Boletus edulis - Knowledge

1750: 1225: 1207: 2194: 55: 1494: 2906: 1726: 1383: 1094: 2016: 1103: 1005: 2244: 2024: 383: 108: 618: 295: 2307:. Here these mushrooms have been collected for centuries and exported commercially. Owing to the globalisation of the mushroom trade most of the porcini commercially available in Italy or exported by Italy no longer originate there. Porcini and other mushrooms are also imported into Italy from various locations, especially China and eastern European countries; these are then often re-exported under the "Italian porcini" label. 402: 346: 83: 419: 8114: 1053:); as they age, they change colour to yellow and later to brown. The spore print is olive brown. The flesh of the fruit body is white, thick and firm when young, but becomes somewhat spongy with age. When bruised or cut, it either does not change colour, or turns a very light brown or light red. Fully mature specimens can weigh about 1 kg (2 lb 3 oz); a huge specimen collected on the 364: 328: 2271:) were sold in France, Italy and Germany in 1988, according to official figures. The true amount consumed far exceeds this, as the official sales figures did not account for informal sales or consumption by collectors. They are widely exported and sold in dried form, reaching countries where they do not occur naturally, such as Australia and New Zealand. The autonomous community of 8102: 310: 1133:, but can be distinguished by the reticulation on the stalk; in porcini, it is a whitish, net-like pattern on a brownish stalk, whereas it is a dark pattern on white in the latter. Porcini have whitish pores while the other has pink. If in doubt, tasting a tiny bit of flesh will yield a bitter taste. It can also resemble the "bolete-like" 2096:(insect larvae), and become slimy, soft and less tasty with age. The fruit bodies are collected by holding the stipe near the base and twisting gently. Cutting the stipe with a knife may risk the part left behind rotting and the mycelium being destroyed. Peeling and washing are not recommended. The fruit bodies are highly 1835:, leaf area, and water-holding ability. The fungus forms a sheath of tissue around terminal, nutrient-absorbing root tips, often inducing a high degree of branching in the tips of the host, and penetrating into the root tissue, forming, to some mycologists, the defining feature of ectomycorrhizal relationships, a 849:, literally "hog mushrooms", a term used by the Ancient Romans and still in use in southern Italian terms for this species. The derivation has been ascribed to the resemblance of young fruit bodies to piglets, or to the fondness pigs have for eating them. It is also known as "king bolete". The English 2221:

on top of a boiler or hot water tank. Another method is drying in an oven at 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F) for two to three hours, then increasing the temperature to 50 °C (122 °F) until crisp or brittle. Once dry, they must be kept in an airtight container. Importantly for commercial

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ectomycorrhizae in New Zealand, suggesting that other fungi may influence the life cycle of porcini. A 2007 field study revealed little correlation between the abundance of fruit bodies and presence of its mycelia below ground, even when soil samples were taken from directly beneath the mushroom; the

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Porcini are sold fresh in markets in summer and autumn in Europe and Russia, and dried or canned at other times of the year, and distributed worldwide to countries where they are not otherwise found. They are eaten and enjoyed raw, sautéed with butter, ground into pasta, in soups, and in many other

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and the subsequent reduction of economic and political barriers, central and eastern European countries with local mushroom harvesting traditions, such as Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia, developed into exporters of porcini, concentrating primarily on the Italian market.

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Italian folklore holds that porcini sprout up at the time of the new moon; research studies have tried to investigate more scientifically the factors that influence the production of fruit bodies. Although fruit bodies may appear any time from summer to autumn (June to November in the UK), their

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is well suited to drying—its flavour intensifies, it is easily reconstituted, and its resulting texture is pleasant. Reconstitution is done by soaking in hot, but not boiling, water for about twenty minutes; the water used is infused with the mushroom aroma and it too can be used in subsequent

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was the greatest, and the fruit bodies ceased growing when the air humidity dropped below 40%. Factors most likely to inhibit the appearance of fruit bodies included prolonged drought, inadequate air and soil humidity, sudden decreases of night air temperatures, and the appearance of the first

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growth is known to be triggered by rainfall during warm periods of weather followed by frequent autumn rain with a drop in soil temperature. Above average rainfall may result in the rapid appearance of large numbers of boletes, in what is known in some circles as a "bolete year". A 2004

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in Spain produces 7,700 tonnes (8,500 tons) annually. In autumn, the price of porcini in the Northern Hemisphere typically ranges between $ 20 and $ 80 per kilogram, although in New York in 1997 the wholesale price rose to more than $ 200 per kilogram due to scarcity.

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Zhang, Huiying; Pu, Dandan; Sun, Baoguo; Ren, Fazheng; Zhang, Yuyu; Chen, Haitao (2018). "Characterization and comparison of key aroma compounds in raw and dry porcini mushroom ( Boletus edulis ) by aroma extract dilution analysis, quantitation and aroma recombination experiments".

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of this mushroom is 7–30 cm (3–12 in) broad at maturity. Slightly sticky to touch, it is convex in shape when young and flattens with age. The colour is generally reddish-brown fading to white in areas near the margin, and continues to darken as it matures. The

1049: in) deep, and whitish in colour when young, but mature to a greenish-yellow. The angular pores, which do not stain when bruised, are small—roughly 2 to 3 pores per millimetre. In youth, the pores are white and appear as if stuffed with cotton (which are actually 2216:

Like other boletes, porcini can be dried by being strung separately on twine and hung close to the ceiling of a kitchen. Alternatively, the mushrooms can be dried by cleaning with a brush (washing is not recommended), and then placing them in a wicker basket or

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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appeared to have a negative effect on fruit body production, but previous studies reported contradictory results. A Lithuanian study conducted in 2001 concluded that the maximal daily growth rate of the cap (about 21 mm or 0.8 in) occurred when the

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Jarvis MC, Miller AM, Sheahan J, Ploetz K, Ploetz J, Watson RR, Ruiz MP, Villapan CA, Alvarado JG, Ramirez AL, Orr B (2004). "Edible wild mushrooms of the Cofre de Perote region, Veracruz, Mexico: An ethnomycological study of common names and uses".

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is considered one of the safest wild mushrooms to pick for the table, as few poisonous species closely resemble it, and those that do may be easily distinguished by careful examination. The most similar poisonous mushroom may be the devil's bolete

5136: 1982:. An unidentified species of virus was reported to have infected specimens found in the Netherlands and in Italy; fruit bodies affected by the virus had relatively thick stems and small or no caps, leading to the name "little-cap disease". 1839:. The ectomycorrhizal fungi are then able to exchange nutrients with the plant, effectively expanding the root system of the host plant to the furthest reaches of the symbiont fungi. Compatible hosts may belong to multiple families of 2176:

they are used in soups and consumed blanched in salads. Porcini can also be frozen, either while raw or after cooking in butter. The colour, aroma, and taste of porcini deteriorate noticeably after being frozen for four months.

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or after canning or bottling, and are thus useful for manufacturers of soups or stews. The addition of a few pieces of dried porcino can significantly add to flavour, and they are a major ingredient of the pasta sauce known as

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following consumption of dried porcini have been attributed to the presence of this mould on the fruit bodies. The mushroom is also used as a food source by several species of mushroom flies, as well as other insects and their

2057:", and hails it as the most rewarding of all fungi in the kitchen for its taste and versatility. Considered a choice edible, particularly in France, Germany, Poland and Italy, it was widely written about by the Roman writers 1903:, although it is unclear whether this is due to a biological association between the species, or because of similarities in growing season, habitat, and ecological requirements. An association has also been reported between 1169:. The basidia are thin-walled, mostly attached to four spores, and measure 25–30 by 8–10 μm. Another cell type present in the hymenium is the cystidia, larger sterile cells that protrude beyond the basidia into the 1843:

that are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere; according to one 1995 estimate, there are at least 30 host plant species distributed over more than 15 genera. Examples of mycorrhizal associates include

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by a mature pore surface that is brown to slightly reddish. The cap colour appears to be affected by the amount of light received during its development, and may range from white in young specimens grown under thick

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Porcini and other wild fungi from these countries are also destined for France, Germany and other western European markets, where demand for them exists but collection on a commercial scale does not. Picking

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Martín-Pinto P, Vaquerizo H, Peñalver F, Olaizola J, Oria-de-Rueda J (2006). "Early effects of a wildfire on the diversity and production of fungal communities in Mediterranean vegetation types dominated by

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regions. It is common in Europe—from northern Scandinavia, south to the extremities of Greece and Italy—and North America, where its southern range extends as far south as Mexico. It is well known from the

8488: 601:. Available fresh in autumn throughout Europe and Russia, it is most often dried, packaged, and distributed worldwide. It keeps its flavour after drying, and it is then reconstituted and used in cooking. 2310:

In Italy the disconnect with local production has had an adverse effect on quality; for example in the 1990s some of the dried porcino mushrooms exported to Italy from China contained species of genus

1704:, probably on the roots of container-grown beech, birch, and oak in the mid-19th century—around the time exotic trees began to be planted in the Christchurch area. Similarly, it has been collected in 554:, or stem, is white or yellowish in colour, up to 20 cm (8 in), rarely 30 cm (12 in) tall and 10 cm (4 in) thick, and partially covered with a raised network pattern, or 8478: 5152: 1021:, or stem, is 8–25 cm (3–10 in) in height, and up to 7 cm (3 in) thick—rather large in comparison to the cap; it is club-shaped, or bulges out in the middle. It is finely 2742: 6457:

Collin-Hansen C, Yttri KE, Andersen RA, Berthelsen BO, Steinnes E (2002). "Mushrooms from two metal-contaminated areas in Norway: occurrence of metals and metallothionein-like proteins".

1165:, the spore-bearing cells, are produced in a layer lining the tubes, and arrange themselves so their ends are facing the center of the tube; this layer of cells is known technically as a 5055: 1778:

indicated that fruit body production is enhanced by an open and sunny wood habitat, corroborating an earlier observation made in a Zimbabwean study; removal of the litter layer on the

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The Athlone Press, 1980 p.152-3. Howell doubts the identification, and mentions the view advanced by Augusta A. Imholtz Jr., 'Fungi and piace- names, thè origin of boletus,' in

1338:, ecological and geographic range, and that the genetic variability in this complex is low. Similar molecular technology has been developed to rapidly and accurately identify 7315: 732:

that does not change colour when exposed to air; a smooth to distinctly raised, netted pattern over at least the uppermost portion of the stem; a yellow-brown or olive-brown

2873:, with amounts varying according to the mushroom component and to soil composition in the geographic region of China where they were sampled. They also have high content of 2767:(table). Fresh mushrooms consist of over 80% moisture, although reported values tend to differ somewhat as moisture content can be affected by environmental temperature and 546:, it has tubes extending downward from the underside of the cap, rather than gills; spores escape at maturity through the tube openings, or pores. The pore surface of the 1712:

in South Africa for more than 50 years and is believed to have been introduced with the import of pine trees. It also grows in pine plantations in neighboring Zimbabwe.

648:, which meant the name required sanction by Fries (indicated in the name by a colon) to be considered valid, as Bulliard's work preceded this date. It was thus written 7980:

Csóka, Mariann; Geosel, Andras; Amtmann, Maria; Korany, Kornel (2017). "Volatile Composition of Some Cultivated and Wild Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms from Hungary".

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Dentinger BT, Ammirati JF, Both EE, Desjardin DE, Halling RE, Henkel TW, Moreau PA, Nagasawa E, Soytong K, Taylor AF, Watling R, Moncalvo JM, McLaughlin DJ (2010).

