3560: 3508: 3501: 3468: 3461: 3424: 3409: 3382: 3343: 3322:10.1086/448714 3316:(2): 328–356. 3287: 3275: 3246: 3217:(2): 307–322. 3190: 3178: 3131: 3124: 3096: 3067: 3047: 3032: 3004: 2977:(3): 735–758. 2957: 2950: 2922: 2910: 2880: 2853:(1): 135–152. 2833: 2787: 2758: 2738: 2709:(2): 152–195. 2686: 2674: 2644: 2629: 2602:(4): 506–535. 2575: 2548:(3): 492–510. 2528: 2521: 2482: 2475: 2436: 2424: 2394: 2387: 2356: 2344: 2309: 2261: 2234:(3): 385–417. 2211: 2199: 2155: 2128:(3): 371–397. 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2079: 2064: 2061: 2039:W.E.B. Du Bois 2003:United Nations 1940:and later the 1920: 1917: 1908: 1905: 1883: 1880: 1868:Vladimir Lenin 1858: 1855: 1812: 1809: 1791: 1788: 1763:pan-Africanism 1741: 1738: 1727:Talented Tenth 1659: 1656: 1609:Homi K. Bhabha 1602: 1599: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1558:power dynamics 1548: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1505:power politics 1496: 1493: 1466:decolonization 1450: 1447: 1404: 1398: 1359: 1356: 1348:Marxist theory 1324: 1321: 1310: 1307: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1202: 1199: 1195:decolonization 1190:welfare states 1147:C. L. R. James 1137: 1134: 1104: 1101: 1084:English School 1067: 1064: 1048:constructivist 1030: 1027: 938: 935: 927:postpositivism 903: 900: 869:World Politics 788: 785: 715:global economy 663:civilizational 601: 600: 598: 597: 590: 583: 575: 572: 571: 558: 557: 543: 542: 541: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 528: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 495:J. Ann Tickner 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 455:Robert Keohane 452: 447: 442: 440:John Ikenberry 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 405:Daniel Deudney 402: 397: 392: 387: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 343: 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 326: 319: 314: 309: 307:Postpositivism 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 226: 224:English School 221: 216: 211: 205: 203:Other theories 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 152: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 133: 128: 123: 117: 112: 111: 108: 107: 104: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 77: 72: 71: 68: 67: 64: 63: 57: 54:Constructivism 52: 51: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5574: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5481:Kenneth Waltz 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5461:Susan Strange 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5416:Robert Jervis 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5401:Robert Gilpin 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5386:Cynthia Enloe 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330:Regime theory 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5298:Great Debates 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5251:Postmodernism 5249: 5246: 5242: 5241:Functionalism 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5012: 5010: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4826:. Edinburgh. 4825: 4824: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4791:0-933782-13-6 4787: 4783: 4782: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4675: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4638: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4567: 4562: 4555: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4256: 4253: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4115:. NYU Press. 4114: 4113: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3982:0-253-33126-9 3978: 3974: 3973: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3892:0-415-32823-3 3888: 3884: 3883: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3833: 3830: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3584:0-679-75054-1 3580: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3462:9781134538416 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276:9781400828654 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3100: 3097: 3092: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3068:0-203-13832-5 3064: 3061:. Routledge. 