444:
165:
66:
20:
133:
secluded or rested varied across different countries and the principles underpinning this isolation (to heal vs. being unclean) also seem to differ greatly. After the period of seclusion there is often a ceremony to purify women to publicly accept them back into daily life. The literature supports the concept of a resting – a lengthy lie-in or lying-in period, a period of seclusion, as women need to rest in order to heal, yet it may mean that they are neglected.
2359:
3502:
241:
3526:
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176:" in Mandarin or 坐月 "Co5 Jyut2" in Cantonese. The period of confinement ranges from 30 to 100 days. Confinement for one month (30 days) is considered "mini confinement" while confinement for three months (100 days) is considered "full confinement". After 100 days, the Hundred Days Banquet (百日宴) is held to celebrate the baby reaching 100 days old.
108:
shows up in wildly diverse places". These customs have been documented in dozens of academic studies, and commonly include support for the new mother (including a release from household chores), rest, special foods to eat (and ones to avoid), specific hygiene practices, and ways of caring for the newborn.
231:
Nowadays, however, new mothers may wash their hair or take a bath or shower infrequently during the postpartum period, but it is claimed to be important to dry their body immediately afterwards with a clean towel and their hair properly using a hair dryer. It is also claimed to be important for women
195:
and neighboring regions, new mothers are barred from visitors until the baby is 12 days old, marked by a celebration called 'Twelve mornings' (known as 十二朝). From this day onwards, Cantonese families with a new baby usually share their joy through giving away food gifts, while some families mark the
107:
A 2016 American book describes the difficulties of documenting those "global grandmotherly customs" but asserts that "like a golden rope connecting women from one generation to the next, the protocol of caring for the new mother by unburdening her of responsibilities and ensuring she rests and eats
132:
From the data it seems that women were housebound for a number of days after the birth and the length of this period of seclusion varied by caste or ethnic group . This is a phenomenon found across the globe, including in high-income countries in the recent past. The length of time a woman is
275:
as pork knuckles are believed to help replenish calcium levels in women. Ginger is featured in many dishes, as it is believed that it can remove the 'wind' accumulated in the body during pregnancy. Meat-based soup broths are also commonly consumed to provide hydration and added nutrients.
41:. Those who follow these customs typically begin immediately after the birth, and the seclusion or special treatment lasts for a culturally variable length: typically for one month or 30 days, 26 days, up to 40 days, two months, or 100 days. This postnatal recuperation can include
306:(in Hindi). A special diet to facilitate milk production and increase hemoglobin levels is followed. Sex is not allowed during this time. In Hindu culture, this time after childbirth was traditionally considered a period of relative impurity (
3368:
127:
wrote in 1955 that the postpartum period meant a "woman can be cherished and pampered without feeling inadequate or shamed". The 2016 review that quoted them cites customs from around the world, from
Biblical times to modern Greece:
227:
Traditional in China, the mother and child were kept separate from the rest of the household. The mother was not permitted to bathe, wash her hair, or weep, because these activities were believed to affect the breast milk.
214:
Aspects of the practice of "sitting the month" continue today, especially in Hong Kong and Taiwan, and mother and baby sometimes spend the month in special clinics. At the end of this period, when the "month is fulfilled"
1004:
928:
Wong, Josephine; Fisher, Jane (August 2009). "The role of traditional confinement practices in determining postpartum depression in women in
Chinese cultures: A systematic review of the English language evidence".
443:
537:"). It is practised in parts of Latin America and amongst in communities in the United States. It is described as "intergenerational family ritual that facilitated adaptation to parenthood", including some
473:
in London. A 1932 Canadian publication refers to lying-in as ranging from two weeks to two months. These weeks ended with the re-introduction of the mother to the community in the
Christian ceremony of the
179:
The
Chinese custom of postpartum confinement is documented as far back as the year 960. Women are advised to stay indoors for recovery from the trauma of birth and for feeding the newborn baby. Aspects of
3373:
328:
Many Indian subcultures have their own traditions after birth. This birth period is called Virdi (Marathi), which lasts for 10 days after birth and includes complete abstinence from
615:
Withers, M; Kharazmi, N; Lim, E (January 2018). "Traditional beliefs and practices in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum: A review of the evidence from Asian countries".
