954:(Allgemeines Krankenhaus), where medical students received their training. Working without knowledge of Holmes' essay, Semmelweis noticed his ward's 16% mortality rate from fever was substantially higher than the 2% mortality rate in the Second Division, where midwifery students were trained. Semmelweis also noticed that puerperal fever was rare in women who gave birth before arriving at the hospital. Semmelweis noted that doctors in First Division performed autopsies each morning on women who had died the previous day, but the midwives were not required or allowed to perform such autopsies. He made the connection between autopsies and puerperal fever after a colleague,
931:, and controversially concluded that puerperal fever was frequently carried from patient to patient by physicians and nurses. He suggested that clean clothing and avoidance of autopsies by those aiding birth would prevent the spread of the disease. Holmes quoted Dr. James Blundell as stating, "... in my own family, I had rather that those I esteemed the most should be delivered unaided, in a stable, by the mangerside, than that they should receive the best help, in the fairest apartment, but exposed to the vapors of this pitiless disease."
2235:: "Whenever puerperal fever is rife, or when a practitioner has attended any one example of it, he should use most diligent ablution; he should even wash his hands with some disinfecting fluid, a weak solution of chlorine for instance: he should avoid going in the same dress to any other of his midwifery patients: in short, he should take all those precautions which, when the danger is understood, common sense will suggest, against his clothes or his body becoming a vehicle of contagion and death between one patient and another."
815:
53:
938:, a well-known obstetrician, who stated, "Doctors are gentlemen, and gentlemen's hands are clean." Richard Gordon states that Holmes' exhortations "outraged obstetricians, particularly in Philadelphia". In those days, "surgeons operated in blood-stiffened frock coats—the stiffer the coat, the prouder the busy surgeon", "pus was as inseparable from surgery as blood", and "Cleanliness was next to prudishness". He quotes
3415:
292:. This increases to 5% to 13% among those who have more difficult deliveries and 50% with C-sections before the use of preventive antibiotics. In 2015, these infections resulted in 17,900 deaths down from 34,000 deaths in 1990. They are the cause of about 10% of deaths around the time of pregnancy. The first known descriptions of the condition date back to at least the 5th century BCE in the writings of
1032:, contracted childbed fever after giving birth to him and died nine days later. Her infant son was also in perilous health following the birth; the adult Rousseau later wrote that "I came into the world with so few signs of life that little hope was entertained of preserving me". He was nursed back to health by an aunt. French natural philosopher
2182:
nature, and that the infection was as readily communicated as that of smallpox, or measles, and operated more speedily than any other infection, with which I am acquainted." From p. 64: "It is a disagreeable declaration for me to mention, that I myself was the means of carrying the infection to a great number of women."
2181:
On p. 63, Gordon recognized that puerperal fever was infectious: "But this disease seized such women only, as were visited, or delivered, by a practitioner, or taken care of by a nurse, who had previously attended patients affected with the disease. In short, I had evident proofs of its infectious
961:
Semmelweis began experimenting with various cleansing agents and, from May 1847, ordered all doctors and students working in the First
Division wash their hands in chlorinated lime solution before starting ward work, and later before each vaginal examination. The mortality rate from puerperal fever
876:
solution reduced childbed fever fatalities by 90%. His findings were not well received by the medical profession, because they conflicted both with existing medical concepts, and with the image doctors had of themselves. The scorn and ridicule of doctors was so extreme that
Semmelweis moved from
664:
Antibiotics have been used to prevent and treat these infections—however, the misuse of antibiotics is a serious problem for global health. It is recommended that guidelines be followed that outline when it is appropriate to give antibiotics and which antibiotics are most effective.
766:
Puerperal infections in the 18th and 19th centuries affected, on average, 6 to 9 women in every 1,000 births, killing two to three of them with peritonitis or sepsis. It was the single most common cause of maternal mortality, accounting for about half of all deaths related to
853:, and women were subjected to crowding, frequent vaginal examinations, and the use of contaminated instruments, dressings, and bedding. It was common for a doctor to deliver one baby after another, without washing his hands or changing clothes between patients.
806:, which declined over the same period, but has seen a rise in last decade worldwide, especially in Asia, with smaller outbreaks in US and Canada. The UK reported 12,906 cases between September 2015 and April 2016, which is the largest outbreak since 1969.
892:(1752–1799) warned that the disease was transmitted from one case to another by midwives and doctors. Gordon wrote, "It is a disagreeable declaration for me to mention, that I myself was the means of carrying the infection to a great number of women."
2723:
2645:
2630:
860:
in 1646. Hospitals throughout Europe and
America consistently reported death rates between 20% and 25% of all women giving birth, punctuated by intermittent epidemics with up to 100% fatalities of women giving birth in childbirth wards.
341:(blood poisoning) or other illnesses, especially when her resistance has been lowered by long labour or severe bleeding. Puerperal infection is most common on the raw surface of the interior of the uterus after separation of the
942:
on that era: "There was no object in being clean. Indeed, cleanliness was out of place. It was considered to be finicking and affected. An executioner might as well manicure his nails before chopping off a head".
743:
The number of cases of puerperal sepsis per year shows wide variations among published literature—this may be related to different definitions, recordings etc. Globally, bacterial infections are the cause of 10% of
2716:
320:
greater than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F), chills, low abdominal pain, and possibly bad-smelling vaginal discharge. It usually occurs after the first 24 hours and within the first ten days following delivery.
