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404:, and their two sons fled for refuge to the Lombard court at Pavia. Desiderius made overtures to Pope Adrian, requesting that he acknowledge Carloman's sons' right to succeed their father, and crown them as Kings of the Franks. With Charlemagne occupied with a campaign against the Saxons, Desiderius saw an opportunity to take all of Italy. He invaded the
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661:
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with the coastal plain as far as the mountains. He celebrated the occasion by striking the earliest papal coin, and in a mark of the direction the mediaeval papacy was to take, no longer dated his documents by the
Emperor in the east, but by the reign of Charles, king of the Franks. He recognized the
376:
of
Alemannia. Hildegard's father had extensive possessions in the territory under Carloman's dominion. This marriage was advantageous to Charlemagne because it allowed him to strengthen his position east of the Rhine and also bind the Alemannian nobility to his side. With Desiderata's return to her
408:
which had been given to the papacy in 756 by
Charlemagne's father. Desiderius's support of the claims of Carloman's sons posed a potential challenge to the legitimacy of Charlemagne's possession of his brother's lands. In 773, he cut short a military campaign near Paderborn, crossed the Alps, and
178:
Adrian and his predecessors had to contend with periodic attempts by the
Lombards to expand their holdings in Italy at the expense of the papacy. Not receiving any support from Constantinople, the popes looked for help to the Franks. Adrian's tenure saw the culmination of on-going territorial
517:," in order to guarantee a labor pool and to keep the power of Muslim rivals in check. He also encouraged Charlemagne to lead his troops into Spain against the Muslims there, and was generally interested in expanding Christian influence and eliminating Muslim control.
377:
father's court at Pavia, Desiderius was grievously insulted, and appears to have made an alliance with
Carloman against Charlemagne and the Papacy, which looked to the Franks for protection against Lombard incursions into Papal territory.
1173:|title=Charlemagne and Rome: Alcuin and the Epitaph of Pope Hadrian I |pp. xxii-xxiii |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2023 |author=Joanna Story |doi=10.1093/oso/9780199206346.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-920634-6 |access=preview }}
288:, but its site was not rediscovered until the 1960s, when excavations revealed the structures on a gently-rounded hill that was only marginally capable of self-defense, but fully self-sufficient for a mixed economy of grains and
1066:
191:
supported the claims of
Carloman's sons to their late father's land, and requested Pope Adrian crown Carloman's sons "Kings of the Franks". When the Pope failed to do so, Desiderius invaded Papal territory and seized the
524:
prompted a letter of concern from Adrian. Adrian's response was due to dispatches from bishop Egila, who had been tasked with preaching the gospel in the peninsula. Egila eventually fell in with the
357:, daughter of King Desiderius, to confirm the traditional alliance between Lombardy and Bavaria. That same year, Charlemagne concluded a treaty with Duke Tassilo, and married Liutperga's sister,
536:
1065:
Joanna Story; Judith
Bunbury; Anna Candida Felici; Gabriele Fronterotta; Mario Piacentini; Chiara Nicolais; Daria Scacciatelli; Sebastiano Sciuti; Margherita Vendittelli (9 August 2013).
409:
laid siege to Pavia. In exchange for their lives, the
Lombards surrendered and Desiderius was sent to the abbey of Corbie. Charlemagne assumed the title "King of the Lombards".
333:
to keep them in check. Adrian continued this policy. Because the East could offer no direct aid, Adrian then looked to the Franks to offset the power of the
Lombards.
1152:
3085:
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777:
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236:, and adopted the title "King of the Lombards" himself. The pope, whose expectations had been aroused, had to content himself with some additions to the
447:. Charlemagne, however, who had received the Council's decisions only in a bad Latin translation, consulted with his theologians and sent the Pope the
772:
2893:
1170:
2995:
641:. Its lettering has been described as "perfect and sharp" and is a notable exemplar of Carolingian monumental script. The contemporaneous
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and took the
Lombard crown for himself. He then restored the Pentapolis to the Papacy as well as some of the captured Lombard territory.
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819:
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also survives. Alcuin's text, in which Charlemagne speaks affectionately of Adrian as his lost (spiritual) father, was carved in
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While the Lombards had always been openly respectful of the papacy, the popes distrusted them. The popes had sought aid from the
465:
discussed the issue but refused to receive the Libri and contented itself with condemning extreme forms of veneration of icons.
353:. Relations between the brothers is said to have been strained. In 770 Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria married a Lombard princess,
1346:
835:
Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1962). "Etruscan Towns, Roman Roads and Medieval Villages: The Historical Geography of Southern Etruria".
439:
Friendly relations between pope and king were not disturbed by the theological dispute about the veneration of icons. In 787,
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that Adrian assembled from a nucleus of his inherited estates and acquisitions from neighbors in the countryside north of
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451:(792), a response critical of several passages found in the council's acts. He also had his theologians, including
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From 781 Adrian began dating papal documents by the years of Charlemagne's reign, instead of the reign of the
1380:
702:
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405:
245:
193:
1275:
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https://books.google.cat/books?id=lIW9EAAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright&hl=ca#v=onepage&q&f=false
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and transported to Rome on Charlemagne's orders, and describe it as "written in gold letters on marble."
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Carloman died in December 771, and when Charlemagne seized his brother's territory, Carloman's widow,
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authority of Pope Adrian I, and in return the pope gave Charlemagne the title of "Patrician of Rome".
330:
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123:
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461:. Pope Adrian reacted to the Capitulare with a defense of the Council. In 794, a synod held at
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Conquerors, Brides, and Concubines: Interfaith Relations and Social Power in Medieval Iberia
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1153:"Vatican, St. Peter, epitaph of pope Hadrian I (taken from Silvagni 1943, pl. II, fig. 6)"
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in Rome. At the time of his death at the age of 95, his was the longest pontificate since
342:
229:
208:
Shortly after Adrian's accession in 772, the territory ruled by the papacy was invaded by
52:
593:, which was demolished in the mid-15th century as reconstruction works were initiated by
224:, who entered Italy with a large army. Charlemagne besieged Desiderius in his capital of
734:
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42:
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30:
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Partial letter from Pope Adrian to the 2nd session of the Seventh Ecumenical Council
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1651:
1565:
1530:
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1316:
570:
566:
510:
300:. During the 10th century, villages were carved out of Adrian's Capracorum estate:
172:
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88:
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commissioned it in 796 and organized a literary competition for the text, won by
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2634:
2629:
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1972:
1911:
1856:
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of selling slaves to Muslims, whom Adrian described as "the unspeakable race of
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346:
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221:
180:
175:
from 1 February 772 to his death. He was the son of Theodore, a Roman nobleman.
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The Last Christology of the West: Adoptionism in Spain and in Gaul, AD 785–817
1082:
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350:
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188:
184:
443:, approved by Pope Adrian, had confirmed the practice and excommunicated the
1605:
674:
557:, decorated by Greek monks fleeing from the iconoclast persecutions, and of
525:
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462:
354:
1270:
940:
The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492–1800
1407:
1067:"Charlemagne's black marble: the origin of the epitaph of Pope Hadrian I"
514:
305:
289:
253:
213:
858:
781:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 215.
646:
638:
598:
498:
385:
313:
249:
20:
1208:
1184:
520:
The rise in the number of Christian girls being married to Muslims in
296:, vegetable gardens and piggery with its own grain mill, smithies and
1091:
630:
614:
486:
422:
261:
257:
233:
217:
1223:
850:
733:
268:
A mark of such newly settled conditions in the Duchy of Rome is the
1200:
634:
535:
416:
384:
373:
293:
225:
197:
1185:"Alcuin's Epitaph of Hadrian I: A Study In Carolingian Epigraphy"
1015:
End of Days: Essays on the Apocalypse from Antiquity to Modernity
565:(the first pope) until it was surpassed by the 24-year papacy of
477:
to an archdiocese at the request of the English bishops and King
1355:
1306:
967:(illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 83.
589:
Adrian's epitaph was originally located in his burial chapel in
482:
279:
119:
1328:
1224:"The Carolingian Graphic Reform in Italy: Effects on Epigraphy"
228:. After taking the town, he banished the Lombard king to the
963:
John Victor Tolan; Gilles Veinstein; Henry Laurens (2013).
216:, and Adrian was compelled to seek the assistance of the
569:
in the late 18th century. Only three other popes –
509:
Regarding the Muslims, he maintained the prohibition of
1036:
1034:
481:
to balance the ecclesiastic power in that land between
421:
15th Century miniature depicting Adrian I greeting the
19:"Hadrian I" redirects here. For the Roman emperor, see
942:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Verso. p. 43.
528:, a rigorist sect, provoking Adrian's condemnation.
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1639:
1433:
134:
112:
107:
99:
94:
84:
74:
66:
58:
48:
28:
1195:(2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 128–144.
794:Coins and medals: their place in history and art
812:A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Age
581: – have reigned for longer periods since.
1013:Karolyn Kinane; Michael A. Ryan (9 Apr 2009).
252:, which consisted of the "five cities" on the
1340:
1141:. Oakland CA: University of California Press.
896:
894:
8:
902:The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians
605:. It is placed high on the wall between the
1139:King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne
16:Head of the Catholic Church from 772 to 795
2814:
1347:
1333:
1325:
1286:
597:; since 1619 it has been preserved in the
25:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1090:
540:Adrian I as depicted in the 15th century
369:and his wife Emma, daughter, in turn, of
345:in 768, his kingdom was left to his sons
1052:
925:
645:refer to Adrian's epitaph being made in
1077:. Cambridge University Press: 157–190.
965:Europe and the Islamic World: A History
724:
312:, mentioned in 945; and Stabia (modern
1040:
7:
1071:Papers of the British School at Rome
744:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
553:of Rome and rebuilt the churches of
549:Adrian restored some of the ancient
1258:(Doctoral thesis). Yale University.
1249:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
916:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 157.
473:In 787 Adrian elevated the English
988:Alex Roberto Hybel (13 May 2013).
14:
1189:The American Journal of Philology
814:. London: Routledge. p. 79.
732:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
455:, compose the more comprehensive
167:; 700 – 25 December 795) was the
3027:
3016:
3015:
1269:
755:
713:List of popes by length of reign
687:
673:
659:
393:, for centuries a symbol of the
3086:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
609:and the Door of Good and Evil.
65:
57:
1:
796:. British Museum. p. 80.
282:. The villa is documented in
792:Lane-Poole, Stanley (1885).
138:25 December 795 (aged 94-95)
304:, mentioned first in 1076;
3102:
1254:Cavadini, John C. (1988).
990:Ideology in World Politics
18:
3011:
1366:
1313:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1183:Luitpold Wallach (1951).
1083:10.1017/S0068246200003019
1017:. McFarland. p. 51.
992:. Routledge. p. 30.
875:, Munich 2000, pp. 97–98.
449:Capitulare contra synodum
149:Other popes named Adrian
147:
41:
1137:Janet L. Nelson (2019).
1119:St Peter's Basilica.info
938:Robin Blackburn (1998).
838:The Geographical Journal
441:Second Council of Nicaea
365:, the daughter of Count
3071:8th-century archbishops
2829:During the Roman Empire
1222:Flavia Frauzel (2014).
900:McKitterick, Rosamond,
888:, München 1999, p. 108.
778:Encyclopædia Britannica
703:List of Catholic saints
617:; a competing entry by
555:Santa Maria in Cosmedin
406:Duchy of the Pentapolis
196:. Charlemagne besieged
194:Duchy of the Pentapolis
3034:Catholic Church Portal
2894:Conflicts with the HRE
1291:Catholic Church titles
1245:Barton, Simon (2015).
546:
429:
397:
391:Iron Crown of Lombardy
164:
2810:History of the papacy
741:Catholic Encyclopedia
735:"Pope Adrian I"
623:Roman square capitals
539:
420:
388:
316:), mentioned in 998.
308:, mentioned in 1027;
271:Domusculta Capracorum
2972:Revolutionary Papacy
2966:Age of Enlightenment
1278:at Wikimedia Commons
591:St. Peter's Basilica
475:diocese of Lichfield
331:Eastern Roman Empire
242:Exarchate of Ravenna
124:Exarchate of Ravenna
2819:Antiquity and Early
2623:17th–21st centuries
2337:13th–16th centuries
681:Christianity portal
619:Theodulf of Orléans
543:Nuremberg Chronicle
453:Theodulf of Orleans
367:Gerold of Kraichgau
187:. The Lombard king
2954:Reformation Papacy
2948:Renaissance Papacy
2890:(1012–1044 / 1048)
2843:Ostrogothic Papacy
1936:9th–12th centuries
912:Asimov, I. (1968)
547:
430:
398:
341:Upon the death of
285:Liber Pontificalis
3081:8th-century popes
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2899:Wandering Papacy
2862:Saeculum obscurum
2835:Under Constantine
1640:5th–8th centuries
1434:1st–4th centuries
1418:papal resignation
1323:
1322:
1314:Succeeded by
1274:Media related to
884:Matthias Becher:
434:Byzantine Emperor
320:Foreign relations
179:disputes between
171:and ruler of the
154:
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2939:Early Modern and
2849:Byzantine Papacy
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667:Biography portal
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643:Annals of Lorsch
607:Door of the Dead
183:and his brother
128:Byzantine Empire
108:Personal details
26:
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2855:Frankish Papacy
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1169:{cite book|url=
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851:10.2307/1792035
845:(4): 389–404 .
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806:
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771:, ed. (1911). "
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627:black limestone
595:Pope Nicholas V
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343:Pepin the Short
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230:Abbey of Corbie
206:
204:Start of papacy
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70:25 December 795
53:Catholic Church
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1371:List of popes
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1276:Pope Adrian I
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1115:"The Portico"
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1054:
1053:Cavadini 1988
1049:
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1043:, p. 21.
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1024:9780786453597
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999:9781134012503
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949:9781859841952
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914:The Dark Ages
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765:
764:public domain
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709:
708:List of popes
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652:
650:
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603:Carlo Maderno
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238:Duchy of Rome
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195:
190:
186:
182:
176:
174:
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162:
158:
157:Pope Adrian I
150:
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115:
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106:
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51:
47:
44:
40:
32:
27:
22:
3032:
3020:
2990:World War II
2984:Vatican City
2860:
2831:(until 493)
2795:Benedict XVI
2790:John Paul II
2710:Clement XIII
2705:Benedict XIV
2680:Innocent XII
2614:Clement VIII
2589:Gregory XIII
2569:Marcellus II
2529:Alexander VI
2479:Innocent VII
2444:Benedict XII
2399:Nicholas III
2364:Alexander IV
2354:Celestine IV
2344:Honorius III
2328:Innocent III
2313:Gregory VIII
2273:Celestine II
2258:Callixtus II
2228:Alexander II
2153:Sylvester II
2133:Benedict VII
2093:Stephen VIII
1978:Benedict III
1921:
1832:Adeodatus II
1777:Boniface III
1631:Anastasius I
1305:
1255:
1246:
1228:Academia.edu
1227:
1217:
1192:
1188:
1178:
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1157:ResearchGate
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830:
811:
802:
793:
787:
776:
750:
739:
727:
588:
579:John Paul II
548:
541:
519:
511:Pope Zachary
508:
505:Muslim Spain
472:
456:
448:
438:
431:
399:
374:Nebe (Hnabi)
340:
328:
283:
269:
267:
207:
177:
173:Papal States
156:
155:
142:Papal States
100:Consecration
67:Papacy ended
59:Papacy began
2998:(1945–1991)
2992:(1939–1945)
2980:(1870–1929)
2974:(1775–1848)
2962:(1585–1689)
2956:(1534–1585)
2950:(1417–1534)
2931:(1378–1417)
2925:(1309–1378)
2917:, 1228–1304
2911:, 1262–1297
2905:, 1257–1281
2896:(1048–1257)
2881:Middle Ages
2821:Middle Ages
2785:John Paul I
2760:Benedict XV
2740:Gregory XVI
2715:Clement XIV
2700:Clement XII
2670:Innocent XI
2609:Innocent IX
2604:Gregory XIV
2554:Clement VII
2484:Gregory XII
2474:Boniface IX
2454:Innocent VI
2429:Benedict XI
2419:Celestine V
2414:Nicholas IV
2409:Honorius IV
2359:Innocent IV
2318:Clement III
2268:Innocent II
2263:Honorius II
2253:Gelasius II
2233:Gregory VII
2223:Nicholas II
2183:Benedict IX
2128:Benedict VI
2103:Agapetus II
2078:Stephen VII
2053:Sergius III
2043:Benedict IV
2033:Theodore II
2018:Boniface VI
1917:Stephen III
1897:Gregory III
1887:Constantine
1852:Benedict II
1787:Adeodatus I
1782:Boniface IV
1762:Pelagius II
1722:Boniface II
1662:Celestine I
1601:Sylvester I
1586:Marcellus I
1581:Marcellinus
1516:Callixtus I
1501:Eleutherius
1476:Telesphorus
1466:Alexander I
1388:Papal names
1300:Stephen III
1041:Barton 2015
611:Charlemagne
563:Saint Peter
445:iconoclasts
427:Charlemagne
347:Charlemagne
276:Roman villa
256:coast from
222:Charlemagne
181:Charlemagne
165:Hadrianus I
79:Stephen III
75:Predecessor
3076:700 births
3056:795 deaths
3050:Categories
2941:Modern Era
2871:(974–1012)
2775:John XXIII
2685:Clement XI
2660:Clement IX
2650:Innocent X
2645:Urban VIII
2640:Gregory XV
2564:Julius III
2499:Nicholas V
2464:Gregory XI
2449:Clement VI
2384:Innocent V
2374:Clement IV
2349:Gregory IX
2303:Lucius III
2283:Eugene III
2248:Paschal II
2238:Victor III
2218:Stephen IX
2203:Damasus II
2198:Clement II
2193:Gregory VI
2168:Sergius IV
2163:John XVIII
2113:Benedict V
2098:Marinus II
2023:Stephen VI
2003:Adrian III
1983:Nicholas I
1968:Sergius II
1963:Gregory IV
1943:Stephen IV
1907:Stephen II
1892:Gregory II
1812:Theodore I
1797:Honorius I
1792:Boniface V
1757:Benedict I
1747:Pelagius I
1732:Agapetus I
1692:Gelasius I
1682:Simplicius
1667:Sixtus III
1657:Boniface I
1647:Innocent I
1511:Zephyrinus
1425:Pope-elect
1401:non-extant
719:References
522:al-Andalus
359:Desiderata
351:Carloman I
337:Background
302:Campagnano
298:tile-kilns
246:Pentapolis
244:, and the
210:Desiderius
189:Desiderius
185:Carloman I
2865:(904–964)
2857:(756–857)
2851:(537–752)
2845:(493–537)
2837:(312–337)
2735:Pius VIII
2665:Clement X
2599:Urban VII
2549:Adrian VI
2539:Julius II
2519:Sixtus IV
2494:Eugene IV
2439:John XXII
2434:Clement V
2404:Martin IV
2379:Gregory X
2308:Urban III
2293:Adrian IV
2278:Lucius II
2213:Victor II
2158:John XVII
2148:Gregory V
2123:John XIII
2008:Stephen V
1998:Marinus I
1993:John VIII
1988:Adrian II
1958:Valentine
1953:Eugene II
1948:Paschal I
1882:Sisinnius
1867:Sergius I
1802:Severinus
1767:Gregory I
1737:Silverius
1707:Hormisdas
1702:Symmachus
1687:Felix III
1621:Damasus I
1596:Miltiades
1571:Eutychian
1561:Dionysius
1556:Sixtus II
1551:Stephen I
1541:Cornelius
1461:Evaristus
1456:Clement I
1451:Anacletus
1381:canonised
1376:graphical
1101:191454077
1092:2381/2532
559:San Marco
551:aqueducts
526:Migetians
495:Hygeberht
491:Lichfield
463:Frankfurt
363:Hildegard
355:Liutperga
290:vineyards
85:Successor
3022:Category
2996:Cold War
2770:Pius XII
2750:Leo XIII
2725:Pius VII
2594:Sixtus V
2559:Paul III
2534:Pius III
2489:Martin V
2469:Urban VI
2394:John XXI
2389:Adrian V
2369:Urban IV
2243:Urban II
2178:John XIX
2138:John XIV
2118:Leo VIII
2108:John XII
2013:Formosus
1922:Adrian I
1877:John VII
1827:Vitalian
1822:Eugene I
1817:Martin I
1772:Sabinian
1752:John III
1742:Vigilius
1717:Felix IV
1677:Hilarius
1626:Siricius
1616:Liberius
1611:Julius I
1591:Eusebius
1546:Lucius I
1506:Victor I
1491:Anicetus
1471:Sixtus I
1408:Antipope
1311:772–795
810:(2003).
653:See also
575:Leo XIII
515:Saracens
501:in 788.
423:Frankish
402:Gerberga
325:Lombards
306:Formello
254:Adriatic
218:Frankish
214:Lombards
36:Adrian I
2915:Perugia
2909:Orvieto
2903:Viterbo
2800:Francis
2780:Paul VI
2765:Pius XI
2745:Pius IX
2730:Leo XII
2720:Pius VI
2579:Pius IV
2574:Paul IV
2514:Paul II
2509:Pius II
2459:Urban V
2143:John XV
2088:Leo VII
2083:John XI
2038:John IX
2028:Romanus
1927:Leo III
1902:Zachary
1872:John VI
1807:John IV
1727:John II
1652:Zosimus
1566:Felix I
1531:Anterus
1526:Pontian
1521:Urban I
1481:Hyginus
1358:of the
1317:Leo III
1239:Sources
859:1792035
766::
647:Francia
639:Belgium
633:in the
599:portico
585:Epitaph
571:Pius IX
567:Pius VI
499:pallium
493:bishop
469:English
314:Faleria
310:Mazzano
250:Marches
248:in the
89:Leo III
21:Hadrian
2755:Pius X
2635:Paul V
2630:Leo XI
2584:Pius V
2208:Leo IX
2073:Leo VI
2068:John X
1973:Leo IV
1912:Paul I
1857:John V
1847:Leo II
1842:Agatho
1712:John I
1536:Fabian
1486:Pius I
1396:extant
1392:Tombs
1209:292542
1207:
1099:
1021:
996:
971:
946:
857:
818:
773:Adrian
760:
631:Sclayn
615:Alcuin
577:, and
532:Legacy
487:Mercia
413:Franks
294:olives
262:Ancona
258:Rimini
240:, the
234:France
140:Rome,
95:Orders
49:Church
3061:Popes
2544:Leo X
2063:Lando
2048:Leo V
1862:Conon
1837:Donus
1672:Leo I
1576:Caius
1496:Soter
1446:Linus
1441:Peter
1356:Popes
1205:JSTOR
1097:S2CID
855:JSTOR
635:Meuse
629:from
425:king
381:Italy
226:Pavia
220:king
198:Pavia
161:Latin
1606:Mark
1307:Pope
1019:ISBN
994:ISBN
969:ISBN
944:ISBN
816:ISBN
497:the
485:and
483:Kent
389:The
371:Duke
349:and
280:Veii
135:Died
120:Rome
113:Born
31:Pope
1197:doi
1087:hdl
1079:doi
847:doi
843:128
775:".
625:on
260:to
232:in
116:700
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1226:.
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1193:72
1191:.
1187:.
1155:.
1127:^
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1075:73
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1033:^
893:^
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841:.
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573:,
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292:,
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126:,
122:,
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1341:t
1334:v
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1211:.
1199::
1159:.
1121:.
1103:.
1089::
1081::
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1002:.
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952:.
928:.
861:.
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