853:. According to the legend, Gerbert, traveled to Spain in order to further his knowledge of the lawful arts, as defined by the quadrivium. Gerbert quickly became more knowledgeable than anyone around him in mathematics, astronomy, and astrology. This is the point in William of Malmesbury's testimony where Gerbert is said to have begun learning the dark arts. During Gerberts time in Spain, he was said to live with a Saracen philosopher, who was responsible for giving this knowledge to Sylvester. This knowledge was first obtained through using money and promises as bartering chips for the philosoper's books, which Gerbert translated and learned from. Despite his efforts, there was one book that Gerbert was not able to coax from the philosopher. This book was said to contain all of the knowledge the Saracen philosopher had on the dark arts. After resorting to using wine, and intimacy with his daughter, Gerbert was able to steal the book from under the philosopher's pillow while he slept. Gerbert fled, pursued by the victim, who could trace the thief by the stars, but Gerbert was aware of the pursuit, and hid hanging from a wooden bridge, where, suspended between heaven and earth, he was invisible to the magician.
820:
857:
937:
44:
518:, five other circles called parallels, which, from one pole to the other, divided the half of the sphere into thirty parts. He put six of these thirty parts of the half-sphere between the pole and the first circle; five between the first and the second; from the second to the third, four; from the third to the fourth, four again; five from the fourth to the fifth; and from the fifth to the pole, six. On these five circles he placed obliquely the circles that the Greeks call
543:, he should fix the sighting tube of the armillary sphere into position to view the star he suspected was it, and if the star did not move out of sight, it was thus the pole star. Furthermore, Gerbert instructed Constantine that the north pole could be measured with the upper and lower sighting tubes, the Arctic Circle through another tube, the Tropic of Cancer through another tube, the equator through another tube, and the
920:
work in music theory, mathematics, geometry, and several other fields accepted and taught in the quadrivium. All of the works he did related to these subjects were not brought into question and were accepted as well as appreciated. But works done outside of the accepted liberal arts was condemned, including things learned from bird's songs and flight patterns, as well as the necromancy he was rumored to have taken part in.
471:
4285:
378:
697:
564:. Two specific requests Gerbert made that documentation exists for are letters sent to Lupitus of Barcelona and Bishop Miró Bonfill of Girona, asking the former for an astrology book and the latter for an arithmetic book. It can be inferred from this that the library contained many volumes of books covering a wide variety of topics, but the exact size and influence the library had is seemingly unknown.
4297:
1129:, Nectaire (a fallen angel) speaks of this Gerbert: "We taught them letters and sciences. A mouthpiece of their god, one Gerbert, took lessons in physics, arithmetic, and music with us, and it was said that he had sold us his soul." Then "The successors of the studious Gerbert, not content with the possession of souls (the profits one gains thereby are lighter than air), wished to possess bodies also."
888:("Holy Cross of Jerusalem") in Rome, he became sick soon afterwards and, dying, he asked his cardinals to cut up his body and scatter it across the city. In another version, he was even attacked by the Devil while he was reading the Mass, and the Devil mutilated him and gave his gouged-out eyes to demons to play with in the Church. Repenting, Sylvester II then cut off his hand and his tongue.
656:
953:. Darlington notes that Gerbert's preservation of his letters might have been an effort of his to compile them into a textbook for his pupils that would illustrate proper letter writing. His books on mathematics and astronomy were not research-oriented; his texts were primarily educational guides for his students.
912:') is noted by the 19th-century historian Lewis L. Kropf as a possible forgery of the 17th century. Likewise, the 20th-century historian Zoltan J. Kosztolnyik states that "it seems more than unlikely that Rome would have acted in fulfilling Stephen's request for a crown without the support and approval of the
294:. Another speculated location is the province of Auvergne. Gerbert's parents, wanting him to have a quality education, took him to receive instruction at the nearby Benedictine Abbey. Here, Gerbert became a pupil of a monk named Raimund, who admired his desire of knowledge and assisted him in his studies.
538:
Richer wrote about another of
Gerbert's last armillary spheres, which had sighting tubes fixed on the axis of the hollow sphere that could observe the constellations, the forms of which he hung on iron and copper wires. This armillary sphere was also described by Gerbert in a letter to his colleague
433:
has survived in 11 manuscripts from the 11th and 12th centuries. In two of them, probably the oldest ones, the number 3 is reproduced in a form that differs from the other manuscripts. This symbol is reminiscent of the "Tironian note" for the Latin word "ter" from the Roman shorthand. The reason for
534:(the zodiac) because it contained the figures of the animals ascribed to the planets. On the inside of this oblique circle he figured with an extraordinary art the orbits traversed by the planets, whose paths and heights he demonstrated perfectly to his pupils, as well as their respective distances.
919:
Though the testimony of
William of Malmesbury did much to discredit and defame Gerbert, there were many important intellectual distinctions made from it. For example, the legend of Gerbert of Aurilac's talking head helped to describe the line between prohibited and permitted knowledge. Gerbert did
555:
In late 984, Gerbert sent a letter to abbot
Eberhard of Tours concerning the foundation of a large scientific library. He dedicated immense sums of money to establishing the library and purchasing texts from a wide variety of western European authors. He wrote to many monks and abbots in Europe
604:
and also appointed him as count of the district, but the abbey had been ruined by previous abbots, and
Gerbert soon returned to Rheims. After the death of Otto II in 983, Gerbert became involved in the politics of his time. In 985, with the support of his archbishop, he opposed King
684:. Otto III led two unsuccessful expeditions to regain control of the city and died on a third expedition in 1002. Sylvester II returned to Rome soon after the emperor's death, although the rebellious nobility remained in power, and died a little later. Sylvester is buried in
640:(985–996) sent a legate to France who temporarily suspended Gerbert from his episcopal office. Gerbert sought to show that this decree was unlawful, but a further synod in 995 declared Arnulf's deposition invalid. Gerbert then became the teacher of
897:("This place will yield to the sound the limbs of buried Sylvester II, at the advent of the Lord", mis-read as "will make a sound") and has given rise to the curious legend that his bones will rattle in that tomb just before the death of a pope.