751:
In the United States, puerperal infections are believed to occur in between 1% and 8% of all births. About three die from puerperal sepsis for every 100,000 births. The single most important risk factor is
2709:
268:
around the time of surgery. Treatment of established infections is with antibiotics, with most people improving in two to three days. In those with mild disease, oral antibiotics may be used; otherwise
1297:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
296:. These infections were a very common cause of death around the time of childbirth starting in at least the 18th century until the 1930s when antibiotics were introduced. In 1847, Hungarian physician
3442:
3420:
533:
A temperature rise above 38 °C (100.4 °F) maintained over 24 hours or recurring during the period from the end of the first to the end of the 10th day after childbirth or abortion. (ICD-10)
1245:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
2334:
From p. 104: Speaking of a physician in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Meigs said: "He is a gentlemen who is scrupulously careful of his personal appearance, … But a gentleman's hands are clean."
1405:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
495:
PPD 2–3: endometritis ( the most common cause ) risk factors include emergency cesarean section, prolonged membrane rupture, prolonged labor, and multiple vaginal examinations during labor.
1659:
962:
in the division fell from 18% in May 1847 to less than 3% in June–November of the same year. While his results were extraordinary, he was treated with skepticism and ridicule (see
1887:
Saving
Mothers' Lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer – 2003–2005. The Seventh Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom
2974:
509:
PPD 5–6: septic pelvic thrombophlebitis risk factors include emergency cesarean section, prolonged membrane rupture, prolonged labor, and diffuse difficult vaginal childbirth.
763:
deaths associated with genital tract sepsis per 100,000 pregnancies was 0.40–0.85. In 2003–2005, genital tract sepsis accounted for 14% of direct causes of maternal death.
1913:
775:
in killing women of childbearing age. A rough estimate is that about 250,000–500,000 died from puerperal fever in the 18th and 19th centuries in
England and Wales alone.
3316:
1085:
mother and younger sister perished from this condition, explaining the character's animosity towards his nephew Fred and also his poor relationship with his own father.
845:
Hospitals for childbirth became common in the 17th century in many
European cities. These "lying-in" hospitals were established at a time when there was no knowledge of
700:
Management: multiple agent IV antibiotics to cover polymicrobial organisms: clindamycin, gentamicin, addition of ampicillin if no response, no cultures are necessary.
1613:
915:
solution and changes of clothing for obstetric attendants "to prevent the practitioner becoming a vehicle of contagion and death between one patient and another."
838:
From the 17th century through to the mid-to-late 19th century, the majority of childbed fever cases were caused by the doctors themselves. With no knowledge of
831:
1839:
1709:
1703:
1885:
377:
of the infecting organism, the resistance of the invaded tissues, and the general health of the woman. Organisms commonly producing this infection are
963:
756:. The number of maternal deaths in the United States is about 13 in 100,000. They make up about 11% of pregnancy-related deaths in the United States.
1223:
787:
that women in childbed were prone to fevers, the distinct name, "puerperal fever" appears in historical records only from the early 18th century.
2250:
2155:
1968:
The debate about when this term first emerged is presented by Irvine Loudon, The tragedy of childbed fever, Oxford
University Press, 2000, p. 8.
2954:
2921:
2482:
2192:
1946:
1895:
1865:
1742:
1500:
1463:
1387:
1358:
1209:
1167:
903:, London, wrote: "Wherever puerperal fever is rife, or when a practitioner has attended any one instance of it, he should use most diligent
281:
and gentamicin in those who have had a C-section. In those who are not improving with appropriate treatment, other complications such as an
2438:
1639:
1000:
830:
handwash in 1847 marked by vertical line. Rates for Dublin maternity hospital, which had no pathological anatomy, is shown for comparison (
802:. Another reason appears to be a lessening of the virulence or invasiveness of Streptococcus pyogenes. That organism is also the cause of
288:
In 2015, about 11.8 million maternal infections occurred. In the developed world about 1% to 2% develop uterine infections following
2454:
Colebrook, L; Kenny, M (June 6, 1936). "Treatment of Human
Puerperal Infections, and of Experimental Infections in Mice, with Prontosil".
3447:
1469:
1364:
2969:
1042:
3372:
3227:
3154:
2849:
1933:
939:
403:, which flourish in devitalized tissues such as may be present after long and injurious labour and unskilled instrumental delivery;
2049:
3399:
3020:
2758:
2344:
1910:
685:
2901:
896:
716:
450:
218:
109:
1610:
3103:
3452:
3387:
3170:
3015:
889:
2472:
3183:
2325:
On the Nature, Signs, and
Treatment of Childbed Fevers: In a Series of Letters Addressed to the Students of His Class
2310:
2267:
2232:
2219:
748:—this is more common in low income countries but is also a direct cause of maternal deaths in high-income countries.
713:
Management: antibiotics for cellulitis, open and drain wound, saline-soaked packing twice a day, secondary closure.
300:
decreased death from the disease in the First Obstetrical Clinic of Vienna from nearly 20% to 2% through the use of
3294:
3093:
3067:
2803:
2749:
900:
330:
868:
noticed that women giving birth at home had a much lower incidence of childbed fever than those giving birth in a
3331:
3321:
3239:
3139:
2294:
1881:
924:
171:
1698:
2857:
2660:
1832:
645:
474:
2244:
1033:
1005:
Elite status was no protection against postpartum infections, as the deaths of several English queens attest.
333:
has a large bare surface, which is prone to infection. Infection may be limited to the cavity and wall of her
1786:
3256:
3178:
2936:
951:
681:
536:
Oral temperature of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or more on any two of the first ten days postpartum. (USJCMW)
434:
411:
260:
Due to the risks following caesarean section, it is recommended that all women receive a preventive dose of
246:
234:
722:
Management: IV heparin for 7–10 days at rates sufficient to prolong the PTT to double the baseline values.
