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707:. Finding, however, that they were bent on forcing the papal dignity upon him, he fled to Monte Cassino, where he busied himself in exhorting the Normans and Lombards to rally to the support of the Holy See. When autumn came, Desiderius accompanied the Norman army on its march to Rome. However, when he became aware of the plot between the cardinals and the Norman princes to force the
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965:
650:. In 1074 and 1075 he acted as intermediary, probably as Gregory's agent, between the Norman princes themselves, and even when the latter were at open war with the pope, they still maintained the best relations with Monte Cassino. At the end of 1080 Desiderius obtained Norman troops for Gregory. In 1082 he visited the Italian king and future
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as "Papal vicar of those parts" (letter of Hugh of Lyons) together with the Norman princes, Cencius the Consul and the Roman nobles. Here, Victor finally yielded and "by the assumption of the cross and purple confirmed the past election". How much his obstinacy had irritated some of the prelates is
767:
After the
Normans had driven the soldiers of the Antipope Clement III out of St. Peter's, Victor III was finally consecrated and enthroned on 21 March 1087. He only remained eight days in Rome and then returned to Monte Cassino, though with the help of Matilda and Jordan, he took back the
645:
to become vassals of St. Peter for their newly conquered territories: now
Gregory VII immediately after his election sent for him to give an account of the state of Norman Italy and entrusted him with the negotiation of an interview with Robert Guiscard on 2 August 1073, at
718:
On 23 May a great meeting was held in the deaconry of St. Lucy, and
Desiderius was again importuned to accept the papacy but persisted in his refusal, threatening to return to his monastery in case of violence. On the next day, the feast of
909:, about six decades after his death (Acta Sanctorum, Loc. cit.). In 1515, Victor III's body was relocated to the main abbey church in Monte Cassino with many pilgrims visiting his tomb. In 1727 the abbot of Monte Cassino obtained from
746:
Desiderius was finally elected on 24 May 1086 in the deaconry of S. Lucia in
Septisolis. He took the name Victor III. Four days later, pope and cardinals had to flee from Rome due to the presence of the Antipope Clement III, and at
924:
During World War II, his body was removed and placed in Rome for safekeeping. The main abbey at Monte
Cassino was destroyed in February 1944 by US bombing. Victor's body was moved back to the rebuilt abbey in 1963.
820:, to succeed him in the abbacy, just as he himself had been appointed by Stephen IX, and proposed Odo of Ostia to the assembled cardinals and bishops as the next pope. He died on 16 September 1087 and was buried in
891:
673:
in an attempt to reconcile pope and emperor, and his proceedings seem to have aroused some suspicion in
Gregory's entourage. In 1084, when Rome was in Henry's hands and the pope besieged in
515:. Desiderius' reputation brought gifts and exemptions to the abbey. The money was spent on church ornaments, including a great golden altar front from Constantinople adorned with gems and
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with special powers for the reform of monasteries. So great was his reputation with the Holy See that he "...was allowed by the Roman
Pontiff to appoint Bishops and Abbots from among his
699:
on 25 May 1085, the Abbot of Monte
Cassino was one of those whom he recommended to the cardinals of southern Italy as fittest to succeed him. The Roman people had expelled the
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and re-established monastic discipline, so that there were 200 monks in the monastery in his day. On 1 October 1071, the new
Basilica of Monte Cassino was consecrated by
711:
on him, he would not enter Rome unless they swore to abandon their design. They refused to do that, and the election was postponed. At about Easter the bishops and
751:, in spite of all protests, Victor laid aside the papal insignia and once more retired to Monte Cassino, where he remained nearly a whole year. In the middle of
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to die. He had himself carried into the chapter-house, issued various decrees for the benefit of the abbey, appointed with the consent of the monks the prior,
377:
His failing health was the factor that made him so reluctant to accept his pontifical election and his health was so poor that he fell to illness during his
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Though certainly a strong partisan of the
Hildebrandine reforms, Desiderius belonged to the moderate party and could not always see eye-to-eye with
812:
in northern Africa, and anathematised Hugh of Lyons and Richard, Abbot of Marseilles. After three days, Victor became seriously ill and retired to
464:. Their choice fell on Desiderius. The pope recovered, and, desiring to retain the abbacy during his lifetime, appointed the abbot-designate his
460:, who had retained the abbacy of Monte Cassino, came to visit and at Christmas, believing himself to be dying, ordered the monks to elect a new
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assembled at Rome summoned Desiderius and the cardinals who were with him at Monte Cassino to come to Rome to treat concerning the election.