3233: 2181:(or soaking and blanching) as a processing step before freezing can extend the freezer life to 12 months. They are also one of the few species sold commercially as 5309:

Baar J, Ter Braak CJ (1996). "Ectomycorrhizal sporocarp occurrence as affected by manipulation of litter and humus layers in Scots pine stands of different age".

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Baar J, de Vries FW (1995). "Effects of manipulation of litter and humus layer on ectomycorrhizal colonization potential in Scots pine stands of different age".

8356: 1973:, known as the bolete eater, which manifests itself as a white, yellow, or reddish-brown cottony layer over the surface of the mushroom. Some reported cases of 3215: 7500:

Ribeiro B, Andrade PB, Silva BM, Baptista P, Seabra RM, Valento P (2008). "Comparative study on free amino acid composition of wild edible mushroom species".

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Collin-Hansen C, Pedersen SA, Andersen RA, Steinnes E (2007). "First report of phytochelatins in a mushroom: induction of phytochelatins by metal exposure in

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region of Australia in association with three species of introduced trees. It has been growing plentifully in association with pine forests in the southern

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which on occasion can reach 30 cm (12 in), rarely 40 cm (16 in) in diameter and 3 kg (6 lb 10 oz) in weight. Like other

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that contribute to the mushroom's aroma. Chemical analysis has shown that the odour of the dried mushroom is a complex mixture of 53 volatile compounds.

7828:"Antioxidant capacity and the correlation with major phenolic compounds, anthocyanin, and tocopherol content in various extracts from the wild edible 1955:

with the metal; in this state, the metal cannot normally react with other elements or ions and is stored in a detoxified form in the mushroom tissue.

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has eluded cultivation attempts for years. The results of some studies suggest that unknown components of the soil microflora might be required for

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analyses have proven these three are all distinctive and separate species; other taxa formerly believed to be unique species or subspecies, such as

294: 3659: 3528:, Bk. 16, 11, 31: "Such is the multiplicity of products in addition to the acorn that are borne by hard-oaks; but they also produce edible fungi ( 1181:, and measure 30–45 by 7–10 μm; the "stuffed" feature of the hymenium is caused by cheilocystidia—cells found on the edges of the pores. The 5056:"Mycorrhization between Cistus ladanifer L. and Boletus edulis Bull is enhanced by the mycorrhiza helper bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula" 5722:

Agueda B, Parlade J, Fernandez-Toiran LM, Cisneros O, de Miguel AM, Modrego MP, Martinez-Pena F, Pera J (2008). "Mycorrhizal synthesis between

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Pedneault K, Angers P, Gosselin A, Tweddell RJ (2006). "Fatty acid composition of lipids from mushrooms belonging to the family Boletaceae".

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The flavour of porcini has been described as nutty and slightly meaty, with a smooth, creamy texture, and a distinctive aroma reminiscent of

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Melgar MJ, Alonson J, Garcia MA (2009). "Mercury in edible mushrooms and underlying soil: Bioconcentration factors and toxicological risk".

4613: 2316:, which are rather similar in appearance and when dried are difficult for both mushroom labourers and mycologists alike to distinguish from 2104:

activity, and the presence of a flora of microorganisms. Caution should be exercised when collecting specimens from potentially polluted or

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is known to be able to tolerate and even thrive on soil that is contaminated with toxic heavy metals, such as soil that might be found near

1085: in) wide, and weighed 3.2 kg (7 lb 1 oz). A similarly sized specimen found in Poland in 2013 made international news. 7098: 6625:

Grodzinskaya AA, Berreck M, Haselwandter K, Wasser SP (2003). "Radiocesium contamination of wild-growing medicinal mushrooms in Ukraine".

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on the upper portion, but smooth or irregularly ridged on the lower part. The under surface of the cap is made of thin tubes, the site of

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Binder M, Besl H, Bresinsky A (1997). "Agaricales oder Boletales? Molekularbiologische Befunde zur Zuordnung einiger umstrittener Taxa".

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species are ecologically important as fungal reservoirs, maintaining an inoculum of mycorrhizal fungi for trees that appear later in the

1127:), which has a similar shape, but has a red stem and stains blue on bruising. It is often confused with the very bitter and unpalatable 7243:

Fitter AH, Garbaye J (1994). "Interaction between mycorrhizal fungi and other organisms". In Robson AD, Abbott LK, Malajczuk N (eds.).

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Sitta N, Floriani M (2008). "Nationalization and globalization trends in the wild mushroom commerce of Italy with emphasis on porcini (

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Bruns TD. (1984). "Insect mycophagy in the Boletales: fungivore diversity and the mushroom habitat". In Wheeler Q, Blackwell M (eds.).

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Su, Jiuyan; Zhang, Ji; Li, Jieqing; Li, Tao; Liu, Honggao; Wang, Yuanzhong (6 April 2018). "Determination of mineral contents of wild

7343:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 7173: 7044: 6916: 6883: 6844: 6792: 6752: 6669: 6329: 6304: 5262: 4821: 4563: 4095: 3978: 3946: 3888: 3863: 3838: 3783: 3758: 3727: 3624: 3460: 3410: 3372: 3304: 3192: 7307: 1239:

Several similar brownish-coloured species are sometimes considered subspecies or forms of this mushroom. In Europe, in addition to

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Mello A, Ghignone S, Vizzini A, Sechi C, Ruiu P, Bonfante P (2006). "ITS primers for the identification of marketable boletes".

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Misharina TA, Muhutdinova SM, Zharikova GG, Terenina MB, Krikunova NI (2009). "The composition of volatile components of cepe (

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status there. The European distribution extends north to Scandinavia and south to southern Italy and Morocco. In the American

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had been set as January 1, 1821, to coincide with the date of the works of the 'father of mycology', Swedish naturalist

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associations with living trees by enveloping the tree's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue. The fungus produces

5773:Águeda B, Parladé J, de Miguel AM, Martínez-Peña F (2006). "Characterization and identification of field ectomycorrhizae of 1920:

study concluded that the triggers leading to formation of mycorrhizae and production of the fruit bodies were more complex.

1557:. In California, porcini have been collected in a variety of forests, such as coastal forests, dry interior oak forests and 1505:

can grow singly or in small clusters of two or three specimens. The mushroom's habitat consists of areas dominated by pine (

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Mediavilla, Olaya; Olaizola, Jaime; Santos-del-Blanco, Luis; Oria-de-Rueda, Juan Andrés; Martín-Pinto, Pablo (2015-07-26).

8463: 8343: 6158:

Bozinovic F, Muñoz-Pedreros A (1995). "Nutritional ecology and digestive responses of an omnivorous-insectivorous rodent (

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Oria-de-Rueda J, Martin-Pinto P, Olaizola J (2008). "Bolete productivity of cistaceous scrublands in northwestern Spain".

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to southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil. Several closely related European mushrooms formerly thought to be

1288:, it is less appreciated by gourmets than the two other kinds of porcini, but remains a mushroom rated above most others. 7303: 7271:

of Turkish specimens, conducted by Çaglarlrmak and colleagues at the Agricultural Faculty, Food Engineering Department,

693:, and he apparently was unfamiliar with the earlier works of Fries when he published his arrangement of bolete species. 7631:"Composition and antioxidant properties of wild mushrooms Boletus edulis and Xerocomus badius prepared for consumption" 7438:

Kalač P. (2009). "Chemical composition and nutritional value of European species of wild growing mushrooms: a review".

3396: 3218:, but the reference is to plate 419 with textual description on page 697. Sowerby described the same modern species as 2324:

species typically have a very bitter taste, which is imparted to the flavour of the porcini with which they are mixed.

2015: 8177: 1909: 7272: 6578:

Marzano FN, Bracchi PG, Pizzetti P (2001). "Radioactive and conventional pollutants accumulated by edible mushrooms (

4580: 1634: 1414:, and California (and possibly elsewhere), is named after its discoverer Chuck Barrows. It is lighter in colour than 476:

across Europe, Asia, and North America, it does not occur naturally in the Southern Hemisphere, although it has been

7034: 3392: 965: 8361: 6383:

Jaworska G, Bernaś E (2008). "The effect of preliminary processing and period of storage on the quality of frozen

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Gross E, Thomazini-Casagrande LI, Caetano FH (1998). "A scanning electron microscopy study of ectomycorrhizae on

4905: 3970: 2232: 1693: 1601: 1147: 714: 690: 240: 4959:

Adhikary RK, Baruah P, Kalita P, Bordoloi D (1999). "Edible mushrooms growing in forests of Arunachal Pradesh".

107: 8458: 8448: 7132: 4479: 3690: 1749: 1650: 736:; white tubes that later become yellowish then greenish, which initially appear to be stuffed with cotton; and 6500:

Collin-Hansen C, Andersen RA, Steinnes E (2005). "Molecular defense systems are expressed in the king bolete (

6265: 1422:, it tends to grow in areas where there is less rainfall. Some find its flavour as good as if not better than 8493: 3648: 3402: 3012: 2368: 1996: 1969: 1361: 1177:

has pleurocystidia (cystidia located on the face of a pore) that are thin-walled, roughly spindle-shaped to

741: 7383:

Ouzouni PK, Riganakos KA (2006). "Nutritional value and metal content profile of Greek wild edible fungi".

2023: 1206: 1146:

an uncommon mushroom of northeastern North America, is another recognized look-alike known to cause severe

8453: 8130: 2738: 1709: 1304: 892: 806: 493: 6032:

Huttinga H, Wichers HJ, Dieleman van Zaayen A (1975). "Filamentous and polyhedral virus-like particle in

4398: 914:, although the latter is a generic term applying to several related species. In France, it is more fully 8473: 7928:

Ribeiroa B; Lopesa R; Andradea PB; Seabraa RM; Gonçalvesa, Baptistab P; Quelhasa I; Valentão P. (2008).

3100: 2677: 1885: 1880:

early stage shrub that is adapted for growth in degraded areas, such as burned forests. These and other

1861: 1784: 1141: 679: 263: 202: 7930:"Comparative study of phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of wild edible mushroom caps and stipes" 3656: 3152: 2809:-like carbohydrates—all indigestible by humans—contribute to the high proportion of insoluble fibre in 4073:: Comments on its toxicity with diagnostic images of its field characteristics and staining reactions" 1439:, to dark-brown, red-brown or yellow brown in those specimens receiving more light. The queen bolete ( 8371: 8257: 8226: 7036:

Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People (Non-Wood Forest Products)

6591: 6466: 6423: 6210: 2703: 2133: 1952: 1685: 1335: 1123: 31: 3179:

The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research

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with this species. The western North American species commonly known as the California king bolete (

8168: 4760:

Hall IR, Lyon AJ, Wang Y, Sinclair L (1998). "Ectomycorrhizal fungi with edible fruiting bodies 2.

3549: 2328: 2272: 2178: 1820: 1808: 1481: 1296: 1135: 633: 473: 72: 8335: 4614:"California porcini: three new taxa, observations on their harvest, and the tragedy of no commons" 2209:

cooking. Dried porcini have more protein than most other commonly consumed vegetables, apart from

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Three divergent lineages found in Yunnan province in China that are commonly marketed and sold as

728:, a grouping of about 30 related boletes united by several characteristics: a mild-tasting, white 8057: 7929: 7715: 7611: 7105:[One ton of mushrooms a day are being submitted to purchasing stations in Belogradchik]. 7010: 6971: 6482: 6362: 6277: 6234: 6179: 6132: 6053: 5755: 5701: 5353: 5094: 5009:

Wang, Yun; Chen, Ying Long (2014), Solaiman, Zakaria M.; Abbott, Lynette K.; Varma, Ajit (eds.),

4854: 4781: 4644: 4636: 4502: 4252:

Beugelsdijk DC, van der Linde S, Zuccarello GC, den Bakker HC, Draisma SG, Noordeloos ME (2008).