3377:
3351:
3129:
2949:
2944:
2916:
2893:
2793:
1196:
1094:
935:
857:
826:
in Vienna in 1823 (vertical line) was correlated to the incidence of fatal childbed fever there. Onset of
379:
61:
2701:
3336:
2788:
1029:
214:
3346:
3215:
3110:
2931:
2906:
2119:
1010:
873:
823:
305:
814:
557:
3382:
3326:
3220:
3149:
3134:
3115:
2964:
2778:
2649:
2196:
1037:
791:
485:
233:
among others. Most infections involve a number of types of bacteria. Diagnosis is rarely helped by
186:
greater than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F), chills, lower abdominal pain, and possibly bad-smelling
3356:
3311:
3286:
3251:
3098:
3088:
2783:
2546:
2417:
2369:
2147:
2100:
1814:
1541:
784:
649:
466:
417:
400:
242:
82:
2445:
National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science, December 8, 1999 (revised October 27, 2003).
2435:
2329:
1492:
2120:""The contagiousness of childbed fever": a short history of puerperal sepsis and its treatment"
548:), is no longer favored as a diagnostic category. Instead, contemporary terminology specifies:
190:. It usually occurs after the first 24 hours and within the first ten days following delivery.
3261:
3233:
3193:
3188:
3123:
2997:
2798:
2773:
2741:
2596:
2567:
2538:
2478:
2409:
2139:
2092:
2017:
1999:
1942:
1891:
1861:
1806:
1738:
1732:
1651:
1590:
1533:
1496:
1459:
1453:
1434:
1383:
1354:
1348:
1326:
1274:
1215:
1205:
1163:
1077:
1006:
977:
955:
880:
Semmelweis was not the only doctor ignored after sounding a warning about the problem. In his
753:
719:: persistent wide fever swings despite antibiotics, usually normal abdominal or pelvic exams.
614:
470:
297:
210:
187:
105:
70:
2248:"The contagiousness of childbed fever: a short history of puerperal sepsis and its treatment"
2176:
3144:
3083:
2815:
2588:
2530:
2401:
2131:
2084:
2007:
1991:
1798:
1757:
1580:
1572:
1525:
1424:
1416:
1316:
1308:
1264:
1256:
1082:
1057:
1013:, died of puerperal fever one week after giving birth to a daughter, who also died. Her son
947:
865:
819:
503:
499:
405:
289:
230:
113:
3299:
3266:
3055:
3040:
2820:
2442:
2298:
2254:
1917:
1617:
1516:
Anderson BL (April 2014). "Puerperal group A streptococcal infection: beyond Semmelweis".
1072:
1061:
703:
481:
446:
238:
46:
Puerperal fever, childbed fever, maternal sepsis, maternal infection, puerperal infections
2689:
2363:
1952:
2061:
273:
antibiotics are recommended. Common antibiotics include a combination of ampicillin and
3394:
3304:
3200:
3060:
3049:
2989:
2867:
2323:
2135:
2012:
1979:
1585:
1560:
1485:
1429:
1404:
1321:
1296:
1269:
1244:
1022:
869:
745:
632:
52:
17:
2592:
2075:
Wyklicky H, Skopec M (1983). "Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, the prophet of bacteriology".
1420:
1312:
1260:
575:(uncontrolled and uncontained multiplication of microbes throughout the blood stream).
3436:
3276:
3246:
2979:
2862:
2170:
1929:
1243:
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016).
988:
970:
839:
803:
620:
590:
517:
384:
2654:
2550:
2421:
2151:
2104:
1833:"WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal peripartum infections"
1818:
1545:
794:. The decline may be partly attributed to improved environmental conditions, better
3271:
3205:
2579:
Calhoun BC, Brost B (June 1995). "Emergency management of sudden puerperal fever".
1065:
1052:
1047:
1018:
850:
772:
694:
672:
579:
553:
430:
373:(inflammation of the abdominal lining). The severity of the illness depends on the
358:
222:
117:
2392:
Raju TN (1999). "Ignác Semmelweis and the etiology of fetal and neonatal sepsis".
1995:
1198:
WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal peripartum infections
958:, died of sepsis after accidentally cutting his hand while performing an autopsy.
2665:
1802:
1673:
1529:
3210:
2959:
2911:
2844:
2825:
2810:
2521:
Chaim W, Burstein E (August 2003). "Postpartum infection treatments: a review".
2504:
908:
799:
795:
668:
653:
626:
608:
602:
561:
489:
462:
442:
370:
354:
350:
338:
301:
293:
278:
270:
254:
179:
131:
100:
2558:
French L (August 2003). "Prevention and treatment of postpartum endometritis".
2830:
2737:
2534:
2088:
1014:
985:
846:
768:
596:
584:
454:
392:
366:
346:
274:
265:
261:
250:
175:
75:
65:(red-stained spheres) is responsible for many cases of severe puerperal fever.
2003:
2874:
2733:
2684:
2639:
2220:"Lectures on the principles and practice of physic: Diseases of the abdomen"
981:
697:: moderate fever, exquisite uterine tenderness, minimal abdominal findings.
644:
A number of other conditions can cause fevers following delivery including:
568:
438:
374:
167:
2571:
2542:
2413:
2143:
2021:
1810:
1594:
1537:
1438:
1330:
1278:
1219:
973:, and published his findings in 1860, but his discovery was again ignored.
872:. His investigation discovered that washing hands before a delivery with a
735:
Management: antibiotics for cellulitis, open and drain abscess if present.
