Portugal in the Middle Ages

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predecessors, had a great development in his reign and the new lands were populated. There were also urgent economic problems to be solved. The Moors had made Alentejo the granary of Portugal, but war had undone their work, and large tracts of land were now barren and depopulated. Commerce and education had similarly been subordinated to the struggle for national existence. The machinery of administration was out of date and complicated by the authority of feudal and ecclesiastical courts. The supremacy of the Crown, though recognized, was still unstable. It was Denis who initiated the needful reforms. He earned his title of the

1279:, Pope Alexander III acknowledged Portugal as an independent nation and Afonso and his heirs as her rightful kings. Afonso died on December 6, 1185. He had secured for Portugal both the status and the name of an independent kingdom, and had extended its frontier southwards from the Mondego to the Tagus. He had laid the foundation of its navy and had strengthened, if he did not inaugurate, that system of co-operation between the Crown and the military orders which afterwards proved of incalculable service in the maritime and colonial development of the nation. 1195: 1906: 1858: 1622:, was to take vengeance on the murderers of Inês de Castro. Throughout his reign he strengthened the central government at the expense of the aristocracy and the Church, by a stern enforcement of law and order. In 1361, at the Cortes of Elvas, it was enacted that the privileges of the clergy should only be deemed valid insofar as they did not conflict with the royal prerogative. Peter maintained friendly relations with England, where in 1352 1894: 1882: 1870: 1794: 1541:, which began its existence in Lisbon and was transferred to Coimbra in 1308 and moved definitively in 1537. He was a poet and a patron of literature and music, proclaiming Portuguese to be the language of the state. His chief administrative reforms were designed to secure centralized government and to limit the jurisdiction of feudal courts. He encouraged and nationalized the military orders. In 1290 the Portuguese knights of the 1441:, nicknamed the Wise, who claimed suzerainty over Algarve. The war which followed was ended by Afonso III consenting to wed Beatriz de Guzmán, illegitimate daughter of Alfonso X, and to hold Algarve as a fief of Castile. The celebration of this marriage, while Matilda, countess of Boulogne and first wife of Afonso III, was still alive, entailed the imposition of an interdict upon the kingdom. In 1254 Afonso III summoned cortes to 1398:), i.e., the chief military official. He continued the crusade against the Moors, who were driven from their last strongholds in Alentejo, and in 1239–1244, after a dispute with Rome which was once more ended by the imposition of an interdict and the submission of the Portuguese ruler, he won many successes in the Algarve. But his career of conquest was cut short by a revolution (1245), for which his marriage to a Castilian lady, 403: 1022:", and their antagonism had some historical importance insofar as it fostered the growth of separatist tendencies among the Portuguese. But the quarrel was temporarily suspended because both Gelmires and Burdino, virtually princes within their territories, had reason to dread the extension of Urraca's authority. It was arranged that Teresa should be liberated and should continue to hold the county of Portugal as a 336: 98: 832: 2634: 2302: 1766:. The most urgent matter which confronted the king or the group of statesmen, led by João das Regras and the constable who inspired his policy was the menace of Castilian aggression. John of Castile marched into Portugal with a large army in August 1385. But on August 14, the much-outnumbered Portuguese, aided by 500 English archers, utterly defeated the Castilians and their French allies at 1631:

institution, hostile to the tyranny of nobles and clergy. During the reign of Ferdinand (1367–1383) and under the regency of Leonora the ruling dynasty ceased to represent the national will; the Portuguese people therefore made an end of the dynasty and chose its own ruler. The complex events which brought about this crisis may be briefly summarized.

1707:

grand-master of the knights of Aviz and illegitimate son of Peter I, as their leader, organized a revolt in Lisbon, and assassinated the count of Ourém within the royal palace (December 6, 1383). Leonora fled to Santarém and summoned aid from Castile, while D. John was proclaimed defender of Portugal. In 1384 a Castilian army

1383:), and Vicente, dean of Lisbon, resigned their offices. Estêvão Soares, archbishop of Braga, placed himself at the head of the nobles and churchmen who threatened to usurp the royal power during Sancho II's minority, and negotiated an alliance with Alfonso IX, by which it was arranged that the Portuguese should attack 1426:) of the realm, and to proclaim himself king. Hitherto the position of the monarchy had been precarious; as in Aragon the nobles and the church had exercised a large measure of control over their nominal head, and though it would be pedantry to over-emphasize the importance of the royal title, its assumption by 1406:

leader in Sancho's brother Afonso, count of Boulogne, who owed his title to a marriage with Matilda, countess of Boulogne. The pope issued a bull of deposition in favour of Afonso, who reached Lisbon in 1246; and after a civil war lasting two years Sancho II retired to Toledo, where he died in January 1248.