450:
to Latin Europe via the
Islamic civilization of Al-Andalus, which was at that time at the "cutting edge" of civilization. The details of Gerbert's armillary sphere are revealed in letters from Gerbert to his former student and monk Remi of
876:
with a female demon called
Meridiana, who had appeared after he had been rejected by his earthly love, and with whose help he managed to ascend to the papal throne (another legend tells that he won the papacy playing dice with the Devil).
636:, an illegitimate son of King Lothair, instead. Arnulf was deposed in 991 for alleged treason against Hugh, and Gerbert was elected his successor. There was so much opposition to Gerbert's elevation to the See of Rheims, however, that
467:. Richer stated that Gerbert discovered that stars coursed in an oblique direction across the night sky. Richer described Gerbert's use of the armillary sphere as a visual aid for teaching mathematics and astronomy in the classroom.
413:
that
Gerbert reintroduced into Europe had its length divided into 27 parts with 9 number symbols (this would exclude zero, which was represented by an empty column) and 1,000 characters in all, crafted out of
679:
and concubinage among the clergy, maintaining that only capable men of spotless lives should be allowed to become bishops. In 1001, the Roman populace revolted, forcing Otto III and
Sylvester II to flee to
675:(324–337). Soon after he became pope, Sylvester II confirmed the position of his former rival Arnulf as archbishop of Rheims. As pope, he took energetic measures against the widespread practices of
418:
by a shieldmaker of Rheims. According to his pupil Richer, Gerbert could perform speedy calculations with his abacus that were extremely difficult for people in his day to think through using only
429:
where he discussed the abacus' design. In this book, he individually introduced the "Hindu-Arabic" symbols the abacus used and related them to the more common Latin numerical nouns. Bernelinus'
506:
He succeeded equally in showing the paths of the planets when they come near or withdraw from the earth. He fashioned first an armillary sphere. He joined the two circles called by the Greeks
4433:
2248:
Freudenhammer, Thomas (2021). "Gerbert of
Aurillac and the Transmission of Arabic Numerals to Europe - Gerbert von Aurillac Und Die Übermittlung Der Arabischen Ziffern Nach Europa."
479:
2477:
490:
Historian Oscar G. Darlington asserts that
Gerbert's division by 60 degrees instead of 360 allowed the lateral lines of his sphere to equal to six degrees. By this account, the
1191:: "He probably learned about the numerals during a visit to Spain and brought them back with him when he returned to Italy. But the version he learned did not have a zero."
596:
in 973. He remained in this position until 989, with the only gap being his time as the head of the monastery of Bobbio from 981 to 983. When Otto II became sole
309:
and acquire there some knowledge of Arabic learning. While away from the monastery, Gerbert pursued studies in Barcelona, and also received Arabic instruction at
361:
to request a truce. Bishop Atto was part of the delegation that met with al-Ḥakam II, who received him with honour. Gerbert was fascinated by the stories of the
1898:
434:
this is not known, but it is speculated that Bernelinus did not want to use an "unbeliever" symbol to indicate the number that represents the Holy Trinity.
4102:
365:
Christian bishops and judges who dressed and talked like the Moors, well-versed in mathematics and natural sciences like the great teachers of the Islamic
4428:
1733:"Gerbert of Aurillac and the Transmission of Arabic Numerals to Europe - Gerbert von Aurillac und die Übermittlung der arabischen Ziffern nach Europa"
1340:
1114:
4413:
2202:
928:
Hungary issued a commemorative stamp honouring Pope Sylvester II on 1 January 1938, and France honoured him in 1964 by issuing a postage stamp.
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856:
4161:
819:
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2421:
2389:
2365:
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2239:
2220:
2190:
1863:
1272:
1253:
218:
278:
Gerbert was born about 946, or at any rate between 945 and 950. His exact birthplace is unknown, but it must have been in what was then the
4408:
4353:
4333:
775:
with brass pipes that excelled all previously known instruments, where the air had to be pumped manually. In a letter of 984, Gerbert asks
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1344:
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330:
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requesting classical literature from their monasteries. Gerbert was also able to acquire some work from earlier era authors such as
936:
305:(947–992) visited the monastery, and the abbot asked the count to take Gerbert with him so that the lad could study mathematics in
884:
in Jerusalem, the Devil would come for him. Gerbert then cancelled a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, but when he read Mass in the church
787:, two terms historian S. Jim Tester says Gerbert used synonymously. Gerbert is sometimes credited with the invention of the first
2102:
Kosztolnyik, Zoltan J. (1977). "The Relations of Four Eleventh-Century Hungarian Kings with Rome in the Light of Papal Letters".
1802:
731:
Gerbert was said to be one of the most noted scientists of his time. Gerbert wrote a series of works dealing with matters of the
514:
because they fell upon each other, and at their extremities he placed the poles. He drew with great art and accuracy, across the
249:
2488:
386:
2614:
2437:
593:
179:
4233:
2668:
2540:
829:
502:
was correct by definition. Richer also revealed how Gerbert made the planets more easily observable in his armillary sphere:
225:
2432:
4388:
298:
4257:
2530:
2513:
633:
2433:"Celestial Divination and Arabic Science in Twelfth-Century England: The History of Gerbert of Aurillac's Talking Head"
2322:
Letters of Gerbert, with His Papal Privileges as Sylvester II, Translated with an introduction by Harriet Pratt Lattin,
1947:"Celestial Divination and Arabic Science in Twelfth-Century England: The History of Gerbert of Aurillac's Talking Head"
799:
does not appear to have been invented until the 13th century. Gerbert may have been the author of a description of the
4418:
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4368:
4363:
4096:
4086:
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Un portrait de Gerbert d'Aurillac: inventeur d'un abaque, utilisateur précoce des chiffres arabes, et pape de l'an mil
406:
265:
2182:
2557:
494:
on Gerbert's sphere was located at 54 degrees, several degrees off from the actual 66° 33'. His positioning of the
43:
4393:
2663:
2073:
885:
589:
345:, for example, had thousands of books (from science to Greek philosophy). This is where Gerbert was introduced to
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2145:
283:
245:
144:
1837:
1126:
1109:
422:. Due to Gerbert's reintroduction, the abacus became widely used in Europe once again during the 11th century.
