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109:, indulged in a provocative display of the tricolour, symbol of French anti-clerical republicanism. A Roman crowd attacked him and he died the next day. Four years later, when Napoleon reached as far south as Ancona in an advance on Rome, this incident remained a specific grievance for which France held the pope responsible - demanding and receiving 300,000 livres as compensation for Basseville's family.
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246:, saw an opportunity to assuage conservative Catholic opinion in France, and in cooperation with Austria sent troops to restore Papal rule in Rome. After some hard fighting, Pius was returned to Rome by a victorious French army, and repenting of his previous liberal tendencies pursued a harsh, conservative policy even more repressive than that of his predecessors.
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of Rome, and by announcing that the pope no longer has any form of temporal authority. Pius VII responded by an immediate use of his spiritual authority, excommunicating
Napoleon himself, albeit not by name, and everyone else connected with the annexation. Pius VII was soon thereafter arrested by French General
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was merely the most striking example of the authoritarian stance now being established. It must be said that most of the dissenting bishops had left Rome before the final vote. The direction in which Pius IX was taking the church was made very plain in a document of 1864 known simply as the
Syllabus.
205:
The result was that a French army occupied Rome in
February 1808. In the following month another section of the papal states (the Marches) was annexed to the Napoleonic kingdom of Italy. Napoleon followed up these affronts by annexing in 1809 all that remains of the papal states, including the city
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These are the events which brought the entire
Italian peninsula under French control by 1809. The situation remained unchanged until after Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig in 1813 – an event followed by Austrian recovery of much of Italy and a subsequent seal of approval at the congress of Vienna.
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It is a list of eighty modern errors that included such broad topics as socialism, civil marriage and secular education. The final error is the concept that 'the Roman
Pontiff can and should reconcile himself to and agree with progress, liberalism and modern civilization'.
184:
In 1804, Pius VII traveled to Paris to officiate at
Napoleon's imperial coronation. On December 2, Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French in the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris, in the presence of Pope Pius VII. Claims that he seized the crown out of the hands of
144:
However, on 28 December of that year, a popular French general was killed in a riot outside the French embassy in Rome, thus providing a new pretext furnished for invasion by the French. French army units marched to Rome, entered it unopposed on and, proclaiming a
196:
But by 1808 relations had deteriorated. The pope annoyed
Napoleon by refusing to sanction the annulment of his brother Jerome's marriage and, perhaps more significantly, by not bringing the ports of the Papal States into the Continental System.
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Seven months later, on 18 July 1870, the prelates assembled in St Peter's accepted an uncompromising dogma - that the pope, when speaking from his throne on a matter of faith or morals, is inspired by God and is therefore infallible.
253:, Pius IX had foreseen the temporal power of the Church draining away and had begun redefining the Catholic Church as a spiritual power that would serve as a firm bulwark against the liberal trends of the period.
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and restored some of its civil status, removing it from the authority of the Pope. While the
Concordat restored some ties between France and the papacy, the agreement, especially as supplemented by the
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210:, acting on letters from Napoleon to his commanders in Italy ambiguously expressing consternation over the Pope's recalcitrance. The Pope would remain a prisoner of the French until February 1814.
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established clear theoretical underpinnings to Pius IX's commitment to an intensified centralization of ecclesiastical government in Rome. The council's companion definition of
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177:" that Napoleon unilaterally promulgated after signing the Concordat, was slanted largely in favor of the state; the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in
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in 1846 seemed to promise a less reactionary papacy. However, in 1848, nationalist and liberal revolutions began to break out across Europe; in 1849, a
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230:(1831–46), Rome became strongly identified with the anti-liberal sentiments of most of the ruling European houses of the day. The election of
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strengthened the energetic exercise of the papal magisterial power that was so marked a feature of the years between the first and
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The modern history of the papacy is shaped by the two largest dispossessions of papal property in its history, stemming from the
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Vatican
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sued for peace. The price of persuading the French intruder to head north again, agreed in the
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Period caricature, after the decree of 16 February 1790, monks and nuns enjoy their new freedom
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during the ceremony in order to avoid subjecting himself to the authority of the pontiff are
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The age of revolution: being an outline of the history of the church from 1648-1815
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Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the
Vatican, 1850–1950
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160:, was at first conciliatory towards Napoleon. He negotiated the
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279:(1864), condemning a wide range of positions associated with
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Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
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Britain and the Papacy in the Age of Revolution 1846-1851
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House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul
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invaded Italy, defeated the papal troops and occupied
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Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
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of the bishop of Rome when solemnly defining dogma.