1805:

his reign, many nobles who exercised their full feudal rights had become almost independent princes. Abroad, he aimed at peace with Castile and close friendship with England. In 1387 he had married Philipa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt; Richard II sent troops to aid in the expulsion of Denis;

1706:

Leonor had long carried on a relationship with the count of Ourém, who engaged in various intrigues with England and Castile, and whose influence was resented by the leaders of the aristocracy, while her tyrannical rule also aroused Rebellion of bitter opposition. The malcontents chose D. John, 1383.

1527:

and foreign crusaders" would be fused into one nationality. King Denis ordered the construction of numerous castles, created new towns, and granted privileges due cities to several others. The process of settlement of the south and some parts of the interior by northern Portuguese, carried out by his

1405:

The legitimacy of the union has been questioned, on grounds which appear insufficient; but of its unpopularity there can be no doubt. The bishops, resenting the favour shown by Sancho to his father's anti-clerical ministers, took advantage of this unpopularity to organize the rebellion. They found a

1147:

Afonso was occupied in almost incessant border fighting against his Christian or Moorish neighbours. Twelve years of campaigning on the Galician frontier were concluded in 1143 by the Treaty of Zamora, in which Afonso was recognized as independent of any other Iberian sovereign, although he promised

1033:

Meanwhile, her son Afonso Henriques (meaning "Afonso son of Henry") thrived. The boy, probably born around 1109, followed his father as Count of Portugal in 1112, under the tutelage of his mother. The relations between Teresa and her son Afonso proved difficult. Only eleven years old, Afonso already

1753:

was the Cortes of Coimbra, which definitely affirmed the national character of the monarchy. The choice of the grand-master of Aviz ratified the old alliance between the Crown and the military orders; his election by the whole Cortes not only ratified the alliance between the Crown and the commons,

1448:

Fortified by their support the king refused to submit to Rome. At the cortes of Coimbra (1261), he further strengthened his position by conciliating the representatives of the cities, who denounced the issue of a debased coinage, and by recognizing that taxation could not be imposed without consent

1804:

The domestic and foreign policy pursued by John I until his death in 1433 may be briefly described. At home he endeavoured to reform administration, to encourage agriculture and commerce, and to secure the loyalty of the nobles by grants of land and privileges so extensive that, towards the end of

1630:

The foreign policy of Denis, Afonso IV and Peter I had been, as in rule, successful in its main object, the preservation of peace with the Christian kingdoms of Iberia; in consequence, the Portuguese had advanced in prosperity and culture. They had supported the monarchy because it was a national

1303:

He granted fresh charters to many cities, legalizing the system of self-government which the Romans had bequeathed to the Visigoths and the Moors had retained or improved. Lisbon had already (1179) received a charter from Afonso I. Sancho also endeavoured to foster immigration and agriculture, by

1272:

In 1171 Afonso concluded a seven years truce with the Moors; weakened by his wound and by old age, he could no longer take the field, and when the war broke out afresh he delegated the chief command to his son Sancho. Between 1179 and 1184 the Moors retrieved many of their losses in Alentejo, but

1316:, who was besieged for five months in his palace and then forced to seek redress in Rome (1209). As Sancho was in weak health and had no means of resisting Papal pressure, he made full submission (1210); and after bestowing large estates on his sons and daughters, he retired into 1460:

The monarchy owed its triumph to its championship of national interests, to the support of the municipalities and military orders, and to the prestige gained by the royal armies in the Moorish and Castilian wars. In 1263 Alfonso X renounced his claim to suzerainty over the

1561:(1312) an ecclesiastical commission investigated the charges against the Portuguese branch of the order, and found in its favour. As the Templars were rich, influential and loyal, Denis took advantage of the death of Clement V. to maintain the order under a new name; the 1833:

mark the three final stages in the consolidation of the monarchy. A period of expansion oversea began in the same reign, with the capture of Ceuta in Morocco. The three eldest sons of King John and Queen Philippa, Edward, Peter and Henry (afterwards celebrated as