632:
Adalberon died on 23 January 989. Gerbert was a natural candidate for his succession, but King Hugh appointed
2648:
850:
302:
4301:
2047:
717:
1982:
4403:
4077:
2547:
1798:
1702:"Lupitus of Barcelona - Lupitus von Barcelona: On the identity of a tenth century scientific translator"
872:. This "robotic" head would answer his questions with "yes" or "no". He was also reputed to have had a
649:
398:
338:
4328:
4323:
2208:
2059:
905:
804:
776:
724:. He had a very accurate classification of the different disciplines of philosophy. He was the first
253:
229:
463:, as well as the accounts of his former student and French nobleman Richer, who served as a monk in
3942:
3325:
2607:
2520:
1968:
1144:
1108:
Legends about Gerbert D'Aurillac as Pope Sylvester II inspired the short story "The Demon Pope" by
880:
According to the legend, Meridiana (or the bronze head) told Gerbert that if he should ever read a
873:
752:
610:
544:
381:
Model of the addition 908+95 on part of Gerbert's abacus (with modern numerals, not Gerbert's ones)
287:
49:
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4215:
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3555:
3455:
3440:
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2692:
2685:
2454:
2271:
The Abacus and the Cross: The Story of the Pope Who Brought the Light of Science to the Dark Ages
2253:
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2127:
2119:
2090:
1831:
913:
597:
369:. This sparked Gerbert's veneration for the Moors and his passion for mathematics and astronomy.
279:
140:
1357:
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3881:
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3666:
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483:
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314:
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237:
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3014:
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2348:
The Policy of Gerbert in the Election of Hugh Capet, 987: Based on a Study of His Letters,
1851:
1420:
60:
2174:
2402:
Oeuvres de Gerbert pape sous le nom de Sylvestre II...: collationnées sur les manuscrits
2212:
2063:
4423:
4289:
4245:
4227:
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3415:
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3255:
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3149:
3134:
3069:
3034:
3004:
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2954:
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2863:
2838:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2808:
2728:
2718:
2600:
2567:
2287:
L'opera sicentifica di Gerberto o Papa Silvestro II novellamente discussa ed illustrata
1122:
909:
881:
827:
The legend of Gerbert grows from the work of the English monk William of Malmesbury in
645:
622:
581:
577:
419:
415:
210:
191:
86:
35:
2478:
Betty Mayfield, "Gerbert d'Aurillac and the March of Spain: A Convergence of Cultures"
470:
286:. More precise proposals include the town of Belliac, near the present-day commune of
4317:
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3445:
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3189:
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3089:
3084:
3039:
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1188:
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Constantine. Gerbert instructed Constantine that, if doubtful of the position of the
23:
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2381:
Gerbert von Aurillac und das Quadrivium: Unters. zur Bildung im Zeitalter d. Ottonen
377:
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3997:
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3410:
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1879:
901:
696:
637:
601:
491:
334:
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214:
172:
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some 50 years later. Besides these, as Sylvester II he wrote a dogmatic treatise,
425:
Bernelinus of Paris, who was probably a pupil of Gerbert, wrote a book called the
2411:
2400:
2379:
2296:
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3124:
3114:
3109:
2979:
2803:
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2708:
1087:
869:
792:
725:
668:
626:
443:
346:
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2713:
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2316:
A translation of the letters of Gerbert (982–987) with introduction and notes,
1946:
1076:
1019:(218 letters, including letters to the emperor, the pope, and various bishops)
736:
732:
618:
460:
354:
257:
2472:
2158:
1748:
1717:
1400:
1325:
1310:"A Pope-Philosopher of the Tenth Century: Sylvester II (Gerbert of Aurillac)"
2873:
2584:
800:
784:
780:
768:
744:
721:
584:. The pope persuaded Otto I to employ Gerbert as a tutor for his young son,
540:
350:
306:
96:
1288:
A Pope-Philosopher of the Tenth Century: Sylvester II (Gerbert of Aurillac)
2450:
2675:
861:
764:
740:
713:
641:
614:
366:
341:, one of the intellectual centres of Europe at that time: the library of
291:
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2017:
1732:
1701:
1549:
1526:
1503:
1480:
1309:
2123:
2094:
1550:"Gerbert of Aurillac and the Transmission of Arabic Numerals to Europe"
1527:"Gerbert of Aurillac and the Transmission of Arabic Numerals to Europe"
1504:"Gerbert of Aurillac and the Transmission of Arabic Numerals to Europe"
1481:"Gerbert of Aurillac and the Transmission of Arabic Numerals to Europe"
894:
Iste locus Silvestris membra sepulti venturo Domino conferet ad sonitum
756:
681:
585:
561:
499:
362:
310:
261:
136:
2166:
1341:"Gerbert d'Aurillac and the March of Spain: A Convergence of Cultures"
1290:(Volume 8 No. 1 ed.). The Catholic Historical Review. p. 46.
655:
329:, some 60 km north of Barcelona, and probably also at the nearby
709:
705:
676:
557:
464:
410:
390:
233:
2140:
2115:
2086:
401:, Gerbert got the idea of the computing device of the abacus from a
663:
With imperial support, Gerbert was elected to succeed Gregory V as
935:
855:
818:
760:
748:
695:
654:
469:
456:
452:
402:
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2290:(in Italian). Rome: Tipografia pontificia dell' Istituto Pio IX.
664:
573:
394:
168:
2596:
1385:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 77.
588:. Some years later, Otto I gave Gerbert leave to study at the
333:. Like all Catalan monasteries, it contained manuscripts from
2318:
Harriet Pratt Lattin, tr., Columbus, OH, H. L. Hedrick, 1932.
1025:(15 letters to various abbots and bishops, including Arnulf)
823:
Pope Sylvester II and the Devil in an illustration of c. 1460
256:. He is said to be the first in Christian Europe (outside of
498:
at 24 degree was nearly exact, while his positioning of the
667:
in 999. Gerbert took the name of Sylvester II, alluding to
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1969:"Hungary : Stamps [Year: 1938] [1/5]"
1097:
Gerbert d'Aurillac is referred to in the first chapter of
2490:
Women's Biography: Adelaide of Burgundy, Ottonian empress
1983:"France : Stamps [Year: 1964] [4/6]"
1824:
William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the Kings of England
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1459:
1457:
217:
from 999 to his death. He endorsed and promoted study of
1383:
Medieval robots : mechanism, magic, nature, and art
1940:
1938:
1936:
2071:
Darlington, Oscar G. (1947). "Gerbert, the Teacher".