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784:. By the end of June Clement III once more gained possession of St. Peter's, Victor again withdrew at once to his Monte Cassino abbey.
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452:, with whom he returned in 1055. He joined the community and was shortly afterwards appointed superior of the dependent house at
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476:, when about to sail for the East, that the news of the pope's death reached Desiderius. Having obtained a safe-conduct from
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Within two years of the consecration of the Cassinese Basilica, Alexander II died and was succeeded by Hildebrand as
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The life at S. Sophia was not strict enough for the young monk, who betook himself first to the island monastery of
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and "nearly all the church ornaments of Victor II, which had been pawned here and there throughout the city".
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of southern Italy repeatedly in favour of the Holy See. Already in 1059 he had persuaded Robert Guiscard and
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Grant, Alasdair C. (2016). "Pisan Perspectives: "The Carmen in victoriam" and Holy War, c.1000–1150".
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from the city, and hither Desiderius hastened to consult with the cardinals on the approaching
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brethren in whatever churches or monasteries he desired, of those that had lost their patron".
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gives a list of some seventy books Desiderius had copied at Monte Cassino, including works of
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1119:"Papal elections of the 11th Century (1061-1099): Election of May 24, 1086 (Victor III)"
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Desiderius rebuilt the church and conventual buildings, perfected the products of the
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The cult of Blessed Victor III seems to have begun not later than the pontificate of
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ascribes to him the composition of a "Cantus ad B. Maurum" and letters to King
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1026. He obtained permission to enter the monastery of S. Sophia at Benevento.
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1087, the pope-elect assisted at a council of cardinals and bishops held at
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in his most intransigent proceedings. Yet when the latter lay dying at
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beatified Victor III in 1887, at which point his body was once again
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723:, the same scene was repeated very early in the morning. The Roman
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Victor is the probable author of a letter to the empress-mother
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concerning the molestation of pilgrims to the Holy Land in the
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control) he sent monks while still abbot of Monte Cassino.
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Somewhat later Desiderius attached himself to the court of
366:, yet his pontificate is far less notable than his time as
1035:
The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
362:
from 24 May 1086 to his death. He was the successor of
59:
Desiderius of Montecassino in a contemporary manuscript
760:
evidenced in the letter of Hugh of Lyons preserved by
19:"Victor III" redirects here. Not to be confused with
637:. Desiderius was able to call forth the help of the
381:. The only literary work of his that remains is his
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32:
425:. About this time he was brought to the notice of
804:of the Antipope Clement III, the condemnation of
1165:Monumenta German. History: Script. VIII, 466–468
1055:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Blessed Victor III"
743:of a bishop was contrary to ecclesiastical law.
661:, while the troops of the Imperialist antipope
354:1026 – 16 September 1087), was the head of the
913:permission to keep his feast (Tosti, I, 393).
1336:
998:Kleinheinz, Christopher (December 17, 2003).
16:Head of the Catholic Church from 1086 to 1087
8:
871:. There is also a letter to the bishops of
727:Cencius now suggested the election of Odo,
2810:
1343:
1329:
1321:
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1218:. 131, No. 552 (OCTOBER) (552): 983–1009.
1189:(1992), "Pope Victor and the Empress A.",
840:Pope Victor's only existing literary work
53:
29:
1049:
1047:
444:. There he met two monks of the renowned
1174:
828:. Odo was duly elected his successor as
669:. In 1083 the peace-loving abbot joined
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990:
496:Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Sergio e Bacco
118:Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Sergio e Bacco
1123:The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
875:, where (since c. 1050 brought under
7:
822:the tomb he had prepared for himself
498:on 6 March 1058. He opted to be the
808:, proclaimed a crusade against the
480:, the Norman Count (later Duke) of
389:and other saints at Monte Cassino.
