Popular music - Knowledge (XXG)

1201:, music can be as long or short as both writers and listeners wish. However, songs have shortened again, partially due to the ubiquity of streaming. The average song length in 2018 was 3 minutes and 30 seconds, 20 seconds shorter than the average in 2014. The most probable cause of this is that artists are now paid per individual stream, and longer songs could mean fewer streams. As for the difference in songs' subject matter and emotional content, popular music since the late 1960s has increasingly been used to promote social change and political agendas. Artists since that time have often focused their music on current events and subjects relevant to the current generations. Another theory is that globalization makes audiences' tastes more diverse, so different ideas in music have a chance to gain popularity. 567:

merely buy or reject what music is being produced. He claims that the listeners in the scenario would not have been able to make the choice of their favorite music, which negates the previous conception of popular music. Moreover, "understandings of popular music have changed with time". Middleton argues that if research were to be done on the field of popular music, there would be a level of stability within societies to characterize historical periods, distribution of music, and the patterns of influence and continuity within the popular styles of music.

1275:. Although hip hop in Africa is based on the North American template, it has been remade to produce new meanings for African young people. This allows the genre to be both locally and globally influential. African youth are shaped by the fast-growing genre's ability to communicate, educate, empower, and entertain. Artists who would have started in traditional music genres, like maskanda, became hip hop artists to provide a stronger career path for themselves. These rappers compare themselves to the traditional artists like the 916:"The most significant feature of the emergent popular music industry of the late 18th and early 19th centuries was the extent of its focus on the commodity form of sheet music". The availability of inexpensive, widely available sheet music versions of popular songs and instrumental music pieces made it possible for music to be disseminated to a wide audience of amateur, middle-class music-makers, who could play and sing popular music at home. Amateur music-making in the 19th century often centred around the 1218:

urban centers about the new styles of music. Urbanization, modernization, exposure to foreign music and mass media have contributed to hybrid urban pop styles. The hybrid styles have also found a space within Western popular music through the expressions of their national culture. Recipient cultures borrow elements from host cultures and alter the meaning and context found in the host culture. Many Western styles, in turn, have become international styles through multinational recording studios.

1392: 1259:, is popular in its culture of origin, South Africa. Although maskanda is a traditional music genre by definition, the people who listen to it influence the ideals that are brought forth in the music. A popular maskandi artist, Phuzekhemisi, had to lessen the political influence within his music to be ready for the public sphere. His music producer, West Nkosi, was looking for the commercial success in Phuzekhemisi's music rather than starting a political controversy. 900: 1233: 6472: 1312: 847: 954:. A player piano could be used to record a skilled pianist's rendition of a piano piece. This recorded performance could be "played back" on another player piano. This allowed a larger number of music lovers to hear the new popular piano tunes. By the early 1900s, the big trends in popular music were the increasing popularity of vaudeville theaters and dance halls and a new invention—the 3379: 1443:

is described by the traits that these band members possess. The youth who take part in underground music in the Middle East are aware of the social constraints of their countries, but they are not optimistic about social change. Iranian rock bands have taken up an internationalist position to express their rebellion from the discourses in their national governments.

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were able to access global music. The first reason was a policy change since the late 1970s where the country was opened up to the rest of the world instead of being self-contained. This created more opportunities for Chinese people to interact with people outside of their country of origin to create

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Thirty-two-bar form uses four sections, most often eight measures long each (4×8=32), two verses or A sections, a contrasting B section (the bridge or "middle-eight") and a return of the verse in one last A section (AABA). Verse-chorus form or ABA form may be combined with AABA form, in compound AABA

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context, and other factors. Sales of 'recordings' or sheet music are one measure. Middleton and Manuel note that this definition has problems because multiple listens or plays of the same song or piece are not counted. Evaluating appeal based on size of audience (mass appeal) or whether audience is

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In the 2000s, with songs and pieces available as digital sound files, it has become easier for music to spread from one country or region to another. Some popular music forms have become global, while others have a wide appeal within the culture of their origin. Through the mixture of musical genres,

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In interviews of Iranian teenagers between 1990 and 2004, the youth overall preferred Western popular music, even though it was banned by the government. Iranian underground rock bands are composed of members who are young, urban-minded, educated, relatively well-off, and global beings. Iranian rock