947:
Gerbert's writings were printed in volume 139 of the
2416:(in French). Lausanne: PPUR Presses polytechniques.
592:
where he was soon appointed a teacher by Archbishop
4206:
4146:
4085:
4076:
3890:
3604:
3203:
2907:
2701:
1112:, first published in the original, 1888 edition of
1049:
Leonis legati epistola ad Hugonem et Robertum reges
151:
120:
115:
107:
102:
92:
82:
74:
66:
56:
21:
2350:Harriet Pratt Lattin, Ohio State University, 1926.
2342:The Peasant Boy who Became Pope: Story of Gerbert,
704:Gerbert of Aurillac was a noted humanist. He read
442:Although lost to Europe since the terminus of the
4434:Burials at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
1674:
1672:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
908:by Sylvester in the year 1000 (hence the title '
891:The inscription on Gerbert's tomb reads in part
791:in 996, though it was perhaps only an elaborate
1005:Selecta e concil. Basol., Remens., Masom., etc.
700:Statue of Pope Sylvester II in Aurillac, France
504:
2384:(in German). Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
1065:Gerbert D'Aurillac appears as an adversary in
600:in 973, he appointed Gerbert the abbot of the
353:. Borrell II was facing major defeat from the
325:Gerbert studied under the direction of Bishop
209:, was a scholar and teacher who served as the
2608:
576:, taking Gerbert with him. There Gerbert met
8:
2141:"Pope Sylvester II and Stephen I of Hungary"
1271:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFRiché1987 (
1252:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFRiché1987 (
1231:
1229:
648:(996–999), Otto III's cousin, appointed him
16:Head of the Catholic Church from 999 to 1003
1927:
1017:Epistolae ante summum pontificatum scriptae
892:
835:Gesta Romanae Ecclesiae contra Hildebrandum
446:era, Gerbert reintroduced the astronomical
4082:
2615:
2601:
2593:
2500:
2344:Harriet Pratt Lattin, Henry Schuman, 1951.
2004:
1886:. Cambridge University Press. p. 157.
1773:
1761:
1678:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1436:
1235:
751:), which he taught using the basis of the
397:. According to the 12th-century historian
42:
18:
2252:, vol. 105, no. 1, 2021, pp. 3–19.,
1086:Gerbert d'Aurillac is the protagonist of
1822:of Malmesbury, William (December 2015).
1140:List of Roman Catholic scientist–clerics
1115:The Twilight of the Gods and Other Tales
1054:Celebacy for the guarantee of our future
572:In 969, Borrell II made a pilgrimage to
2483:Gerbert of Aurillac (ca. 955–1003)
2405:(in French and Latin). Paris: Dumoulin.
2204:Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea
2179:Gerbert d'Aurillac, le pape de l'an Mil
2018:"A Discovery of Witches (cast section)"
1463:
1208:
1156:
48:Sylvester, in blue, as depicted in the
1829:
1826:( ed.). J. A. Giles. p. 173.
1785:
1570:
1474:
1472:
1448:
455:and to his colleague Constantine, the
1915:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1368:
1266:
1247:
868:Gerbert was supposed to have built a
226:arithmetic, mathematics and astronomy
7:
1044:Acta concilii Remensis ad S. Basolum
983:Libellus de rationali et ratione uti
811:—On the Body and Blood of the Lord.
205:– 12 May 1003), originally known as
2234:. Rochester: Boydell & Brewer.
1345:Mathematical Association of America
716:; he studied Latin translations of
393:, but probably without the numeral
299:Monastery of St. Gerald of Aurillac
2493:, includes four of his letters to
2360:(in Italian). Graphe.it Edizioni.
2324:Columbia University Press (1961),
671:(314–335), the advisor to Emperor
438:Armillary sphere and sighting tube
389:and applied this knowledge to the
357:powers so he sent a delegation to
331:Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll
14:
2357:Gerberto d'Aurillac. Silvestro II
2301:(in French). Barcelona: Columna.
2295:Pladevall i Font, Antoni (1998).
995:Sermo de informatione episcoporum
4429:10th-century French philosophers
4295:
4284:
4283:
1803:University of California, Irvine
2438:Journal of the History of Ideas
2298:Silvestre II (Gerbert d'Orlhac)
2273:(Basic Books; 2010) 310 pages,
1951:Journal of the History of Ideas
1339:Mayfield, Betty (August 2010).
1308:Kitchin, William P. H. (1922).
1023:Epistolae et decreta pontificia
963:Libellus de numerorum divisione
860:Statue of Pope Sylvester II in
767:). In Rheims, he constructed a
73:
65:
4414:Medieval French mathematicians
2232:A History of Western Astrology
1731:Freudenhammer, Thomas (2021).
1700:Freudenhammer, Thomas (2020).
1548:Freudenhammer, Thomas (2021).
1525:Freudenhammer, Thomas (2021).
1502:Freudenhammer, Thomas (2021).
1479:Freudenhammer, Thomas (2021).
1314:The Catholic Historical Review
1286:Kitchin, William P.H. (1992).
830:De Rebus Gestis Regum Anglorum
1:
4359:10th-century writers in Latin
1000:De corpore et sanguine Domini
904:authority allegedly given to
809:De corpore et sanguine Domini
199:
163:
128:
4349:10th-century apocalypticists
2485:, lecture by Lynn H. Nelson.
2046:Buddhue, John Davis (1941).
1905:. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin.
1028:a dubious letter to Otto III
180:Other popes named Sylvester
4409:Medieval French astronomers
4354:10th-century French writers
4334:10th-century mathematicians
2399:Olleris, Alexandre (1867).
2207:. New York: Penguin Books.
2048:"The Origin of Our Numbers"
2007:, p. 468, footnote 43)
1945:Truitt, E.R. (April 2012).