1516:

These wars were too brief to interfere seriously with the social reconstruction to which the king devoted himself. At his accession the Portuguese people was not homogeneous; it was a long process in which its component peoples "Moors and Mozarabs of the south,

1532:

or "farmer king" by introducing improved methods of cultivation and founding agricultural schools. He encouraged maritime trade by negotiating a commercial treaty with England (1294) and forming a royal navy (1317) under the command of a Genoese admiral named

1308:. He had insisted that priests should accompany their flocks in battle, had made them amenable to secular jurisdiction, had withheld the tribute due to Rome and had even claimed the right of disposing of ecclesiastical domains. Finally he had quarreled with 1073:, and straight after was unanimously proclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers. This meant that Portugal was no longer a vassal county of León, but an independent kingdom in its own right. That he then convened the first assembly of the estates-general at 1156:(1169). Ferdinand was his son-in-law and was probably disposed to leniency by the imminence of a Moorish invasion in which Portugal could render useful assistance. Afonso was therefore released under a promise to abandon all his conquests in Galicia. 1256:

This was the greatest military achievement of his reign. The Moorish garrisons of Palmela, Sintra and Almada soon capitulated, and in 1158 Alcácer do Sal, one of the chief centres of Moorish commerce, was taken by storm. At this time, however, the

1127:

Meanwhile, King Alfonso VII, Afonso's cousin, regarded the independent ruler of Portugal as nothing but a rebel. The conflict between the two was constant and bitter in the following years. Afonso became involved in a war, taking the side of the

1580:(1328), but the marriage precipitated the war it was intended to avert, and peace was only restored (1330) after Queen Isabella had again intervened. Peter, the heir, afterwards married Constance, daughter of the duke of Peñafiel (near 1042:, a political foe of Teresa, and both were exiled by her orders. Afonso spent the next years away from his own county, under the watch of the bishop. In 1122 Afonso became fourteen, the adult age in the 12th century. He made himself a 1609: 1148:

to be a faithful vassal of the Pope and to pay him a yearly tribute of four ounces of gold. In 1167, however, the war was renewed. Afonso succeeded in conquering part of Galicia, but in attempting to capture the frontier fortress of

1688:

despatched a powerful force to Lisbon, and betrothed his cousin Prince Edward to Beatrice, only child of Ferdinand, who had been recognized as heiress to the throne by the Cortes of Leiria (1376). In 1383, Ferdinand made peace with

1504:

married Constance, daughter of Denis, while Afonso, son of Denis, married Beatrice of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand. A further outbreak of civil war, between the king and the heir-apparent, was averted in 1293 by the queen-consort

1172:

acknowledged Afonso as King and Portugal as an independent land with the right to conquer lands from the Moors. With this papal blessing, Portugal was at last secured as a country and safe from any Leonese attempts at annexation.

1711:, but encountered a heroic resistance, and after five months an outbreak of plague compelled them to end the siege, John I of Castile, discovering or alleging that Leonor had plotted to poison him, imprisoned her in a convent at 1474: 1850:

Five different flags were used during the period from 1139 until 1415. As seen below, they evolved over time from a simple blue cross on a white field to a complex design involving a red border with many different shapes.

1654:(1369); he based his claim on the fact that his grandmother Beatrice (1367–1385) belonged to the legitimate line of Castile. When the majority of the Castilian nobles refused to accept a Portuguese sovereign, and welcomed 1680:, daughter of Peter of Castile. An alliance between Portugal and England was concluded; and although Ferdinand made peace with Castile in 1374, he renewed his claim in 1380, after the death of Henry of Castile, and sent 1265:, where they were able to check the Portuguese reconquest, although isolated bands of crusading adventurers succeeded in establishing themselves in various cities of Alentejo. The most famous of these free-lancers was 1626:

issued a proclamation in favour of Portuguese traders, and in 1353 the Portuguese envoy Afonso Martins Alho signed a covenant with the merchants of London, guaranteeing mutual good faith in all commercial dealings.