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First Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ
242:, recently elected president of the newly declared
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3301:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide
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297:Dogmatic Constitution On The Catholic Faith
84:and its spread to Europe, including Italy.
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238:was declared and the Pope fled the city.
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
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31:This article includes a list of general
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7:
105:In 1793, a French diplomat in Rome,
3333:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
3338:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua
3048:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
37:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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3116:Pontifical North American College
2678:Section for Relations with States
526:The Popes and European Revolution
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2810:Extraordinary general assemblies
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3278:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo
3178:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo
3158:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary
2957:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno
307:, dealing with the primacy and
107:Nicolas Jean Hugon de Bassville
2967:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
543:Hutton, William Holden. 1908.
1:
3230:Pontifical Oriental Institute
3053:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
540:, Doubleday & Co., 1960.
121:troops under the command of
3235:Pontifical Lombard Seminary
3111:Pontifical Urban University
2805:Ordinary general assemblies
2552:Cardinal Secretary of State
556:. Royal Historical Society.
552:Matsumoto-Best, Saho.2003.
342:, Doubleday & Co., 1960
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3328:Basilica of the Holy House
2952:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino
2360:Sovereignty and government
528:. Oxford University Press.
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3285:Gardens of the Villa Cybo
3138:Palace of the Holy Office
3128:Palazzo della Cancelleria
3100:Palace of Saint Callixtus
3070:
3023:
2369:Sovereign judicial entity
2332:
2260:
615:
168:as the major religion of
153:in France where he died.
3464:19th-century Catholicism
3459:18th-century Catholicism
3226:Archaeological Institute
2411:Old St. Peter's Basilica
2406:Patrimony of Saint Peter
2401:History of papal primacy
559:Pollard, John F. 2005.
240:Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
162:French Concordat of 1801
3421:Vatican City portal
3153:Palace of the Vicariate
2947:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
2471:Prisoner in the Vatican
2460:Investiture Controversy
2078:During the Roman Empire
52:more precise citations.
3433:Catholicism portal
3389:Apostolic Penitentiary
3363:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
3310:Santa Maria di Galeria
2635:For Vatican City State
2283:Catholic Church Portal
2143:Conflicts with the HRE
244:French Second Republic
102:
3454:History of the papacy
3217:San Carlo ai Catinari
3188:Paul VI Audience Hall
3174:Benedictine monastery
3121:Bambino Gesù Hospital
2891:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto
2059:History of the papacy
537:Revolution and Papacy
339:Revolution and Papacy
263:First Vatican Council
222:During the reigns of
166:Roman Catholic Church
164:which reaffirmed the
100:
3043:St. Peter's Basilica
2736:Apostolic nunciature
2595:College of Cardinals
2590:Secretariat of State
2221:Revolutionary Papacy
2215:Age of Enlightenment
201:French-occupied Rome
3394:Apostolic Signatura
3222:Collegio Bellarmino
3094:Adjoining buildings
2669:Multilateral policy
2068:Antiquity and Early
1872:17th–21st centuries
1586:13th–16th centuries
317:Papal infallibility
267:papal infallibility
251:Franco-Prussian War
139:Treaty of Tolentino
3163:Collegio Teutonico
3080:Lateran University
2924:Suffragan dioceses
2901:Territorial abbeys
2871:Porto-Santa Rufina
2853:Suburbicarian sees
2815:Special assemblies
2710:Permanent Observer
2203:Reformation Papacy
2197:Renaissance Papacy
2139:(1012–1044 / 1048)
2092:Ostrogothic Papacy
1185:9th–12th centuries
276:Syllabus of Errors
179:Napoleon Bonaparte
123:Napoleon Bonaparte