389:
and various symbolic objects, such as chili peppers (for a boy) and coal (for a girl), was hung over the gate to denote the childbirth and restrict visitor access.
1954:
2348:
1923:
3424:
1196:
3530:
207:, women of certain ethnic groups in the South would resume work right after birth, and allow the men to practice postpartum confinement instead. (See
3483:
314:) was recommended for the mother and the baby. During this period, she was exempted from usual household chores and religious rites. The father was
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2119:
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were rich porridge, fish soup, and hard-boiled eggs. Sometimes, new mothers only begin to consume special herbal foods after all the
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1989:
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to wrap up warm and minimize the amount of skin exposed, as it was believed that they may catch a cold during this vulnerable time.
116:
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The custom of confinement advises new mothers to choose energy and protein-rich foods to recover energy levels, help shrink the
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2908:
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2280:
1994:
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are included, with a special focus on eating foods considered to be nourishing for the body and helping with the production of
78:
77:
refer to the first three months as the "fourth trimester". The weeks of rest while the mother heals also protect the infant as
73:
Postpartum confinement refers both to the mother and the baby. Human newborns are so underdeveloped that pediatricians such as
2371:
2044:
45:
practices in regards of "traditional health beliefs, taboos, rituals, and proscriptions." The practice used to be known as "
1319:
Niska, Kathleen; Snyder, Mariah; Lia-Hoagberg, Betty (October 1998). "Family Ritual
Facilitates Adaptation to Parenthood".
3466:
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1946:
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2159:
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1435:
879:"Dirty and 40 days in the wilderness: Eliciting childbirth and postnatal cultural practices and beliefs in Nepal"
570:
487:
470:
54:
3602:
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3476:
3000:
2816:
2783:
2675:
1521:
564:
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who had had caesarian sections felt that they did not need to – in fact, ought not to – undergo these rituals.
457:
or birth tray of c. 1410. As women tend to the child, expensively dressed female guests are already arriving.
142:
One meta-review of studies concluded, "There is little consistent evidence that confinement practices reduce
3429:
3283:
3075:
2768:
2094:
1959:
1697:
1458:
1425:
1384:
1029:
172:
Postpartum confinement is well-documented in China, where the custom is known as "Sitting the month": 坐月子 "
3572:
3562:
3342:
3210:
3200:
3065:
2788:
2721:
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2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1833:
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New mothers used to be encouraged to lie in a warm bed near the fire for 30 days, a practice known as
3337:
3288:
2608:
2598:
2526:
2521:
2496:
2481:
2476:
2315:
2254:
2114:
1971:
1895:
1803:
1793:
1589:
1490:
1468:
743:
652:"Effect of Alcohol consumption on Maternal lactation characteristics during 'doing-the-month' ritual"
595:
27:
23:
100:") acknowledge that the mother needs time off work to recover from the childbirth and deal with the
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3582:
3557:
2841:
2798:
2763:
2670:
2650:
2218:
2129:
2084:
1984:
1843:
1761:
1744:
1709:
1564:
1485:
1445:
729:
Tung, Wei-Chen (22 June 2010). "Doing the Month and Asian
Cultures: Implications for Health Care".