1355:

Afonso II repudiated the will of his father, refused to surrender the estates left to his brothers, who went into exile, and only gave up the property bequeathed to his sisters after a prolonged civil war in which

1748:

showed at the Cortes assembled in Coimbra that they had the right to choose John of Aviz as their new king. John (or João) was then elected king of Portugal. One of the most important events in the history of the

1697:

it was agreed that Beatrice should marry John I. Six months later Ferdinand died, and in accordance with the terms of the treaty Leonor became regent until the eldest son of John I and Beatrice should be of age.

1376:

succeeded at the age of thirteen. To secure the removal of the interdict the leading statesmen who were identified with the policy of his father Gonçalo Mendes the chancellor, Pedro Annes, the lord chamberlain

1253:. Among them were many "Franks" from France, England, Flanders and German states, who were afterwards induced to settle in Portugal. Aided by these powerful allies, Afonso captured Lisbon on October 24, 1147. 1360:

took part against them. Even then he compelled the heiresses to take the veil. His attempts to strengthen the monarchy and fill the treasury at the expense of the Church resulted in his excommunication by

1838:) desired to win knighthood by service against the Moors, the historic enemies of their country and creed. In 1415 a Portuguese fleet, commanded by the king and the three princes, set sail for Ceuta. The 1734: 1304:

granting estates to the military orders and municipalities on condition that the occupiers should cultivate or colonize their lands. Towards the close of his reign he became embroiled in a dispute with

1066:, his nominal suzerain, and thus freed the county from political dependence on the crown of León. On April 6, 1129, Afonso Henriques dictated the writ in which he proclaimed himself Prince of Portugal. 1465:. Lisbon was henceforth recognized as the capital. Afonso III continued to reign until his death on 16 February 1279, but the peace of his later years was broken by the rebellion (1277–1279) of Denis. 1296:. The motives and course of this indecisive struggle are obscure. It ended in 1201, and the last decade of Sancho's reign was a period of peaceful reform which earned for the king his popular name of 1210:

states, ignoring the central government; in Africa the Almohades were destroying the remnants of the Almoravide power. Afonso took advantage of these dissentions to invade Alentejo, reinforced by the

1394:

Elvas was taken from the Moors in 1226, and in 1227 Sancho assumed control of the kingdom. He reinstated Pedro Annes, made Vicente chancellor, and appointed Martim Annes chief standard-bearer (

1786:, claimed the Portuguese throne and invaded Portugal in 1398, but his troops were easily crushed. A treaty was arranged in 1387 and renewed at intervals until peace was concluded with the 1002:

Teresa renewed the struggle against her half-sister and suzerain Urraca in 1116–1117, and again in 1120; in 1121 she was besieged in Lanhoso and captured. But a peace was negotiated (

1069:

Afonso then turned his arms against the persistent problem of the Moors in the south. His campaigns were successful and, on July 25, 1139, he obtained an overwhelming victory in the

991:

After three years of war against Urraca and other rival claimants to the throne of León, Count Henry himself died in 1112, leaving his widow Teresa to govern Portugal north of the

1770:. By this victory the Portuguese showed themselves equal in military power to their strongest rivals in the Peninsula. In October the constable invaded Castile and won another 2533: 2018: 1077:(wherein he would have been given the crown from the Archbishop of Braga, to confirm the independence) is likely to be a 17th-century embellishment of Portuguese history. 1062:. She died there in 1130. Thus Afonso become sole ruler (Duke of Portugal) after demands for independence from the county's people, church and nobles. He also vanquished 1080:

Independence, however, was not a thing a land could choose on its own. Portugal still had to be acknowledged by the neighbouring lands and, most importantly, by the

1782:(May 9, 1386), the alliance between Portugal and England was confirmed and extended. Against such a combination the Castilians were powerless; Denis, eldest son of 1058:(1128) he overcame the troops under his mother's lover and ally, Count Fernando Pérez de Traba, making her his prisoner and exiling her forever to a monastery in 1229:

On July 25, 1139 he defeated the combined forces of the Moors on the plains of Ourique, in Alentejo. Legend has magnified the victory into the rout of 200,000

860: 1513:

for her many virtues in the 16th century. She rode between the hostile camps, and succeeded in arranging an honourable peace between her husband and her son.