1805:. Accessed 6 February 2024.
1217:Silvester <Papa, II.>
900:The story of the crown and
407:University of Al-Qarawiyyin
297:Around 963, he entered the
266:Hindu-Arabic numeral system
4450:
4399:Catholic clergy scientists
4379:11th-century French people
2074:American Historical Review
1897:Lanciani, Rodolfo (1892).
1799:Lecture 6. Measuring Time
1238:, p. 456, footnote 2)
1069:' novel series called the
886:Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
833:and a polemical pamphlet,
590:cathedral school of Rheims
4279:
2634:
2581:
2572:
2564:
2554:
2545:
2537:
2527:
2518:
2510:
2503:
2354:Montecchio, Luca (2011).
2284:Carrara, Bellino (1908).
2146:English Historical Review
1597:, pp. 464, 467–472).
264:numeral system using the
244:, which had been lost to
178:
41:
34:
4374:11th-century archbishops
4344:10th-century astronomers
4339:10th-century archbishops
2410:Schärlig, Alain (2012).
2139:Kropf, Lewis L. (1898).
1903:Pagan and Christian Rome
1127:The Revolt of the Angels
1103:The Master and Margarita
4097:During the Roman Empire
2230:Tester, S. Jim (1987).
2201:Seife, Charles (2000).
989:Ecclesiastical writings
973:Regula de abaco computi
851:Investiture Controversy
303:Borrell II of Barcelona
4302:Catholic Church Portal
4162:Conflicts with the HRE
2505:Catholic Church titles
2431:Truitt, E. R. (2012).
2159:10.1093/ehr/XIII.L.290
2052:The Scientific Monthly
1381:Truitt, E. R. (2015).
944:
893:
865:
824:
701:
660:
629:line of kings in 987.
547:through another tube.
536:
487:
382:
195:
4078:History of the papacy
2548:Archbishop of Ravenna
2473:Catholic Encyclopedia
2451:10.1353/jhi.2012.0016
1884:The Myth of the Magus
1081:television adaptation
1075:. He is portrayed by
957:Mathematical writings
940:12th century copy of
939:
859:
822:
699:
658:
650:archbishop of Ravenna
568:Ecclesiastical career
473:
399:William of Malmesbury
380:
4389:Archbishops of Reims
4240:Revolutionary Papacy
4234:Age of Enlightenment
2269:Brown, Nancy Marie.
2181:(in French). Paris:
1836:: CS1 maint: year (
1797:Becker, Barbara J. "
1666:, pp. 469–470).
1585:, pp. 467–472).
1419:1 March 2017 at the
1163:Other names include
906:Stephen I of Hungary
805:Hermannus Contractus
777:Lupitus of Barcelona
659:Seal of Sylvester II
337:and especially from
254:Western Roman Empire
4087:Antiquity and Early
3891:17th–21st centuries
3605:13th–16th centuries
2521:Archbishop of Reims
2213:2000zbdi.book.....S
2064:1941SciMo..52..265D
1858:(in Russian). ОГИ.
1856:Книжица наших забав
1642:, pp. 468–469.
1573:, pp. 130–131.
1451:, pp. 131–132.
1145:Barcelona astrolabe
803:that was edited by
609:'s attempt to take
602:monastery of Bobbio
545:Tropic of Capricorn
387:Hindu–Arabic digits
385:Gerbert learned of
373:Abacus and numerals
288:Saint-Simon, Cantal
260:) to introduce the
230:Western Christendom
228:, reintroducing to
207:Gerbert of Aurillac
125:Gerbertus (Gerbert)
50:Gospels of Otto III
4419:People from Cantal
4384:11th-century popes
4369:10th-century popes
4364:10th-century poets
4222:Reformation Papacy
4216:Renaissance Papacy
4158:(1012–1044 / 1048)
4111:Ostrogothic Papacy
3204:9th–12th centuries
1928:Kosztolnyik (1977)
1060:In popular culture
945:
866:
825:
702:
661:
551:Scientific library
510:and by the Latins
488:
383:
280:Duchy of Aquitaine
162:12 May 1003 (aged
141:Duchy of Aquitaine
4394:Benedictine popes
4311:
4310:
4275:
4274:
4167:Wandering Papacy
4130:Saeculum obscurum
4103:Under Constantine
2908:5th–8th centuries
2702:1st–4th centuries
2686:papal resignation
2591:
2590:
2582:Succeeded by
2555:Succeeded by
2528:Succeeded by
2495:Adelaide of Italy
2423:978-2-88074-944-6
2391:978-3-515-02449-5
2367:978-88-97010-05-0
2308:978-84-8300-514-9
2241:978-0-85115-446-6
2222:978-0-670-88457-5
2192:978-2-213-01958-1
1865:978-5-94282-868-4
1640:Darlington (1947)
1358:Gerbert biography
1079:in the trilogy's
1072:All Souls Trilogy
950:Patrologia Latina
607:Lothair of France
484:Sandro Botticelli
284:Kingdom of France
188:Pope Sylvester II
185:
184:
4441:
4299:
4287:
4286:
4207:Early Modern and
4117:Byzantine Papacy
4083:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2594:
2565:Preceded by
2538:Preceded by
2511:Preceded by
2501:
2462:
2427:
2406:
2395:
2371:
2312:
2291:
2245:
2226:
2196:
2170:
2135:
2098:
2067:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2014:
2008:
2005:Darlington (1947
2002:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1852:Shmarakov, Roman
1848:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1774:Darlington (1947
1771:
1765:
1762:Darlington (1947
1759:
1753:
1752:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1697:
1682:
1679:Darlington (1947
1676:
1667:
1664:Darlington (1947
1661:
1655:
1652:Darlington (1947
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1628:Darlington (1947
1625:
1610:
1607:Darlington (1947
1604:
1598:
1595:Darlington (1947
1592:
1586:
1583:Darlington (1947
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1437:Darlington (1947
1434:
1423:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1239:
1236:Darlington (1947
1233:
1224:
1213:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1165:Gerbert of Reims
1161:
1099:Mikhail Bulgakov
1067:Deborah Harkness
1031:five short poems
896:
847:Pope Gregory VII
843:Emperor Henry IV
841:, a partisan of
797:verge and foliot
789:mechanical clock
686:St. John Lateran
496:Tropic of Cancer
476:armillary sphere
448:armillary sphere
301:. In 967, Count
238:armillary sphere
204:
201:
165:
161:
159:
133:
130:
116:Personal details
46:
19:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4271:
4254:(1929–present)
4208:
4202:
4156:Tusculan Papacy
4148:
4142:
4123:Frankish Papacy
4088:
4072:
3886:
3600:
3199:
2903:
2697:
2630:
2628:Catholic Church
2621:
2587:
2578:
2570:
2560:
2551:
2543:
2533:
2524:
2516:
2469:
2430:
2424:
2409:
2398:
2392:
2374:
2368:
2353:
2309:
2294:
2283:
2266:
2264:Further reading
2250:Sudhoffs Archiv
2242:
2229:
2223:
2200:
2193:
2173:
2153:(50): 290–295.