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846:De Viris Illustribus Casinensibus
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1127:Florida International University
963:
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500:Cardinal-Priest of Santa Cecilia
130:Cardinal-Priest of Santa Cecilia
3107:Beatifications by Pope Leo XIII
1000:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia
135:Legate to Constantinople (1059)
81:
73:
610:Desiderius had been appointed
417:and in 1053 to the hermits at
216:16 September 1087 (aged c. 61)
1:
1244:. Cambridge University Press.
1242:Henry IV of Germany 1056-1106
1216:The English Historical Review
921:to the Chapel of St. Victor.
899:The Vision of Pope Victor III
665:were harassing the pope from
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385:on the miracles performed by
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186:
1231:McBrien, Richard P. (2000).
3097:11th-century Lombard people
21:Victor III (bishop of Chur)
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1077:Chron. Cass., III, 18 (20)
1002:. Routledge. p. 295.
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1240:Robinson, I. S. (1999).
776:, whose troops held the
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3030:Catholic Church Portal
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1287:Catholic Church titles
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490:elevated him into the
372:abbot of Monte Cassino
25:Victor-class submarine
3062:People from Benevento
2806:History of the papacy
1199:10.1515/bz-1992-1-211
1193:, 84–85(1–2): 43–48.
1156:Chron. Cass., III, 68
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1086:Chron. Cass., III, 63
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1264:at Wikimedia Commons
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687:Papal election, 1086
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957:Christianity portal
551:, the histories of
397:Daufer was born in
247:(Roman Martyrology)
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2839:Ostrogothic Papacy
1932:9th–12th centuries
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1233:Lives of the Popes
1224:10.1093/ehr/cew343
1147:Grant 2016, p. 995
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907:Pope Anastasius IV
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800:which renewed the
792:In August 1087, a
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1260:Media related to
1115:Miranda, Salvador
1059:www.newadvent.org
896:Vincenzo Carducci
887:Posthumous legacy
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537:Basil of Caesarea
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1367:List of popes
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979:List of popes
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858:Hugh of Cluny
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833:
831:
830:Pope Urban II
827:
826:chapter-house
823:
819:
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814:Monte Cassino
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557:Paul Warnfrid
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286:Pope Leo XIII
282:
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22:
3052:1020s births
3028:
3016:
2986:World War II
2980:Vatican City
2856:
2827:(until 493)
2791:Benedict XVI
2786:John Paul II
2706:Clement XIII
2701:Benedict XIV
2676:Innocent XII
2610:Clement VIII
2585:Gregory XIII
2565:Marcellus II
2525:Alexander VI
2475:Innocent VII
2440:Benedict XII
2395:Nicholas III
2360:Alexander IV
2350:Celestine IV
2340:Honorius III
2324:Innocent III
2309:Gregory VIII
2269:Celestine II
2254:Callixtus II
2233:
2224:Alexander II
2149:Sylvester II
2129:Benedict VII
2089:Stephen VIII
1974:Benedict III
1828:Adeodatus II
1773:Boniface III