2600:
2405:
2096:
1655:
1576:
678:
Management: pulmonary exercises, ambulation (deep breathing and walking).
353:
of any part of the genital tract. By whatever portal, they can invade the
2768:
1611:
The Global Incidence of Puerperal Sepsis Protocol for a Systematic Review
1403:
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (17 December 2014).
1378:"Cover of Hacker & Moore's Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology".
912:
885:
827:
725:
707:
513:
396:
342:
226:
121:
2622:
950:
was appointed assistant lecturer in the First Obstetric Division of the
582:
is a polymicrobial infection. It frequently includes organisms such as
3073:
1295:
GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (8 October 2016).
904:
877:
Vienna and, following a breakdown, eventually died in a mental asylum.
790:
The death rate for women giving birth decreased in the 20th century in
388:
282:
2288:
1162:(24th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. 2014. pp. Chapter 37.
3077:
2634:
1640:"Bacteriologic Findings of Post-Cesarian Endometritis in Adolescents"
934:
Holmes' conclusions were ridiculed by many contemporaries, including
691:
Management: antibiotics as per culture sensitivity (cephalosporine).
572:
362:
334:
194:
2034:
Loudon I. "Deaths in childbed from the eighteenth century to 1935".
571:(contained multiplication of microbes) or possibly life-threatening
453:. Septic risk factors for each condition are listed in order of the
3036:
3007:
2840:
2050:"The Childbed Fever Mystery and the Meaning of Medical Journalism"
813:
729:
506:, prolonged labor, and multiple vaginal examinations during labor.
317:
241:
may be required. Other causes of fever following delivery include
183:
783:
Although it had been recognized from as early as the time of the
480:
PPD 1–2: urinary tract infections risk factors include multiple
2705:
856:
The first recorded epidemic of puerperal fever occurred at the
369:(inflammation of connective tissue), and pelvic or generalized
2347:(1983). "Disastrous Motherhood: Tales from the Vienna Wards".
2975:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
1380:
Hacker & Moore's essentials of obstetrics and gynecology
671:: mild to moderate fever, no changes or mild rales on chest
1758:
Definition of "infection" from several medical dictionaries
87:
Fever, lower abdominal pain, bad-smelling vaginal discharge
1858:
Childbed fever. A scientific biography of Ignaz Semmelweis
429:
Causes (listed in order of decreasing frequency) include:
2328:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Blanchard and Lea. p.
1561:"Medicine in stamps-Ignaz Semmelweis and Puerperal Fever"
1978:
Basetti S, Hodgson J, Rawson TM, Majeed A (2017-08-11).
498:
PPD 4–5: wound infection risk factors include emergency
1565:
Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association
1382:(6 ed.). Elsevier Canada. 2015. pp. 276–290.
759:
In the United Kingdom from 1985 to 2005, the number of
2368:. London, England: Cassell and Company, Ltd. pp.
2172:
A Treatise on the Epidemic Puerperal Fever of Aberdeen
706:: persistent spiking fever despite antibiotics, wound
213:(C-section), the presence of certain bacteria such as
3443:
Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
1787:"Breast Pain: Engorgement, Nipple Pain, and Mastitis"
1734:
Diagnostic Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology E-Book
822:
presented evidence to demonstrate that the advent of
564:(inflammation of the membrane lining of the abdomen).
237:
of the vagina or blood. In those who do not improve,
2612:
3365:
3285:
3169:
3033:
3006:
2988:
2930:
2892:
2883:
2839:
2757:
2748:
2675:
2616:
842:, doctors did not believe hand washing was needed.
457:day (PPD) on which the condition generally occurs.
145:
137:
127:
99:
91:
81:
69:
42:
37:
2581:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
2362:Treves F (1923). "Ch. 2: The Old Receiving Room".
2175:. London, England: G.G. and J. Robinson. pp.
1980:"Scarlet fever: a guide for general practitioners"
1484:
556:(inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus),
3317:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
1559:Ataman AD, Vatanoğlu-Lutz EE, Yıldırım G (2013).
2436:"Childbed fever: a nineteenth-century mystery,"
2351:. London: Hutchinson & Co. pp. 43–46 .
1056:. Other notables include African-American poet
969:He did the same work in St. Rochus hospital in
560:(inflammation of the veins of the uterus), and
1204:. World Health Organization. 2015. p. 1.
2717:
2272:The New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine
2195:. www.general-anaesthesia.com. Archived from
2193:"Treatise on the Epidemic of Puerperal Fever"
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
8:
1238:
1236:
567:the severity of the infection: less serious
249:, infections of an abdominal incision or an
1941:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 6.
1606:
1604:
1290:
1288:
882:Treatise on the Epidemic of Puerperal Fever
2889:
2754:
2724:
2710:
2702:
2613:
2268:"On the contagiousness of puerperal fever"
1704:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
51:
34:
2011:
1737:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 430.
1584:
1428:
1342:
1340:
1320:
1268:
1097:, a traditional practice after childbirth
606:, and may also include organisms such as
193:The most common infection is that of the
2477:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 54.
2365:The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
899:(1792–1882), a professor of medicine at
516:risk factors include nipple trauma from
1911:CEMACH: Saving Mothers' Lives 2003–2005
1860:. Transaction Publishers. p. 100.
1458:. New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. p. 153.
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1060:(1784), British housekeeping authority
1028:Suzanne Barnard, mother of philosopher
182:. Signs and symptoms usually include a
1046:, died ten days after giving birth to
991:and hence a cure for puerperal fever.
656:and surgical incisions, among others.