1488:

was not a period of uninterrupted peace. At the outset his legitimacy was disputed by his brother Afonso, and a brief civil war ensued. Hostilities between

1778:

and 5,000 English reinforcements arrived to aid John I. Together they launched another counter-invasion of Castile, but the campaign proved abortive. By the

1565:, as it was henceforth called, received the benediction of the pope in 1319 and subsequently played an important part in the colonial expansion of Portugal. 2323: 1014:, rival churchmen whose wealth and military resources enabled them to dictate terms. Bitter jealousy existed between the two prelates, each claiming to be 80: 1344:) were summoned by royal writ. The king (1211–1223), was no warrior, but in 1212 a Portuguese contingent aided the Castilians to defeat the Moors in the 604: 424: 735: 1096:, and sent ambassadors to Rome to negotiate with the Pope. In Portugal, he built several monasteries and convents and bestowed important privileges to 66: 2353: 3047: 957: 3017: 1618:

Peter's particular fancy was the administration of justice, which he frequently did in person and with considerable cruelty. The first act of

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were thus secured against any sudden Moorish raid. But in 1109 Alfonso VI died, bequeathing all his territories to his legitimate daughter,

921: 2720: 2679: 1289:; in 1192 he lost not only Algarve but the greater part of Alentejo, including Alcácer do Sal, to the Almohads. A peace was then arranged. 2548: 2523: 2483: 614: 599: 577: 534: 354: 2833: 2777: 2314: 1089: 719: 3073: 2851: 2366: 1584:), and Afonso IV brought a strong Portuguese army to aid the Castilians against the Moors of Granada and their African allies. In the 1063: 725: 97: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 2287: 2269: 1542: 853: 965: 2022: 1672:, whom he eventually married. To avenge this slight, Henry of Castile invaded Portugal and besieged Lisbon. Ferdinand appealed to 1665:

intervened, and it was decided that Ferdinand should renounce his claim and marry Eleanor, the daughter of his successful rival.

1202:

Afonso had already won many victories over the Moors. At the beginning of his reign the religious fervor which had sustained the

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The chief problems now confronting the monarchy were no longer military, but social, economic and constitutional. The reign of

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One of the first acts of the usurper, and one of the most important, was to abandon the semi-ecclesiastical titles of visitor (

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had already been established, the traditional dates of their incorporation being 1113 and 1162. After the condemnation of the

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In 1184, in spite of his great age, King Afonso of Portugal still had sufficient energy to relieve his son Sancho, who was

1144:

established peace between the cousins and the recognition by the Kingdom of León that Portugal was an independent kingdom.

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under five kings; but so far was the battle from being decisive that in 1140 the Moors were able to seize the fortress of

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of the Papacy. Thus, Afonso continued to distinguish himself by his exploits against the Moors, from whom he wrested

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had his own political ideas, greatly different from his mother's. In 1120, the young prince took the side of the

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to declare himself and the kingdom servants of the Church, swearing to pursue driving the Moors out of the

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Towards the close of the 11th century crusading knights came from every part of Europe to aid the kings of

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at Salvaterra, deserting his English allies, who retaliated by ravaging part of his territory. By the

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adhered to the matrimonial policy initiated by Dinis. He arranged that his daughter Maria should wed

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continued the war against the Moors with varying fortune. In 1189 he won Silves, then the capital of

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successively ratified the treaty of Windsor; Henry IV made his ally a knight of the Garter in 1400.

984:, and Count Henry at once invaded León, hoping to add it to his own dominions at the expense of his 3066: 2977: 2952: 2927: 2866: 2841: 2801: 2458: 2452: 2374: 1922: 1835: 1814: 1806: 1787: 1723: 1658: 1619: 1478: 1275: 1266: 1215: 1164: 909: 875: 759: 706: 667: 632: 527: 391: 295: 139: 134: 33: 264: 2995: 2990: 2917: 2846: 2828: 2441: 1842:

and garrisoned, and thus the first Portuguese outpost was established on the mainland of Africa.

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does mark a definite stage in the evolution of a national monarchy and a centralized government.