1627:Anastasius I
1301:
1241:
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1062:. Retrieved
1058:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:McBrien 2000
1018:
999:
993:
923:
904:
898:
862:
845:
841:
839:
796:was held at
791:
778:Leonine City
770:Vatican Hill
766:
745:
717:
690:
632:
609:
604:
596:
572:
568:
506:
504:
486:
472:. It was at
435:
408:
396:
382:
376:
370:, the great
367:
360:Papal States
347:
346:
325:Montecassino
274:23 July 1887
261:Venerated in
245:16 September
223:Papal States
164:6 March 1058
148:Consecration
83:Papacy ended
75:Papacy began
35:Pope Blessed
3057:1087 deaths
2994:(1945–1991)
2988:(1939–1945)
2976:(1870–1929)
2970:(1775–1848)
2958:(1585–1689)
2952:(1534–1585)
2946:(1417–1534)
2927:(1378–1417)
2921:(1309–1378)
2913:, 1228–1304
2907:, 1262–1297
2901:, 1257–1281
2892:(1048–1257)
2877:Middle Ages
2817:Middle Ages
2781:John Paul I
2756:Benedict XV
2736:Gregory XVI
2711:Clement XIV
2696:Clement XII
2666:Innocent XI
2605:Innocent IX
2600:Gregory XIV
2550:Clement VII
2480:Gregory XII
2470:Boniface IX
2450:Innocent VI
2425:Benedict XI
2415:Celestine V
2410:Nicholas IV
2405:Honorius IV
2355:Innocent IV
2314:Clement III
2264:Innocent II
2259:Honorius II
2249:Gelasius II
2229:Gregory VII
2219:Nicholas II
2179:Benedict IX
2124:Benedict VI
2099:Agapetus II
2074:Stephen VII
2049:Sergius III
2039:Benedict IV
2029:Theodore II
2014:Boniface VI
1913:Stephen III
1893:Gregory III
1883:Constantine
1848:Benedict II
1783:Adeodatus I
1778:Boniface IV
1758:Pelagius II
1718:Boniface II
1658:Celestine I
1597:Sylvester I
1582:Marcellus I
1577:Marcellinus
1512:Callixtus I
1497:Eleutherius
1472:Telesphorus
1462:Alexander I
1384:Papal names
1296:Gregory VII
901:(1626–1632)
741:translation
709:papal tiara
663:Clement III
628:Benedictine
612:papal vicar
508:scriptorium
492:cardinalate
446:Benedictine
427:Pope Leo IX
304:Papal tiara
190: 1026
95:Gregory VII
91:Predecessor
78:24 May 1086
3046:Categories
2937:Modern Era
2867:(974–1012)
2771:John XXIII
2681:Clement XI
2656:Clement IX
2646:Innocent X
2641:Urban VIII
2636:Gregory XV
2560:Julius III
2495:Nicholas V
2460:Gregory XI
2445:Clement VI
2380:Innocent V
2370:Clement IV
2345:Gregory IX
2299:Lucius III
2279:Eugene III
2244:Paschal II
2234:Victor III
2214:Stephen IX
2199:Damasus II
2194:Clement II
2189:Gregory VI
2164:Sergius IV
2159:John XVIII
2109:Benedict V
2094:Marinus II
2019:Stephen VI
1999:Adrian III
1979:Nicholas I
1964:Sergius II
1959:Gregory IV
1939:Stephen IV
1903:Stephen II
1888:Gregory II
1808:Theodore I
1793:Honorius I
1788:Boniface V
1753:Benedict I
1743:Pelagius I
1728:Agapetus I
1688:Gelasius I
1678:Simplicius
1663:Sixtus III
1653:Boniface I
1643:Innocent I
1507:Zephyrinus
1421:Pope-elect
1397:non-extant
1278:Wikisource
1274:Victor III
1262:Victor III
1064:2021-12-15
985:References
782:Trastevere
618:, Apulia,
569:Institutes
456:. In 1057
379:coronation
368:Desiderius
292:Attributes
251:16 October
212:1087-09-16
151:9 May 1087
40:Victor III
2861:(904–964)
2853:(756–857)
2847:(537–752)
2841:(493–537)
2833:(312–337)
2731:Pius VIII
2661:Clement X
2595:Urban VII
2545:Adrian VI
2535:Julius II
2515:Sixtus IV
2490:Eugene IV
2435:John XXII
2430:Clement V
2400:Martin IV
2375:Gregory X
2304:Urban III
2289:Adrian IV
2274:Lucius II
2209:Victor II
2154:John XVII
2144:Gregory V
2119:John XIII
2004:Stephen V
1994:Marinus I
1989:John VIII
1984:Adrian II
1954:Valentine
1949:Eugene II
1944:Paschal I
1878:Sisinnius
1863:Sergius I
1798:Severinus
1763:Gregory I
1733:Silverius
1703:Hormisdas
1698:Symmachus
1683:Felix III
1617:Damasus I
1592:Miltiades
1567:Eutychian
1557:Dionysius
1552:Sixtus II
1547:Stephen I
1537:Cornelius
1457:Evaristus
1452:Clement I
1447:Anacletus
1377:canonised
1372:graphical
842:Dialogues
798:Benevento
749:Terracina
721:Pentecost
713:cardinals
648:Benevento
577:Justinian
502:in 1059.
