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435:(904–911) reapproved the decisions against Formosus. Sergius demanded the re-ordination of the bishops consecrated by Formosus, who in turn had conferred orders on many other clerics, causing great confusion. Later, the validity of Formosus' pontificate was re-reinstated. The decision of Sergius with respect to Formosus has subsequently been universally disregarded by the
894:
243:, opposed the coronation. Fearing political retribution, many of them left Rome surreptitiously. Formosus fled to Tours after despoiling the cloisters in Rome. On April 19, John VIII called a synod which ordered Formosus and other papal officials to return to Rome. When Formosus did not comply, he was removed from the ranks of the clergy and
544:, p. 357: "And it is not unlikely that it was because John VIII. saw that Formosus might easily become the tool of designing men – or that at least the faction which had secured his interest might cloak their nefarious plans under the good name of the Bishop of Porto – that he forbade him to come to Rome again."
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326:, had taken the office. Formosus refused to reinstate those who had been ordained by Photius, as his predecessor, Stephen V, had nullified all of Photius' ordinations. However, the Eastern bishops determined to recognize Photius' ordinations nonetheless. Formosus also immediately immersed himself in the dispute between
247:
on the grounds that he had deserted his diocese without papal permission, and had aspired to the position of archbishop of
Bulgaria. Additional charges included the accusations that he had opposed the emperor; "conspired with certain iniquitous men and women for the destruction of the Papal See"; and
419:
was applied to
Formosus, all his measures and acts were annulled, and the orders conferred by him were declared invalid. The papal vestments were torn from his body, the three fingers from his right hand he had used in blessings were cut off, and the corpse was thrown into the
361:. In autumn 895 Arnulf undertook his second Italian campaign, progressing to Rome by February and seizing the city from Agiltrude by force on February 21. The following day, Formosus crowned Arnulf as emperor in
252:
in Rome. The condemnation of
Formosus and others was announced in July 876. In 878 the sentence of excommunication was withdrawn after he promised never to return to Rome or exercise his priestly functions.
411:. The corpse was disinterred, clad in papal vestments, and seated on a throne to face all the charges from John VIII. The verdict was that the deceased had been unworthy of the pontificate. The
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235:'s invitation for Charles to come to Rome to be crowned. Charles took the crown at Pavia and received the imperial insignia in Rome on 29 December. The supporters of Louis' other uncle,
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for the French throne. Siding with
Charles, Formosus zealously exhorted Odo to cede the throne to Charles, to no avail.
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to advance to Rome and liberate Italy from Guy's control. In 894, Arnulf's army occupied all the country north of the
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suggests that the pope may have viewed the cardinal as a potential rival. In 883, John VIII's successor,
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796:. Vol. 2. Translated by Murdock, James (5th ed.). New York: Stanford and Swords
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as co-emperor in April 892. The following year, however, Formosus persuaded
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353:. Guy died in December, leaving his son Lambert in the care of his mother,
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431:. Further trials of this nature against deceased persons were banned, but
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In 867, while
Formosus was serving as legate to the Bulgarian court,
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The
History of the Papal States From Their Origin to the Present Day
427:
Following the death of
Stephen VI, Formosus' body was reinterred in
707:
This article incorporates text from this public-domain publication.
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Shortly after his election, Formosus was asked to intervene in the
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Probably a native of Rome, Formosus was born around 816. He became
870:(in German). Vol. 2. Hamm, Germany: Bautz. cols. 70–71.
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was troubled, marked by interventions in power struggles over the
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from 6 October 891 until his death on 4 April 896. His reign as
104:
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669:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.
740:. Vol. 4. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Co
717:. Vol. 3. London: Keegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co
649:. Vol. 2. New York: Excelsior Catholic Publishing House
365:. The new emperor moved against Spoleto but was struck with
372:
During his papacy, Formosus also had to contend with the
793:
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Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900–1150
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A 16th century depiction of Formosus' Papacy, from the
380:. On 4 April 896, Formosus died. He was succeeded by
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on the way and was unable to continue the campaign.
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782:. Vol. 3 (4th ed.). London: John Murray.
667:The History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
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212:(866). He also undertook diplomatic missions to
818:. Vol. 1. London: Griffith Farran & Co
737:The Lives of the Popes In The Early Middle Ages
714:The Lives of the Popes In The Early Middle Ages
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868:Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon
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287:(885–891), Formosus was unanimously elected
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16:Head of the Catholic Church from 891 to 896
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866:. In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.).
223:in 875, the nobles elected his uncle
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838:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
424:, later to be retrieved by a monk.
337:Formosus was deeply distrustful of
279:. Following the reigns of Marinus,
396:The Cadaver Synod as portrayed by
14:
862:Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (1990).
762:. Vol. 2. London: T.C. Newby
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384:, whose papacy lasted 15 days.
144: – 896) was the
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158:Patriarchate of Constantinople
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623:. Neff-Kane. Archived from
272:, restored Formosus to his
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176:, Formosus's remains were
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200:in 864. Two years later,
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711:Mann, Horace K. (1906).
615:Brusher, Joseph (1959).
180:and put on trial in the
168:. Because he sided with
126:4 April 896 (aged c. 80)
2462:During the Roman Empire
641:Darras, Joseph-Epiphane
162:Kingdom of West Francia
2667:Catholic Church Portal
2527:Conflicts with the HRE
924:Catholic Church titles
685:Herbermann, Charles G.
663:Gregorovius, Ferdinand
621:Popes Through the Ages
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680:"Pope Formosus"
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376:, who were attacking
357:, an opponent of the
322:, the son of Emperor
318:had been ejected and
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2605:Revolutionary Papacy
2599:Age of Enlightenment
901:at Wikimedia Commons
675:Kirsch, Johann Peter
363:St. Peter's Basilica
239:, or Louis's widow,
231:. Formosus conveyed
2452:Antiquity and Early
2256:17th–21st centuries
1970:13th–16th centuries
606:Christianity portal
497:, pp. 139–140.
429:St Peter's Basilica
347:Arnulf of Carinthia
266:Johann Peter Kirsch
170:Arnulf of Carinthia
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2581:Renaissance Papacy
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776:Milman, Henry Hart
627:on 1 February 2008
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339:Guy III of Spoleto
332:Charles the Simple
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291:on 6 October 891.
248:had despoiled the
219:Upon the death of
174:Lambert of Spoleto
128:Rome, Papal States
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947:Succeeded by
897:Media related to
877:978-3-88309-032-0
864:"Formosus, Papst"
845:978-0-19-103090-1
697:Shahan, Thomas J.
415:damnatio memoriae
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446:
444:
441:
389:
386:
296:
293:
283:(884–885) and
245:excommunicated
233:Pope John VIII
227:to be the new
189:
186:
146:bishop of Rome
130:
129:
117:
113:
112:
103:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
36:Bishop of Rome
32:
31:
28:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2751:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:Italian popes
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:High and Late
2510:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
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2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Benedict XIII
2326:
2324:
2323:Innocent XIII
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Alexander VII
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:Innocent VIII
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Callixtus III
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Boniface VIII
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:Celestine III
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Alexander III
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Anastasius IV
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Sylvester III
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Benedict VIII
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
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1752:
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1714:
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1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
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1677:
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1551:
1548:
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1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Anastasius II
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1046:Pope emeritus
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:List of popes
1002:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
983:
978:
976:
971:
969:
964:
963:
960:
951:
942:
941:
934:
928:
925:
921:
916:
912:
907:
903:
900:
895:
891:
890:
886:
879:
873:
869:
865:
860:
859:
854:
847:
841:
837:
833:
829:
817:
816:
811:
807:
795:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
761:
760:
755:
751:
739:
738:
728:
716:
715:
709:
704:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
648:
647:
642:
638:
626:
622:
618:
617:"Sergius III"
613:
612:
607:
601:
596:
593:
582:
577:
570:
565:
563:
559:
556:, p. 22.
555:
550:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
491:
488:
485:, p. 46.
484:
480:
475:
472:
468:
463:
461:
459:
457:
453:
447:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
417:
416:
410:
409:Cadaver Synod
406:
399:
394:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
306:
301:
294:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:
274:suburbicarian
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
187:
185:
183:
182:Cadaver Synod
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
136:
135:Pope Formosus
118:
114:
110:
106:
95:
91:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
55:6 October 891
54:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
25:
20:
2665:
2653:
2623:World War II
2617:Vatican City
2493:
2464:(until 493)
2428:Benedict XVI
2423:John Paul II
2343:Clement XIII
2338:Benedict XIV
2313:Innocent XII
2247:Clement VIII
2222:Gregory XIII
2202:Marcellus II
2162:Alexander VI
2112:Innocent VII
2077:Benedict XII
2032:Nicholas III
1997:Alexander IV
1987:Celestine IV
1977:Honorius III
1961:Innocent III
1946:Gregory VIII
1906:Celestine II
1891:Callixtus II
1861:Alexander II
1786:Sylvester II
1766:Benedict VII
1726:Stephen VIII
1645:
1611:Benedict III
1465:Adeodatus II
1410:Boniface III
1264:Anastasius I
938:
867:
835:
820:. Retrieved
814:
798:. Retrieved
792:
779:
764:. Retrieved
758:
742:. Retrieved
736:
719:. Retrieved
713:
700:
666:
651:. Retrieved
645:
629:. Retrieved
625:the original
620:
578:Bibliography
554:Wickham 2014
549:
490:
474:
426:
403:
371:
359:Carolingians
336:
328:Odo of Paris
309:
255:
218:
191:
188:Early career
150:Papal States
134:
133:
109:Papal States
60:Papacy ended
52:Papacy began
2689:810s births
2631:(1945–1991)
2625:(1939–1945)
2613:(1870–1929)
2607:(1775–1848)
2595:(1585–1689)
2589:(1534–1585)
2583:(1417–1534)
2564:(1378–1417)
2558:(1309–1378)
2550:, 1228–1304
2544:, 1262–1297
2538:, 1257–1281
2529:(1048–1257)
2514:Middle Ages
2454:Middle Ages
2418:John Paul I
2393:Benedict XV
2373:Gregory XVI
2348:Clement XIV
2333:Clement XII
2303:Innocent XI
2242:Innocent IX
2237:Gregory XIV
2187:Clement VII
2117:Gregory XII
2107:Boniface IX
2087:Innocent VI
2062:Benedict XI
2052:Celestine V
2047:Nicholas IV
2042:Honorius IV
1992:Innocent IV
1951:Clement III
1901:Innocent II
1896:Honorius II
1886:Gelasius II
1866:Gregory VII
1856:Nicholas II
1816:Benedict IX
1761:Benedict VI
1736:Agapetus II
1711:Stephen VII
1686:Sergius III
1676:Benedict IV
1666:Theodore II
1651:Boniface VI
1550:Stephen III
1530:Gregory III
1520:Constantine
1485:Benedict II
1420:Adeodatus I
1415:Boniface IV
1395:Pelagius II
1355:Boniface II
1295:Celestine I
1234:Sylvester I
1219:Marcellus I
1214:Marcellinus
1149:Callixtus I
1134:Eleutherius
1109:Telesphorus
1099:Alexander I
1021:Papal names
950:Boniface VI
810:Platina, B.
754:Miley, John
569:Kirsch 1909
527:Kirsch 1909
512:Kirsch 1909
495:Kirsch 1909
479:Kirsch 1909
467:Kirsch 1909
433:Sergius III
382:Boniface VI
262:change sees
82:Boniface VI
68:Predecessor
63:4 April 896
2694:896 deaths
2683:Categories
2574:Modern Era
2504:(974–1012)
2408:John XXIII
2318:Clement XI
2293:Clement IX
2283:Innocent X
2278:Urban VIII
2273:Gregory XV
2197:Julius III
2132:Nicholas V
2097:Gregory XI
2082:Clement VI
2017:Innocent V
2007:Clement IV
1982:Gregory IX
1936:Lucius III
1916:Eugene III
1881:Paschal II
1871:Victor III
1851:Stephen IX
1836:Damasus II
1831:Clement II
1826:Gregory VI
1801:Sergius IV
1796:John XVIII
1746:Benedict V
1731:Marinus II
1656:Stephen VI
1636:Adrian III
1616:Nicholas I
1601:Sergius II
1596:Gregory IV
1576:Stephen IV
1540:Stephen II
1525:Gregory II
1445:Theodore I
1430:Honorius I
1425:Boniface V
1390:Benedict I
1380:Pelagius I
1365:Agapetus I
1325:Gelasius I
1315:Simplicius
1300:Sixtus III
1290:Boniface I
1280:Innocent I
1144:Zephyrinus
1058:Pope-elect
1034:non-extant
915:Wikisource
766:1 February
721:1 February
653:31 January
443:References
405:Stephen VI
281:Adrian III
241:Engelberga
164:, and the
142: 816
100: 816
2498:(904–964)
2490:(756–857)
2484:(537–752)
2478:(493–537)
2470:(312–337)
2368:Pius VIII
2298:Clement X
2232:Urban VII
2182:Adrian VI
2172:Julius II
2152:Sixtus IV
2127:Eugene IV
2072:John XXII
2067:Clement V
2037:Martin IV
2012:Gregory X
1941:Urban III
1926:Adrian IV
1911:Lucius II
1846:Victor II
1791:John XVII
1781:Gregory V
1756:John XIII
1641:Stephen V
1631:Marinus I
1626:John VIII
1621:Adrian II
1591:Valentine
1586:Eugene II
1581:Paschal I
1515:Sisinnius
1500:Sergius I
1435:Severinus
1400:Gregory I
1370:Silverius
1340:Hormisdas
1335:Symmachus
1320:Felix III
1254:Damasus I
1229:Miltiades
1204:Eutychian
1194:Dionysius
1189:Sixtus II
1184:Stephen I
1174:Cornelius
1094:Evaristus
1089:Clement I
1084:Anacletus
1014:canonised
1009:graphical
933:Stephen V
822:8 January
800:8 January
744:8 January
631:2 January
542:Mann 1906
483:Mann 1910
448:Footnotes
367:paralysis
355:Agiltrude
320:Stephen I
316:Photius I
285:Stephen V
270:Marinus I
250:cloisters
122:896-04-04
78:Successor
72:Stephen V
2655:Category
2629:Cold War
2403:Pius XII
2383:Leo XIII
2358:Pius VII
2227:Sixtus V
2192:Paul III
2167:Pius III
2122:Martin V
2102:Urban VI
2027:John XXI
2022:Adrian V
2002:Urban IV
1876:Urban II
1811:John XIX
1771:John XIV
1751:Leo VIII
1741:John XII
1646:Formosus
1555:Adrian I
1510:John VII
1460:Vitalian
1455:Eugene I
1450:Martin I
1405:Sabinian
1385:John III
1375:Vigilius
1350:Felix IV
1310:Hilarius
1259:Siricius
1249:Liberius
1244:Julius I
1224:Eusebius
1179:Lucius I
1139:Victor I
1124:Anicetus
1104:Sixtus I
1041:Antipope
944:891–896
911:Formosus
899:Formosus
834:(2014).
812:(1479).
790:(1852).
778:(1867).
756:(1850).
677:(1909).
665:(1903).
643:(1898).
374:Saracens
351:Po River
314:, where
210:Bulgaria
172:against
29:Formosus
2548:Perugia
2542:Orvieto
2536:Viterbo
2433:Francis
2413:Paul VI
2398:Pius XI
2378:Pius IX
2363:Leo XII
2353:Pius VI
2212:Pius IV
2207:Paul IV
2147:Paul II
2142:Pius II
2092:Urban V
1776:John XV
1721:Leo VII
1716:John XI
1671:John IX
1661:Romanus
1560:Leo III
1535:Zachary
1505:John VI
1440:John IV
1360:John II
1285:Zosimus
1199:Felix I
1164:Anterus
1159:Pontian
1154:Urban I
1114:Hyginus
991:of the
400:in 1870
343:Lambert
324:Basil I
258:Boris I
229:emperor
178:exhumed
2388:Pius X
2268:Paul V
2263:Leo XI
2217:Pius V
1841:Leo IX
1706:Leo VI
1701:John X
1606:Leo IV
1545:Paul I
1490:John V
1480:Leo II
1475:Agatho
1345:John I
1169:Fabian
1119:Pius I
1029:extant
1025:Tombs
874:
842:
730:
388:Legacy
295:Papacy
214:France
206:legate
160:, the
42:Church
2719:Popes
2177:Leo X
1696:Lando
1681:Leo V
1495:Conon
1470:Donus
1305:Leo I
1209:Caius
1129:Soter
1079:Linus
1074:Peter
989:Popes
683:. In
422:Tiber
378:Lazio
198:Porto
1239:Mark
940:Pope
872:ISBN
840:ISBN
824:2008
802:2008
768:2018
746:2008
723:2018
655:2018
633:2008
330:and
289:pope
154:pope
116:Died
105:Rome
93:Born
24:Pope
913:at
732:———
208:to
196:of
2685::
695:;
691:;
687:;
619:.
561:^
534:^
519:^
502:^
455:^
139:c.
107:,
97:c.
981:e
974:t
967:v
880:.
848:.
826:.
804:.
770:.
748:.
725:.
657:.
635:.
514:.
137:(
124:)
120:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.