3060: 3059: 3051: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3033:9780801455926 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2926: 2923: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2759:0-375-70936-3 2755: 2751: 2750: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2522:9781501701887 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476:9780203073025 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425:9789401210027 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2388:9781315227542 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2200:9780203796740 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1957:. Though his 1956: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912:Omafume Onoge 1906: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755:Kwame Nkrumah 1750: 1749:Kwame Nkrumah 1746: 1740:Kwame Nkrumah 1739: 1737: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701:Jim Crow laws 1698: 1695:, a group of 1694: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1639:V. Y. Mudimbe 1636: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1553:high politics 1546: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1524:Orientalism's 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501:neoliberalism 1494: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1485:Pal Ahluwalia 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1470:Joseph Conrad 1467: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1207: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1176:in his book, 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157:in his book, 1156: 1155:Eric Williams 1152: 1148: 1143: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1115:The field of 1113: 1110: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1052:postmodernist 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1002: 999: 995: 991: 986: 979: 975: 971: 969: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 936: 934: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 901: 899: 897: 896:Shirin M. Rai 893: 892:Neta Crawford 888: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870: 865: 857: 856:Ali A. Mazrui 853: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 814:Jim Crow laws 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 786: 784: 782: 781:modernization 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 725: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 659: 658:introspective 655: 654:structuralism 651: 647: 643: 642:postmodernism 638: 636: 631: 630:globalization 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 596: 591: 589: 584: 582: 577: 576: 574: 573: 570: 565: 560: 559: 550: 546: 534: 533: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 510:Kenneth Waltz 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 490:Susan Strange 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 445:Robert Jervis 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 430:Robert Gilpin 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 415:Cynthia Enloe 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 376: 375: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 357:Regime theory 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 338: 337: 330: 327: 324: 323:Great Debates 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 298: 297: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 274:Postmodernism 272: 269: 265: 264:Functionalism 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 234: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 200: 199: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 150: 145: 144: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 118: 115: 110: 109: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 78: 75: 70: 69: 62: 59: 58: 55: 50: 49: 46: 42: 37: 36:Victor Gillam 32: 19: 5476:Stephen Walt 5391:James Fearon 5292:Reflectivism 5255: 5226:Green theory 4970: 4963: 4930: 4926: 4881:(3): 18–35. 4878: 4874: 4864: 4822: 4780: 4743: 4739: 4721: 4717: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4680: 4674: 4665: 4661: 4643: 4637: 4620: 4616: 4603: 4586: 4582: 4569: 4560: 4554: 4545: 4541: 4523: 4517: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4454: 4450: 4432: 4426: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4358: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4316:. Retrieved 4314:. 2009-05-14 4306: 4262: 4255: 4244:. Retrieved 4240: 4231: 4220:. Retrieved 4211: 4178: 4174: 4151:(10): 79–97. 4148: 4144: 4121:j.ctv11vcch9 4111: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4030:(3): 29–55. 4027: 4023: 4013: 3971: 3964: 3926:(3): 68–82. 3923: 3919: 3909: 3881: 3839: 3832: 3821:. Retrieved 3817: 3808: 3775: 3771: 3712: 3705: 3675:(1): 77–82. 3672: 3668: 3645:, retrieved 3640: 3573: 3533:(1): 83–99. 