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languages and indigenous musical features. Communities in throughout the Arab world place high value on their indigenous musical identities while assimilating to new musical styles from neighboring countries or mass media. Through the 1980s and 1990s, popular music has been seen as a problem for the

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In the contemporary United States, one of the most popular forms of music is rap. DJ Kool Herc, is famously known for creating hip-hop itself in the 1970s. With the technique he created when mixing two identical records back and forth, he was able to make unique-sounding sounds that later gave birth

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Political songs have been an important category of African popular music in many societies. During the continent's struggle against colonial rule, nationalistic songs boosted citizens' morale. These songs were based on Western marches and hymns reflecting the European education system that the early

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Radio broadcasting of music, which began in the early 1920s, helped to spread popular songs to a huge audience, enabling a much larger proportion of the population to hear songs performed by professional singers and music ensembles, including individuals from lower income groups who previously would

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This can be attributed to a wide variety of changes, including the rise of technology. In America during the 1980s, rock music was at its peak and then slowly lost its top spot as pop music began to climb the charts. Since the early 2000s, pop music has charted number one in American music charts,

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a more globalized culture. The second reason is that the Chinese television and music industry since the 1980s has broadcast television shows from their neighboring Asian societies and the West. The third reason is the impact of the internet and smartphones on the accessibility of streaming music.

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Popular African music styles have stemmed from traditional entertainment genres, rather than evolving from music used with certain traditional ceremonies like weddings, births, or funerals. African popular music as a whole has been influenced by European countries, African-American and Afro-Latin

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and a rise in the use of minor keys since the 1960s; 85% of songs were in a major key in that decade, while only around 40% of songs are in a major key now. The subject matter and lyrics of popular music have also undergone major change, becoming sadder as well as more antisocial and self-centered

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The most popular genres of music rank differently throughout the world. However, there are also very niche genres of music. For example, in Canada the most popular niche genre of music is video game soundtracks. In Sweden, black metal is a niche genre of music. In South India, Carnatic is a niche

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The verse and chorus are considered the primary elements. Each verse usually has the same melody (possibly with some slight modifications), but the lyrics change for most verses. The chorus (or "refrain") usually has a melodic phrase and a key lyrical line which is repeated. Pop songs may have an

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She discussed this to explain why Egypt and the Arab world needed to take pride in the popular music styles originating in their culture so the styles were not lost in the modernization. Local musicians learned Western instrumental styles to create their own popular styles including their native

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In 2015, students in China accounted for 30.2% of China's internet population and the third and fifth most popular uses of the internet were respectively, internet music and internet video use. The youths described being able to connect to the emotions and language of the Chinese music, but also

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The Western concept of 'World Music' homogenizes many different genres of popular music under one accessible term for Western audiences. New media technology has led urban music styles to filter into distant rural areas across the globe. The rural areas, in turn, are able to give feedback to the

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In the 1950s and 1960s, the new invention of television began to play an increasingly important role in disseminating new popular music. Variety shows regularly showcased popular singers and bands. In the 1960s, the development of new technologies in recording, such as multitrack recorders gave

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is another way to define popular music, but this, too, has problems in that social categories of people cannot be applied accurately to musical styles. Manuel states that one criticism of popular music is that it is produced by large media conglomerates and passively consumed by the public, who

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were based on traditional tribal styles along with hybrid forms of imported genres. Activists used protest and freedom songs to persuade individuals to take action, become educated with the struggle, and empower others to be politically conscious. These songs reflected the nuances between the

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coming together to create a new fusion genre. Dangdut takes the noisy instrumentation from underground music, but makes it easier to listen to, like indo pop. Dangdut attempts to form many popular music genres like rock, pop, and traditional music to create a new sound that lines up with the

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music, and region-specific styles that became popular across a wider range of people. Although due to the significance and strong position of culture in traditional African music, African popular music tends to stay within the roots of traditional African Popular Music. The genre of music,

924:, chords and basslines, thus enabling a pianist to reproduce popular songs and pieces. In addition to the influence of sheet music, another factor was the increasing availability during the late 18th and early 19th century of public popular music performances in "pleasure gardens and 651:. The majority group listens to the commercially produced styles while the subcultures find a minority style to transmit their own values. This allows youth to choose what music they identify with, which gives them power as consumers to control the market of popular music. 1422:"We must respect ourselves and our art. The Indians have set a good example for us - they show great respect for themselves and their arts. Wherever they are, they wear their native dress and their music is known throughout the world. This is the right way." 1186:

since the 1960s. There has also been an increasing trend of songs' emotional content, key, and tempo not following common associations; for example, fast songs with sad subject matters or in a minor key, or slow songs with happier content or in a major key.