4138:

Beugelsdijk DCM; van der Linde S; Zuccarello GC; den Bakker; Draisma SGA; Noordeloos ME. (2008).

3694: 3556: 3540:, 10 vols., tr. H. Rackham, Harvard University Press/Heinemann, (1945) 1968, vol. 4, pp. 408–409. 3277: 2858: 2651: 2631: 2454: 2105: 1701: 1629:, it can be found from May to October. In China, the mushroom can be found from the northeastern 1276: 792: 667: 645: 641: 582: 477: 227: 102: 63: 3719: 3713: 2359:

to establish a mycorrhizal relationship with the host plant. Successful attempts at cultivating

8309: 8296: 8106: 7791:

Ey J, Schömig E, Taubert D (2007). "Dietary sources and antioxidant effects of ergothioneine".

7165: 6836: 6830: 6197:

Grönwall O, Pehrson Å (1984). "Nutrient content in fungi as a primary food of the Red Squirrel

4813: 3433:

Vol.98, 1977 pp.71f., that the Latin word may derive from the Spanish town Boletum, modern-day

1792:. Plots facing north tend to produce more mushrooms compared to equivalent plots facing south. 8392: 8213: 8087: 8079: 8049: 8041: 8005: 7997: 7962: 7871: 7853: 7808: 7742: 7707: 7668: 7650: 7603: 7595: 7517: 7482: 7415: 7354: 7344: 7248: 7169: 7079: 7040: 6963: 6912: 6879: 6840: 6788: 6748: 6716: 6665: 6642: 6607: 6560: 6521: 6439: 6325: 6300: 6269: 6226: 6140: 6091: 6012: 5989: 5925: 5886: 5843: 5808: 5747: 5662: 5607: 5580: 5529: 5498: 5451: 5384: 5258: 5086: 5078: 5026: 4877: 4817: 4727: 4586: 4559: 4460: 4409: 4379: 4326: 4291: 4227: 4177: 4120: 4091: 3974: 3942: 3884: 3859: 3834: 3779: 3754: 3723: 3620: 3456: 3406: 3368: 3300: 3188: 3184: 3122: 2768: 2542: 2284: 2280: 2182: 2113: 2050: 1899: 1654: 1626: 1459: 1398: 1355: 1129: 1013: 981: 662: 539: 516: 333: 7110: 5944: 5371:

Kasparavicius, J. (2001). "Influence of climatic conditions on the growth of fruit bodies of

1568:, to an altitude of 3,500 m (11,500 ft). In northwestern Spain, they are common in 1264:, is more highly regarded by gourmets, and consequently more expensive. Usually smaller than 8438: 8397: 8033: 7989: 7952: 7944: 7910: 7861: 7843: 7800: 7773: 7699: 7658: 7642: 7587: 7556: 7509: 7474: 7447: 7392: 7157: 7002: 6955: 6706: 6698: 6634: 6599: 6552: 6513: 6474: 6431: 6396: 6354: 6261: 6218: 6171: 6124: 6045: 5917: 5878: 5835: 5798: 5790: 5739: 5693: 5654: 5420: 5345: 5318: 5291: 5235: 5197: 5070: 5018: 4939: 4846: 4805: 4773: 4695: 4628: 4494: 4450: 4440: 4369: 4361: 4318: 4281: 4273: 4219: 4167: 4159: 4023: 3916: 3686: 3483: 3269: 3176: 3095: 3051: 2664: 2559: 2223: 2063: 1893: 1873: 1869: 1845: 1832: 1757: 1670: 1578: 1441: 1371:. The classification has since been updated and expanded. All lineages are still members of 1190: 1018: 904: 801: 729: 722: 551: 512: 481: 369: 7629:

Jaworska, Grażyna; Pogoń, Krystyna; Skrzypczak, Aleksandra; Bernaś, Emilia (12 July 2015).

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Peintner U, Iotti M, Klotz P, Bonuso E, Zambonelli A (2007). "Soil fungal communities in a

5481:

Fu SC, Tan Q, Chen MJ, Shang XD, Cai LY, Zhang MY (2009). "Mycorrhizal synthesis involving

5219: 4669: 2348:. A lack of control of the harvest has led to heavy exploitation of the mushroom resource. 8379: 7279:"Nutritional value of edible wild mushrooms collected from the Black Sea region of Turkey" 3663: 3521: 3077: 2941: 2894: 2109: 2058: 1877: 1828: 1816: 1735: 1587: 1367: 1331: 1170: 1008:

Cross-section showing white flesh, broad stem, and spore tubes on the underside of the cap

919: 753: 590: 566: 425: 6115:

Keller HW, Snell KL (2002). "Feeding activities of slugs on Myxomycetes and macrofungi".

4004: 3750: 3744: 2820:, or crude fat, content makes up 3% of the dry matter of the mushroom. The proportion of 2741:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

6595: 6470: 6427: 6214: 2213:. Some of their protein is indigestible, though digestibility is improved with cooking. 2164:

is a traditional Italian autumn dish. Porcini are a feature of many cuisines, including

1382: 8252: 7993: 7866: 7827: 7663: 7630: 7268: 6711: 6686: 5972:

Lunghini D, Onofri S, Zucconi L (1984). "Some cases of intoxication probably caused by

5826:

Hall IR, Wang Y, Amicucci A (2003). "Cultivation of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms".

5658: 4533: 4455: 4428: 4286: 4253: 4172: 4139: 2787: 2772: 2218: 2137: 2042: 2035: 1974: 1936: 1840: 1705: 1689: 1562: 1419: 1256: 1224: 872: 496:

analysis to be distinct species, and others previously classed as separate species are

149: 7777: 5839: 4928:"Some Higher Fungi from Sagarmatha National Park (SNP) and its adjoining areas, Nepal" 3920: 8427: 8304: 8195: 7719: 7160:

Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact

7158: 6638: 6486: 5882: 5322: 5112:

Orlovich D, Stringer A, Yun W, Hall I, Prime G, Danell E, Weden C, Bulman S (2004). "

5010: 4979: 4806: 3644: 3388: 3177: 3086: 2996: 2961: 2933: 2925: 2890: 2833: 2825: 2802: 2341: 2140:

analysis can be used to identify the origin of imported specimens, and for long-term

2097: 1940: 1915: 1479:

tends to fruit in clusters, and, as its common name suggests, appears in the spring.

1436: 772: 675: 657: 594: 485: 459: 251: 139: 92: 87: 7014: 6975: 6435: 6281: 6238: 6183: 6072: 6057: 5759: 5357: 4858: 4785: 4640: 4506: 4365: 3698: 8061: 8037: 7948: 7760:

Mattila P, Lampi AM, Ronkainen R, Toivo J, Piironen V (2002). "Sterol and vitamin D

7615: 7560: 7451: 6400: 6175: 5098: 4049: 2965: 2945: 2837: 2760: 2406: 2345: 2267:) was between 20,000 and 100,000 tons. Approximately 2,700 tonnes (3,000 2243: 2141: 2129: 2000: 1944: 1849: 1779: 1697: 1630: 1565: 1454: 1154: 1102: 1054: 1026: 700: 598: 578: 531: 463: 8218: 8182: 7591: 5201: 4478:

Cui, Yang-Yang; Feng, Bang; Wu, Gang; Xu, Jianping; Yang, Zhu L. (November 2016).

4322: 4235: 4028: 3477: 1657:. In West Asia, the species has been reported from the northwest forests of Iran. 1093: 497: 7478: 6252:

Schiller AM, Larson KW (2006). "Fox Sparrow foraging on a king bolete mushroom".

5424: 5295: 5022: 4721: 3299:(4th rev. ed.). Koenigstein, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. p. 779. 2231:(carter's sauce). The drying process is known to induce the formation of various 666:. Hence, the name no longer requires the ratification of Fries' authority. Early 8348: 8330: 8278: 8162: 4223: 3640: 2953: 2949: 2390: 2193: 2019:

A porcini mushroom and noodle soup served in a bread bowl at a Polish restaurant

2004: 1989: 1857: 1775: 1609: 1549: 1534: 1493: 1022: 820: 733: 710: 555: 535: 409: 389: 54: 8113: 7396: 7338: 6517: 5921: 5278:

Salerni E, Perini C (2004). "Experimental study for increasing productivity of

1268:, it is also distinctively darker in colour. It is especially suited to drying. 7914: 7703: 7646: 7410:

Crisan EV, Sands A (1978). "Nutritional value". In Chang ST, Hayes WA (eds.).

7278: 7039:. Rome, Italy: Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN. pp. 96–97. 7006: 6959: 6556: 6539:

Collin-Hansen C, Andersen RA, Steinnes E (2005). "Damage to DNA and lipids in

5794: 5743: 5074: 4850: 4632: 4498: 3967:

Mushrooms of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest. Vol. 2. Non-gilled Hymenomycetes

3504: 3434: 2992: 2987:

mushrooms their characteristic fragrance include some 100 components, such as

2957: 2937: 2929: 2878: 2874: 2844: 2829: 2821: 2690: 2576: 2525: 1865: 1853: 1836: 1804: 1543: 1407: 1178: 1158: 718: 527: 520: 169: 8045: 8001: 7857: 7654: 7599: 7083: 6646: 6273: 6095: 5993: 5666: 5611: 5584: 5533: 5502: 5455: 5388: 5239: 5082: 5017:, vol. 41, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p. 384, 4413: 4383: 4277: 4163: 4124: 2092:. Young, small porcini are most appreciated, as the large ones often harbour 1811:

relationship with the roots of plants (hosts), in which the fungus exchanges

859:(stone mushroom) refers to the species' firm flesh. In Austria, it is called 8410: 8239: 6478: 4068: 3881:

Canoe Country Flora: Plants and Trees of the North Woods and Boundary Waters

2870: 2798: 2783: 2609: 2312: 2268: 2198: 2089: 1948: 1819:

from the host. Other benefits for the plant are evident: in the case of the

1614: 1605: 1573: 1569: 851: 796: 749: 745: 569:

held in high regard in many cuisines, and is commonly prepared and eaten in

524: 159: 119: 8153: 8053: 8009: 7966: 7875: 7812: 7711: 7672: 7607: 7521: 7486: 7358: 6967: 6720: 6702: 6611: 6603: 6564: 6525: 6443: 6230: 6144: 5929: 5890: 5847: 5812: 5751: 5090: 4464: 4330: 4295: 4231: 4181: 2905: 2222:

production, porcini retain their flavour after industrial preparation in a

550:

fruit body is whitish when young, but ages to a greenish-yellow. The stout

8101: 7848: 7746: 5438:

Quan L, Lei ZP (2000). "A study on effect of ectomycorrhizae on promoting

4532:. Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Archived from 4429:"What's for dinner? Undescribed species of porcini in a commercial packet" 2336:

has become an annual seasonal income earner and pastime in countries like

837: 8405: 8384: 8317: 8205: 8147: 7889:

Shu-Yao T, Hui-Li T, Jeng-Leun Mau LW (2007). "Antioxidant properties of

4980:"Macrofungi of Arasbaran 2. Boletes (families Boletaceae and Suillaceae)" 4944: 4927: 3438: 3000: 2969: 2886: 2790: 2779: 2508: 2337: 2251:

A 1998 estimate suggested that the total annual worldwide consumption of

2173: 2165: 2125: 1932: 1812: 1530: 1403: 1166: 1071: in), with a stipe 18 cm (7 in) in height and 14 cm ( 744:

analysis published in 1997 established that the bolete mushrooms are all

737: 508:) is a large, darker-coloured variant first formally identified in 2007. 351: 319: 300: 7101:По 1 тон гъби на ден се предават в изкупвателните пунктове в Белоградчик 4345: 2100:, due largely to the high water content (around 90%), the high level of 1947:

whose production is induced after exposure to metal. Phytochelatins are

8270: 6222: 6136: 6049: 5803: 5705: 5349: 4777: 3281: 2914: 2866: 2775: 2764: 2488: 2210: 2161: 2121: 2117: 1558: 1411: 1162: 1157:

are elliptical to spindle-shaped, with dimensions of 12–17 by 5–7

1050: 788: 779:/βῶλος "lump", "clod", and, metaphorically, "mushroom". The βωλίτης of 775:βωλίτης, "terrestrial fungus". Ultimately, this last word derives from 705: 617: 606: 586: 574: 468: 179: 17: 7957: 7804: 7513: 6366: 5471:

Smith, Sally; Read, David. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic press, 1996

5015:

Mycorrhizal Fungi: Use in Sustainable Agriculture and Land Restoration

4726:. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 217. 4445: 4374: 3883:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. p. 189. 1418:, having a cream-coloured cap with pink tones; often mycorrhizal with 887:; "white mushroom" as opposed to less valuable "black mushrooms") and 656:

set the starting date at May 1, 1753, the date of publication of

8322: 8283: 4874:

Menu from the Midi: A Gastronomic Journey through the South of France

4111:

Vizzini A, Mello A, Ghignone S, Sechi C, Ruiu P, Bonfante P (2008). "

2862: 2847:

composition of eleven Portuguese wild edible mushroom species showed

2806: 2794: 2592: 2169: 2101: 2093: 1979: 1881: 543: 129: 8124: 6128: 5697: 5625:

Froidevaux L, Amiet R (1975). "Ecto mycorrhizae endo mycorrhizae of

5169:

Eicker A. (1990). "Commercial mushroom production in South Africa".

4556:

North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi

3273: 2303:

have been recognised for their superior taste and officially termed

2084:("You eat the choice boletus, I have mushrooms that swine grub up.") 689:

was later determined to be inconsistent with the rules of botanical

538:

above ground in summer and autumn. The fruit body has a large brown

8244: 7687: 7535:

Tsai SY, Tsai HL, Mau JL (2008). "Non-volatile taste components of

7245:

Management of Mycorrhizas in Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry

6358: 2771:

during growth and storage. The carbohydrate component contains the

1594:

after the town from which they are traded to the north and abroad.

972:

in Sweden after 1818, and is honoured in the local vernacular name

6009:

Fungus-Insect Relationships: Perspectives in Ecology and Evolution

5547:

Ceruti A, Tozzi M, Reitano G (1987–88). "Micorrize di sintesi tra

2988: 2904: 2817: 2242: 2192: 2049:) indicates, is an edible mushroom. Italian chef and restaurateur 2022: 2014: 1789: 1638: 1618: 1538: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1492: 1381: 1182: 1003: 926: 780: 764: 760: 616: 570: 27:

Species of mushroom, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere

6324:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 92. 5184:

Marais LJ, Kotzé JM (1977). "Notes on ectotrophic mycorrhizae of

3238:. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, Paternoster-Row. p. 647 3003:

having increased aroma effect and elevated content after drying.

6832:

Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi

5011:"Recent Advances in Cultivation of Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms" 3326:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 221 3157:(in French). Paris, France: P.F. Didot. pp. 49–96, plate 60 2999:

was the most prevalent chemical detected in raw mushrooms, with

2980: 2716: 8231: 8128: 7733:

Mutanen M. (1986). "Bioavailability of selenium in mushrooms".

5255:

Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi)

4115:

complex: from phylogenetic relationships to specific primers".

3831:

Catalan cuisine: vivid flavors from Spain's Mediterranean coast

2108:

sites, as several studies have shown that the fruit bodies can

640:

and still bears its original name. The starting date of fungal

7212:

Ceruti A, Tozzi M, Reitano G (1988). "Micorize di sintesi tra

3833:(2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Harvard Common Press. p. 88. 2430: 1554: 5598:

Gobl F. (1977). "Mycorrhiza in Austrian Douglas fir stands".

1392:

Western North America has several species closely related to

863:, the "noble mushroom", while in Mexico, the Spanish name is 6011:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. 91–129. 3260:

and the question of superfluous names (Fungi: Boletaceae)".

2797:, which accounts for up to 80–90% of dry matter in mushroom 1471:, is found throughout western North America. In contrast to 1173:

of the hymenium, and act as air traps, regulating humidity.

597:. Although it is sold commercially, it is very difficult to 4804:

Hall IR, Stephenson SR, Buchanan PK, Yun W, Cole A (2003).

1430:) can reach massive proportions, and is distinguished from 7308:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 3691:

10.1663/0013-0001(2004)58[S111:EWMOTC]2.0.CO;2

2363:

have been made by Spanish scientists by mycorrhization of

1111:

Stem shape can range from club-shaped to centrally bulbous

6266:

10.1898/1051-1733(2006)87[252:FSFOAK]2.0.CO;2

4585:. Boulder, Colorado: Westcliffe Publishers. p. 157. 980:. The monarch cultivated the fungus about his residence, 7735:

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research

7164:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 6322:

Food in Antiquity: a Survey of the Diet of Early Peoples

5173:(418). Pretoria: Department of Agricultural Development. 1449:, is also a choice edible. It is generally smaller than 6787:. Melbourne: William Heinemann Australia. p. 238. 3856:

Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment

1815:

and other nutrients extracted from the environment for

7247:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 4582:

Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains

4480:"Porcini mushrooms (Boletus sect. Boletus) from China" 3568:

Nature knowledge: ethnoscience, cognition, and utility

1139:, which is generally smaller, and has a browner stem. 855:

refers to its rounded brownish shape. The German name

8479:

Italian products with protected designation of origin

6911:. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 25. 5680:

Vozzo JA, Hackskaylo E (1961). "Mycorrhizal fungi on

4016:

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

8489:

Taxa named by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard

4346:"PCR-based sensitive detection of the edible fungus 3619:. Hertfordshire, UK: Garden City Press. p. 96. 3427:

A Commentary on Book One of the Epigrams of Martial,

2793:, and the water-insoluble structural polysaccharide 2148:

dishes. In France, they are used in recipes such as

2053:

has described it as representing "the wild mushroom

561:

Prized as an ingredient in various culinary dishes,

8137: 7692:

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C

7580:

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B

4090:. New York City: John Wiley and Sons. p. 495. 3101:

10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T122090234A222968388.en

2715: 2702: 2689: 2676: 2663: 2650: 2629: 2608: 2591: 2575: 2558: 2541: 2524: 2507: 2486: 2451: 2427: 2403: 2389: 2384: 1967:can be infected by the parasitic mould-like fungus 1891:The mushroom has been noted to often co-occur with 1872:. The fungus has also been shown to associate with 1827:increases the ability of plant seedlings to resist 1684:grows in some areas where it is not believed to be 416: 399: 379: 361: 343: 325: 307: 288: 7340:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 6772:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 139–40. 5976:spp. infecting fruiting-bodies of some species of 4344:Lian B, Zang JP, Hou WG, Yuan S, Smith DL (2008). 2824:(expressed as a % of total fatty acids) are: 1590:, they are especially favoured and locally called 7764:contents in some wild and cultivated mushrooms". 6878:. Los Angeles, California: HP Books. p. 61. 6835:. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 5049: 5047: 3907:Kozikowski GR. (1996). "Foray Report from Skye". 3902: 3900: 2641: 2498: 1453:, and unlike that species, is typically found in 1379:, the sensu sticto "porcini clade" of the genus. 964:is another term in Catalan. The French-born King 7189:Veselkov IM. (1975). "Artificial propagation of 6459:Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 6378: 6376: 5865:(chestnut) forest producing large quantities of 5257:. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. p. 100. 3960: 3958: 2061:and Martial, although ranked below the esteemed 2027:A porcini mushroom sandwich in Stockholm, Sweden 771:"mushroom", which was borrowed in turn from the 7412:The Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms 6858: 6856: 6582:sp.) are useful indicators of species origin". 5869:(porcini): where is the mycelium of porcini?". 4197:"Molecular phylogenetics of porcini mushrooms ( 3367:(5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 78. 2077: 1700:, New Zealand, where it is likely to have been 925:"trunk" for its fat stalk, ultimately from the 6785:Charmaine Solomon's Encyclopedia of Asian Food 3858:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 11. 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 2851:to have the highest total amino acid content. 2385:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 1665:Some steps have been made towards cultivating 1653:in Nepal, as well as in the Indian forests of 1057:, Scotland, in 1995 bore a cap of 42 cm ( 7433: 7431: 7414:. New York: Academic Press. pp. 727–93. 6345:Morford M. (1977). "Juvenal's Fifth Satire". 5717: 5715: 5467: 5465: 5228:Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa 5224:) production in pine plantations in Zimbabwe" 5213: 5211: 4558:. Guilford, Conn: Falcon Guide. p. 392. 4086:Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996). 4003:Wang Y, Sinclair L, Hall IR, Cole AL (1995). 3941:. Lehre, Germany: J. Cramer. pp. 73–75. 3803:. Vol. 4–6. L. Bonvecchiato. p. 10. 3212:. Vol. 4. London: J. Davis. p. 199. 8: 7982:International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 7578:mushroom and its edible safety assessment". 7070:into dried "Porcini" mushrooms from China". 6627:International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 3932: 3930: 3774:J. Simpson; E. Weiner, eds. (1989). "cepe". 3482:. London: Moon, Boys & Graves. pp. 2376: 2351:Like many other strictly mycorrhizal fungi, 2003:, and, as noted in one isolated report, the 1485:is edible but considered inferior in taste. 879:means "squirrel's bread". Russian names are 654:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 577:. The mushroom is low in fat and digestible 7028: 7026: 7024: 6824: 6822: 5118:Australasian Mycological Society Newsletter 5004: 5002: 5000: 4812:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 4808:Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World 4799: 4797: 4795: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 827:vary by region. The standard Italian name, 8125: 7793:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 7502:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 7304:United States Food and Drug Administration 6071:Pisi A, Bellardi ME, Bernicchia A (1988). 5442:resistance to drought and its mechanism". 3718:. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing. p. 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3476:Jamieson A, Ainsworth R, Morell T (1828). 3441:, which is still famous for its mushrooms. 3049:was also thought to encompass the related 2468: 2375: 1529:spp.) trees, although other hosts include 1349:(and are actually more closely related to 721:mushrooms, it is also the type species of 81: 53: 42: 30:"Cep" redirects here. For other uses, see 7956: 7865: 7847: 7662: 6710: 5802: 5141:(Boletaceae), a new record for Australia" 4943: 4454: 4444: 4373: 4285: 4171: 4075:. North American Mycological Association. 4027: 4009:sensu lato: a new record for New Zealand" 3778:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3183:. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. p. 3099: 2080:sunt tibi boleti; fungos ego sumo suillos 1988:is a food source for animals such as the 871:, means "small round boulder", while the 867:, meaning "belly". Another Spanish name, 799:, is often identified as the much prized 1342:and other commercially important fungi. 7826:Vamanu, Emanuel; Nita, Sultana (2013). 7277:Çaglarlrmak N, Ünal K, Ötles S (2001). 6664:. Koln, Germany: Könemann. p. 28. 5600:Centralblatt für das Gesamte Forstwesen 3617:Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook 3455:. London, England: Collins. p. 6. 3235:A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 3133:. International Mycological Association 3068: 3038: 1939:is conferred by a biochemical called a 1688:. It is often found underneath oak and 7635:Journal of Food Science and Technology 6038:Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 5145:Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden 4720:Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). 3712:Schalkwijk-Barendsen H. M. E. (1991). 3566:. See Glauco Sanga, Gherardo Ortalli, 3222:on plate 111 (description on page 57). 2932:per 100 g of dried mushroom, and 2913:resistance to toxic heavy metals like 2247:Porcini can vary considerably in size. 1300:), also less common and found earlier. 812:in Latin means "eatable" or "edible". 285: 6948:Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 5559:" [Mycorrhizal synthesis between 5135:Catcheside PS, Catcheside DE (2011). 4961:Advances in Horticulture and Forestry 4898:"Seasonal Chart for Edible Mushrooms" 4212:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3479:Latin Dictionary: Morell's Abridgment 3401:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: 2897:of mushroom-derived selenium is low. 1935:. The mushroom's resistance to heavy- 1641:. It has been recorded growing under 1284:) grows among pine trees. Rarer than 1029:production; they are 1 to 2 cm ( 956:are names from Italian dialects, and 899:—"pine forest"). The vernacular name 7: 8372:9eb0af3e-906f-4a22-9739-959592c2878c 7133:"The Macromycetes Fungi of Bulgaria" 7097:Focus Information Agency, Bulgaria. 6747:. London: Pavilion. pp. 31–32. 5647:European Journal of Forest Pathology 3818:. Edizioni Studio Tesi. p. 180. 2936:. The fruit bodies contain numerous 2287:of northern Italy, the four species 1823:, the formation of mycorrhizae with 1673:shrubs enhanced by helper bacteria. 1588:the Midi region of south-west France 1463:), formerly considered a variety of 1445:), formerly considered a variety of 685:. Gray's transfer of the species to 8434:IUCN Red List least concern species 6662:The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms 6320:Brothwell DR, Brothwell P (1998) . 4354:Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 3505:"porcino in Vocabolario – Treccani" 3087:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 7994:10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.v19.i5.50 5659:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1975.tb00935.x 4723:Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest 2130:radioactive fission decay products 605:is also one of the few fungi sold 25: 6347:The American Journal of Philology 3879:Stensaas M, Sonstegard J (2004). 3297:The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy 3210:Coloured Figures of English Fungi 2995:. In a study of aroma compounds, 2373:bacteria helping the mycorrhiza. 2075:, the disgruntled Martial wrote: 652:Bull.:Fr. A 1987 revision of the 8112: 8100: 7286:Micologia Aplicada International 7267:Nutritional values are based on 6908:The Top One Hundred Pasta Sauces 6639:10.1615/InterJMedicMush.v5.i1.90 6504:) growing near metal smelters". 6416:Science of the Total Environment 6299:. New York: Dover. p. 287. 5883:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01208.x 5116:Bull. Ex Fries in New Zealand". 4050:"Giant mushroom found in Poland" 2885:contains appreciable amounts of 1748: 1724: 1327:, are now known to be part of a 1223: 1205: 1101: 1092: 740:that are not strongly coloured. 621:Pierre Bulliard first described 417: 400: 381: 362: 344: 326: 308: 293: 106: 7365:from the original on 2024-05-09 7318:from the original on 2024-03-27 6660:Lamaison JL, Polese JM (2005). 6436:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.001 6297:The Romance of the Fungus World 5726:species complex and rockroses ( 4397:Dentinger B (12 October 2013). 4366:10.2225/vol11-issue3-fulltext-4 2940:, especially a high content of 2197:A pile of dried porcini at the 1428:Boletus edulis var. grandedulis 636:in 1782 by the French botanist 8038:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.056 7949:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.054 7688:"Selenium in edible mushrooms" 7561:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.080 7452:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.077 7109:(in Bulgarian). Archived from 7066:Sitta N. (2000). "Presence of 6401:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.023 6176:10.1086/physzool.68.3.30163780 5190:South African Forestry Journal 4530:Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month 3937:Grund DW, Harrison AK (1976). 3854:Spoerke DG, Rumack BH (1994). 3022:List of North American boletes 2395:342.4 kJ (81.8 kcal) 2144:monitoring of polluted areas. 2132:are like chemical signatures: 1669:, including mycorrhization of 1426:. The California king bolete ( 845:, in Italian, echoes the term 756:separate from the Agaricales. 746:derived from a common ancestor 66:, Abetina Reale forest, Italy 1: 7836:BioMed Research International 7778:10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00275-8 7592:10.1080/03601234.2018.1455361 5840:10.1016/S0167-7799(03)00204-X 5413:Forest Ecology and Management 5284:Forest Ecology and Management 5202:10.1080/00382167.1977.9629436 4872:Taylor, Colin Duncan (2021). 4554:Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). 4323:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.08.022 4029:10.1080/01140671.1995.9513892 3921:10.1016/S0269-915X(96)80022-X 3570:, Berghahn Books, 2003 p. 78. 2924:fruit bodies contain diverse 2255:and closely related species ( 976:, as well as the Danish name 7479:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.05.006 7195:Растительньіе Ресурсы России 6084:Phytopathologia Mediterranea 5425:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.006 5323:10.1016/0929-1393(96)00097-2 5296:10.1016/j.foreco.2004.06.027 5253:Nilson S, Persson O (1977). 5023:10.1007/978-3-662-45370-4_23 4902:Central Oregon Mushroom Club 4427:Dentinger B, Suz LM (2014). 3320:Smith AH, Thiers HD (1971). 2737:Percentages estimated using 2370:Pseudomonas fluorescens 1561:and interior high-elevation 1353:) were described in 2013 as 472:. Widely distributed in the 7903:Food Science and Technology 7156:Chang ST, Miles PG (2004). 6691:The British Medical Journal 6295:Rolfe RT, Rolfe EW (1974). 4224:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.004 3749:. London: Penguin. p. 3715:Mushrooms of Western Canada 3154:Herbier de la France. Vol 2 2928:, including 500 mg of 2901:Phytochemicals and research 2843:A comparative study of the 2128:. Bioaccumulated metals or 301:Mycological characteristics 8515: 8084:The Complete Mushroom Book 7397:10.1556/AAlim.36.2007.1.11 6872:Gates L, Delong D (1992). 6543:exposed to heavy metals". 6518:10.3852/mycologia.97.5.973 5922:10.3852/mycologia.99.2.161 5871:Environmental Microbiology 3453:Mushrooms & Toadstools 3365:Cassell's Latin Dictionary 3175:Esser K, Lemke PA (1994). 3094:: e.T122090234A222968388. 2857:mushrooms are rich in the 1457:. The spring king bolete ( 1148:gastrointestinal disorders 29: 8499:Fungi used for fiber dyes 7915:10.1016/j.lwt.2006.10.001 7704:10.1080/10590500802350086 7647:10.1007/s13197-015-1933-x 7007:10.1007/s12231-008-9037-4 6960:10.1134/S0003683809020124 6557:10.1017/S0953756205004016 6073:"Virus-like particles in 5867:Boletus edulis sensu lato 5795:10.3852/mycologia.98.1.23 5744:10.1007/s00572-008-0192-3 5645:formed in pure culture". 5075:10.1007/s00572-015-0657-0 4851:10.1007/s12231-008-9031-x 4633:10.1007/s12231-008-9050-7 4499:10.1007/s13225-015-0336-7 4399:"Nomenclatural novelties" 4254:"A phylogenetic study of 4140:"A phylogenetic study of 3971:University of Idaho Press 3829:Andrews, Colman (1999) . 3776:Oxford English Dictionary 3346:Zeitschrift für Mykologie 3216:available in Commons here 2736: 2728: 2625: 2621: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2467: 2447: 2443: 2423: 2419: 2399: 2201:porcino festival in Italy 1924:Heavy-metal contamination 1602:cosmopolitan distribution 1396:. The white king bolete ( 1247:), the most popular are: 763:name is derived from the 233: 226: 208: 201: 103:Scientific classification 101: 79: 70: 61: 52: 45: 7273:Gaziosmanpaşa University 6942:) and oyster mushrooms ( 6387:(Bull: Fr.) mushrooms". 