38:
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82:
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387:, in which they bury themselves, often with only their eyes visible. They are not territorial with other animals and can be kept in groups, provided a large enough aquarium is provided. They are carnivorous bottom-feeders and require strong filtration as they are rather sensitive to water conditions (any spike in NO
332:(sharp tooth-like scales). The coloration is light brownish with mottled patterns on the dorso, and pink on the ventral side. As with all stingrays, the mouth and gill openings are on the underside, and the eyes and gills exits are on the dorsal side.
649:
Griffith, Robert W., et al. “Serum
Composition of Freshwater Stringrays (Potamotrygonidae) Adapted to Fresh and Dilute Sea Water.” Biological Bulletin, vol. 144, no. 2, 1973, pp. 304–320. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1540010.
554:
Hamilton, Stephen K., Sippel, Suzanne J., Calheiros, DÓbora F., Melack, John M., ( 1997), An anoxic event and other biogeochemical effects of the
Pantanal wetland on the Paraguay River, Limnology and Oceanography, 42, doi:
395:
has been bred in captivity, but they require a large tank. The male should be smaller than the female, as it is rather aggressive, biting the female during the mating process. Males can be determined by the presence of
348:. The sting is replaced at roughly six-month intervals. It is an almost flat, barbed structure that can reach 6 cm (2.4 in) in length, and is covered with a toxic mucus, making any attack a very painful one.
564:
Carvalho, M.R.d., Rosa, R.S. & Araújo, M.L.G. (2016): A new species of
Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of
963:
467:
Rosa, R.S.; Charvet-Almeida, P.; Quijada, C.C.D. (2010). "Biology of the South
American Potamotrygonid Stingrays". In Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (eds.).
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levels can kill them with no warning). Juvenile stingrays are unable to survive in waters that contain salinity over 20.6%. Like many species of stingrays,
659:
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Almost circular in shape, it grows up to 40 cm (16 in) in disc width and 15 kg (33 lb) in weight. The upper surface is covered with
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fish; though freshwater stingray of other genera do appear in the trade, most are from this genus. They are best kept with a deep, sandy
302:
rather than on the floodplains, and most major solutes display conservative mixing in the river-floodplain system. The population in the
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River basins in South
America. Most chemical weathering of minerals seems to take place in the upland
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355:. However, they are not aggressive fish and not dangerous unless stepped on or otherwise threatened.
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The natives of South
America are said to fear the stingray more than the
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471:. Marine Biology. Vol. 20100521. CRC Press. pp. 241–285.
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341:
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Soto, J.M.R.; Charvet-Almeida, P.; Pinto de
Almeida, M. (2009).
711:
367:
P. histrix, male (left) and female (right). Notice the two
720:
340:Like other stingrays, the fish of this genus have
587:Complete Encyclopedia of the Freshwater Aquarium
446:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161657A5474126.en
8:
635:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
306:basin was described as a separated species,
964:Taxa named by Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle
708:
686:"Des reproductions régulières en aquarium"
522:
520:
518:
516:
344:barbs at the base of their tails, and are
55:
36:
27:
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580:
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413:
660:"Breeding of the raspy river stingray
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502:
492:
7:
919:IUCN Red List data deficient species
260:, sometimes incorrectly modified to
959:Taxa named by Johannes Peter Müller
432:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
290:. It is found in the basins of the
375:Freshwater stingrays of the genus
14:
80:
589:. New York: Firefly Books Ltd.
934:Freshwater stingrays of Brazil
1:
611:Axelrod, Herbert, R. (1996).
469:Sharks and Their Relatives II
379:are sometimes kept as exotic
16:Species of cartilaginous fish
929:Freshwater fish of Argentina
571:Zootaxa, 4107 (4): 566-586.
980:
555:10.4319/lo.1997.42.2.0257.
18:
232:
225:
202:
195:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
35:
31:Porcupine river stingray
30:
530:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
477:10.1201/9781420080483-c5
252:porcupine river stingray
19:Not to be confused with
615:. T.F.H. Publications.
544:. October 2017 version.
324:Dorsal and ventral view
954:Fish described in 1834
613:Exotic Tropical Fishes
372:
325:
949:Fauna of the Pantanal
439:: e.T161657A5474126.
366:
323:
752:Potamotrygon hystrix
722:Potamotrygon hystrix
662:Potamotrygon scobina
585:Dawes, John (2001).
534:Potamotrygon hystrix
425:Potamotrygon histrix
262:Potamotrygon hystrix
257:Potamotrygon histrix
236:Potamotrygon hystrix
206:Potamotrygon histrix
346:dangerous to humans
47:Conservation status
373:
326:
906:
905:
878:Open Tree of Life
714:Taxon identifiers
486:978-1-4200-8047-6
248:
247:
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939:Fish of Paraguay
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690:Véronique Ivanov
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277:Potamotrygonidae
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164:Potamotrygonidae
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188:P. histrix
154:Myliobatiformes
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270:river stingray
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62:Data Deficient
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21:porcupine ray
924:Potamotrygon
721:
694:. Retrieved
692:. 2009-01-05
689:
680:
668:. Retrieved
661:
654:
645:
612:
606:
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570:
567:Potamotrygon
566:
560:
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539:
533:
468:
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450:. Retrieved
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430:
424:
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400:as in other
392:
377:Potamotrygon
376:
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339:
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285:Potamotrygon
284:
261:
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214:J. P. Müller
205:
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187:
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175:Potamotrygon
174:
140:Superorder:
25:
813:iNaturalist
746:Wikispecies
503:|work=
452:19 November
371:on the male
312:, in 2016.
309:P. wallacei
913:Categories
408:References
393:P. histrix
316:Appearance
130:Subclass:
696:31 August
670:31 August
631:cite book
505:ignored (
495:cite book
385:substrate
330:denticles
304:Rio Negro
182:Species:
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
831:10153646
787:FishBase
737:Q4548358
731:Wikidata
541:FishBase
398:claspers
381:aquarium
369:claspers
359:Aquarium
342:venomous
296:Paraguay
227:Synonyms
160:Family:
144:Batoidea
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
67:IUCN 3.1
805:2419364
779:1012869
353:piranha
283:of the
272:in the
266:species
264:) is a
220:, 1834)
170:Genus:
150:Order:
120:Class:
65: (
896:882209
883:450831
870:170822
857:161657
844:564437
818:110334
666:. 2003
619:
593:
483:
292:Paraná
279:, the
274:family
216:&
891:WoRMS
826:IRMNG
792:13098
766:4M4QV
336:Sting
288:genus
218:Henle
865:NCBI
852:IUCN
839:ITIS
800:GBIF
698:2012
672:2012
637:link
617:ISBN
591:ISBN
507:help
481:ISBN
454:2021
437:2009
294:and
281:type
250:The
774:EoL
761:CoL
473:doi
441:doi
268:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