2138:
2116:10.2307/3165157
2101:
2087:10.2307/1859882
2070:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1944:
1943:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1828:
1821:
1820:
1809:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1776:, p. 473).
1772:
1768:
1764:, p. 471).
1760:
1756:
1737:Sudhoffs Archiv
1730:
1729:
1725:
1706:Sudhoffs Archiv
1699:
1698:
1685:
1681:, p. 470).
1677:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:, p. 469).
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1630:, p. 468).
1626:
1613:
1609:, p. 467).
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1554:Sudhoffs Archiv
1547:
1546:
1542:
1531:Sudhoffs Archiv
1524:
1523:
1519:
1508:Sudhoffs Archiv
1501:
1500:
1496:
1485:Sudhoffs Archiv
1478:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1439:, p. 472).
1435:
1426:
1421:Wayback Machine
1412:
1408:
1393:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1352:
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1234:
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1201:
1196:
1195:
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1162:
1158:
1153:
1136:
1110:Richard Garnett
1062:
934:
926:
817:
694:
570:
553:
440:
375:
323:
276:
202:
167:
157:
155:
147:
134:
131:
127:
126:
61:Catholic Church
52:
30:
27:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4447:
4445:
4437:
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4426:
4421:
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4371:
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4316:
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4309:
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4280:
4277:
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4272:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4261:
4249:
4246:Roman Question
4243:
4237:
4236:(c. 1640–1740)
4231:
4228:Baroque Papacy
4225:
4219:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4197:Western Schism
4194:
4191:Avignon Papacy
4188:
4187:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4165:
4159:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4137:Crescentii era
4134:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4093:
4091:
4080:
4074:
4073:
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4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3943:Alexander VIII
3940:
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3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
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3894:
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3888:
3887:
3885:
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3879:
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3864:
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3814:
3809:
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3799:
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3789:
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3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
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3734:
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3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
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3649:
3644:
3639:
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3614:
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3606:
3602:
3601:
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3563:
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3543:
3538:
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3528:
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3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
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3438:
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3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3326:Anastasius III
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
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2957:
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2801:
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2507:
2499:
2498:
2486:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2467:External links
2465:
2464:
2463:
2445:(2): 201–222.
2428:
2422:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2372:
2366:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2292:
2281:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2246:
2240:
2227:
2221:
2198:
2191:
2171:
2136:
2104:Church History
2099:
2081:(3): 456–476.
2068:
2058:(3): 265–267.
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2024:. 7 April 2019
2009:
1988:
1974:
1960:
1932:
1920:
1918:, p. 290.
1908:
1889:
1871:
1864:
1843:
1807:
1790:
1788:, p. 132.
1778:
1766:
1754:
1723:
1683:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1540:
1517:
1494:
1468:
1466:, p. 266.
1464:Buddhue (1941)
1453:
1441:
1424:
1406:
1391:
1373:
1361:
1350:
1331:
1293:
1278:
1259:
1240:
1225:
1221:CERL Thesaurus
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1181:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1123:Anatole France
1119:
1106:
1095:
1090:'s 1989 novel
1084:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1038:Other writings
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
990:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
959:
958:
933:
930:
925:
922:
910:apostolic king
816:
813:
779:for a book on
693:
690:
646:Pope Gregory V
623:king of France
621:. Hugh became
617:by supporting
582:Emperor Otto I
578:Pope John XIII
569:
566:
552:
549:
439:
436:
420:Roman numerals
374:
371:
322:
321:Scholarly work
319:
282:, part of the
275:
272:
213:and ruled the
211:bishop of Rome
183:
182:
176:
175:
153:
149:
148:
135:
124:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
47:
39:
38:
36:Bishop of Rome
32:
31:
28:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4446:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:High and Late
4145:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3963:Benedict XIII
3961:
3959:
3958:Innocent XIII
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Alexander VII
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:Innocent VIII
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Callixtus III
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3692:Boniface VIII
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Celestine III
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Alexander III
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:Anastasius IV
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Sylvester III
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Benedict VIII
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Anastasius II
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2681:Pope emeritus
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:List of popes
2637:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2376:Lindgren, Uta
2373:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:9780231022019
2334:
2331:
2330:0-231-02201-8
2327:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2279:9780465009503
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1930:, p. 35.
1929:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1899:"Papal Tombs"
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1880:Butler, E. M.
1875:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:Tester (1987)
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:Tester (1987)
1567:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:Tester (1987)
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:9780812291407
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1371:, p. 77.