5240:10.4314/jassa.v2i2.16877 4526:, Chuck Barrows' bolete" 4350:from rDNA ITS sequences" 4311:Journal of Biotechnology 4278:10.3767/003158508X283692 4164:10.3767/003158508X283692 2329:fall of the Iron Curtain 2112:toxic heavy metals like 1796:Mycorrhizal associations 1677:Non-native introductions 1651:Sagarmatha National Park 1489:Habitat and distribution 8444:Fungi described in 1782 7131:Drumeva M, Gyosheva M. 6479:10.1144/1467-787302-015 6254:Northwestern Naturalist 5947:Hypomyces chrysospermus 5828:Trends in Biotechnology 5220:"Dynamics of mushroom ( 4926:Giri A, Rana P (2007). 4520:Volk T. (August 2004). 3685:(Suppl. S): S111–S115. 3403:Oxford University Press 3398:A Greek–English Lexicon 3323:The Boletes of Michigan 2739:US recommendations 1997:long-haired grass mouse 1993:(Ariolimax columbianus) 1970:Hypomyces chrysospermus 1604:, concentrated in cool- 8469:Fungi of North America 6993:and allied species)". 6703:10.1136/bmj.2.4520.304 6685:Ramsbottom J. (1947). 6604:10.1006/enrs.2001.4233 6584:Environmental Research 6162:) feeding on fungus". 6077:Bull. ex Fr. in Italy" 5151:: 5–10. Archived from 4067:Bill Bakaitis (2019). 3799:Naccari N. L. (1827). 3451:Ramsbottom J. (1953). 3151:Bulliard JBF. (1782). 3076:Dahlberg, A. (2022) . 2918: 2743:the National Academies 2340:, especially for many 2248: 2202: 2086: 2046: 2028: 2020: 1738:and may co-occur with 1710:KwaZulu-Natal Midlands 1635:Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau 1498: 1389: 1305:Molecular phylogenetic 1009: 984:. The Finnish name is 787:of Latin writers like 748:, and established the 674:by English naturalist 626: 494:molecular phylogenetic 492:have been shown using 8484:Fungi of Western Asia 8086:. London: Quadrille. 7686:Falandysz J. (2008). 6164:Physiological Zoology 5522:Naturalia (Rio Claro) 4088:Introductory Mycology 3969:. Moscow, Idaho: The 3814:Zeitlmayr L. (1977). 3615:Zeitlmayr L. (1976). 3598:Carluccio, pp. 36–38. 3532:) and hog mushrooms ( 3363:Simpson DP. (1979) . 2908: 2473:Vitamins and minerals 2246: 2196: 2150:cèpes à la Bordelaise 2067:. When he was served 2026: 2018: 1951:, capable of forming 1886:forest regrowth cycle 1831:, and increases leaf 1785:relative air humidity 1769:Fruit body production 1496: 1402:), found in parts of 1385: 1313:B. chippewaensis 1007: 620: 8464:Fungi of New Zealand 8109:at Wikimedia Commons 7895:Agrocybe cylindracea 7541:Agrocybe cylindracea 7467:Mycological Research 6545:Mycological Research 6160:Abrothrix longipilis 5520:Schiede and Deppe". 5311:Applied Soil Ecology 4945:10.3126/sw.v5i5.2659 4579:Evenson VS. (1997). 3965:Tylukti EE. (1987). 3939:Nova Scotian Boletes 3650:Deutsches Wörterbuch 3214:This entire work is 2909:Phytochelatins give 2344:communities and the 1963:The fruit bodies of 1850:Mexican weeping pine 1501:The fruit bodies of 1124:Rubroboletus satanas 903:is derived from the 511:The fungus grows in 274:(Bull.) Forq. (1890) 32:Cep (disambiguation) 7849:10.1155/2013/313905 7137:World Wildlife Fund 6944:Pleurotus ostreatus 6783:Solomon C. (1996). 6768:Philpot R. (1965). 6687:"Some edible fungi" 6596:2001ER.....85..260M 6471:2002GEEA....2..121C 6428:2009ScTEn.407.5328M 6215:1984Oecol..64..230G 5440:Castanea mollissima 5377:Botanica Lithuanica 5218:Masuka AJ. (1996). 4696:"California Fungi: 4694:Wood M, Stevens F. 4670:"California Fungi: 4668:Wood M, Stevens F. 4117:Pagine di Micologia 3743:Grigson J. (1975). 3256:Šutara J. (1985). " 3208:Sowerby J. (1809). 2560:Pantothenic acid (B 2381: 2279:In the vicinity of 2265:B. reticulatus 2233:volatile substances 1959:Pests and predators 1584:Halimium lasianthum 1482:B. fibrillosus 1297:Boletus reticulatus 1260:), much rarer than 1136:Gyroporus castaneus 918:, derived from the 910:or its French name 474:Northern Hemisphere 73:Conservation status 7473:(Pt 10): 1179–83. 7072:Micologia Italiana 6733:Carluccio, p. 166. 6223:10.1007/BF00376875 6050:10.1007/BF01999860 5982:Micologia Italiana 5953:MushroomExpert.Com 5643:Suillus variegatus 5350:10.1007/BF00204960 5188:in South Africa". 4778:10.1007/BF02861294 4071:Boletus huronensis 3746:The Mushroom Feast 3662:2011-07-19 at the 3653:. Leipzig: Hirzel. 3295:Singer R. (1986). 2919: 2305:Fungo di Borgotaro 2301:B. pinophilus 2297:B. aestivalis 2261:B. pinophilus 2249: 2239:Commercial harvest 2203: 2029: 2021: 1499: 1469:B. pinophilus 1390: 1362:B. meiweiniuganjun 1321:B. quercicola 1309:B. betulicola 1277:Boletus pinophilus 1274:("pine tree cep"; 1142:Boletus huronensis 1010: 646:Elias Magnus Fries 627: 517:coniferous forests 237:Ceriomyces crassus 64:Apennine Mountains 8421: 8420: 8393:Open Tree of Life 8131:Taxon identifiers 8105:Media related to 8093:978-1-84400-040-1 7805:10.1021/jf071328f 7641:(12): 7944–7953. 7514:10.1021/jf802076p 7421:978-0-12-168050-3 7350:978-0-309-48834-1 7269:chemical analysis 7254:978-0-7923-2700-4 7107:Belogradchik.info 6862:Carluccio, p. 97. 6829:Arora D. (1986). 6816:Carluccio, p. 96. 6807:Carluccio, p. 99. 6745:A Provençal Table 6743:Olney R. (1995). 6697:(4250): 304–305. 6018:978-0-231-05695-3 5491:Acta Edulis Fungi 5032:978-3-662-45369-8 4978:Asef MR. (2008). 4883:978-1-80046-496-4 4733:978-0-88192-935-5 4698:Boletus rex-veris 4612:Arora D. (2008). 4592:978-1-56579-192-3 4524:Boletus barrowsii 4446:10.7717/peerj.570 3973:. pp. 9–10. 3232:Gray SF. (1821). 2983:compounds giving 2769:relative humidity 2763:, 3% fat, and 7% 2759:mushrooms are 9% 2749: 2748: 2732: 2731: 2285:Province of Parma 2183:pickled mushrooms 2051:Antonio Carluccio 2034:, as the species 1900:A. rubescens 1862:Coast Douglas-fir 1655:Arunachal Pradesh 1627:Pacific Northwest 1621:, Italy, and has 1572:dominated by the 1477:B. rex-veris 1460:Boletus rex-veris 1399:Boletus barrowsii 1317:B. persoonii 1191:clamp connections 1130:Tylopilus felleus 982:Rosersberg Palace 942:ceppatello bianco 877:eekhoorntjesbrood 663:Species Plantarum 433: 432: 283:Species of fungus 281: 280: 275: 267: 255: 244: 96: 16:(Redirected from 8506: 8414: 8413: 8401: 8400: 8388: 8387: 8375: 8374: 8365: 8364: 8352: 8351: 8349:NHMSYS0001475937 8339: 8338: 8326: 8325: 8313: 8312: 8300: 8299: 8287: 8286: 8274: 8273: 8261: 8260: 8248: 8247: 8235: 8234: 8222: 8221: 8209: 8208: 8199: 8198: 8186: 8185: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8126: 8117:Data related to 8116: 8104: 8097: 8066: 8065: 8020: 8014: 8013: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7960: 7934: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7909:(8): 1392–1402. 7886: 7880: 7879: 7869: 7851: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7666: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7508:(22): 10973–79. 7497: 7491: 7490: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7435: 7426: 7425: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7385:Acta Alimentaria 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7283: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7226:Allionia (Turin) 7218:Pinus sylvestris 7209: 7203: 7202: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7163: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7030: 7019: 7018: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6905:Seed D. (1987). 6902: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6875:How to Dry Foods 6869: 6863: 6860: 6851: 6850: 6826: 6817: 6814: 6808: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6770:Viennese Cookery 6765: 6759: 6758: 6740: 6734: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6714: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6380: 6371: 6370: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6199:Sciurus vulgaris 6194: 6188: 6187: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6081: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5988:(1): 1/37–1/38. 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5806: 5779:Cistus ladanifer 5770: 5764: 5763: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5682:Pinus virginiana 5677: 5671: 5670: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5573:Allionia (Turin) 5565:Pinus sylvestris 5553:Pinus sylvestris 5544: 5538: 5537: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5487:Pinus massoniana 5478: 5472: 5469: 5460: 5459: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5419:(1–3): 296–305. 5405:Cistus ladanifer 5399: 5393: 5392: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5282:s.l. in Italy". 5275: 5269: 5268: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5060: 5051: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5006: 4995: 4994: 4984: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4932:Scientific World 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4904:. Archived from 4894: 4888: 4887: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4811: 4801: 4790: 4789: 4757: 4738: 4737: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4672:Boletus regineus 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4649: 4643:. Archived from 4618: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4487:Fungal Diversity 4484: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4458: 4448: 4439:(2:e570): e570. 4424: 4418: 4417: 4403: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4289: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4234:. Archived from 4218:(3): 1276–1292. 4209: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4175: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4013: 4000: 3985: 3984: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3673: 3667: 3654: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3612: 3599: 3596: 3571: 3547: 3541: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3448: 3442: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3243: 3229: 3223: 3213: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3182: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3103: 3073: 3056: 3052:Leccinum scabrum 3043: 2859:dietary minerals 2645: 2596: 2580: 2563: 2546: 2529: 2512: 2502: 2469: 2382: 2273:Castile and León 2158:cèpe aux tomates 2064:Amanita caesarea 1949:chelating agents 1894:Amanita muscaria 1846:Chinese red pine 1821:Chinese chestnut 1758:Amanita muscaria 1752: 1728: 1592:cèpe de Bordeaux 1579:Cistus ladanifer 1517:spp.), hemlock ( 1442:Boletus regineus 1325:B. venturii 1282:Boletus pinicola 1245:cèpe de Bordeaux 1227: 1209: 1105: 1096: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1033: 992:'delicacy', and 978:Karl Johan svamp 966:Charles XIV John 938:ceppatello buono 916:cèpe de Bordeaux 807:specific epithet 802:Amanita caesarea 462:fungus, and the 421: 420: 404: 403: 385: 384: 366: 365: 348: 347: 330: 329: 312: 311: 297: 286: 273: 271:Dictyopus edulis 261: 250: 239: 214: 111: 110: 90: 85: 84: 62:In the northern 57: 43: 21: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8459:Fungi of Europe 8449:Fungi of Africa 8424: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8409: 8404: 8396: 8391: 8383: 8380:Observation.org 8378: 8370: 8368: 8360: 8355: 8347: 8342: 8334: 8329: 8321: 8316: 8308: 8303: 8295: 8290: 8282: 8277: 8269: 8264: 8256: 8251: 8243: 8238: 8230: 8225: 8217: 8212: 8204: 8202: 8194: 8189: 8181: 8176: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8133: 8094: 8078: 8075: 8070: 8069: 8022: 8021: 8017: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7932: 7927: 7926: 7922: 7891:Agaricus blazei 7888: 7887: 7883: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7799:(16): 6466–74. 7790: 7789: 7785: 7763: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7732: 7731: 7727: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7628: 7627: 7623: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7537:Agaricus blazei 7534: 7533: 7529: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7437: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7368: 7366: 7351: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7321: 7319: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7281: 7276: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7141: 7139: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7116: 7114: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7033:Boa E. (2004). 7032: 7031: 7022: 6995:Economic Botany 6988: 6987: 6983: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6828: 6827: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6551:(12): 1386–96. 6538: 6537: 6533: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6382: 6381: 6374: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6129:10.2307/3761690 6114: 6113: 6109: 6100: 6098: 6079: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5957: 5955: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5863:Castanea sativa 5860: 5859: 5855: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5721: 5720: 5713: 5698:10.2307/3756310 5679: 5678: 5674: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5546: 5545: 5541: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5463: 5444:Forest Research 5437: 5436: 5432: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5290:(2–3): 161–70. 