590:
315:
96:, but even those that mandate that some of the shared parental leave must be used by the father ("
19:
3439:
3168:
3022:
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2778:
2104:
1999:
1964:
1823:
1672:
1584:
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1377:
1263:
1052:妇女产子，洗后裹以襁褓，产妇立起工作，产妇之夫则抱子卧床四十日"；《黔记》卷二：郎慈苗在咸宁州，其俗更异，妇人产子，必夫守房，不逾门户，弥月乃出。产妇则出入耕作，措饭食，以供夫乳儿，日无暇刻。"
756:
475:
466:
302:
Most traditional
Indians follow the 40-day confinement and recuperation period also known as the
715:
3259:
3178:
3102:
3080:
2593:
2511:
2362:
2183:
2059:
1798:
1739:
1579:
1559:
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1336:
1255:
1247:
1226:"Caesarean or vaginal birth: perceptions and experience of Thai women in Australian hospitals"
1204:
1176:
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985:
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859:
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673:
632:
559:
97:
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2821:
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2583:
2154:
1766:
1639:
1634:
1528:
1328:
1237:
1145:
1074:
China's grandmothers : gender, family, and aging from late Qing to twenty-first century
967:
China's grandmothers : gender, family, and aging from late Qing to twenty-first century
938:
900:
890:
841:
748:
663:
624:
580:
426:
354:
3317:
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2627:
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2457:
2203:
1918:
1813:
1682:
1574:
1463:
1412:
1037:
550:
410:
330:
289:
89:
42:
1041:
1033:
117:
219:), the mother receives relatives and friends who bring special foods such as red eggs.
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905:
878:
650:
Chien, Yeh-Chung; Huang, Ya-Jing; Hsu, Chun-Sen; Chao, Jane C-J; Liu, Jen-Fang (2008).
493:
453:
93:
2358:
497:, a special form of painted tray. Equivalent presents in contemporary culture include
491:
paintings. One of the gifts presented to the new mother in
Renaissance Florence was a
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3398:
3312:
3273:
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3158:
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2846:
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2711:
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2403:
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2149:
1938:
1913:
1665:
1506:
1420:
1201:
Traveling cultures and plants : the ethnobiology and ethnopharmacy of migrations
555:
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204:
124:
82:
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760:
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1875:
1828:
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502:
402:
261:
1049:
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to heal after childbirth, although the correct ingredients are not easy to find.
3217:
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2990:
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2706:
2655:
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2326:
2285:
1880:
1838:
1756:
1280:
538:
498:
257:
74:
830:"Traditional Postpartum Practices and Rituals: A Qualitative Systematic Review"
628:
3369:
The
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
2615:
2555:
2486:
2290:
1808:
1730:
1609:
1404:
1096:
989:
942:
895:
824:
Dennis, Cindy-Lee; Fung, Kenneth; Grigoriadis, Sophie; Robinson, Gail Erlick;
668:
651:
534:
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322:
240:
185:
38:
1251:
855:
846:
829:
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3005:
2878:
2738:
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1400:
1111:
585:
371:
192:
168:
Chinese painting of a woman breastfeeding her baby, surrounded by supporters
1369:
1112:"GUIDE TO RITUAL IMPURITY - What to do at the junctions of birth and death"
1072:
965:
950:
914:
863:
677:
636:
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3119:
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3017:
2918:
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2398:
2169:
1885:
877:
Sharma, S; van
Teijlingen, E; Hundley, V; Angell, C; Simkhada, P (2016).
462:
448:
438:
253:
50:
46:
3307:
3278:
3254:
3236:
3032:
3012:
1692:
513:
208:
1005:"I tried the Chinese practice of 'sitting the month' after childbirth"
3145:
3027:
2851:
2773:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2198:
1660:
1655:
509:
385:
265:
249:
1364:
Zuo Yuezi: An American Mother's Guide to Chinese Postpartum Recovery
1358:
The First Forty Days: The Essential Art of Nourishing the New Mother
801:
The First Forty Days: The Essential Art of Nourishing the New Mother
1134:"The Postpartum Tradition of Sawa Mahina in Rural Punjab, Pakistan"
2442:
2393:
2264:
2244:
1908:
1677:
442:
239:
163:
64:
18:
3112:
2330:
1373:
2923:
53:. In some cultures, it may be connected to taboos concerning
1285:
The Bride's Book — A Perpetual Guide for the Montreal Bride
1224:
Rice, Pranee Liamputtong; Naksook, Charin (October 1998).
3374:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
325:, the period of impurity for both parents was 24 hours.
310:), and a period of confinement of 10–40 days (known as
413:
in which the steam from the boiled plants is inhaled.