415:(inhabitants of the lower bowel); and
2955:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2922:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2291:The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever
1712:from the original on 22 February 2016
929:The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever
316:Signs and symptoms usually include a
7:
3021:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
1678:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1001:List of women who died in childbirth
834:). His efforts were futile, however.
688:tenderness, positive urine culture.
95:Typically multiple types of bacteria
1772:Blueprint Obstetrics and Gynecology
529:Puerperal fever is diagnosed with:
337:, or it may spread beyond to cause
2970:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
2136:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb05004.x
1791:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
1731:Crum CP, Lee KR, Nucci MR (2011).
1043:Vindication of the Rights of Woman
728:: unilateral, localized erythema,
552:the specific target of infection:
25:
3228:Pain management during childbirth
3155:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2523:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
2246:The Medical Journal of Australia.
1350:DC Dutta's Textbook of Obstetrics
1068:in 1916 died of puerperal fever.
1017:had two wives who died this way,
540:Puerperal fever (from the Latin
197:and surrounding tissues known as
3414:
3413:
3400:Sexual activity during pregnancy
2471:Sue Bale, Vanessa Jones (2006).
2158:from the original on 2006-12-03.
2124:The Medical Journal of Australia
1845:from the original on 2016-03-06.
1662:from the original on 2013-11-03.
1472:from the original on 2016-03-04.
1367:from the original on 2015-12-08.
1229:from the original on 2016-02-07.
387:(inhabitants of the skin and of
1353:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 432.
710:or fluctuance, wound drainage.
2902:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
2560:Current Women's Health Reports
1984:London Journal of Primary Care
1455:Manual of perinatal infections
717:Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis
451:septic pelvic thrombophlebitis
277:following vaginal delivery or
219:premature rupture of membranes
110:premature rupture of membranes
1:
3104:Prelabor rupture of membranes
2593:10.1016/S0889-8545(21)00185-6
1996:10.1080/17571472.2017.1365677
1935:The Tragedy of Childbed Fever
1856:Carter KC, Carter BR (2005).
1491:. New York: Dekker. pp.
1421:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
1313:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
1261:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
884:(1795), ex-naval surgeon and
3383:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3034:Maternal care related to the
3016:Gestational thrombocytopenia
2382:Gordon, Richard (1983) p. 44
2218:Watson (February 18, 1842).
1803:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000153
1530:10.1097/aog.0000000000000175
809:
488:during labor, and untreated
3184:Cephalopelvic disproportion
1785:Berens PD (December 2015).
864:In the early 19th century,
3469:
3448:Health issues in pregnancy
3295:Breastfeeding difficulties
3094:Constriction ring syndrome
3068:Braxton Hicks contractions
2224:The London Medical Gazette
2054:McGill Journal of Medicine
1638:Berenson AB (April 1990).
1081:, it is implied that both
998:
349:organisms may also affect
3408:
3332:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
3322:Pubic symphysis diastasis
2535:10.1517/14656566.4.8.1297
2507:'s "The Age of Rousseau".
2089:10.1017/S0195941700059762
1760:– Retrieved on 2021-07-07
1699:"Urinary Tract Infection"
1644:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1518:Obstetrics and Gynecology
925:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
771:, and was second only to
172:female reproductive tract
59:
50:
2858:Gestational hypertension
2118:De Costa CM (Nov 2002).
646:urinary tract infections
475:obstructive lung disease
247:urinary tract infections
225:, manual removal of the
3257:Umbilical cord prolapse
3179:Amniotic fluid embolism
2937:dermatoses of pregnancy
2394:Journal of Perinatology
2349:Great Medical Disasters
2289:Oliver Wendell Holmes:
2266:Holmes OW (1842–1843).
1050:, who grew up to write
952:Vienna General Hospital
901:King's College Hospital
684:: high fever, malaise,
682:Urinary tract infection
484:during labor, multiple
435:urinary tract infection
412:Clostridium perfringens
209:. Risk factors include
207:postpartum endometritis
18:Postpartum endometritis
3373:Concomitant conditions
3352:Postpartum thyroiditis
3130:Circumvallate placenta
2950:Impetigo herpetiformis
2945:Gestational pemphigoid
2917:Hyperemesis gravidarum
2850:hypertensive disorders
1890:. CEMACH. p. 97.
1347:Hiralal Konar (2014).
1095:Postpartum confinement
1064:, and American author
984:was effective against
964:Response to Semmelweis
936:Charles Delucena Meigs
907:." Watson recommended
835:
640:Differential diagnosis
401:anaerobic streptococci
380:Streptococcus pyogenes
329:After childbirth, the
285:should be considered.
62:Streptococcus pyogenes
3342:Postpartum infections
3337:Postpartum depression
2406:10.1038/sj.jp.7200155
2309:(Holmes, 1842–1843),
1577:10.5152/jtgga.2013.08
1487:A history of medicine
1030:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
817:
810:"The Doctor's Plague"
798:care, and the use of
465:risk factors include
215:group B streptococcus
156:Postpartum infections
38:Postpartum infections
3347:Postpartum psychosis
3216:Obstetrical bleeding
3111:Obstetrical bleeding
2932:Integumentary system
2907:Gestational diabetes
2886:related to pregnancy
2884:Other, predominantly
1958:on 11 February 2012.
1307:(10053): 1459–1544.
1255:(10053): 1545–1602.
940:Sir Frederick Treves
874:calcium hypochlorite
824:pathological anatomy
486:vaginal examinations
331:female genital tract
306:calcium hypochlorite
166:, are any bacterial
3453:Infectious diseases
3327:Postpartum bleeding
3150:Placental abruption
3135:Monochorionic twins
2965:Prurigo gestationis
2060:(1). Archived from
1452:Walvekar V (2005).
1160:Williams Obstetrics
1048:her second daughter
1038:Mary Wollstonecraft
1009:, queen consort of
858:Hôtel-Dieu de Paris
792:developed countries
203:postpartum metritis
3357:Puerperal mastitis
3312:Breast engorgement
3099:Monoamniotic twins
3089:Chorionic hematoma
2676:External resources
2474:Wound care nursing
2441:2009-04-16 at the
2297:2007-02-03 at the
2253:2006-12-03 at the
2130:(11–12): 668–671.
2048:Caplan CE (1995).
1916:2008-05-21 at the
1616:2008-12-17 at the
1483:Magner LN (1992).
1034:Émilie du Châtelet
836:
818:In his 1861 book,
785:Hippocratic corpus
650:breast engorgement
467:general anesthesia
418:Clostridium tetani
345:(afterbirth), but
312:Signs and symptoms
243:breast engorgement
3430:
3429:
3388:Thyroid disorders
3378:Diabetes mellitus
3262:Uterine inversion
3194:Shoulder dystocia
3189:Obstructed labour
3165:
3164:
3029:
3028:
2998:Chorea gravidarum
2774:Ectopic pregnancy
2699:
2698:
2484:978-0-7234-3344-6
2322:Meigs CD (1854).
2169:Gordon A (1795).
1948:978-0-19-820499-2
1897:978-0-9533536-8-2
1867:978-1-4128-0467-7
1744:978-1-4557-0895-6
1708:. 17 April 2015.
1502:978-0-8247-8673-1
1465:978-81-8061-472-9
1415:(9963): 117–171.
1389:978-1-4557-7558-3
1360:978-93-5152-067-2
1211:978-92-4-154936-3
1169:978-0-07-179893-8
1078:A Christmas Carol
1007:Elizabeth of York
978:Leonard Colebrook
956:Jakob Kolletschka
919:Hygienic measures
754:caesarean section
471:cigarette smoking
395:, and many other
298:Ignaz Semmelweiss
211:caesarean section
188:vaginal discharge
153:
152:
106:Caesarean section
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3460:
3417:
3416:
3252:Postmature birth
3240:Placenta accreta
3145:Placenta praevia
3140:Placenta accreta
3084:Chorioamnionitis
2894:Digestive system
2890:
2816:Fetal resorption
2804:Rudimentary horn
2761:abortive outcome
2755:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2614:
2604:
2575:
2554:
2508:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2468:
2462:
2452:
2446:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2263:
2257:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2199:on July 20, 2008
2189:
2183:
2180:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2015:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1951:. Archived from
1940:
1932:(9 March 2000).
1926:
1920:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1635:
1629:
1628:Carter (2005):98
1626:
1620:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1490:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1203:
1193:
1174:
1173:
1155:
1058:Phillis Wheatley
948:Ignaz Semmelweis
890:Alexander Gordon
866:Ignaz Semmelweis
820:Ignaz Semmelweis
546:male child (boy)
504:membrane rupture
500:cesarean section
406:Escherichia coli
399:eruptions); the
290:vaginal delivery
231:prolonged labour
199:puerperal sepsis
158:, also known as
114:prolonged labour
55:
35:
21:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3404:
3361:
3305:Cracked nipples
3300:Low milk supply
3281:
3267:Uterine rupture
3161:
3056:Oligohydramnios
3041:amniotic cavity
3035:
3025:
3002:
2984:
2935:
2926:
2885:
2879:
2848:
2835:
2821:Molar pregnancy
2760:
2744:
2730:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2671:
2670:
2625:
2611:
2578:
2557:
2529:(8): 1297–313.
2520:
2517:
2515:Further reading
2512:
2511:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2461:(1): 1279–1286.
2453:
2449:
2443:Wayback Machine
2434:Christa Colyer.
2433:
2429:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2299:Wayback Machine
2287:
2283:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2255:Wayback Machine
2243:
2239:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2029:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1949:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1918:Wayback Machine
1909:
1905:
1898:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1618:Wayback Machine
1609:
1602:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1466:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1212:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1177:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1109:
1104:
1091:
1073:Charles Dickens
1062:Isabella Beeton
1003:
997:
921:
812:
781:
746:maternal deaths
741:
704:Wound infection
662:
642:
527:
482:catheterization
447:wound infection
427:
327:
314:
239:medical imaging
217:in the vagina,
164:puerperal fever
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3466:
3464:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3395:Maternal death
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3201:Fetal distress
3198:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3061:Polyhydramnios
3058:
3050:amniotic fluid
3045:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2990:Nervous system
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2868:HELLP syndrome
2860:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:Pregnancy with
2752:
2746:
2745:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:article/796892
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2657:
2642:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:Classification
2610:
2609:External links
2607:
2606:
2605:
2576:
2555:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2496:
2483:
2463:
2447:
2427:
2400:(4): 307–310.
2384:
2375:
2354:
2336:
2314:
2302:
2281:
2258:
2237:
2210:
2184:
2161:
2110:
2083:(5): 367–370.
2077:Infect Control
2067:
2064:on 2012-07-07.
2040:
2038:1986; 30: 1–41
2027:
1970:
1961:
1947:
1921:
1903:
1896:
1884:, ed. (2007).
1873:
1866:
1848:
1824:
1777:
1762:
1750:
1743:
1723:
1690:
1665:
1650:(4): 627–629.
1630:
1621:
1600:
1551:
1524:(4): 874–882.
1508:
1501:
1475:
1464:
1444:
1395:
1388:
1370:
1359:
1336:
1284:
1232:
1210:
1175:
1168:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1087:
1036:died in 1749.