1370:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1269:, p. 19)
1268:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1250:, p. 18)
1249:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1189:Charles Seife
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
988:
987:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
956:
955:
954:
952:
951:
943:
938:
931:
929:
923:
921:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
895:
889:
887:
883:
878:
875:
871:
863:
858:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:Cardinal Beno
836:
832:
831:
821:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
698:
691:
689:
687:
683:
678:
674:
673:Constantine I
670:
666:
657:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
625:, ending the
624:
620:
616:
613:from Emperor
612:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
567:
565:
563:
559:
550:
548:
546:
542:
535:
533:
529:
526:, the Latins
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
503:
501:
497:
493:
485:
481:
477:
472:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
445:
437:
435:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
412:
408:
405:scholar from
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
379:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
197:
193:
189:
181:
177:
174:
170:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
123:
119:
114:
110:
106:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
77:
69:
62:
59:
55:
51:
45:
40:
37:
33:
25:
20:
4404:French popes
4300:
4288:
4258:World War II
4252:Vatican City
4128:
4099:(until 493)
4063:Benedict XVI
4058:John Paul II
3978:Clement XIII
3973:Benedict XIV
3948:Innocent XII
3882:Clement VIII
3857:Gregory XIII
3837:Marcellus II
3797:Alexander VI
3747:Innocent VII
3712:Benedict XII
3667:Nicholas III
3632:Alexander IV
3622:Celestine IV
3612:Honorius III
3596:Innocent III
3581:Gregory VIII
3541:Celestine II
3526:Callixtus II
3496:Alexander II
3421:Sylvester II
3420:
3401:Benedict VII
3361:Stephen VIII
3246:Benedict III
3100:Adeodatus II
3045:Boniface III
2899:Anastasius I
2573:
2546:
2519:
2489:
2442:
2436:
2412:
2401:
2380:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2321:
2315:
2297:
2286:
2270:
2249:
2231:
2203:
2178:
2175:Pierre Riché
2150:
2144:
2110:(1): 33–47.
2107:
2103:
2078:
2072:
2055:
2051:
2040:Bibliography
2026:. Retrieved
2021:
2012:
1977:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1923:
1916:Kropf (1898)
1911:
1902:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1855:
1846:
1823:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1709:
1705:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1444:
1414:herodote.net
1409:
1382:
1376:
1369:Seife (2000)
1364:
1353:
1334:
1317:
1313:
1287:
1281:
1262:
1243:
1220:
1211:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1113:
1102:
1091:
1070:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1022:
1016:
1004:
999:
994:
982:
977:
972:
968:De geometria
967:
962:
948:
946:
942:De geometria
941:
927:
918:
902:papal legate
899:
890:
879:
867:
845:who opposed
834:
828:
826:
808:
730:
703:
662:
638:Pope John XV
631:
571:
554:
537:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
505:
492:polar circle
489:
441:
430:
426:
424:
384:
335:Moslem Spain
327:Atto of Vich
324:
296:
277:
270:
246:Latin Europe
215:Papal States
206:
196:Silvester II
187:
186:
173:Papal States
108:Consecration
75:Papacy ended
67:Papacy began
29:Sylvester II
4329:1003 deaths
4324:940s births
4266:(1945–1991)
4260:(1939–1945)
4248:(1870–1929)
4242:(1775–1848)
4230:(1585–1689)
4224:(1534–1585)
4218:(1417–1534)
4199:(1378–1417)
4193:(1309–1378)
4185:, 1228–1304
4179:, 1262–1297
4173:, 1257–1281
4164:(1048–1257)
4149:Middle Ages
4089:Middle Ages
4053:John Paul I
4028:Benedict XV
4008:Gregory XVI
3983:Clement XIV
3968:Clement XII
3938:Innocent XI
3877:Innocent IX
3872:Gregory XIV
3822:Clement VII
3752:Gregory XII
3742:Boniface IX
3722:Innocent VI
3697:Benedict XI
3687:Celestine V
3682:Nicholas IV
3677:Honorius IV
3627:Innocent IV
3586:Clement III
3536:Innocent II
3531:Honorius II
3521:Gelasius II
3501:Gregory VII
3491:Nicholas II
3451:Benedict IX
3396:Benedict VI
3371:Agapetus II
3346:Stephen VII
3321:Sergius III
3311:Benedict IV
3301:Theodore II
3286:Boniface VI
3185:Stephen III
3165:Gregory III
3155:Constantine
3120:Benedict II
3055:Adeodatus I
3050:Boniface IV
3030:Pelagius II
2990:Boniface II
2930:Celestine I
2869:Sylvester I
2854:Marcellus I
2849:Marcellinus
2784:Callixtus I
2769:Eleutherius
2744:Telesphorus
2734:Alexander I
2656:Papal names
1743:(1): 3–19.
1267:Riché (1987
1248:Riché (1987
1088:Judith Tarr
978:Liber abaci
870:brazen head
793:water clock
726:French pope
669:Sylvester I
627:Carolingian
444:Greco-Roman
431:Liber Abaci
427:Liber Abaci
416:animal horn
347:mathematics
343:al-Hakam II
242:water organ
223:Greco-Roman
83:Predecessor
78:12 May 1003
70:2 April 999
4318:Categories
4209:Modern Era
4139:(974–1012)
4043:John XXIII
3953:Clement XI
3928:Clement IX
3918:Innocent X
3913:Urban VIII
3908:Gregory XV
3832:Julius III
3767:Nicholas V
3732:Gregory XI
3717:Clement VI
3652:Innocent V
3642:Clement IV
3617:Gregory IX
3571:Lucius III
3551:Eugene III
3516:Paschal II
3506:Victor III
3486:Stephen IX
3471:Damasus II
3466:Clement II
3461:Gregory VI
3436:Sergius IV
3431:John XVIII
3381:Benedict V
3366:Marinus II
3291:Stephen VI
3271:Adrian III
3251:Nicholas I
3236:Sergius II
3231:Gregory IV
3211:Stephen IV
3175:Stephen II
3160:Gregory II
3080:Theodore I
3065:Honorius I
3060:Boniface V
3025:Benedict I
3015:Pelagius I
3000:Agapetus I
2960:Gelasius I
2950:Simplicius
2935:Sixtus III
2925:Boniface I
2915:Innocent I
2779:Zephyrinus
2693:Pope-elect
2669:non-extant
1957:(2): 1–22.
1712:(2): 142.