369:(three seven days, 21 days) in confinement, receiving
256:
to heal. This is also important for the production of
3453:
3397:
3359:
3350:
3299:
3144:
3133:
3064:
3055:
2907:
2898:
2807:
2749:
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2554:
2467:
2456:
2382:
2369:
2308:
2273:
2237:
2191:
2182:
2142:
1937:
1894:
1863:
1856:
1723:
1648:
1617:
1608:
1542:
1499:
1444:
1411:
1230:
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
69:
A mother and her newborn rest in bed, breastfeeding
1199:(2007). Pieroni, Andrea; Vandebroek, Ina (eds.).
799:Ou, Heng; Amely, Greeven; Belger, Marisa (2016).
775:"Dr. Karp On Parenting And The Science Of Sleep"
533:("forty days," a cognate with the English word "
461:The term used in English, now old-fashioned or
130:
337:In Pakistan, postpartum tradition is known as
223:Everyday habits and personal hygiene practices
2342:
1385:
512:, a restorative drink. "Taking caudle" was a
26:rests after having given birth to the future
8:
1173:Encyclopedia of women & Islamic cultures
92:. Many countries encourage men to take some
417:involves herbal medicine taken internally.
375:(postpartum care). In the past, during the
318:before visiting the mother in confinement.
273:pork knuckles with ginger and black vinegar
49:", which, as the term suggests, centres on
3425:International Center for Research on Women
3356:
3141:
3061:
2904:
2464:
2379:
2349:
2335:
2327:
2188:
1860:
1614:
1392:
1378:
1370:
731:Home Health Care Management & Practice
529:In Latin American countries, it is called
244:Pork knuckle with ginger and black vinegar
1241:
1149:
1110:John Marshall / Jaya Tirtha Charan Dasa.
904:
894:
845:
742:
667:
567:, including places and times of seclusion
1175:. Leiden: Brill. 2003–2007. p. 19.
1299:"Why Won't This New Mom Wash Her Hair?"
1297:Tuhus-Dubrow, Rebecca (11 April 2011).
607:
401:. This has been adapted into a form of
88:Almost all countries have some form of
1138:Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics
260:. Among the traditionally recommended
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
7:
3513:
3407:Office of Research on Women's Health
1132:Qamar, Azher Hameed (27 June 2017).
692:"Confinement practices: an overview"
37:is a traditional practice following
3525:
3445:Society for Women's Health Research
3379:International Day of the Girl Child
2224:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
3489:Birth control in the United States
1333:10.1111/j.1525-1446.1998.tb00357.x
1243:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1998.tb01446.x
14:
3384:Commission on the Status of Women
2394:External female genitalia (vulva)
1003:Hsu Oh, Leslie (8 January 2017).
198:paying tribute to their ancestors
3524:
3512:
3501:
3500:
2717:Assisted reproductive technology
2357:
2229:Postpartum physiological changes
1929:Postpartum physiological changes
1454:Assisted reproductive technology
349:In Persian culture it is called
295:); in North India and Pakistan,
102:postpartum physiological changes
2683:Breastfeeding and mental health
2281:Adaptation to extrauterine life
284:In parts of India it is called
81:, and both learn the skills of
1924:Maternal physiological changes
931:Journal of Affective Disorders
516:for postpartum social visits.
1:
3333:Social determinants of health
1479:partner-assisted reproduction
1077:. Cambridge, United Kingdom:
970:. Cambridge, United Kingdom:
591:Parental investment in humans
3328:Gender disparities in health
2666:Mother-to-child transmission
716:"Chinese Postpartum Nannies"
182:traditional Chinese medicine
2941:Pelvic inflammatory disease
2884:Hormone replacement therapy
2448:Reproductive system disease
1715:Traditional birth attendant
3621:
3435:Black Women's Health Study
2502:Complications of pregnancy
1947:Brain health and pollution
1079:Cambridge University Press
972:Cambridge University Press
828:; Ross, Lori (July 2007).
629:10.1016/j.midw.2017.10.019
436:
3496:
3412:Women's Health Initiative
3265:Major depressive disorder
3093:Intimate partner violence
2954:Female genital mutilation
2949:
2641:
2160:Chorionic villus sampling
1512:Obstetric ultrasonography
1436:Pre-conception counseling
943:10.1016/j.jad.2008.11.002
896:10.1186/s12884-016-0938-4
777:. All Things Considered.