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preferences, semipopular music is a cross-bred concentration of fashionable modes." In his mind, a liking "for the nasty, brutish, and short intensifies a common semipopular tendency in which lyrical and conceptual sophistication are applauded while musical

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not have been able to afford concert tickets. Radio broadcasting increased the ability of songwriters, singers and bandleaders to become nationally known. Another factor which helped to disseminate popular music was the introduction of "talking pictures"—

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coined the term "semipopular music" in 1970, to describe records that seemed accessible for popular consumption but proved unsuccessful commercially. "I recognized that something else was going on—the distribution system appeared to be faltering,

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There are many genres of music worldwide, over 300. Leading for the most popular genres worldwide, pop music takes the first spot. In countries like the United States, hip-hop, blues, RNB, and rap have a long history of taking the leading spots.

445:. Although popular music sometimes is known as "pop music", the two terms are not interchangeable. Popular music is a generic term for a wide variety of genres of music that appeal to the tastes of a large segment of the population, whereas 950:' district. The Tin Pan Alley music publishers developed a new method for promoting sheet music: incessant promotion of new songs. One of the technological innovations that helped to spread popular music around the turn of the century was 1064:)". In the 1990s, the consolidation trend took a new turn: inter-media consolidation. This trend saw music recording companies being consolidated with film, television, magazines, and other media companies, an approach which facilitated 958:. The record industry grew very rapidly; "By 1920 there were almost 80 record companies in Britain, and almost 200 in the USA". The availability of records enabled a larger percentage of the population to hear the top singers and bands. 966:—in the late 1920s, which also included music and songs. In the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, there was a move towards consolidation in the recording industry, which led several major companies to dominate the record industry. 1697: 939:, who toured the US in the mid-19th century. In addition to living room amateur music-making during the 19th century, more people began getting involved in music during this era by participating in amateur choirs, joining 775:("tag"), but these elements are not essential to the identity of most songs. Pop songs that use verses and choruses often have a bridge, a section which connects the verse and chorus at one or more points in the song. 3185: 787:-influenced pop. During the solo section, one or more instruments play a melodic line which may be the melody used by the singer, or, in blues- or jazz-influenced pop, the solo may be improvised based on the 1656: 778:

The verse and chorus are usually repeated throughout a song, while the bridge, intro, and coda (also called an "outro") tend to be used only once. Some pop songs may have a solo section, particularly in

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Music genre popularity changes greatly over time. This can be influenced by a number of factors such as current trends or even historical events. In the 19th and 20th century, Classical music was far

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In the 1970s, the trend towards consolidation in the recording industry continued to the point that the "... dominance was in the hands of five huge transnational organizations, three American-owned (

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The early popular music performers worked hand-in-hand with the sheet music industry to promote popular sheet music. One of the early popular music performers to attain widespread popularity was a

1193:. Vinyl record singles, which were heavily favored for radio play, only had room for about three minutes of music, physically limiting the possible length of popular songs. With the invention of 2418: 2246: 1008: 665: 2620: 1002:, some songs used tapes of instruments played backwards or panned the music from one side to the other of the stereo image. The next decade saw moves away from these sensibilities, as 2469: 2330: 549:

Scholars have classified music as "popular" based on various factors, including whether a song or piece becomes known to listeners mainly from hearing the music (in contrast with

1439:. Just like their Western counterparts, Middle Eastern metal followers expressed their feelings of alienation. But their thoughts came from war and social restrictions on youth. 1339:

consumers' tastes. This genre has formed into a larger social movement that includes clothing, youth culture, the resurgence of Islam, and the capitalist entertainment industry.