1384: 1348:, and in 1217 the ministers, bishops and captains of the realm, reinforced by foreign crusaders, 1169: 969: 941: 880: 811: 499: 454: 419: 341: 1745: 1643: 1493: 1449:

of the cortes. The clergy suffered more than the laity under a prolonged interdict, and in 1262

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In 1179 the privileges and favours given to the Roman Catholic Church were compensated. In the

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on their way to Palestine landed at Porto on 16 June 1147, and volunteered for the impending

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was rapidly subsiding; in Portugal independent Moorish chiefs ruled over cities and petty

1137: 1129: 1097: 1081: 836: 1457:), the king's eldest son. Thus ended the contest for supremacy between Church and Crown. 1241:, his capital. In 1144 they defeated the Templars at Soure. But on March 15, 1147 Afonso 887:. During most of the 12th and 13th centuries, its history is chiefly that of the gradual 1437:, the last remaining stronghold of the Moors. This drew down upon Portugal the anger of 2528: 1558: 1546: 1059: 402: 47: 3102: 2503: 2318: 2308: 1775: 1763: 1673: 1550: 1450: 992: 925: 559: 539: 307: 2543: 1030:, count of Trava, thus estranging her son, the archbishop of Braga and the nobles. 1026:

of León. During the next five years she lavished wealth and titles upon her lover,

961: 609: 1051: 1140:, sister of the Count of Barcelona and princess of Aragon. Finally, in 1143, the 2401: 2391: 1767: 1712: 1445:, in which the chief cities were represented, as well as the nobles and clergy. 888: 225: 1365:, and Portugal remained under interdict until Afonso II died on 25 March 1223. 2436: 2426: 1581: 1160: 1035: 484: 2327:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–161. 2431: 2411: 2406: 1510: 1108:. Bypassing any king of Castile or León, Afonso declared himself the direct 444: 439: 924:

and the subsequent transition from the Portuguese House of Burgundy to the

1500:

were terminated in 1297 by a treaty of alliance, in accordance with which

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River, although this was lost again to the Moors in the following years.

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A afirmação do País – da Conquista do Algarve à regência de Leonor Teles

1608: 1388: 1286: 1246: 1238: 1149: 977: 115: 1588:

on the banks of the river Salado, near Tarifa, he earned his title of

1273:

were unable to retake Santarém and Lisbon. In 1179, by the papal bull

1120:

in 1147. He also conquered an important part of the land south of the

1661:, Ferdinand allied himself with the Moors and Aragonese; but in 1371 1442: 1234: 1230: 1117: 1109: 1074: 1043: 973: 459: 120: 2331: 1292:

For the next eight years, Sancho was engaged in hostilities against

1473: 1453:

legalized the disputed marriage and legitimized Denis (future king

1050:, raised an army, and proceeded to take control of his lands. Near 2421: 2307:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

1792: 1733: 1607: 1472: 1219: 1207: 1193: 1121: 1039: 949: 893: 144: 1676:, who also claimed the throne of Castile, on behalf of his wife, 1085: 1023: 2335: 1722:, future constable of Portugal, defeated the invaders, at the 1596:. The later years of his reign were darkened by the tragedy of 1545:

were definitely separated from the parent Castilian order. The

2258:

A formação do território – da Lusitânia ao alargamento do País

2213: 2211: 1524: 1336:, to which the upper hierarchy of the Church and the nobles ( 1592:(1340). In 1347 he gave his daughter Eleanor in marriage to 900:

This process was essentially complete with the ascension of

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Ferdinand had been the last legitimate descendant of Count

1237:, built by Afonso in 1135 as an outpost for the defence of 1132:, an enemy of Alfonso VII. To ensure the alliance, his son 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1180:

by the Moors. He died shortly after, on December 6, 1185.

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Ferdinand, however, preferred his Portuguese mistress,

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was included in Teresa's dowry. Count Henry ruled as a

1433:

A second stage was reached shortly afterwards by the

891:

of territory from the various Muslim principalities (

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United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