669:10.1017/S1368980008002152
571:Impurity after childbirth
471:General Lying-In Hospital
451:lying-in, from a painted
419:Thai immigrants to Sweden
316:purified by a ritual bath
55:impurity after childbirth
3001:Gynaecological disorders
2817:Culture and menstruation
2784:Contraceptive prevalence
2676:Compulsory sterilization
2050:Intrahepatic cholestasis
883:BMC Pregnancy Childbirth
847:10.2217/17455057.3.4.487
753:10.1177/1084822310367473
565:Culture and menstruation
465:, was once used to name
3284:Urinary tract infection
3076:Abuse during childbirth
2120:Motor vehicle emissions
1981:Concomitant conditions
1955:environmental toxicants
1698:Auxiliary nurse midwife
1459:artificial insemination
1426:Natural family planning
1366:. by Guang Ming Whitley
656:Public Health Nutrition
508:Special foods included
383:(taboo rope) made with
79:it adjusts to the world
3201:Cardiovascular disease
2789:Contraceptive security
2722:In vitro fertilization
2633:Postpartum confinement
2507:Hyperemesis gravidarum
2214:Postpartum confinement
1474:in vitro fertilisation
1281:Lying in by Jan Nusche
576:Grandmother hypothesis
539:paternal role reversal
458:
245:
169:
135:
70:
35:Postpartum confinement
31:
3323:Healthcare inequality
3125:Gender discrimination
2929:Human papilloma virus
2604:Vesicovaginal fistula
2209:Postpartum depression
2090:Pruritic folliculitis
1834:Unassisted childbirth
1321:Public Health Nursing
1151:10.1515/jef-2017-0008
1044:，生子便起。其夫臥床褥，飲食皆如乳婦。"《
779:National Public Radio
481:Lying-in features in
446:
243:
167:
144:postpartum depression
68:
22:
3430:Nurses' Health Study
3338:Reproductive justice
3289:Urinary incontinence
2909:Sexually transmitted
2764:Intrauterine devices
2609:Rectovaginal fistula
2599:Obstetrical fistulae
2527:Gestational diabetes
2522:Obstetrical bleeding
2497:Adolescent pregnancy
2482:Gravidity and parity
2477:Unintended pregnancy
2316:Gravidity and parity
2296:Congenital disorders
2255:Lactation consultant
2125:Pre-existing disease
1804:Childbirth positions
1794:Rupture of membranes
1491:Unintended pregnancy
1469:fertility medication
1071:Lary, Diana (2022).
964:Lary, Diana (2022).
596:Sex after childbirth
28:Louis VIII of France
24:Isabella of Hainault
3343:Women's empowerment
3211:Alzheimer's disease
2842:Cloth menstrual pad
2799:Fertility awareness
2769:Oral contraceptives
2651:Perinatal mortality
2219:Sex after pregnancy
2026:Endocrine diseases
1972:Prenatal depression
1844:Placental expulsion
1762:Uterine contraction
1745:cervical effacement
1486:Fertility awareness
1287:, published in 1932
803:. Harry N. Abrams.
467:maternity hospitals
365:Korean women spend
280:Indian subcontinent
3440:Cartwright Inquiry
3351:Politics, research
3169:Endometrial cancer
3023:Sexual intercourse
2794:Planned parenthood
2779:Male contraceptive
1995:Hypercoagulability
1824:Natural childbirth
1673:Postterm pregnancy
1431:Male contraceptive
1360:. By Heng Ou, 2016
1203:. Berghahn Books.
1197:Pranee C. Lundberg
476:churching of women
469:, for example the
459:
334:or temple visits.