1199:References
1092:Ars Magica
1077:Trevor Eve
737:arithmetic
733:quadrivium
619:Hugh Capet
512:incidentes
480:a painting
355:Andalusian
274:Early life
258:Al-Andalus
203: 946
158:1003-05-12
132: 946
4133:(904–964)
4125:(756–857)
4119:(537–752)
4113:(493–537)
4105:(312–337)
4003:Pius VIII
3933:Clement X
3867:Urban VII
3817:Adrian VI
3807:Julius II
3787:Sixtus IV
3762:Eugene IV
3707:John XXII
3702:Clement V
3672:Martin IV
3647:Gregory X
3576:Urban III
3561:Adrian IV
3546:Lucius II
3481:Victor II
3426:John XVII
3416:Gregory V
3391:John XIII
3276:Stephen V
3266:Marinus I
3261:John VIII
3256:Adrian II
3226:Valentine
3221:Eugene II
3216:Paschal I
3150:Sisinnius
3135:Sergius I
3070:Severinus
3035:Gregory I
3005:Silverius
2975:Hormisdas
2970:Symmachus
2955:Felix III
2889:Damasus I
2864:Miltiades
2839:Eutychian
2829:Dionysius
2824:Sixtus II
2819:Stephen I
2809:Cornelius
2729:Evaristus
2724:Clement I
2719:Anacletus
2649:canonised
2644:graphical
2585:John XVII
2579:999–1003
2568:Gregory V
2459:170116054
2132:154633530
1832:cite book
1749:0039-4564
1718:0039-4564
1537:(1): 6–7.
1401:907964739
1326:0008-8080
1320:(1): 46.
1204:Citations
1101:'s novel
864:, Hungary
801:astrolabe
795:, as the
785:astronomy
781:astrology
771:-powered
769:hydraulic
745:astronomy
722:Aristotle
594:Adalberon
541:pole star
486:, c. 1480
367:madrasahs
351:astronomy
307:Catalonia
97:John XVII
93:Successor
87:Gregory V
4290:Category
4264:Cold War
4038:Pius XII
4018:Leo XIII
3993:Pius VII
3862:Sixtus V
3827:Paul III
3802:Pius III
3757:Martin V
3737:Urban VI
3662:John XXI
3657:Adrian V
3637:Urban IV
3511:Urban II
3446:John XIX
3406:John XIV
3386:Leo VIII
3376:John XII
3281:Formosus
3190:Adrian I
3145:John VII
3095:Vitalian
3090:Eugene I
3085:Martin I
3040:Sabinian
3020:John III
3010:Vigilius
2985:Felix IV
2945:Hilarius
2894:Siricius
2884:Liberius
2879:Julius I
2859:Eusebius
2814:Lucius I
2774:Victor I
2759:Anicetus
2739:Sixtus I
2676:Antipope
2552:998–999
2525:991–996
2378:(1976).
2258:48636817
2177:(1987).
1882:(1948).
1854:(2019).
1417:Archived
1173:Auvergne
1134:See also
862:Budapest
765:rhetoric
741:geometry
718:Porphyry
714:Boethius
652:in 998.
642:Otto III
615:Otto III
611:Lorraine
528:obliques
292:Aurillac
250:the fall
4183:Perugia
4177:Orvieto
4171:Viterbo
4068:Francis
4048:Paul VI
4033:Pius XI
4013:Pius IX
3998:Leo XII
3988:Pius VI
3847:Pius IV
3842:Paul IV
3782:Paul II
3777:Pius II
3727:Urban V
3411:John XV
3356:Leo VII
3351:John XI
3306:John IX
3296:Romanus
3195:Leo III
3170:Zachary
3140:John VI
3075:John IV
2995:John II
2920:Zosimus
2834:Felix I
2799:Anterus
2794:Pontian
2789:Urban I
2749:Hyginus
2626:of the
2209:Bibcode
2124:3165157
2095:1859882
2060:Bibcode
1560:(1): 8.
1514:(1): 6.
1491:(1): 5.
1169:Ravenna
1011:Letters
924:Honours
914:emperor
849:in the
815:Legends
757:grammar
753:trivium
682:Ravenna
598:emperor
586:Otto II
562:Statius
532:vitalis
516:colures
500:equator
403:Moorish
363:Mozarab
359:Córdoba
339:Cordoba
315:Córdoba
311:Seville
262:decimal
252:of the
219:Moorish
137:Belliac
4023:Pius X
3903:Paul V
3898:Leo XI
3852:Pius V
3476:Leo IX
3341:Leo VI
3336:John X
3241:Leo IV
3180:Paul I
3125:John V
3115:Leo II
3110:Agatho
2980:John I
2804:Fabian
2754:Pius I
2664:extant
2660:Tombs
2558:Leo II
2541:John X
2531:Arnulf
2514:Arnulf
2457:
2420:
2388:
2364:
2335:
2328:
2305:
2277:
2256:
2238:
2219:
2189:
2183:Fayard
2167:547228
2165:
2130:
2122:
2093:
2028:11 May
1862:
1747:
1716:
1399:
1389:
1324:
1177:Gibert
763:, and
710:Cicero
706:Virgil
692:Legacy
677:simony
644:, and
634:Arnulf
558:Cicero
508:coluri
465:Rheims
453:Trèves
411:abacus
409:. The
391:abacus
248:since
240:, and
234:abacus
145:France
103:Orders
57:Church
4424:Popes
3812:Leo X
3331:Lando
3316:Leo V
3130:Conon
3105:Donus
2940:Leo I
2844:Caius
2764:Soter
2714:Linus
2709:Peter
2624:Popes
2455:S2CID
2254:JSTOR
2163:JSTOR
2128:S2CID
2120:JSTOR
2091:JSTOR
1151:Notes
932:Works
837:, by
773:organ
761:logic
749:music
520:loxos
457:abbot
290:, or
192:Latin
139:(?),
2874:Mark
2575:Pope
2418:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2333:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2236:ISBN
2217:ISBN
2187:ISBN
2030:2021
2022:IMDb
1860:ISBN
1838:link
1745:ISSN
1714:ISSN
1397:OCLC
1387:ISBN
1322:ISSN
1273:help
1254:help
1175:and
882:Mass
874:pact
783:and
720:and
712:and
665:pope
580:and
574:Rome
560:and
461:Micy
395:zero
349:and
313:and
232:the
221:and
169:Rome
152:Died
121:Born
24:Pope
2447:doi
2155:doi
2112:doi
2083:doi
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1710:104
1558:105
1535:105
1512:105
1489:105
1219:,"
1171:or
1167:or
1125:'s
1121:In
916:."
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524:zoe
522:or
482:by
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474:An
459:of
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