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2438:Donation of Pepin
2433:Donation of Sutri
2373:international law
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2148:Wandering Papacy
2111:Saeculum obscurum
2084:Under Constantine
889:5th–8th centuries
683:1st–4th centuries
667:papal resignation
504:Hales, pp.222-223
485:Hales, pp.190-193
428:Hales, pp.139-154
119:French Republican
93:French Revolution
82:French Revolution
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2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:Velletri-Segni
2863:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2825:Ecclesiastical
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2781:full communion
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2724:European Union
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2705:United Nations
2702:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2600:Papal conclave
2592:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2555:Pietro Parolin
2549:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2487:Lateran Treaty
2479:
2474:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2453:Temporal power
2445:
2443:Avignon Papacy
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2416:Lateran Palace
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2274:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2230:
2227:Roman Question
2224:
2218:
2217:(c. 1640–1740)
2212:
2209:Baroque Papacy
2206:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2178:Western Schism
2175:
2172:Avignon Papacy
2169:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2118:Crescentii era
2115:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2074:
2072:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:Alexander VIII
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1307:Anastasius III
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
892:
890:
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
686:
684:
680:
679:
677:
676:
671:
670:
669:
659:
654:
653:
652:
647:
639:
634:
633:
632:
627:
616:
613:
612:
603:
601:
600:
593:
586:
578:
572:
571:
557:
550:
541:
529:
522:Chadwick, Owen
516:
515:
496:
477:
458:
439:
420:
401:
382:
363:
344:
328:
327:
325:
322:
258:
255:
236:Roman Republic
219:
218:Roman Republic
216:
202:
199:
156:The new pope,
147:Roman Republic
114:
111:
94:
91:
89:
86:
76:
75:
30:
28:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3476:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Peter's Pence
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3306:Vatican Radio
3304:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3211:Holy Apostles
3208:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3005:
2996:
2992:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Anagni-Alatri
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2786:Papal primacy
2782:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Congregations
2645:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2518:international
2512:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Duchy of Rome
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Apostolic see
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2340:episcopal see
2338:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:High and Late
2126:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:Benedict XIII
1942:
1940:
1939:Innocent XIII
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:Alexander VII
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:Innocent VIII
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:Callixtus III
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Boniface VIII
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Celestine III
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:Alexander III
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Anastasius IV
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:Sylvester III
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Benedict VIII
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
946:Anastasius II
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
891:
887:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
685:
681:
675:
672:
668:
665:
664:
663:
662:Pope emeritus
660:
658:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
640:
638:
635:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
621:
620:List of popes
618:
617:
614:
610:
606:
599:
594:
592:
587:
585:
580:
579:
576:
570:
569:0-521-81204-6
566:
562:
558:
555:
551:
548:
547:
542:
539:
538:
533:
532:Hales, E.E.Y.