1023:Catherine Parr
996:
993:
920:
917:
870:maternity ward
811:
808:
780:
777:
740:
737:
732:, tenderness.
686:costovertebral
661:
658:
641:
638:
633:Staphylococcus
577:
576:
565:
558:metrophlebitis
538:
537:
534:
526:
523:
522:
521:
510:
507:
496:
493:
478:
426:
423:
326:
323:
313:
310:
160:childbed fever
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
103:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3465:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
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3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3277:Uterine atony
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Preterm birth
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2980:Stretch marks
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:Pre-eclampsia
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:Pathology of
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:(2): 357–67.
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
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2524:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2486:
2480:
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2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2440:
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2423:
2419:
2415:
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2403:
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2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2203:September 15,
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
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2071:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1883:
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1874:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:(4): 902–14.
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1770:Callaghan T.
1766:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1679:
1675:
1674:"Atelectasis"
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1615:
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1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
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1547:
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1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
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1489:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
995:Notable cases
994:
992:
990:
989:streptococcus
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
971:Pest, Hungary
967:
965:
959:
957:
953:
949:
944:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
918:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:Thomas Watson
893:
891:
888:obstetrician
887:
883:
878:
875:
871:
867:
862:
859:
854:
852:
848:
843:
841:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
807:
805:
804:scarlet fever
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
778:
776:
774:
770:
764:
762:
757:
755:
749:
747:
738:
736:
733:
731:
727:
723:
720:
718:
714:
711:
709:
705:
701:
698:
696:
692:
689:
687:
683:
679:
676:
674:
670:
666:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
639:
637:
635:
634:
629:
628:
623:
622:
621:Lactobacillus
617:
616:
611:
610:
605:
604:
599:
598:
593:
592:
591:Streptococcus
587:
586:
581:
574:
570:
566:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:
549:
547:
543:
535:
532:
531:
530:
524:
519:
518:breastfeeding
515:
511:
508:
505:
501:
497:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
422:
420:
419:
414:
413:
408:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:staphylococci
382:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
324:
322:
319:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:vaginal exams
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
27:Human disease
19:
3419:
3412:
3341:
3272:Vasa praevia
3232:
3206:Locked twins
3122:
3072:
3048:
2794:Interstitial
2683:
2659:
2644:
2629:
2584:
2580:
2566:(4): 274–9.
2563:
2559:
2526:
2522:
2503:Quoted from
2499:
2488:. Retrieved
2473:
2466:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2430:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2378:
2364:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2324:
2317:
2305:
2290:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2245:
2240:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2197:the original
2187:
2171:
2164:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2062:the original
2057:
2053:
2043:
2035:
2030:
1990:(5): 77–79.
1987:
1983:
1973:
1964:
1953:the original
1934:
1924:
1906:
1886:
1876:
1857:
1851:
1827:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1753:
1733:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1702:
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1624:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1486:
1478:
1454:
1447:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1379:
1373:
1349:
1304:
1300:
1252:
1248:
1197:
1159:
1076:
1070:
1066:Jean Webster
1053:Frankenstein
1051:
1041:
1040:, author of
1027:
1019:Jane Seymour
1004:
975:
968:
960:
945:
933:
928:
922:
894:
881:
879:
863:
855:
851:epidemiology
844:
837:
789:
782:
773:tuberculosis
765:
760:
758:
750:
742:
739:Epidemiology
734:
724:
721:
715:
712:
702:
699:
695:Endometritis
693:
690:
680:
677:
673:auscultation
667:
663:
643:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
580:Endometritis
578:
554:endometritis
545:
541:
539:
528:
502:, prolonged
431:endometritis
428:
425:Risk factors
416:
410:
404:
378:
359:lymph system
328:
315:
287:
259:
206:
202:
198:
192:
163:
159:
155:
154:
141:11.8 million
118:malnutrition
101:Risk factors
60:
29:
3211:Nuchal cord
2960:Linea nigra
2912:Hepatitis E
2845:proteinuria
2826:Miscarriage
2811:Embryo loss
2789:Heterotopic
2505:Will Durant
2233:From p. 806
2036:Med History
1571:(1): 35–9.
909:handwashing
800:antibiotics
796:obstetrical
669:Atelectasis
654:atelectasis
627:Escherichia
609:Gardnerella
603:Bacteroides
562:peritonitis
490:bacteriuria
463:atelectasis
443:atelectasis
371:peritonitis
355:bloodstream
351:lacerations
339:septicaemia
302:handwashing
294:Hippocrates
279:clindamycin
271:intravenous
262:antibiotics
255:atelectasis
221:, multiple
180:miscarriage
132:Antibiotics
43:Other names
3437:Categories
3221:Postpartum
3116:Antepartum
2831:Stillbirth
2742:puerperium
2740:, and the
2738:childbirth
2583:(review).
2562:(review).
2525:(review).
2490:2009-08-05
2278:: 503–530.
2230:: 801–808.