321:In the event of a
246:
170:
112:Martha Wolfenstein
71:
32:
3578:Human development
3540:
3539:
3420:
3419:
3245:
3244:
3196:
3195:
3179:Papanicolaou test
3135:Non-communicable
3103:Sexual harassment
3081:Domestic violence
3051:
3050:
2894:
2893:
2691:
2690:
2594:Retained placenta
2512:Ectopic pregnancy
2324:
2323:
2309:Obstetric history
2304:
2303:
2265:Confinement nanny
2178:
2177:
2045:Acute fatty liver
1852:
1851:
1740:cervical dilation
1088:978-1-009-06478-1
981:978-1-009-06478-1
560:Attachment theory
421:report using the
271:A common dish is
16:Cultural practice
3610:
3528:
3527:
3516:
3515:
3504:
3503:
3357:
3142:
3062:
3056:Non-reproductive
2905:
2822:Feminine hygiene
2589:Cesarian section
2584:Obstructed labor
2465:
2380:
2361:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2328:
2189:
2155:Cardiotocography
1861:
1767:Vaginal delivery
1640:Nesting instinct
1615:
1600:Rudimentary horn
1529:Prenatal testing
1394:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1345:
1344:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1294:
1288:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1245:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1068:
1053:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1000:
994:
993:
961:
955:
954:
925:
919:
918:
908:
898:
874:
868:
867:
849:
821:
815:
814:
796:
790:
789:
787:
785:
771:
765:
764:
746:
744:10.1.1.1020.5139
726:
720:
719:
712:
706:
705:
703:
702:
688:
682:
681:
671:
647:
641:
640:
612:
581:Women-only space
427:Thai Australians
341:("five weeks").
299:("five weeks").
122:
119:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3603:Human pregnancy
3568:Women's culture
3553:Chinese culture
3543:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3492:
3477:Family planning
3455:
3449:
3416:
3393:
3352:
3346:
3318:Gender equality
3301:
3295:
3241:
3192:
3174:Cervical cancer
3136:
3129:
3067:
3057:
3047:
3038:Sex differences
2996:Forced marriage
2945:
2910:
2900:
2890:
2832:Menstrual cycle
2803:
2756:Family planning
2754:
2745:
2698:
2687:
2646:Maternal deaths
2637:
2628:Postpartum care
2574:Multiple births
2550:
2459:
2452:
2385:
2376:
2373:
2365:
2355:
2325:
2320:
2300:
2269:
2233:
2204:Postpartum care
2174:
2138:
2041:Liver diseases
2035:Thyroid disease
1933:
1919:Gestational age
1890:
1848:
1814:Labor induction
1719:
1710:Perinatal nurse
1683:Birth attendant
1644:
1604:
1538:
1534:Medical imaging
1495:
1464:fertility fraud
1440:
1407:
1398:
1354:
1352:Further reading
1349:
1348:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1279:
1275:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1089:
1070:
1069:
1056:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1009:Washington Post
1002:
1001:
997:
982:
963:
962:
958:
927:
926:
922:
876:
875:
871:
823:
822:
818:
811:
798:
797:
793:
783:
781:
773:
772:
768:
728:
727:
723:
714:
713:
709:
700:
698:
690:
689:
685:
649:
648:
644:
614:
613:
609:
604:
551:Postpartum care
547:
527:
522:
441:
435:
411:herbal medicine
395:
363:
347:
282:
268:is discharged.
238:
225:
162:
157:
152:
140:
114:
90:maternity leave
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3454:Women's health
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3361:United Nations
3354:
3353:& advocacy
3348:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3300:Sociocultural
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3188:Ovarian cancer
3185:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3164:Uterine cancer
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3108:Sexual assault
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Child marriage
2983:
2981:Breast ironing
2978:
2973:
2971:Breast binding
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2959:Clitoridectomy
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2837:Menstrual aids
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2621:Husband stitch
2613:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2499:
2494:
2492:Antenatal care
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:Fallopian tube
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2390:
2388:
2384:Reproductive
2377:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:Women's health
2356:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2250:Health visitor
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2165:Nonstress test
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:Skin diseases
2079:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1871:Amniotic fluid
1867:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:Multiple birth
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:Bradley method
1621:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1517:Pregnancy test
1514:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1327:(5): 329–337.
1311:
1289:
1273:
1236:(5): 604–608.
1216:
1209:
1188:
1181:
1164:
1144:(1): 127–150.