530:
527:
523:
520:
519:
511:
505:
500:
497:
492:
486:
481:
478:
473:
467:
462:
459:
454:
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226:(1823–9) and
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200:
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182:
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3361:
3183:Beda College
3085:Scala Sancta
2909:Montecassino
2842:Vatican City
2525:Legal status
2494:World War II
2482:Vatican City
2477:Savoyard era
2464:
2448:Papal States
2364:Vatican City
2281:
2269:
2239:World War II
2233:Vatican City
2220:
2109:
2080:(until 493)
2044:Benedict XVI
2039:John Paul II
1959:Clement XIII
1954:Benedict XIV
1929:Innocent XII
1863:Clement VIII
1838:Gregory XIII
1818:Marcellus II
1778:Alexander VI
1728:Innocent VII
1693:Benedict XII
1648:Nicholas III
1613:Alexander IV
1603:Celestine IV
1593:Honorius III
1577:Innocent III
1562:Gregory VIII
1522:Celestine II
1507:Callixtus II
1477:Alexander II
1402:Sylvester II
1382:Benedict VII
1342:Stephen VIII
1227:Benedict III
1081:Adeodatus II
1026:Boniface III
880:Anastasius I
560:
553:
544:
536:
525:
499:
480:
466:Hales, p.189
461:
447:Hales, p.166
442:
423:
409:Hales, p.128
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390:Hales, p.115
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371:Hales, p.113
366:
352:Hales, p.101
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232:Pope Pius IX
224:Pope Leo XII
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116:
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79:
64:
58:October 2015
55:
36:
15:
3401:Swiss Guard
3148:Palazzo Pio
2652:Dicasteries
2630:Commissions
2620:Roman Curia
2499:Warsaw Pact
2247:(1945–1991)
2241:(1939–1945)
2229:(1870–1929)
2223:(1775–1848)
2211:(1585–1689)
2205:(1534–1585)
2199:(1417–1534)
2180:(1378–1417)
2174:(1309–1378)
2166:, 1228–1304
2160:, 1262–1297
2154:, 1257–1281
2145:(1048–1257)
2130:Middle Ages
2070:Middle Ages
2034:John Paul I
2009:Benedict XV
1989:Gregory XVI
1964:Clement XIV
1949:Clement XII
1919:Innocent XI
1858:Innocent IX
1853:Gregory XIV
1803:Clement VII
1733:Gregory XII
1723:Boniface IX
1703:Innocent VI
1678:Benedict XI
1668:Celestine V
1663:Nicholas IV
1658:Honorius IV
1608:Innocent IV
1567:Clement III
1517:Innocent II
1512:Honorius II
1502:Gelasius II
1482:Gregory VII
1472:Nicholas II
1432:Benedict IX
1377:Benedict VI
1352:Agapetus II
1327:Stephen VII
1302:Sergius III
1292:Benedict IV
1282:Theodore II
1267:Boniface VI
1166:Stephen III
1146:Gregory III
1136:Constantine
1101:Benedict II
1036:Adeodatus I
1031:Boniface IV
1011:Pelagius II
971:Boniface II
911:Celestine I
850:Sylvester I
835:Marcellus I
830:Marcellinus
765:Callixtus I
750:Eleutherius
725:Telesphorus
715:Alexander I
637:Papal names
289:materialism
281:rationalism
50:introducing
3448:Categories
3384:Roman Rota
3282:Papal farm
3215:Palace of
3107:Hill area
2995:Properties
2881:Palestrina
2753:Concordats
2612:Government
2582:Governance
2190:Modern Era
2120:(974–1012)
2024:John XXIII
1934:Clement XI
1909:Clement IX
1899:Innocent X
1894:Urban VIII
1889:Gregory XV
1813:Julius III
1748:Nicholas V
1713:Gregory XI
1698:Clement VI
1633:Innocent V
1623:Clement IV
1598:Gregory IX
1552:Lucius III
1532:Eugene III
1497:Paschal II
1487:Victor III
1467:Stephen IX
1452:Damasus II
1447:Clement II
1442:Gregory VI
1417:Sergius IV
1412:John XVIII
1362:Benedict V
1347:Marinus II
1272:Stephen VI
1252:Adrian III
1232:Nicholas I
1217:Sergius II
1212:Gregory IV
1192:Stephen IV
1156:Stephen II
1141:Gregory II
1061:Theodore I
1046:Honorius I
1041:Boniface V
1006:Benedict I
996:Pelagius I
981:Agapetus I
941:Gelasius I
931:Simplicius
916:Sixtus III
906:Boniface I
896:Innocent I
760:Zephyrinus
674:Pope-elect
650:non-extant
324:References
293:Dei Filius
285:liberalism
191:apocryphal
181:'s favor.