5277: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5155: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5045: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5008: 5007: 4998: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4911: 4909: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4839:Economic Botany 4836: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4803: 4802: 4793: 4766:Economic Botany 4759: 4758: 4741: 4734: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4703: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4679: 4677: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4621:Economic Botany 4616: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4539: 4537: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4482: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4207: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4034: 4032: 4011: 4002: 4001: 3988: 3981: 3964: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3891: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3679:Economic Botany 3675: 3674: 3670: 3664:Wayback Machine 3639: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3614: 3613: 3602: 3597: 3574: 3548: 3544: 3538:Natural History 3526:Natural History 3520: 3516: 3509:www.treccani.it 3503: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3487: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3437:, south of the 3424: 3420: 3413: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3329: 3327: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3274:10.2307/1222214 3255: 3254: 3250: 3241: 3239: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3136: 3134: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3059: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3009: 2978: 2942:rosmarinic acid 2903: 2895:bioavailability 2893:, although the 2773:monosaccharides 2754: 2723: 2710: 2697: 2684: 2671: 2658: 2646: 2616: 2603: 2594: 2586: 2578: 2570: 2561: 2553: 2544: 2536: 2527: 2519: 2510: 2503: 2474: 2463: 2458: 2439: 2434: 2415: 2410: 2241: 2224:pressure cooker 2191: 2142:radioecological 2083: 2059:Pliny the Elder 2013: 1961: 1926: 1910:Amanita excelsa 1841:vascular plants 1798: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1736:ectomycorrhizal 1729: 1718: 1679: 1663: 1523:spp.) and fir ( 1511:spp.), spruce ( 1491: 1332:species complex 1294:("summer cep"; 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1220: 1219: 1210: 1199: 1197:Related species 1115: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1098: 1097: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1002: 974:Karljohanssvamp 818: 672:Boletus solidus 668:alternate names 638:Pierre Bulliard 615: 567:edible mushroom 528:ectomycorrhizal 435: 434: 418: 401: 386: 382: 363: 345: 327: 309: 303: 298: 284: 248:Boletus solidus 222: 216: 210: 197: 105: 97: 86: 82: 75: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8512: 8510: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8494:Fungus species 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8426: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8402: 8389: 8376: 8366: 8353: 8340: 8327: 8314: 8301: 8288: 8275: 8262: 8249: 8236: 8223: 8210: 8200: 8187: 8174: 8169:Boletus edulis 8159: 8143: 8141: 8139:Boletus edulis 8135: 8134: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8121:at Wikispecies 8119:Boletus edulis 8110: 8107:Boletus edulis 8098: 8092: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8026:Food Chemistry 8015: 7988:(5): 433–443. 7972: 7937:Food Chemistry 7920: 7899:Boletus edulis 7881: 7830:Boletus edulis 7818: 7783: 7766:Food Chemistry 7761: 7752: 7741:(3): 297–301. 7725: 7678: 7621: 7586:(7): 454–463. 7576:Boletus edulis 7566: 7549:Food Chemistry 7545:Boletus edulis 7527: 7492: 7457: 7440:Food Chemistry 7427: 7420: 7402: 7375: 7349: 7328: 7295: 7260: 7253: 7235: 7228:(in Italian). 7214:Boletus edulis 7204: 7191:Boletus edulis 7181: 7174: 7148: 7123: 7089: 7074:(in Italian). 7058: 7045: 7020: 6991:Boletus edulis 6981: 6940:Boletus edulis 6930: 6917: 6897: 6884: 6864: 6852: 6845: 6818: 6809: 6800: 6793: 6775: 6760: 6753: 6735: 6726: 6677: 6670: 6652: 6617: 6570: 6541:Boletus edulis 6531: 6502:Boletus edulis 6492: 6449: 6422:(1): 5328–34. 6406: 6389:Food Chemistry 6385:Boletus edulis 6372: 6359:10.2307/293772 6337: 6330: 6312: 6305: 6287: 6244: 6189: 6150: 6107: 6075:Boletus edulis 6063: 6044:(3): 102–106. 6034:Boletus edulis 6024: 6017: 5999: 5984:(in Italian). 5964: 5935: 5906:Boletus edulis 5896: 5853: 5834:(10): 433–38. 5818: 5775:Boletus edulis 5765: 5724:Boletus edulis 5711: 5672: 5631:Boletus edulis 5617: 5590: 5575:(in Italian). 5561:Boletus edulis 5549:Boletus edulis 5539: 5508: 5483:Boletus edulis 5473: 5461: 5446:(in Chinese). 5430: 5409:Pinus pinaster 5394: 5373:Boletus edulis 5363: 5328: 5301: 5280:Boletus edulis 5270: 5263: 5245: 5222:Boletus edulis 5207: 5176: 5161: 5158:on 2014-05-17. 5139:Boletus edulis 5127: 5114:Boletus edulis 5104: 5069:(2): 161–168. 5043: 5031: 4996: 4970: 4951: 4918: 4889: 4882: 4864: 4829: 4822: 4791: 4762:Boletus edulis 4739: 4732: 4712: 4686: 4660: 4604: 4591: 4571: 4564: 4546: 4512: 4493:(1): 189–212. 4470: 4419: 4406:Index Fungorum 4389: 4348:Boletus edulis 4336: 4301: 4244: 4241:on 2013-05-23. 4187: 4130: 4113:Boletus edulis 4103: 4096: 4078: 4059: 4041: 4007:Boletus edulis 3986: 3979: 3954: 3947: 3926: 3896: 3889: 3871: 3864: 3846: 3839: 3821: 3806: 3791: 3784: 3766: 3759: 3735: 3728: 3704: 3668: 3632: 3625: 3600: 3572: 3542: 3514: 3496: 3468: 3461: 3443: 3425:Peter Howell, 3418: 3411: 3380: 3373: 3355: 3336: 3312: 3305: 3287: 3248: 3224: 3200: 3193: 3167: 3143: 3125:Boletus edulis 3114: 3080:Boletus edulis 3067: 3066: 3058: 3057: 3037: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3008: 3005: 2977: 2974: 2926:phytochemicals 2922:Boletus edulis 2902: 2899: 2883:B. edulis 2849:Boletus edulis 2811:B. edulis 2788:polysaccharide 2757:Boletus edulis 2753: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2635: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2549: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2532: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2505: 2504: 2497: 2492: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2378:Boletus edulis 2367:species, with 2361:B. edulis 2357:B. edulis 2353:B. edulis 2334:B. edulis 2293:B. aereus 2289:Boletus edulis 2257:B. aereus 2253:Boletus edulis 2240: 2237: 2219:bamboo steamer 2206:Boletus edulis 2190: 2187: 2055:par excellence 2032:Boletus edulis 2012: 2009: 1986:Boletus edulis 1965:B. edulis 1960: 1957: 1953:multiple bonds 1937:metal toxicity 1933:metal smelters 1929:Boletus edulis 1925: 1922: 1905:B. edulis 1825:B. edulis 1801:Boletus edulis 1797: 1794: 1770: 1767: 1754: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1730: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1706:Adelaide Hills 1682:Boletus edulis 1678: 1675: 1667:Boletus edulis 1662: 1659: 1598:Boletus edulis 1503:Boletus edulis 1490: 1487: 1473:B. edulis 1465:B. edulis 1451:B. edulis 1447:B. aereus 1432:B. edulis 1424:B. edulis 1420:Ponderosa pine 1416:B. edulis 1394:B. edulis 1340:B. edulis 1329:B. edulis 1302: 1301: 1289: 1286:B. edulis 1269: 1266:B. edulis 1262:B. edulis 1257:Boletus aereus 1241:B. edulis 1229: 1222: 1221: 1211: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1187:B. edulis 1175:B. edulis 1118:Boletus edulis 1110: 1109: 1100: 1099: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1001: 998: 970:B. edulis 946:giallo leonato 817: 814: 715:classification 697:Boletus edulis 683:Leccinum edule 650:Boletus edulis 630:Boletus edulis 623:B. edulis 614: 611: 603:B. edulis 581:, and high in 563:B. edulis 548:B. edulis 502:Boletus edulis 490:B. edulis 439:Boletus edulis 431: 430: 422: 414: 413: 405: 397: 396: 387: 380: 377: 376: 367: 359: 358: 349: 341: 340: 331: 323: 322: 313: 305: 304: 299: 292: 290:Boletus edulis 282: 279: 278: 277: 276: 268: 259:Leccinum edule 256: 245: 231: 230: 224: 223: 217: 212:Boletus edulis 206: 205: 199: 198: 194:B. edulis 191: 189: 185: 184: 177: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 150:Agaricomycetes 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 99: 98: 80: 77: 76: 71: 68: 67: 59: 58: 50: 49: 47:Boletus edulis 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8511: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8454:Fungi of Asia 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8412: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8363: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8201: 8197: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8179: 8175: 8170: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8127: 8120: 8115: 8111: 8108: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8080:Carluccio, A. 8077: 8076: 8072: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8019: 8016: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7976: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7921: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7885: 7882: 7877: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7831: 7822: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7784: 7779: 7775: 7772:(3): 293–98. 7771: 7767: 7756: 7753: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7726: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7698:(3): 256–99. 7697: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7679: 7674: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7622: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7567: 7562: 7558: 7555:(3): 977–83. 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7528: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7496: 7493: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7461: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7423: 7417: 7413: 7406: 7403: 7398: 7394: 7391:(1): 99–110. 7390: 7386: 7379: 7376: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7332: 7329: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7280: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7261: 7256: 7250: 7246: 7239: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7222:Picea excelsa 7219: 7215: 7208: 7205: 7200: 7196: 7193:in forests". 7192: 7185: 7182: 7177: 7175:0-8493-1043-1 7171: 7167: 7162: 7161: 7152: 7149: 7138: 7134: 7127: 7124: 7113:on 2011-07-21 7112: 7108: 7104: 7102: 7093: 7090: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7062: 7059: 7048: 7046:92-5-105157-7 7042: 7038: 7037: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7001:(3): 307–22. 7000: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6954:(2): 187–93. 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6931: 6920: 6918:0-89815-232-1 6914: 6910: 6909: 6901: 6898: 6887: 6885:1-55788-050-6 6881: 6877: 6876: 6868: 6865: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6848: 6846:0-89815-169-4 6842: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6796: 6794:0-85561-688-1 6790: 6786: 6779: 6776: 6771: 6764: 6761: 6756: 6754:1-85793-632-9 6750: 6746: 6739: 6736: 6730: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6678: 6673: 6671:3-8331-1239-5 6667: 6663: 6656: 6653: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6590:(3): 260–64. 6589: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6571: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6532: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6512:(5): 973–83. 6511: 6507: 6503: 6496: 6493: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6465:(2): 121–30. 6464: 6460: 6453: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6395:(4): 936–43. 6394: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6353:(3): 219–45. 6352: 6348: 6341: 6338: 6333: 6331:0-8018-5740-6 6327: 6323: 6316: 6313: 6308: 6306:0-486-23105-4 6302: 6298: 6291: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6209:(2): 230–31. 6208: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6170:(3): 474–89. 6169: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6123:(5): 757–60. 6122: 6118: 6111: 6108: 6097: 6093: 6090:(2): 115–18. 6089: 6085: 6078: 6076: 6067: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6003: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5965: 5954: 5950: 5948: 5939: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5916:(2): 161–74. 5915: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5877:(4): 880–89. 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5738:(8): 443–49. 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5692:(5): 538–39. 5691: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5606:(4): 185–94. 5605: 5602:(in German). 5601: 5594: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5569:Picea excelsa 5566: 5562: 5558: 5557:Picea excelsa 5554: 5550: 5543: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5528:(1): 93–101. 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5450:(3): 249–56. 5449: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5398: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5344:(4): 267–72. 5343: 5339: 5332: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5271: 5266: 5264:0-14-063005-8 5260: 5256: 5249: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5223: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5131: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4989:(in Arabic). 4988: 4981: 4974: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4919: 4908:on 2024-03-31 4907: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4845:(3): 323–30. 4844: 4840: 4833: 4830: 4825: 4823:0-88192-586-1 4819: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4716: 4713: 4701: 4699: 4690: 4687: 4675: 4673: 4664: 4661: 4650:on 2012-03-12 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4627:(3): 356–75. 4626: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4605: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4575: 4572: 4567: 4565:0-7627-3109-5 4561: 4557: 4550: 4547: 4536:on 2008-10-03 4535: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4340: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4317:(3): 318–29. 4316: 4312: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4248: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4191: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4134: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4119:(30): 49–52. 4118: 4114: 4107: 4104: 4099: 4097:0-471-52229-5 4093: 4089: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4063: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4030: 4025: 4022:(2): 227–31. 