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forms. Variations such as a1 and a2 can also be used. The repetition of one chord progression may mark off the only section in a simple verse form such as the twelve bar blues.

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Wagg, Stephen (2014). "'How Many Divisions Does Ozzy Osbourne Have?' Some Thoughts on Politics, Heavy Metal Music, and the 'Clash of Civilizations'". In Lashua, Brett (ed.).

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Wallach, Jeremy; Clinton, Esther (2013-01-01). "History, Modernity, and Music Genre in Indonesia: Popular Music Genres in the Dutch East Indies and Following Independence".

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to rap itself. In modern times, rap is used to bring awareness to a problem such as: racism, sexism, and much more. It developed communities in a culture regarding music.

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capitalized on the national mood to reduce potent music to an often reactionary species of entertainment—and to transmute rock's popular base from audience to market."

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Popular music in Indonesia is often categorized as hybrid forms of Western rock to genres that originated in Indonesia and are indigenous in style. The genre of music

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enjoyed the melodies found within Anglo-American music. The students also believed that listening to the English music would improve their English language skills.

2658: 6308: 5489: 5110: 1374:, youths stated they enjoyed listening to both Chinese, other Asian nationalities, and Anglo-American popular music. There are three ways that young people of 1089:

software meant that an amateur indie band could record an album—which required a fully equipped recording studio in previous decades—using little more than a

1354:," in Indonesia they were seen catalyst for a larger punk movement. Punk in Indonesia calls on the English-speaking world to embrace the global sects of the 1263:

nationalistic leaders grew up in. Not all African political songs were based on Western styles. For example, in South Africa, the political songs during the

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In addition to many changes in specific sounds and technologies used, there has been a shift in the content and key elements of popular music since the

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was 100BPM. Additionally, songs getting radio play in the 1960s were, on average, only about three minutes long. In contrast, most of the songs in the

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Law, Wing-Wah; Ho, Wai-Chung (2015-08-01). "Popular music and school music education: Chinese students' preferences and dilemmas in Shanghai, China".

1457: 1346:. This genre was shaped in Indonesia by the local interpretations of the media from the larger global punk movement. Jeremy Wallach argues that while 3442:- Music Video Databases - YouTube, Google Video, MySpace TV, MetaCafe, DailyMotion, Veoh, Current.com, ClipFish.de, MyVideo.de, Break.com and EyeSpot 1189:

There are multiple possible explanations for many of these changes. One reason for the brevity of songs in the past was the physical capability of

529:, professional entertainers have diverted and edified city dwellers with songs, marches, and dances, whose pretensions fell somewhere in between." 4497: 382: 6129: 1414:

Modernization of music in the Arab world involved borrowing inspiration from Turkish music and Western musical styles. The late Egyptian singer,

521:, it has been practical and unselfconscious, an accompaniment to fieldwork or to the festivals that provide periodic escape from toil. But since 2589: 1573: 4447: 2497:"Lyrical Content of Contemporary Popular Music (1999-2018) and the Role of Healthcare Providers in Media Education of Children and Adolescents" 1431:

government because of the non-religious meanings within the music and the bodily movements of dancing or headbanging. During this time period,

2938: 2612: 759:. Popular music songs are rarely composed using different music for each stanza of the lyrics (songs composed in this fashion are said to be " 5434: 1634: 1606: 4345: 3405: 3328: 3509: 3302:. Chuck Haddix (Kansas City, Mo.: University of Missouri at Kansas City, University Libraries, Marr Sound Archives, 1991). Without ISBN 2343: 978:

an increasingly important role in popular music. By using multitrack recording techniques, sound engineers could create new sounds and

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promotion between subsidiaries. For example, a record company's singing star could be cross-promoted by the conglomerate's television

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M. Sorce Keller: "Continuing Opera with Other Means: Opera, Neapolitan song, and popular music among Italian immigrants overseas",

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dubbed the creation of "new sound worlds", as well as facilitating DIY music production by amateur musicians and "tiny independent

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that were not possible using traditional "live" recording techniques, such as singers performing their own backup vocals or having

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and oral storyteller, who both had a role in reflecting on the internal dynamics of the larger society. African hip hop creates

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collecting songs were the dominant form for recording and consuming English-language popular music, in a period known as the

2063: 6333: 5814: 5131: 2547: 553:, in which many musicians learn pieces from sheet music); its appeal to diverse listeners, its treatment as a marketplace 31: 1075:

The "introduction of digital equipment (mixing desks, synthesizers, samplers, sequencers)" in the 1980s resulted in what

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In contrast to Western popular music, a genre of music that is popular outside of a Western nation, is categorized into

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Saucier, Paul Khalil (2014). "Continental Drift: The Politics and Poetics of African Hip Hop". In Lashua, Brett (ed.).