2382: 2373: 1762:. With John I began the rule of a new dynasty, the 301: 291: 274: 261: 248: 235: 221: 202: 187: 175: 163: 153: 127: 111: 20: 1684:, count of Ourém, to secure English aid. In 1381 1421: 1415: 1378: 25: 999:; south of the Mondego, the Moors still ruled. 1656:the former king's illegitimate half-brother as 2347: 1754:but also included the nobles and the Church. 854: 8: 1332:is noteworthy for the first meeting of the 39: 2890: 2806: 2713: 2647: 2379: 2354: 2340: 2332: 1537:(Manuel Pessanha). In 1290 he founded the 1198:Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula in 1157 1152:he was wounded and forced to surrender to 861: 847: 376: 96: 17: 1509:, who had married Denis in 1281, and was 2246: 2217: 2166: 2120: 1981: 1940: 1846:Flags of Portugal during the Middle Ages 1261:had triumphed in Africa and invaded the 1218:, whose respective headquarters were at 1933: 1853: 995:during the minority of her infant son, 821: 390: 379: 273: 260: 247: 234: 230: 201: 186: 182: 174: 7: 1245:, and about the same time a band of 1650:, left vacant by the death of King 912:in the period between the death of 1821:Beginning of the Portuguese Empire 904:, the first to claim the title of 14: 916:in 1279 and the beginning of the 600:Imperial decline, war, and revolt 2632: 2300: 1911:Flag after 1385, used until 1485 1904: 1892: 1880: 1868: 1863:Flag since 1095, used until 1143 1856: 1243:stormed the fortress of Santarém 922:1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum 906:King of Portugal and the Algarve 830: 720:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso 555:War of the Portuguese Succession 401: 359: 334: 79: 65: 2524:History of Portugal (1777–1834) 1551:Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz 1547:Knights Hospitaller in Portugal 1320:, where he died in March 1211. 1064:Alfonso VII of León and Castile 355:History of Portugal (1415–1578) 1269:, who captured Évora in 1165. 966:Alfonso VI of León and Castile 952:. Among these adventurers was 1: 1586:victory won by the Christians 1492:and the reunited kingdoms of 1346:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 3109:Medieval history of Portugal 2021:. 2021-01-11. Archived from 1678:Infanta Constance of Castile 885:Portuguese House of Burgundy 682:Portugal during World War II 510:Portuguese House of Burgundy 480:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 1825:The Cortes of Coimbra, the 1190:Portugal in the Reconquista 1094:Amadeus III, Count of Savoy 883:in the 1130s, ruled by the 650:Portugal during World War I 3150: 2256:Ribeiro, Ângelo (2004a). 1715:, where she died in 1386. 1187: 430:Roman conquest of Hispania 3060: 2893: 2809: 2716: 2650: 2630: 2313:Prestage, Edgar (1911). " 2274:Ribeiro, Ângelo (2004b). 1899:Flag from 1248 until 1385 1887:Flag from 1185 until 1248 1875:Flag from 1143 until 1185 1642:, claimed the thrones of 879:was established from the 313: 287: 231: 217: 183: 95: 61: 56: 3134:15th century in Portugal 3129:14th century in Portugal 3124:13th century in Portugal 3119:12th century in Portugal 2834:Exclusive Economic Zone 2721:Administrative divisions 1670:Leonor Telles de Menezes 956:, who, in 1095, married 435:Romanization of Hispania 2549:Constitutional monarchy 2324:Encyclopædia Britannica 1774:. Early the next year, 1613:Ferdinand I of Portugal 1502:Ferdinand IV of Castile 1402:, furnished a pretext. 1184:Reconquista in Portugal 1100:. In 1143, he wrote to 1028:Fernando Pérez de Traba 726:Transition to democracy 694:Portuguese Colonial War 615:Constitutional Monarchy 595:Great Lisbon earthquake 2852:Science and technology 2519:1761 Lisbon earthquake 2514:1755 Lisbon earthquake 2132:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 115. 2111:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 111. 1999:guesthousevimaranes_ES 1801: 1741: 1702:Portuguese Interregnum 1682:João Fernandes Andeiro 1615: 1481: 1463:Kingdom of the Algarve 1422: 1416: 1379: 1199: 1046:on his own account in 902:Afonso III of Portugal 545:Portuguese Renaissance 265:Portuguese Interregnum 40: 26: 2554:Republican Revolution 2499:Treaty of Tordesillas 2484:Portuguese golden age 2469:1383–1385 interregnum 2205:Ribeiro 2004b, p. 21. 2196:Ribeiro 2004b, p. 14. 2187:Ribeiro 2004b, p. 15. 2102:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 91. 2093:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 77. 2081:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 75. 2072:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 71. 2063:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 70. 2054:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 69. 2042:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 60. 1995:"Casa Teresa de Leão" 1827:battle of Aljubarrota 1799:Battle of Aljubarrota 1796: 1737: 1686:Richard II of England 1611: 1578:Alfonso XI of Castile 1539:University of Coimbra 1507:