33:references
3290:Barberini
3105:Gianicolo
2999:including
2833:Vicariate
2777:universal
2715:in Geneva
2560:Cardinals
2536:Officials
2509:Sovereign
2337:Apostolic
2114:(904–964)
2106:(756–857)
2100:(537–752)
2094:(493–537)
2086:(312–337)
1984:Pius VIII
1914:Clement X
1848:Urban VII
1798:Adrian VI
1788:Julius II
1768:Sixtus IV
1743:Eugene IV
1688:John XXII
1683:Clement V
1653:Martin IV
1628:Gregory X
1557:Urban III
1542:Adrian IV
1527:Lucius II
1462:Victor II
1407:John XVII
1397:Gregory V
1372:John XIII
1257:Stephen V
1247:Marinus I
1242:John VIII
1237:Adrian II
1207:Valentine
1202:Eugene II
1197:Paschal I
1131:Sisinnius
1116:Sergius I
1051:Severinus
1016:Gregory I
986:Silverius
956:Hormisdas
951:Symmachus
936:Felix III
870:Damasus I
845:Miltiades
820:Eutychian
810:Dionysius
805:Sixtus II
800:Stephen I
790:Cornelius
710:Evaristus
705:Clement I
700:Anacletus
630:canonised
625:graphical
3355:See also
2876:Frascati
2748:Treaties
2642:Councils
2570:Advisers
2326:Holy See
2271:Category
2245:Cold War
2019:Pius XII
1999:Leo XIII
1974:Pius VII
1843:Sixtus V
1808:Paul III
1783:Pius III
1738:Martin V
1718:Urban VI
1643:John XXI
1638:Adrian V
1618:Urban IV
1492:Urban II
1427:John XIX
1387:John XIV
1367:Leo VIII
1357:John XII
1262:Formosus
1171:Adrian I
1126:John VII
1076:Vitalian
1071:Eugene I
1066:Martin I
1021:Sabinian
1001:John III
991:Vigilius
966:Felix IV
926:Hilarius
875:Siricius
865:Liberius
860:Julius I
840:Eusebius
795:Lucius I
755:Victor I
740:Anicetus
720:Sixtus I
657:Antipope
524:. 1981.
257:Theology
117:In 1797
3269:Outside
2977:Viterbo
2914:Subiaco
2771:of Rome
2769:Diocese
2547:Francis
2383:History
2353:of the
2347:Francis
2164:Perugia
2158:Orvieto
2152:Viterbo
2049:Francis
2029:Paul VI
2014:Pius XI
1994:Pius IX
1979:Leo XII
1969:Pius VI
1828:Pius IV
1823:Paul IV
1763:Paul II
1758:Pius II
1708:Urban V
1392:John XV
1337:Leo VII
1332:John XI
1287:John IX
1277:Romanus
1176:Leo III
1151:Zachary
1121:John VI
1056:John IV
976:John II
901:Zosimus
815:Felix I
780:Anterus
775:Pontian
770:Urban I
730:Hyginus
607:of the
151:Valence
135:Pius VI
88:History
46:improve
3369:Awards
3288:Villa
3013:Inside
3002:extra-
2972:Tivoli
2886:Albano
2797:Synods
2775:with
2741:Nuncio
2421:Museum
2371:under
2351:bishop
2004:Pius X
1884:Paul V
1879:Leo XI
1833:Pius V
1457:Leo IX
1322:Leo VI
1317:John X
1222:Leo IV
1161:Paul I
1106:John V
1096:Leo II
1091:Agatho
961:John I
785:Fabian
735:Pius I
645:extant
641:Tombs
567:
303:, the
295:, the
287:, and
271:second
170:France
131:Loreto
127:Ancona
35:, but
2962:Rieti
2932:Gaeta
2861:Ostia
2700:Italy
2693:Heads
2515:under
1793:Leo X
1312:Lando
1297:Leo V
1111:Conon
1086:Donus
921:Leo I
825:Caius
745:Soter
695:Linus
690:Peter
605:Popes
3319:Non-
3271:Rome
3201:Non-
3016:Rome
2837:Rome
2565:List
2544:Pope
2344:Pope
855:Mark
565:ISBN
510:help
491:help
472:help
453:help
434:help
415:help
396:help
377:help
358:help
299:and
261:The
129:and
2520:law
2362:of
2349:as
2342:of
3450::
2835::
563:.
534:,
283:,
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2839:,
2831:(
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