3530: 3526: 3483: 3443: 3399: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3313: 3309: 3280:, retrieved 3258: 3249: 3214: 3210: 3183:, retrieved 3168: 3106: 3099: 3057: 3050: 3014: 3007: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2932: 2925: 2915:, retrieved 2893: 2883: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2804: 2748: 2741: 2706: 2702: 2679:, retrieved 2657: 2647: 2638: 2632: 2599: 2595: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2503: 2449: 2429:, retrieved 2407: 2397: 2369: 2349:, retrieved 2327: 2287: 2283: 2231: 2227: 2204:, retrieved 2182: 2125: 2121: 2069: 2066: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2042: 2035: 2030: 2016: 2011: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1984:Occidentosis 1983: 1979: 1976:Ahmad Fardid 1973: 1966: 1932: 1910: 1885: 1876: 1864: 1860: 1846:Modibo Keïta 1826: 1822: 1814: 1797: 1793: 1753: 1731: 1720: 1713: 1699:challenging 1671: 1647: 1637: 1634: 1630:nation-state 1607: 1604: 1588: 1579: 1550: 1542: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1498: 1478: 1455: 1452: 1442: 1434: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1400: 1369: 1341: 1338: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1315: 1312: 1287:Vichy France 1284: 1277: 1274:Aimé Césaire 1270:Frantz Fanon 1268: 1265:Frantz Fanon 1228:Eurocentrism 1212: 1181: 1171: 1139: 1114: 1106: 1097: 1091: 1069: 1060: 1032: 1023:Logocentrism 1020: 1007:reflectivist 1003: 998:Eurocentrism 994:modern state 982: 940: 924: 905: 867: 860: 801:Ralph Bunche 794: 792:narratives. 790: 722: 719:Aimé Césaire 711:exploitation 708: 700:Frantz Fanon 639: 625: 605: 604: 505:Stephen Walt 420:James Fearon 317:Reflectivism 278: 249:Green theory 5491:Yan Xuetong 5366:Hedley Bull 5340:Geopolitics 5287:Rationalism 5170:Realpolitik 3643:, Routledge 3444:Edward Said 2805:Orientalism 2467:10453/10436 2056:Gharbzadegi 2051:Gharbzadegi 2027:Third World 2019:coloniality 2012:Gharbzadegi 1980:gharbzadegi 1968:Gharbzadegi 1893:coup d'état 1872:foreign aid 1817:enslavement 1626:nationalism 1617:Orientalism 1601:Beyond Said 1529:Orientalism 1481:Mark Salter 1462:imperialism 1443:Orientalism 1435:Orientalism 1414:Orientalism 1409:magnum opus 1401:Orientalism 1371:Edward Said 1358:Edward Said 1291:Free France 1224:Eurocentric 1186:imperialism 1174:Edward Said 1109:colonialism 1035:coloniality 1029:Coloniality 1016:revisionist 951:Orientalism 943:Eurocentric 916:Edward Said 908:hierarchies 887:Mae C. King 878:Hedley Bull 874:Third World 840:, cultural 834:imperialism 805:Alain Locke 765:Third World 696:Edward Said 692:sovereignty 622:imperialism 618:colonialism 520:Yan Xuetong 395:Hedley Bull 367:Geopolitics 312:Rationalism 191:Realpolitik 5551:Categories 5505:Categories 5496:Qin Yaqing 5451:Joseph Nye 5371:E. H. Carr 5145:Neorealism 5056:Liberalism 4842:1245845778 4740:Transition 4718:Transition 4696:Transition 4495:(3): 393. 4318:2022-03-03 4290:1134854794 4246:2022-03-03 4222:2022-03-03 3823:2022-05-24 3732:1099543664 3647:2022-05-24 3282:2022-05-09 3185:2022-05-09 2917:2022-05-09 2681:2022-05-09 2431:2022-05-09 2351:2022-05-09 2206:2022-05-09 2093:References 1888:Ali Mazrui 1886:Professor 1717:color line 1643:Ali Mazrui 1126:Adam Smith 1076:neorealism 882:positivism 864:Ali Mazrui 809:Merze Tate 799:including 755:, and the 688:militarism 684:patriarchy 680:capitalism 537:Categories 525:Qin Yaqing 480:Joseph Nye 400:E. H. Carr 166:Neorealism 74:Liberalism 4955:226336798 4947:1368-8790 4905:235012073 4897:2700-2497 4850:cite book 4509:148918308 4418:218576721 4404:: 44–67. 4383:249407946 4375:1531-5088 4298:242922801 4203:214125490 4195:1742-058X 4083:0016-8297 4052:145806901 4044:1539-6630 3999:cite book 3956:162245529 3940:0034-5210 3859:170202721 3800:143582083 3792:0305-8298 3740:cite book 3697:144696122 3689:0305-8298 3601:cite book 3555:144635793 3547:0305-8298 3419:842264614 3377:0155-977X 3338:224797904 3330:0093-1896 3241:226356078 3233:0969-2290 3085:cite book 3042:240016047 2999:145744415 2991:0305-8298 2875:145211312 2867:0002-0206 2822:cite book 2814:868362748 2776:cite book 2723:2050-2990 2624:144312914 2616:1408-6980 2570:152095665 2562:0305-8298 2304:145740397 2256:148217950 2248:0304-3754 2150:148918308 2142:0304-3754 1901:Karl Marx 1767:socialism 1676:(IR) was 1621:hybridity 1279:négritude 1235:like the 1161:in 1944. 1149:'s book, 1088:pluralist 1056:epistemic 968:hegemonic 966:European 963:subaltern 955:1978 book 838:diasporas 721:'s essay 650:modernism 5349:Scholars 5221:Feminism 5064:Idealism 4800:24465652 4629:40401254 4595:40401254 4091:40584110 3991:16351635 3901:60373710 3593:29600508 3077:51934061 2768:45088104 2290:: 3–27. 2081:See also 1734:Cold War 1613:Artforum 1226:values. 1182:the West 1044:feminist 920:Foucault 902:Approach 769:Cold War 379:Scholars 244:Feminism 81:Idealism 5127:Realism 5094:Marxism 3948:3821364 2732:7695584 2031:Western 1942:Pahlavi 1895:by the 1517:liberal 1513:realist 1439:capital 1072:realism 970:power. 787:History 635:Western 149:Realism 114:Marxism 4986: 4953: 4945: 4903: 4895: 4840: 4830: 4798: 4788: 4627: 4623:: 79. 4593: 4589:: 78. 4548:: 151. 4507: 4416: 4381: 4373: 4296: 4288: 4278: 4201: 4193: 4119: 4089: 4081: 4050: 4042: 3989: 3979: 3954: 3946: 3938: 3899: 3889: 3857: 3847: 3798: 3790: 3730: 3720: 3695: 3687: 3591: 3581: 3553: 3545: 3499: 3459: 3417: 3407: 3375: 3336: 3328: 3273: 3239: 3231: 3176: 3122: 3075: 3065: 3040: 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