383:Dialogues
318:Patronage
271:Beatified
238:Feast day
233:Sainthood
195:Benevento
132:(1059–86)
126:(1058–59)
120:(1058–59)
101:Successor
3018:Category
2992:Cold War
2766:Pius XII
2746:Leo XIII
2721:Pius VII
2590:Sixtus V
2555:Paul III
2530:Pius III
2485:Martin V
2465:Urban VI
2390:John XXI
2385:Adrian V
2365:Urban IV
2239:Urban II
2174:John XIX
2134:John XIV
2114:Leo VIII
2104:John XII
2009:Formosus
1918:Adrian I
1873:John VII
1823:Vitalian
1818:Eugene I
1813:Martin I
1768:Sabinian
1748:John III
1738:Vigilius
1713:Felix IV
1673:Hilarius
1622:Siricius
1612:Liberius
1607:Julius I
1587:Eusebius
1542:Lucius I
1502:Victor I
1487:Anicetus
1467:Sixtus I
1404:Antipope
1313:Urban II
1307:1086–87
1135:53276621
929:See also
873:Sardinia
836:Writings
810:Saracens
737:Urban II
705:election
655:Henry IV
622:and the
620:Calabria
616:Campania
561:Jordanes
553:Josephus
442:Florence
415:Adriatic
284:by
183:Dauferio
153:by
105:Urban II
2911:Perugia
2905:Orvieto
2899:Viterbo
2796:Francis
2776:Paul VI
2761:Pius XI
2741:Pius IX
2726:Leo XII
2716:Pius VI
2575:Pius IV
2570:Paul IV
2510:Paul II
2505:Pius II
2455:Urban V
2139:John XV
2084:Leo VII
2079:John XI
2034:John IX
2024:Romanus
1923:Leo III
1898:Zachary
1868:John VI
1803:John IV
1723:John II
1648:Zosimus
1562:Felix I
1527:Anterus
1522:Pontian
1517:Urban I
1477:Hyginus
1354:of the
1208:Sources
1041:p. 178.
856:and to
697:Salerno
639:Normans
581:Terence
549:Cassian
529:Ambrose
517:enamels
494:as the
423:Abruzzi
421:in the
419:Majella
413:in the
309:Crozier
2751:Pius X
2631:Paul V
2626:Leo XI
2580:Pius V
2204:Leo IX
2069:Leo VI
2064:John X
1969:Leo IV
1908:Paul I
1853:John V
1843:Leo II
1838:Agatho
1708:John I
1532:Fabian
1482:Pius I
1392:extant
1388:Tombs
1133:
1006:
881:Genoan
725:consul
681:Papacy
667:Tivoli
659:Albano
599:, and
593:Cicero
589:Seneca
585:Virgil
573:Novels
567:, the
541:Jerome
482:Apulia
466:legate
405:Abbacy
393:Family
330:Abbots
143:Orders
65:Church
3067:Popes
2540:Leo X
2059:Lando
2044:Leo V
1858:Conon
1833:Donus
1668:Leo I
1572:Caius
1492:Soter
1442:Linus
1437:Peter
1352:Popes
919:moved
877:Pisan
794:synod
757:Capua
733:Ostia
605:Fasti
462:abbot
454:Capua
1602:Mark
1303:Pope
1131:OCLC
1004:ISBN
879:and
780:and
753:Lent
614:for
601:Ovid
587:and
571:and
563:and
547:and
533:Bede
474:Bari
468:for
277:Rome
206:Died
179:Born
1276:at
1220:doi
1195:doi
731:of
657:at
603:'s
595:'s
575:of
440:at
166:by
23:or
3048::
1129:.
1125:.
1121:.
1117:.
1057:.
1046:^
1039:12
1037:,
848:,
832:.
764:.
607:.
591:,
583:,
559:,
555:,
543:,
539:,
535:,
531:,
527:,
433:.
399:c.
374:.
352:c.
279:,
225:,
221:,
197:,
187:c.
1344:e
1337:t
1330:v
1226:.
1222::
1197::
1137:.
1067:.
1012:.
350:(
214:)
210:(
27:.
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