4021: 4017: 4010: 4008: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3980:0-89301-097-9 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3948:3-7682-1062-6 3944: 3940: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3915:(4): 183–84. 3914: 3910: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3890:1-57025-121-5 3886: 3882: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3865:0-8493-0194-7 3861: 3857: 3850: 3847: 3842: 3840:1-55832-329-5 3836: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3792: 3787: 3785:0-19-861186-2 3781: 3777: 3770: 3767: 3762: 3760:0-14-046273-2 3756: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3729:0-919433-47-2 3725: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3647:(1838–1961). 3646: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3628: 3626:0-584-10324-7 3622: 3618: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3462:1-870630-09-2 3458: 3454: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3412:0-19-910207-4 3408: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3374:0-304-52257-0 3370: 3366: 3359: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3325: 3324: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3306:3-87429-254-1 3302: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3268:(4): 678–86. 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3249: 3237: 3236: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3194:3-540-66493-9 3190: 3186: 3181: 3180: 3171: 3168: 3156: 3155: 3147: 3144: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3118: 3115: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2997:1-octen-3-one 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2966:fumaric acids 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2946:organic acids 2943: 2939: 2935: 2934:ergothioneine 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2891:trace mineral 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2834:palmitic acid 2831: 2827: 2826:linoleic acid 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803:hemicellulose 2800: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761:carbohydrates 2758: 2751: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2727: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2598: 2590: 2583: 2581: 2574: 2567: 2565: 2557: 2550: 2548: 2540: 2533: 2531: 2526:Riboflavin (B 2523: 2516: 2514: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2407:Carbohydrates 2402: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2245: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2138:radiochemical 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110:bioaccumulate 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2082:(Ep. iii. 60) 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2017: 2011:Culinary uses 2010: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:phytochelatin 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1916:Pinus radiata 1912: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1895: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870:Virginia pine 1867: 1866:mountain pine 1863: 1859: 1858:Norway spruce 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1751: 1741: 1740:Pinus radiata 1737: 1733: 1727: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566:mixed forests 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1455:mixed forests 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1336:morphological 1333: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1272:Cèpe des pins 1270: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1254:("dark cep"; 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1232: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1104: 1095: 1086: 1056: 1052: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1006: 999: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 928: 924: 921: 917: 913: 909: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 885:ru:белый гриб 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 853: 848: 844: 843:fungo porcino 841: 839: 834: 830: 826: 822: 815: 813: 811: 808: 804: 803: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 773:Ancient Greek 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707: 703:of the genus 702: 698: 694: 692: 688: 684: 681: 678:in 1809, and 677: 676:James Sowerby 673: 669: 665: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 624: 619: 612: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 595:dietary fibre 592: 588: 584: 580: 579:carbohydrates 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 556:reticulations 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 470: 466:of the genus 465: 461: 460:basidiomycete 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 440: 429: 428: 424:Edibility is 423: 415: 412: 411: 406: 398: 395: 391: 388: 378: 375: 371: 368: 360: 357: 353: 350: 342: 339: 335: 332: 324: 321: 317: 314: 306: 302: 296: 291: 287: 272: 269: 265: 260: 257: 253: 249: 246: 242: 238: 235: 234: 232: 229: 225: 220: 215: 213: 207: 204: 203:Binomial name 200: 196: 195: 190: 187: 186: 183: 182: 178: 175: 174: 171: 168: 165: 164: 161: 158: 155: 154: 151: 148: 145: 144: 141: 140:Basidiomycota 138: 135: 134: 131: 128: 125: 124: 121: 118: 115: 114: 109: 104: 100: 94: 89: 88:Least Concern 78: 74: 69: 65: 60: 56: 51: 48: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8474:Edible fungi 8138: 8083: 8029: 8025: 8018: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7943:(1): 47–56. 7940: 7936: 7923: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7884: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7821: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7769: 7765: 7755: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7695: 7691: 7681: 7638: 7634: 7624: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7505: 7501: 7495: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7443: 7439: 7411: 7405: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7367:. Retrieved 7339: 7331: 7320:. Retrieved 7311: 7298: 7289: 7285: 7263: 7244: 7238: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7159: 7151: 7140:. Retrieved 7136: 7126: 7115:. Retrieved 7111:the original 7106: 7100: 7092: 7078:(1): 96–99. 7075: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7050:. Retrieved 7035: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6922:. Retrieved 6907: 6900: 6889:. Retrieved 6874: 6867: 6831: 6812: 6803: 6784: 6778: 6769: 6763: 6744: 6738: 6729: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6661: 6655: 6633:(1): 61–86. 6630: 6626: 6620: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6495: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6321: 6315: 6296: 6290: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6099:. Retrieved 6087: 6083: 6074: 6066: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6008: 6002: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5956:. Retrieved 5952: 5946: 5938: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5789:(1): 23–30. 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5653:(1): 57–61. 5650: 5646: 5642: 5639:Pinus cembra 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5525: 5521: 5518:Pinus patula 5517: 5511: 5497:(1): 31–41. 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5383:(1): 73–78. 5380: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5317:(1): 61–73. 5314: 5310: 5304: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5254: 5248: 5234:(2): 69–76. 5231: 5227: 5221: 5193: 5189: 5186:Pinus patula 5185: 5179: 5170: 5164: 5153:the original 5148: 5144: 5138: 5130: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5066: 5062: 5036:, retrieved 5014: 4993:(2): 210–29. 4990: 4986: 4973: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4938:(5): 67–74. 4935: 4931: 4921: 4910:. Retrieved 4906:the original 4901: 4892: 4873: 4867: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4807: 4772:(1): 44–56. 4769: 4765: 4761: 4722: 4715: 4704:. Retrieved 4697: 4689: 4678:. Retrieved 4671: 4663: 4652:. Retrieved 4645:the original 4624: 4620: 4607: 4596:. Retrieved 4581: 4574: 4555: 4549: 4538:. Retrieved 4534:the original 4529: 4523: 4515: 4490: 4486: 4473: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4405: 4392: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4339: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4236:the original 4215: 4211: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4087: 4081: 4070: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4033:. Retrieved 4019: 4015: 4006: 3966: 3938: 3912: 3908: 3880: 3874: 3855: 3849: 3830: 3824: 3815: 3809: 3801:Flora veneta 3800: 3794: 3775: 3769: 3745: 3738: 3714: 3707: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3649: 3635: 3616: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3488:. Retrieved 3478: 3471: 3452: 3446: 3426: 3421: 3397: 3383: 3364: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3328:. Retrieved 3322: 3315: 3296: 3290: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3240:. Retrieved 3234: 3227: 3219: 3209: 3203: 3178: 3170: 3159:. Retrieved 3153: 3146: 3135:. Retrieved 3130: 3124: 3117: 3105:. Retrieved 3091: 3085: 3079: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3014: 2984: 2979: 2921: 2920: 2910: 2882: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2842: 2838:stearic acid 2815: 2810: 2756: 2755: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2499: 2494: 2487: 2453: 2429: 2405: 2377: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2278: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2228: 2215: 2205: 2204: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2106:contaminated 2087: 2079: 2078: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2054: 2038: 2031: 2030: 2001:red squirrel 1992: 1985: 1984: 1975:stomach ache 1968: 1964: 1962: 1945:oligopeptide 1928: 1927: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1874:gum rockrose 1829:water stress 1824: 1817:fixed carbon 1807:—it is in a 1800: 1799: 1780:forest floor 1772: 1756: 1739: 1731: 1698:Christchurch 1690:silver birch 1681: 1680: 1666: 1664: 1646: 1642: 1631:Heilongjiang 1597: 1596: 1591: 1583: 1577: 1548: 1542: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1497:In Lithuania 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1387:B. rex-veris 1386: 1376: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1356:B. bainiugan 1354: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1334:with a wide 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1281: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1251: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1230: 1216: 1212: 1189:do not have 1186: 1174: 1152: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1055:Isle of Skye 1011: 996:, 'bolete'. 993: 989: 985: 977: 973: 969: 968:popularised 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 922: 915: 911: 907: 900: 896: 888: 880: 876: 868: 864: 860: 856: 850: 846: 842: 836: 832: 828: 824: 821:Common names 819: 816:Common names 809: 800: 784: 776: 768: 758: 725: 704: 701:type species 696: 695: 691:nomenclature 686: 682: 671: 661: 660:' work, the 649: 629: 628: 622: 602: 573:, pasta, or 562: 560: 547: 536:fruit bodies 510: 505: 501: 489: 467: 464:type species 455: 451: 447: 443: 438: 437: 436: 426: 408: 393: 373: 355: 337: 315: 289: 270: 258: 247: 236: 211: 209: 193: 192: 180: 46: 40: 36: 8331:NatureServe 8279:iNaturalist 8163:Wikispecies 8073:Cited texts 8032:: 260–268. 7446:(1): 9–16. 5804:10171/18758 5411:in Spain". 4876:. Matador. 3536:)." Pliny, 3127:Bull. 1782" 2993:fatty acids 2938:polyphenols 2879:tocopherols 2822:fatty acids 2509:Thiamine (B 2462:7.39 g 2438:1.70 g 2414:9.23 g 2229:carrettiera 2071:instead of 2005:fox sparrow 1990:banana slug 1809:mutualistic 1805:mycorrhizal 1776:field study 1696:in central 1694:Hagley Park 1661:Cultivation 1610:subtropical 1550:Lithocarpus 1252:Cèpe bronzé 1231:B. regineus 1217:grandedulis 1000:Description 986:herkkutatti 783:, like the 734:spore print 711:Rolf Singer 521:plantations 506:grandedulis 498:conspecific 410:mycorrhizal 407:Ecology is 390:Spore print 8428:Categories 7958:10198/4404 7369:2024-06-21 7322:2024-03-28 7275:. Source: 7142:2009-11-27 7117:2009-11-02 7052:2009-10-30 6924:2010-11-06 6891:2009-10-06 6260:(3): 252. 6101:2009-11-03 5974:Sepedonium 5958:2009-11-02 5732:Mycorrhiza 5627:Pinus mugo 5579:: 117–24. 5338:Mycorrhiza 5063:Mycorrhiza 5038:2022-10-03 4912:2024-03-31 4706:2009-11-03 4680:2009-11-02 4654:2009-11-04 4598:2009-10-20 4540:2008-09-23 4375:1807/48975 4360:(3): 1–8. 4262:in Europe" 4158:(1): 1–7. 4148:in Europe" 4035:2009-12-06 3909:Mycologist 3550:Neapolitan 3490:2009-11-02 3389:Liddell HG 3352:: 189–196. 3330:2010-12-02 3242:2009-11-24 3161:2009-11-24 3137:2010-10-21 3028:References 2930:ergosterol 2875:B vitamins 2845:amino acid 2830:oleic acid 2816:The total 2801:. Chitin, 2799:cell walls 2691:Phosphorus 2346:unemployed 2327:After the 2160:. Porcini 2154:cèpe frits 2098:perishable 1854:Scots pine 1837:hartig net 1833:succulence 1702:introduced 1686:indigenous 1570:scrublands 1553:spp., and 1544:Keteleeria 1535:chinquapin 1408:New Mexico 1368:B. shiyong 1292:Cèpe d'été 1179:ventricose 1023:reticulate 934:Ceppatello 893:ru:боровик 881:belyy grib 861:Herrenpilz 719:Agaricales 632:was first 523:, forming 478:introduced 442:(English: 170:Boletaceae 136:Division: 8411:100457206 8310:122090234 8046:0308-8146 8002:1521-9437 7858:2314-6133 7832:mushroom" 7720:205722725 7655:0022-1155 7600:0360-1234 7292:(1): 1–5. 7232:: 117–24. 7201:: 574–78. 7084:0390-0460 7068:Tylopilus 6647:1521-9437 6506:Mycologia 6487:129662148 6274:1051-1733 6203:Oecologia 6117:Mycologia 6096:0031-9465 5994:0390-0460 5910:Mycologia 5783:Mycologia 5686:Mycologia 5667:0300-1237 5612:0379-5292 5585:0065-6429 5534:0101-1944 5503:1005-9873 5456:1001-1498 5389:1392-1665 5196:: 61–71. 5083:0940-6360 4987:Rostaniha 4967:: 119–23. 4702:. MykoWeb 4676:. 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