1102:References
1015:Henry VIII
999:See also:
986:haemolytic
927:published
886:Aberdonian
847:antisepsis
832:view rates
769:childbirth
660:Management
597:Mycoplasma
585:Ureaplasma
512:PPD 7–21:
455:postpartum
393:carbuncles
367:cellulitis
347:pathogenic
275:gentamicin
266:ampicillin
251:episiotomy
176:childbirth
174:following
168:infections
76:Obstetrics
3287:Puerperal
2875:Eclampsia
2779:Abdominal
2750:Pregnancy
2734:pregnancy
2685:eMedicine
2004:1757-1472
1083:Scrooge's
1011:Henry VII
982:Prontosil
976:In 1935,
946:In 1844,
923:In 1843,
895:In 1842,
615:Chlamydia
569:infection
525:Diagnosis
439:pneumonia
375:virulence
361:to cause
235:culturing
138:Frequency
128:Treatment
71:Specialty
3421:Category
3234:placenta
3124:placenta
2784:Cervical
2769:Abortion
2572:12844449
2551:26781321
2543:12877638
2439:Archived
2422:29047987
2414:10685244
2345:Gordon R
2295:Archived
2251:Archived
2156:Archived
2152:12164328
2144:12463995
2105:25830725
2022:29081840
1930:Loudon I
1914:Archived
1840:Archived
1819:13006527
1811:26512442
1710:Archived
1660:Archived
1614:Archived
1595:24592068
1546:24685091
1538:24785617
1470:Archived
1439:25530442
1365:Archived
1331:27733281
1279:27733282
1224:Archived
1220:26598777
1089:See also
1075:' novel
913:chlorine
905:ablution
828:chlorine
726:Mastitis
708:erythema
514:mastitis
397:pustular
343:placenta
264:such as
227:placenta
122:diabetes
83:Symptoms
3074:chorion
2799:Ovarian
2666:D011645
2601:7651676
2311:p. 510.
2097:6354955
2013:5649319
1882:Lewis G
1656:2314783
1586:3881728
1430:4340604
1322:5388903
1270:5055577
980:showed
779:History
461:PPD 0:
389:pimples
283:abscess
170:of the
3078:amnion
2599:
2570:
2549:
2541:
2481:
2456:Lancet
2420:
2412:
2150:
2142:
2103:
2095:
2020:
2010:
2002:
1945:
1894:
1864:
1817:
1809:
1741:
1716:7 July
1683:7 July
1654:
1593:
1583:
1544:
1536:
1499:
1495:–258.
1462:
1437:
1427:
1409:Lancet
1386:
1357:
1329:
1319:
1301:Lancet
1277:
1267:
1249:Lancet
1218:
1208:
1166:
1158:"37".
761:direct
630:, and
600:, and
573:sepsis
473:, and
449:, and
363:sepsis
335:uterus
325:Causes
253:, and
229:, and
195:uterus
149:17,900
146:Deaths
92:Causes
3366:Other
3171:Labor
3037:fetus
3008:Blood
2847:, and
2841:Edema
2547:S2CID
2418:S2CID
2148:S2CID
2101:S2CID
1956:(PDF)
1939:(PDF)
1843:(PDF)
1836:(PDF)
1815:S2CID
1706:(CDC)
1542:S2CID
1227:(PDF)
1202:(PDF)
911:with
840:germs
730:edema
318:fever
304:with
205:, or
184:fever
3039:and
2661:MeSH
2650:9-CM
2597:PMID
2568:PMID
2539:PMID
2479:ISBN
2410:PMID
2372:–57.
2205:2011
2179:–64.
2140:PMID
2093:PMID
2018:PMID
2000:ISSN
1943:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1807:PMID
1739:ISBN
1718:2021
1685:2021
1652:PMID
1591:PMID
1534:PMID
1497:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1435:PMID
1384:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1327:PMID
1275:PMID
1216:PMID
1206:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1021:and
542:puer
409:and
357:and
162:and
2655:672
2646:ICD
2640:O85
2631:ICD
2589:doi
2531:doi
2459:227
2402:doi
2330:104
2132:doi
2128:177
2085:doi
2008:PMC
1992:doi
1799:doi
1581:PMC
1573:doi
1526:doi
1522:123
1493:257
1425:PMC
1417:doi
1413:385
1317:PMC
1309:doi
1305:388
1265:PMC
1257:doi
1253:388
1071:In
966:).
849:or
178:or
3439::
3076:/
2843:,
2736:,
2688::
2664::
2653::
2638::
2635:10
2595:.
2585:22
2545:.
2537:.
2416:.
2408:.
2398:19
2396:.
2370:56
2274:.
2270:.
2228:29
2226:.
2222:.
2177:63
2154:.
2146:.
2138:.
2126:.
2122:.
2099:.
2091:.
2079:.
2056:.
2052:.
2016:.
2006:.
1998:.
1986:.
1982:.
1838:.
1813:.
1805:.
1795:58
1793:.
1789:.
1701:.
1676:.
1658:.
1648:75
1646:.
1642:.
1603:^
1589:.
1579:.
1569:14
1567:.
1563:.
1540:.
1532:.
1520:.
1468:.
1433:.
1423:.
1411:.
1407:.
1363:.
1339:^
1325:.
1315:.
1303:.
1299:.
1287:^
1273:.
1263:.
1251:.
1247:.
1235:^
1222:.
1214:.
1178:^
1110:^
1025:.
675:.
652:,
648:,
636:.
624:,
618:,
612:,
594:,
588:,
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421:.
391:,
383:;
365:,
308:.
257:.
245:,
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120:,
116:,
112:,
108:,
2934:/
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2648:-
2633:-
2623:D
2603:.
2591::
2574:.
2564:3
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2533::
2527:4
2493:.
2424:.
2404::
2332:.
2276:1
2207:.
2134::
2107:.
2087::
2081:4
2058:1
2024:.
1994::
1988:9
1900:.
1870:.
1821:.
1801::
1774:.
1747:.
1720:.
1687:.
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1575::
1548:.
1528::
1505:.
1441:.
1419::
1392:.
1333:.
1311::
1281:.
1259::
1172:.
520:.
492:.
477:.
441:/
20:)
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