6384: 6313: 6204: 5484: 5163: 5079: 3575: 2650: 2470:"iHeart Podcast Host Demetrius "Whodini" Blak Reynolds Interviews LIFEOF9000 and Joey Florez on the Origin of Hip Hop" 1021: 375: 6288: 6209: 5589: 5534: 4725: 4440: 349: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 70: 857: 6389: 5949: 5231: 4597: 4552: 4282: 3281: 1904: 1077: 1049: 540: 6547: 6463: 6069: 5964: 5914: 5884: 5185: 4977: 4527: 4228: 3580: 3560: 677: 6278: 6244: 5178: 3950: 3502: 1264: 682: 517:

has always endowed music with an exalted if not self-important religious or aesthetic status, while for the

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Wallach, Jeremy (2014). "Indieglobalization and the Triumph of Punk in Indonesia". In Lashua, Brett (ed.).

998:, the recording studio was used to create even more unusual sounds, in order to mimic the effect of taking 643:

A society's popular music reflects the ideals that are prevalent at the time it is performed or published.

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show how Western pop music styles can blend with local musical traditions to create new hybrid styles.

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providing a contrasting and transitional section within a piece. From the 1960s through the mid-2000s,

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Top 5 in 2018 were between 3:21 and 3:40 minutes long. There has also been a drop in the use of major

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The center of the music publishing industry in the US during the late 19th century was in New York's '

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Kane, K. (1999, 11). Recording: Recording options for the indie artist. Canadian Musician, 21, 62.

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defined pop music as "professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music".

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new popular music forms are created to reflect the ideals of a global culture. The examples of

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BALLANTINE, CHRISTOPHER (April 17, 2020). "Against Populism: Music, Classification, Genre".

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to consume it. What distinguishes it above all is the aesthetic level it is aimed at. The

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Emielu, Austin (October 2011). "Some theoretical perspectives on African popular music".

457:. The song structure of popular music commonly involves repetition of sections, with the 3384: 2681: 2414: 2289: 1213:. This label turns otherwise popular styles of music into an exotic and unknown category 6475: 6428: 6396: 6374: 6328: 6249: 6159: 6124: 6104: 6094: 6019: 5979: 5934: 5899: 5879: 5874: 5809: 5764: 5714: 5699: 5684: 5654: 5634: 5599: 5579: 5524: 5449: 5444: 5364: 5059: 5025: 4992: 4930: 4798: 4542: 4375: 4257: 4113: 3794: 3735: 3708: 3104: 2769: 2523: 2496: 2338: 2326: 2293: 2242: 1722: 1237: 1172: 1164: 971: 830: 740: 732: 728: 722: 690: 647:

states that the youth audiences of popular music fit into either a majority group or a

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is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the

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44. HeadphonesAddict. "20+ Music Genre Statistics: Most Popular Music Genres (2022)".

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Stephen L. Betts, Jon Freeman; Betts, Stephen L.; Freeman, Jon (July 2, 2019).

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Some sort of popular music has existed for as long as there has been an urban

411: 3173: 3074: 2908:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 196–197, 199, 201, 203–204, 206. 2697: 2216: 2198: 2032: 453:

popular music. Popular music songs and pieces typically have easily singable

17: 6497: 6354: 4682: 4514: 4414: 4387: 4314: 4287: 4191: 4179: 4134: 4108: 3929: 3912: 3874: 3846: 3829: 3819: 3814: 3777: 3767: 3713: 3688: 3671: 3609: 3518: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1327: 1069: 1053: 1029: 836: 804: 796: 792: 621: 554: 518: 502: 486: 474: 446: 407: 38: 2532: 597:," or stating that the music is written by the people, for the people; see 3066: 1243: 1143: 4805: 4767: 4602: 4392: 4174: 4147: 4051: 4036: 3980: 3965: 3917: 3836: 3772: 3752: 3723: 3703: 3698: 2513: 1371: 1331: 1256: 1061: 1025: 694: 660: 575: 3434: 2820: 2207: 1990:. Philadelphia: Open University Press. pp. 46, 136, 155, 249, 293. 1167:. One major change is that popular music has gotten slower; the average 4607: 4567: 4547: 4196: 4184: 4157: 4093: 3757: 3747: 3604: 3476: 3448:- Looks at pop music/albums/radio and music news through these decades. 1493: 1323: 1272: 1147:

Since the 20th century, several music formats received dominance, from

1017: 871: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 800: 736: 462: 62: 3288:.: Includes a chronology, "50 Years of Song Hits", on p. 193-215. 2613:"We Analyzed Every Dang Song That Cracked the Billboard Top 5 in 2018" 414:. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of 4881: 4617: 4572: 4537: 4522: 4245: 4152: 4142: 3992: 3264:

Digital Signatures: The Impact of Digitization on Popular Music Sound

3239:, 8 July 2022, https://headphonesaddict.com/music-genre-statistics/. 1090: 1024:

scene and a profiteering pursuit of the lowest common denominator in

932: 921: 602: 482: 454: 3482: 3469:

the French academic journal dedicated to the study of popular music

2931:"Hip-Hop is Officially the Most Popular Genre in the United States" 2770:"Songs Are Getting Shorter. Blame the Economics of Streaming Music" 1402: 1271:

One of the genres people of Africa use for political expression is

791:. A solo usually features a single instrumental performer (e.g., a 5099: 5047: 4735: 4657: 4587: 4456: 4118: 4086: 4073: 4046: 4024: 3960: 3475:

a French publisher dedicated to popular music studies - publishes

3147:"Underground, overground: Rock music and youth discourses in Iran" 2847:

Music and Social Change in South Africa: Maskanda Past and Present

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Kury, Elise; Kury, Erin; Quinn, Nolan; Olympia, Robert P. (2020).

2157:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–42, 197–198. 1401: 1390: 1375: 1310: 1276: 1242: 1231: 1171:

of popular songs from the 1960s was 116, while the average of the

1168: 1142: 1085:". In the 1990s, the availability of sound recording software and 917: 898: 784: 470: 427: 3262:

Brøvig-Hanssen, Ragnhild & Danielsen, Anne (2016).

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Sounds of Resistance: The Role of Music in Multicultural Activism

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player) or less commonly, more than one instrumentalist (e.g., a

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The Accessibility of Music: Participation, Reception and Contact

1428: 699: 579: 431: 5264: 4429: 3491: 3032:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 149, 151–152, 157. 2331:"Play A Simple Melody: American pop music in the early fifties" 570:

Anahid Kassabian separated popular music into four categories:

1156: 1057: 1045: 840: 437:

The original application of the term is to music of the 1880s

3457: 2849:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 61–62, 64. 2733:"Singing the blues: Study of pop music finds rise in sadness" 3487: 2682:"Quantitative Sentiment Analysis of Lyrics in Popular Music" 3467: 3445: 3435:

Genres of popular music - Interactive relationships diagram

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Sounds and the City: Popular Music, Place and Globalization

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Sounds and the City: Popular Music, Place and Globalization

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Sounds and the City: Popular Music, Place and Globalization

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Sounds and the City: Popular Music, Place and Globalization

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Rags to Be-bop: the Sounds of Kansas City Music, 1890-1945

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were passed along orally, or to smaller, local audiences.

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Features the most requested pop songs 1920s through today

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J. Kotarba, B. Merrill, J. P. Williams, & P. Vannini

1330:. Dangdut formed from two other genres of popular music: 578:," or having overtones of liberation and expression; see 4425: 3472: 2396:

Middleton, Richard and Peter Manuel. "Popular music" in

685:) possessed populist qualities yet failed to impact the 2582:"A hit song is usually 3 to 5 minutes long. Here's why" 1268:

different classes involved in the liberation struggle.

4335: 3216:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 136, 141. 2992:"Hip-hop music continues to influence today's society" 2420: