605:
769:
with the raising of the quills, porcupines clatter their teeth to warn predators not to approach. The incisors vibrate against each other, the strike zone shifts back, and the cheek teeth clatter. This behaviour is often paired with body shivering, which is used to further display the dangerous quills. The rattling of quills is aided by the hollow quills at the back end of the porcupine. The use of odour is when the sight and sound have failed. An unpleasant scent is produced from the skin above the tail in times of stress and is often seen with a quill erection. If these processes fail, the porcupine will attack by running sideways or backwards into predators. A porcupine's tail can also be swung in the direction of the predator; if contact is made, the quills could be impaled into the predator causing injury or death.
904:
778:
49:
69:
889:
558:
927:
817:
872:
The presence of barbs, acting like anchors, causes increased pain when removing a quill that has pierced the skin. The shape of the barbs makes the quills effective for penetrating the skin and for remaining in place. The quills have inspired research for such applications as the design of hypodermic
763:
Defensive behaviour displays in a porcupine depend on sight, scent, and sound. Often, these displays are shown when a porcupine becomes agitated or annoyed. There are four main displays seen in a porcupine: (in order from least to most aggressive) quill erection, teeth clattering, odour emission, and
768:
and colour-blind. A porcupine's markings are black and white. The dark body and coarse hair of the porcupine are dark brown/black and when quills are raised, present a white strip down its back mimicking the look of a skunk. This, along with the raising of the sharp quills, deters predators. Along
899:
Porcupines occupy a small range of habitats in tropical and temperate parts of Asia, Southern Europe, Africa, and North and South
America. They live in forests and deserts, rocky outcrops, and hillsides. Some New World porcupines live in trees, but Old World porcupines prefer a rocky environment.
2430:
Meredith R. W.; Janecka J. E.; Gatesy J.; Ryder O. A.; Fisher C. A.; Teeling E. C.; Goodbla A.; Eizirik E.; Simao T. L.; Stadler T.; Rabosky D. L.; Honeycutt R. L.; Flynn J. J.; Ingram C. M.; Steiner C.; Williams T. L.; Robinson T. J.; Burk-Herrick A.; Westerman M.; Ayoub N. A.; Springer M. S.;
873:
needles and surgical staples. In contrast to the current design for surgical staples, the porcupine quill and barb design would allow easy and painless insertion, as the staple would stay in the skin using the anchored barb design rather than being bent under the skin like traditional staples.
416:
Rodentia and display superficially similar coats of rigid or semi-rigid quills, which are modified hairs composed of keratin. Despite this, the two groups are distinct from one another and are not closely related to each other within the
Hystricognathi. The largest species of porcupine is the
718:
reaches about 85 cm or 33 in in length and 18 kg or 40 lb), have their quills attached singly rather than grouped in clusters, and are excellent climbers, spending much of their time in trees. The New World porcupines evolved their spines independently (through
1656:
800:
Quills are released by contact or may drop out when the porcupine shakes its body. New quills grow to replace lost ones. Despite what is commonly believed, porcupines can't launch their quills at range.
808:
properties within the quills, specifically associated with the free fatty acids coating the quills. The antibiotic properties are believed to aid a porcupine that has suffered from self-injury.
454:
Most porcupines are about 60–90 cm (25–36 in) long, with a 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long tail. Weighing 5–16 kg (12–35 lb), they are rounded, large, and slow, and use an
604:
451:. They live in wooded areas and can climb trees, where some species spend their entire lives. They are less strictly nocturnal than their Old World counterparts and generally smaller.
458:
strategy of defence. Porcupines' colouration consists of various shades of brown, grey and white. Porcupines' spiny protection resembles that of the only distantly related
1677:
1648:
797:
musculature. Old World porcupines have quills embedded in clusters, whereas in New World porcupines, single quills are interspersed with bristles, underfur, and hair.
2541:
Upham N. S. & Patterson B. D. (2012). "Diversification and biogeography of the
Neotropical caviomorph lineage Octodontoidea (Rodentia: Hystricognathi)".
861:
headdress. The main quills may be dyed and then applied in combination with thread to embellish leather accessories, such as knife sheaths and leather bags.
1914:
1882:
900:
Porcupines can be found on rocky areas up to 3,700 m (12,100 ft) high. They are generally nocturnal but are occasionally active during daylight.
545:
A baby porcupine is a porcupette. When born, a porcupette's quills are soft hair; they harden within a few days, forming the sharp quills of adults.
854:
More commonly, their quills and guard hairs are used for traditional decorative clothing; for example, their guard hairs are used in the creation of the
2220:
Murphy W. J.; Eizirik E.; Johnson W. E.; Zhang Y. P.; Ryder O. A.; O'Brien S. (2001). "Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals".
1978:
Brooks, Emma G.E.; Roberton, Scott I.; Bell, Diana J. (2010). "The conservation impact of commercial wildlife farming of porcupines in
Vietnam".
1533:
2054:
2083:
Cho, W. K.; Ankrum, J. A.; Guo, D.; Chester, S. A.; Yang, S. Y.; Kashyap, A.; Campbell, G. A.; Wood, R. J.; Rijal, R. K.; et al. (2012).
1448:
1745:
1425:
2018:
1957:
751:
but will sometimes forage for food during the day, eating bark, roots, fruits, berries, and farm crops. Porcupines have become a pest in
1227:
855:
743:
The North
American porcupine is a herbivore and often climbs trees for food; it eats leaves, herbs, twigs, and green plants such as
903:
687:
can grow to well over 27 kg (60 lb). The two families of porcupines are quite different, and although both belong to the
1649:"Cooper the porcupine, believed to be world's oldest rodent, celebrates 32nd birthday at the Museum of Science - The Boston Globe"
1415:
2173:"Variance of molecular datings, evolution of rodents, and the phylogenetic affinities between Ctenodactylidae and Hystricognathi"
1191:
2637:
1681:
851:
reported the taste of the North
American porcupine as "vile" and "malodorous" and delightful only to a lover of strong cheese.
2632:
975:
957:
1236:
1711:
1245:
1182:
747:. In the winter, it may eat bark. The African porcupine is not a climber; instead, it forages on the ground. It is mostly
1484:
68:
2431:
Murphy W. J. (2011). "Impacts of the
Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification".
1209:
629:
1137:
31:
2085:"Microstructured barbs on the North American porcupine quill enable easy tissue penetration and difficult removal"
1561:
1164:
668:
735:
and hold the record for being the longest-living rodent, with one individual named Cooper living over 32 years.
1263:
1218:
1119:
723:) and are more closely related to several other families of rodents than they are to the Old World porcupines.
715:
56:
2271:
Huchon D.; Chevret P.; Jordan U.; Kilpatrick C. W.; Ranwez V.; Jenkins P. D.; Brosius J.; Schmitz J. (2007).
1566:
777:
1254:
1040:
844:, where the prominent use of them as a food source has contributed to declines in porcupine populations.
789:, take on various forms, depending on the species, but all are modified hairs coated with thick plates of
651:
1173:
1155:
1058:
825:
663:
1764:
Roze, Uldis; Locke, David C.; Vatakis, Nick (March 1990). "Antibiotic
Properties of Porcupine Quills".
1525:
2550:
2495:
2440:
2343:
2284:
2229:
2096:
2058:
1987:
1824:
1773:
1049:
720:
2627:
2622:
1460:
1456:
1128:
1011:
909:
711:
704:
646:
624:
608:
401:
393:
2464:
2253:
2145:
2014:
1953:
1939:
1878:
1858:
Mori, Emiliano (October 2013). "The defense strategy of the crested porcupine
Hystrix cristata".
1840:
1797:
1521:
1031:
684:
641:
63:
2593:
1597:
2566:
2523:
2456:
2412:
2371:
2312:
2245:
2202:
2124:
1789:
1741:
1421:
1002:
966:
858:
672:
1582:
2599:
2558:
2513:
2503:
2448:
2402:
2361:
2351:
2302:
2292:
2237:
2192:
2184:
2114:
2104:
1995:
1832:
1781:
1628:
1570:
1146:
993:
869:
by throwing a blanket over a porcupine and retrieving the quills left stuck in the blanket.
657:
389:
2389:
Churakov G.; Sadasivuni M. K.; Rosenbloom K. R.; Huchon D.; Brosius J.; Schmitz J. (2010).
1740:(Second ed.). Cornell University, United States of America: Cornell University Press.
1506:
1488:
1200:
1022:
934:
Porcupines are distributed into two evolutionarily independent groups within the suborder
888:
848:
833:
786:
413:
381:
362:
184:
1904:
764:
attack. A porcupine's colouring aids in part of its defence as most of the predators are
2554:
2499:
2444:
2347:
2288:
2233:
2100:
1991:
1933:
1828:
1777:
2518:
2483:
2366:
2331:
2307:
2272:
2197:
2172:
2119:
2084:
1954:"Wild Southeast Asian porcupines under threat due to illegal hunting, researchers find"
1501:
1285:
1113:
984:
944:
935:
837:
688:
459:
409:
262:
211:
160:
140:
130:
48:
2332:"Rodent phylogeny revised: analysis of six nuclear genes from all major rodent clades"
781:
Quills grow in varying lengths and colours, depending on the animal's age and species.
557:
2616:
2587:
1918:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 101 second para.
1909:
1361:
1342:
1299:
1081:
862:
448:
444:
345:
303:
279:
252:
245:
201:
2468:
1844:
2257:
1801:
1318:
1095:
1088:
748:
680:
324:
238:
191:
1999:
2562:
1703:
1349:
1325:
1311:
1104:
951:
805:
522:
455:
352:
331:
317:
310:
289:
231:
154:
2330:
Blanga-Kanfi S.; Miranda H.; Penn O.; Pupko T.; DeBry R. W.; Huchon D. (2009).
2151:
1836:
1596:
Smithsonian's
National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute (2017-03-03).
1481:
1368:
1335:
1271:
1071:
914:
877:
338:
269:
221:
170:
2484:"A glimpse on the pattern of rodent diversification: a phylogenetic approach"
1574:
2508:
2452:
2407:
2390:
2297:
2109:
1393:
1329:
926:
866:
765:
732:
635:
466:
385:
80:
2570:
2527:
2460:
2416:
2375:
2356:
2316:
2249:
2206:
2188:
2128:
2015:"Wildlife Extra News – Illegal hunting threatens Vietnam's wild porcupines"
1793:
816:
17:
2607:
1555:
1387:
1292:
462:
418:
296:
100:
1785:
1420:. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1.
841:
790:
593:
469:
2241:
893:
821:
744:
692:
620:
473:
437:
422:
377:
120:
110:
90:
1815:
Guang, Li (1997). "Warning Odor of the North American Porcupine".
1633:
1616:
925:
902:
887:
815:
776:
752:
676:
603:
489:
429:
1903:
1888:
1678:"North American porcupine – Erethizon dorsatum (Linnaeus, 1758)"
794:
433:
2482:
Fabre P.-H.; Hautier L.; Dimitrov D.; Douzery E. J. P. (2012).
907:
Hunting porcupine near the town of Cassem, in a miniature from
1680:. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Archived from
552:
1396:, another mammal group with protective keratin body coverings
1390:, another mammal group with protective keratin body coverings
707:
tend to be fairly large and have spines grouped in clusters.
2273:"Multiple molecular evidences for a living mammalian fossil"
443:
The New World porcupines (Erethizontidae) are indigenous to
820:
Porcupine guard hair headdress made by native peoples from
671:
of South America weighs less than a kilogram (2.2 lb); the
2147:
Porcupines Give You 30,000 Reasons to Back Off | Deep Look
892:
A pair of North American porcupines in their habitat in
2171:
Huchon D., Catzeflis F. & Douzery E. J. P. (2000).
569:
440:. They are large, terrestrial, and strictly nocturnal.
30:
This article is about the mammal. For other uses, see
2043:. Boston and London: Ginn & Company. p. 116.
417:
third-largest living rodent in the world, after the
358:
285:
275:
258:
227:
217:
207:
197:
180:
2608:
The Complete Resource To Keeping Porcupines As Pets
169:
146:
62:
41:
1554:
1902:Flower, William Henry; Lydekker, Richard (1911).
930:North American porcupine eating grass and clover
2089:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1873:
1871:
1869:
428:The Old World porcupines (Hystricidae) live in
1759:
1757:
538:. A regional American name for the animal is
8:
1704:"Porcupines raise thorny questions in Kenya"
2604:– University of North Texas Digital Library
1738:The North American Porcupine Second Edition
507:
492:
2078:
2076:
47:
38:
2517:
2507:
2406:
2365:
2355:
2306:
2296:
2196:
2118:
2108:
1920:The spines are mixed with long soft hairs
1632:
699:Old World compared with New World species
667:). Porcupines vary in size considerably:
408:. Both families belong to the infraorder
173:included but traditionally excluded taxa
2594:"Resource Cards: What About Porcupines?"
1530:Transactions of the Philological Society
2601:Porcupine control in the western states
2596:– Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
1406:
384:, or quills, that protect them against
1731:
1729:
876:Porcupines are also sometimes kept as
2140:
2138:
7:
2391:"Rodent evolution: back to the root"
1583:participating institution membership
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
619:A porcupine is any of 30 species of
436:(western and southern), and most of
1459:. 10 September 2010. Archived from
1417:Porcupines: The Animal Answer Guide
865:women would harvest the quills for
1884:Attenborough's Natural Curiosities
1714:from the original on June 19, 2017
1228:Black-tailed hairy dwarf porcupine
731:Porcupines have a relatively high
27:Rodent with a coat of sharp spines
25:
2055:"Lakota Quillwork Art and Legend"
1156:Black dwarf (Koopman's) porcupine
714:are mostly smaller (although the
2588:Wildlife Conservation: Porcupine
1956:. Sciencedaily.com. 2010-08-25.
1935:The natural history of secession
1932:Shepard, Thomas Goodwin (1865).
1192:Paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine
695:, they are not closely related.
556:
67:
2021:from the original on 2019-01-28
2013:Ettinger, Powell (2010-08-30).
1960:from the original on 2019-04-21
1938:. Derby & Miller. pp.
1659:from the original on 2021-10-28
1536:from the original on 2018-12-04
1045:Hystrix (Thecurus) crassispinis
832:Porcupines are seldom eaten in
588:Fossils belonging to the genus
1507:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
976:Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine
958:African brush-tailed porcupine
412:within the profoundly diverse
1:
2590:– African Wildlife Foundation
1246:Frosted hairy dwarf porcupine
1183:Mexican hairy dwarf porcupine
1160:Coendou nycthemera (koopmani)
917:(first book, manuscript 2810)
755:and are eaten as a delicacy.
2000:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.07.030
1881:(2014). "Armoured Animals".
1109:Superfamily Erethizontoidea
1016:Hystrix (brachyura) hodgsoni
596:of the continent of Africa.
2563:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.020
1817:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1766:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1357:Superfamily Chinchilloidea
1237:Roosmalen's dwarf porcupine
1210:Brown hairy dwarf porcupine
1036:Hystrix (Thecurus) sumatrae
2654:
2277:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
1615:Barthelmess, E.L. (2006).
1307:Superfamily Octodontoidea
1138:Bicolored-spined porcupine
1054:Hystrix (Thecurus) pumilis
623:belonging to the families
32:Porcupine (disambiguation)
29:
2039:Long, William J. (1902).
1562:Oxford English Dictionary
1270:(sometimes considered an
967:African crested porcupine
691:branch of the vast order
177:
151:
64:Scientific classification
55:
46:
1619:Hystrix africaeaustralis
1364:: chinchillas and allies
1264:Bristle-spined porcupine
1219:Streaked dwarf porcupine
1120:North American porcupine
989:Hystrix africaeaustralis
804:There are some possible
716:North American porcupine
57:North American porcupine
2509:10.1186/1471-2148-12-88
2453:10.1126/science.1211028
2298:10.1073/pnas.0701289104
2110:10.1073/pnas.1216441109
1980:Biological Conservation
1915:Encyclopædia Britannica
1887:. Series 2. Episode 2.
1837:10.1023/a:1022511026529
1567:Oxford University Press
1116:: New World porcupines
954:: Old World porcupines
836:but are eaten often in
785:Porcupines' quills, or
710:The two subfamilies of
2638:Rodents by common name
2357:10.1186/1471-2148-9-71
2189:10.1098/rspb.2000.1014
1575:10.1093/OED/1194071940
1526:"On False Etymologies"
1302:: agoutis and acouchis
1281:Superfamily Cavioidea
1255:Stump-tailed porcupine
1165:Rothschild's porcupine
1041:Thick-spined porcupine
931:
918:
896:
829:
793:, and embedded in the
782:
669:Rothschild's porcupine
611:
592:date back to the late
508:
493:
388:. The term covers two
163:(New World porcupines)
157:(Old World porcupines)
2633:Hystricognath rodents
2543:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol
2408:10.1093/molbev/msq019
2177:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
2017:. Wildlifeextra.com.
1268:Chaetomys subspinosus
1241:Coendou roosmalenorum
1174:Santa Marta porcupine
1059:Long-tailed porcupine
929:
906:
891:
826:Museo de Arte Popular
819:
780:
607:
1736:Roze, Uldis (2009).
1600:Curious About Quills
1414:Roze, Uldis (2012).
1178:Coendou sanctemartae
1050:Philippine porcupine
913:by Italian explorer
721:convergent evolution
712:New World porcupines
705:Old World porcupines
402:New World porcupines
394:Old World porcupines
380:with coats of sharp
2555:2012MolPE..63..417U
2500:2012BMCEE..12...88F
2445:2011Sci...334..521M
2348:2009BMCEE...9...71B
2289:2007PNAS..104.7495H
2234:2001Natur.409..614M
2101:2012PNAS..10921289C
2041:Wood Folk at School
1992:2010BCons.143.2808B
1879:Attenborough, David
1829:1997JSP....23.2737L
1778:1990JCEco..16..725R
1710:. August 19, 2005.
1565:(Online ed.).
1522:Wedgwood, Hensleigh
1457:National Geographic
1169:Coendou rothschildi
1133:Coendou prehensilis
1129:Brazilian porcupine
1098:: African mole-rats
1063:Trichys fasciculata
1012:Himalayan porcupine
980:Atherurus macrourus
962:Atherurus africanus
910:The Book of Wonders
609:Old World porcupine
1786:10.1007/bf01016483
1510:. Merriam-Webster.
1487:2015-02-25 at the
1463:on 27 January 2017
1205:Coendou insidiosus
1124:Erethizon dorsatum
1032:Sumatran porcupine
932:
919:
897:
830:
783:
685:sub-Saharan Africa
612:
568:. You can help by
2439:(6055): 521–524.
2283:(18): 7495–7499.
2228:(6820): 614–618.
2183:(1441): 393–402.
1905:"Porcupine"
1823:(12): 2737–2754.
1747:978-0-8014-4646-7
1625:Mammalian Species
1581:(Subscription or
1427:978-1-4214-0735-7
1314:: chinchilla-rats
1259:Coendou rufescens
1250:Coendou pruinosus
1232:Coendou melanurus
1187:Coendou mexicanus
1007:Hystrix brachyura
1003:Malayan porcupine
938:of the Rodentia.
824:displayed at the
673:crested porcupine
586:
585:
371:
370:
16:(Redirected from
2645:
2575:
2574:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2401:(6): 1315–1326.
2386:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2359:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2300:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2242:10.1038/35054550
2217:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2150:, archived from
2142:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2095:(52): 21289–94.
2080:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2061:on 20 March 2014
2057:. Archived from
2051:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1907:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1498:
1492:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1411:
1223:Coendou ichillus
1214:Coendou vestitus
1196:Coendou spinosus
1147:Andean porcupine
1027:Hystrix javanica
994:Indian porcupine
971:Hystrix cristata
581:
578:
560:
553:
537:
534:
531:
520:
517:
514:
511:
505:
502:
499:
496:
474:tenrecid tenrecs
392:of animals: the
360:
287:
277:
260:
229:
219:
209:
199:
182:
147:Groups included
72:
71:
51:
39:
21:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2613:
2612:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2395:Mol. Biol. Evol
2388:
2387:
2383:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2155:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1877:
1876:
1867:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1684:on June 7, 2014
1676:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1653:BostonGlobe.com
1647:
1646:
1642:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1489:Wayback Machine
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1447:
1446:
1435:
1428:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1384:
1201:Bahia porcupine
1151:Coendou quichua
1142:Coendou bicolor
1023:Sunda porcupine
998:Hystrix indicus
924:
886:
856:Native American
849:William J. Long
840:, particularly
834:Western culture
814:
775:
761:
741:
729:
701:
617:
602:
582:
576:
573:
566:needs expansion
551:
535:
532:
529:
518:
515:
512:
503:
500:
497:
488:comes from the
482:
465:and Australian
404:of the family
363:Heptaxodontidae
185:Bathyergoididae
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2583:
2582:External links
2580:
2577:
2576:
2549:(2): 417–429.
2533:
2488:BMC Evol. Biol
2474:
2422:
2381:
2336:BMC Evol. Biol
2322:
2263:
2212:
2163:
2134:
2072:
2046:
2031:
2005:
1970:
1945:
1924:
1910:Chisholm, Hugh
1894:
1865:
1850:
1807:
1772:(3): 725–734.
1753:
1746:
1725:
1695:
1669:
1640:
1607:
1588:
1546:
1513:
1493:
1491:. biblehub.com
1474:
1433:
1426:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1322:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1286:Hydrochaeridae
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1114:Erethizontidae
1101:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1000:
991:
985:Cape porcupine
982:
973:
964:
945:Hystricognathi
936:Hystricomorpha
923:
922:Classification
920:
885:
882:
838:Southeast Asia
828:in Mexico City
813:
812:Uses by humans
810:
774:
771:
760:
757:
740:
737:
728:
725:
700:
697:
689:Hystricognathi
625:Erethizontidae
616:
613:
601:
598:
584:
583:
563:
561:
550:
547:
481:
478:
410:Hystricognathi
406:Erethizontidae
396:of the family
369:
368:
367:
366:
356:
349:
342:
335:
328:
321:
314:
307:
300:
293:
283:
273:
266:
263:Neoepiblemidae
256:
249:
242:
235:
225:
215:
212:Diamantomyidae
205:
195:
188:
175:
174:
167:
166:
165:
164:
161:Erethizontidae
158:
149:
148:
144:
143:
141:Hystricognathi
138:
134:
133:
131:Hystricomorpha
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2650:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2154:on 2021-10-30
2153:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1718:September 21,
1713:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1634:10.1644/788.1
1630:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:Chinchillidae
1359:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1343:Myocastoridae
1340:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1300:Dasyproctidae
1297:
1295:: Guinea-pigs
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1091:: Dassie rats
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:Thryonomyidae
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:sensu stricto
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
995:
992:
990:
986:
983:
981:
977:
974:
972:
968:
965:
963:
959:
956:
955:
953:
949:
948:
947:
946:
941:
940:
939:
937:
928:
921:
916:
912:
911:
905:
901:
895:
890:
883:
881:
879:
874:
870:
868:
864:
860:
859:"porky roach"
857:
852:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
827:
823:
818:
811:
809:
807:
802:
798:
796:
792:
788:
779:
772:
770:
767:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
738:
736:
734:
726:
724:
722:
717:
713:
708:
706:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:
660:
659:
654:
653:
648:
644:
643:
638:
637:
632:
631:
626:
622:
614:
610:
606:
599:
597:
595:
591:
580:
571:
567:
564:This section
562:
559:
555:
554:
548:
546:
543:
541:
527:
524:
510:
495:
491:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:
460:erinaceomorph
457:
452:
450:
449:South America
447:and northern
446:
445:North America
441:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
365:
364:
357:
355:
354:
350:
348:
347:
346:Myocastoridae
343:
341:
340:
336:
334:
333:
329:
327:
326:
322:
320:
319:
315:
313:
312:
308:
306:
305:
304:Dasyproctidae
301:
299:
298:
294:
292:
291:
284:
282:
281:
280:Cephalomyidae
274:
272:
271:
267:
265:
264:
257:
255:
254:
253:Chinchillidae
250:
248:
247:
246:Thryonomyidae
243:
241:
240:
236:
234:
233:
226:
224:
223:
216:
214:
213:
206:
204:
203:
202:Myophiomyidae
196:
194:
193:
189:
187:
186:
179:
178:
176:
172:
171:Cladistically
168:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
150:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2600:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2156:, retrieved
2152:the original
2146:
2092:
2088:
2063:. Retrieved
2059:the original
2049:
2040:
2034:
2023:. Retrieved
2008:
1986:(11): 2808.
1983:
1979:
1973:
1962:. Retrieved
1948:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1897:
1883:
1860:ResearchGate
1859:
1853:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1769:
1765:
1737:
1716:. Retrieved
1707:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1682:the original
1672:
1661:. Retrieved
1652:
1643:
1627:(788): 1–7.
1624:
1618:
1610:
1599:
1591:
1560:
1549:
1538:. Retrieved
1529:
1516:
1505:
1496:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1452:
1416:
1409:
1338:: spiny rats
1319:Octodontidae
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1096:Bathyergidae
1089:Petromuridae
1074:
1069:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
942:
933:
908:
898:
875:
871:
853:
846:
831:
803:
799:
784:
762:
742:
730:
709:
702:
681:North Africa
662:
656:
650:
640:
634:
628:
618:
589:
587:
574:
570:adding to it
565:
544:
539:
525:
516:spine, quill
485:
483:
453:
442:
427:
405:
397:
373:
372:
361:
351:
344:
337:
330:
325:Octodontidae
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
288:
278:
268:
261:
251:
244:
239:Petromuridae
237:
230:
220:
210:
200:
192:Bathyergidae
190:
183:
137:Infraorder:
36:
1556:"quill pig"
1502:"porcupine"
1449:"Porcupine"
1371:: pacaranas
1350:Capromyidae
1326:Ctenomyidae
1312:Abrocomidae
1105:Caviomorpha
1084:: cane rats
952:Hystricidae
943:Infraorder
878:exotic pets
847:Naturalist
647:Hystricidae
523:Old Italian
472:as well as
398:Hystricidae
353:Capromyidae
332:Abrocomidae
318:Ctenomyidae
311:Cuniculidae
290:Eocardiidae
232:Kenyamyidae
155:Hystricidae
2628:Body plans
2623:Porcupines
2617:Categories
2158:2020-05-14
2025:2012-02-20
1964:2012-02-20
1663:2021-10-12
1585:required.)
1540:2018-09-22
1401:References
1394:Armadillos
1369:Dinomyidae
1336:Echimyidae
1330:tuco-tucos
1288:: capybara
1103:Parvorder
1072:Phiomorpha
1070:Parvorder
915:Marco Polo
806:antibiotic
577:March 2022
526:porcospino
456:aposematic
400:, and the
376:are large
374:Porcupines
339:Echimyidae
270:Dinomyidae
222:Phiomyidae
127:Suborder:
42:Porcupine
18:Porcupines
2342:(1): 71.
1532:(6): 68.
1482:Porcupine
1388:Pangolins
1345:: nutrias
867:quillwork
766:nocturnal
749:nocturnal
733:longevity
727:Longevity
675:found in
652:Atherurus
649:(genera:
642:Chaetomys
636:Erethizon
627:(genera:
549:Evolution
540:quill-pig
533:thorn-pig
486:porcupine
484:The word
480:Etymology
467:monotreme
463:hedgehogs
386:predation
87:Kingdom:
81:Eukaryota
2571:22327013
2528:22697210
2469:38120449
2461:21940861
2417:20100942
2376:19341461
2317:17452635
2250:11214319
2207:10722222
2129:23236138
2019:Archived
1958:Archived
1845:36405223
1794:24263588
1712:Archived
1708:BBC News
1688:July 26,
1657:Archived
1534:Archived
1524:(1855).
1485:Archived
1467:16 April
1382:See also
1352:: hutias
1293:Caviidae
1272:echimyid
693:Rodentia
615:Taxonomy
470:echidnas
419:capybara
390:families
297:Caviidae
121:Rodentia
111:Mammalia
101:Chordata
97:Phylum:
91:Animalia
77:Domain:
2551:Bibcode
2519:3532383
2496:Bibcode
2441:Bibcode
2433:Science
2367:2674048
2344:Bibcode
2308:1863447
2285:Bibcode
2258:4373847
2230:Bibcode
2198:1690539
2120:3535670
2097:Bibcode
2065:29 June
1988:Bibcode
1912:(ed.).