1124:
1114:. Hknet.org.nz
1102:
1087:
1081:. p. 41.
1054:
1021:
995:
980:
974:. p. 49.
956:
937:(3): 161–169.
920:
869:
840:(4): 487–502.
834:Women's Health
816:
809:
791:
766:
737:(5): 369–371.
721:
707:
683:
662:(3): 382–388.
642:
606:
605:
603:
600:
599:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
553:
546:
543:
526:
523:
521:
518:
494:desco da parto
488:Birth of Jesus
454:desco da parto
437:Main article:
434:
431:
394:
391:
362:
359:
346:
343:
290:transliterated
281:
278:
252:, and for the
237:
234:
224:
221:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
139:
138:Health effects
136:
98:father's quota
94:paternal leave
62:
59:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3616:
3615:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Breastfeeding
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:Pseudoscience
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3533:
3532:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3399:United States
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Disadvantaged
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3274:Urinary tract
3272:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:Mental health
3248:
3247:
3238:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:Breast cancer
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3068:against women
3063:
3060:
3054:
3044:
3043:Sex education
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Breast health
2974:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Menstrual cup
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2751:Contraception
2748:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Childlessness
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2697:Reproductive
2694:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:Sterilization
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Preterm birth
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2404:Clitoral hood
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:Reproductive
2368:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Monthly nurse
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Amniocentesis
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:Vaginal flora
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:Substance use
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Fundal height
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1887:
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2964:Infibulation
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2857:Sanitary pad
2809:Menstruation
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2537:Preeclampsia
2532:Hypertension
2416:Labia majora
2411:Labia minora
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1990:Hypertension
1977:Immunization
1960:in pregnancy
1876:Amniotic sac
1829:Silent birth
1772:Presentation
1735:Bishop score
1705:Obstetrician
1595:Interstitial
1522:home testing
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2869:Menorrhagia
2707:Infertility
2656:Stillbirths
2517:Miscarriage
2286:Apgar score
2070:Hepatitis C
2056:Infections
1896:Development
1881:Endometrium
1839:Water birth
1757:Bloody show
1688:Men's roles
1618:Preparation
1570:Heterotopic
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297:sawa mahina
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3593:Quarantine
3583:Motherhood
3558:Childbirth
3547:Categories
3456:by country
3260:Depression
2911:infections
2616:Episiotomy
2556:Childbirth
2487:Obstetrics
2291:Child care
2184:Postpartum
2143:Procedures
2095:Dermatoses
1951:Nutrition
1809:Home birth
1731:Pelvimetry
1610:Childbirth
1590:Unintended
1446:Conception
1405:childbirth
1118:2014-02-02
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701:2016-03-21
696:BabyCenter
602:References
535:quarantine
485:, notably
423:steam bath
377:samchil-il
367:samchil-il
355:forty days
323:stillbirth
258:breastmilk
186:breastmilk
174:Zuò yuè zi
39:childbirth
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3066:Violence
3006:Vaginitis
2879:Menopause
2739:Fostering
2729:Parenting
2699:life plan
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2542:Eclampsia
2469:Pregnancy
2458:Maternal
1799:Caesarean
1565:Abdominal
1401:Pregnancy
1252:1753-6405
856:1745-5065
739:CiteSeerX
617:Midwifery
586:Wet nurse
372:sanhujori
193:Guangdong
150:By region
3507:Category
3467:Ethiopia
3389:UN Women
3206:Dementia
3137:diseases
3120:Femicide
3098:Misogyny
3018:Polygamy
2919:Safe sex
2827:Menarche
2734:Adoption
2661:Abortion
2579:Oxytocin
2399:Clitoris
2192:Maternal
2170:Abortion
2115:Bleeding
2065:COVID-19
2030:Diabetes
2015:Cannabis
1965:prenatal
1886:Placenta
1857:Prenatal
1787:shoulder
1782:cephalic
1750:position
1724:Delivery
1585:Postterm
1550:Cervical
1413:Planning
1304:14 April
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1014:14 April
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2020:Opioids
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1661:Newborn
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1560:Ectopic
1555:Cryptic
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2374:health
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