1825:Bibcode
1802:2045335
1774:Bibcode
1453:Animals
1367:Family
1360:Family
1348:Family
1341:Family
1334:Family
1324:Family
1321:: degus
1317:Family
1310:Family
1298:Family
1291:Family
1284:Family
1112:Family
1094:Family
1087:Family
1080:Family
950:Family
884:Habitat
842:Vietnam
791:keratin
759:Defence
703:The 11
664:Trichys
658:Hystrix
630:Coendou
621:rodents
600:Species
594:Miocene
590:Hystrix
521:, from
378:rodents
117:Order:
107:Class:
2569:
2526:
2516:
2494:: 88.
2467:
2459:
2415:
2374:
2364:
2315:
2305:
2256:
2248:
2222:Nature
2205:
2195:
2127:
2117:
1843:
1800:
1792:
1744:
1424:
894:Quebec
863:Lakota
822:Sonora
787:spines
773:Quills
745:clover
683:, and
661:, and
639:, and
494:porcus
438:Africa
423:beaver
382:spines
2465:S2CID
2254:S2CID
1908:. In
1841:S2CID
1798:S2CID
1579:
753:Kenya
677:Italy
645:) or
509:spina
490:Latin
430:Italy
414:order
2567:PMID
2524:PMID
2457:PMID
2413:PMID
2372:PMID
2313:PMID
2246:PMID
2203:PMID
2125:PMID
2067:2013
1889:UKTV
1790:PMID
1742:ISBN
1720:2009
1690:2012
1469:2019
1422:ISBN
795:skin
739:Diet
434:Asia
421:and
2559:doi
2514:PMC
2504:doi
2449:doi
2437:334
2403:doi
2362:PMC
2352:doi
2303:PMC
2293:doi
2281:104
2238:doi
2226:409
2193:PMC
2185:doi
2181:267
2115:PMC
2105:doi
2093:109
1996:doi
1984:143
1833:doi
1782:doi
1629:doi
1571:doi
572:.
501:pig
2619::
2565:.
2557:.
2547:63
2545:.
2522:.
2512:.
2502:.
2492:12
2490:.
2486:.
2463:.
2455:.
2447:.
2435:.
2411:.
2399:27
2397:.
2393:.
2370:.
2360:.
2350:.
2338:.
2334:.
2311:.
2301:.
2291:.
2279:.
2275:.
2252:.
2244:.
2236:.
2224:.
2201:.
2191:.
2179:.
2175:.
2137:^
2123:.
2113:.
2103:.
2091:.
2087:.
2075:^
1994:.
1982:.
1942:–.
1940:78
1868:^
1839:.
1831:.
1821:23
1819:.
1796:.
1788:.
1780:.
1770:16
1768:.
1756:^
1728:^
1706:.
1655:.
1651:.
1623:.
1569:.
1559:.
1528:.
1504:.
1455:.
1451:.
1436:^
1328::
1266:,
1257:,
1248:,
1239:,
1230:,
1221:,
1212:,
1203:,
1194:,
1185:,
1176:,
1167:,
1158:,
1149:,
1140:,
1131:,
1122:,
1061:,
1052:,
1043:,
1034:,
1025:,
1014:,
1005:,
996:,
987:,
978:,
969:,
960:,
880:.
679:,
655:,
633:,
542:.
528:,
506:+
476:.
432:,
425:.
2573:.
2561::
2553::
2530:.
2506::
2498::
2471:.
2451::
2443::
2419:.
2405::
2378:.
2354::
2346::
2340:9
2319:.
2295::
2287::
2260:.
2240::
2232::
2209:.
2187::
2131:.
2107::
2099::
2069:.
2028:.
2002:.
1998::
1990::
1967:.
1891:.
1862:.
1847:.
1835::
1827::
1804:.
1784::
1776::
1750:.
1722:.
1692:.
1666:.
1637:.
1631::
1621:"
1617:"
1604:.
1602:"
1598:"
1577:.
1573::
1543:.
1471:.
1430:.
1274:)
579:)
575:(
536:'
530:'
519:'
513:'
504:'
498:'
359:†
286:†
276:†
259:†
228:†
218:†
208:†
198:†
181:†
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
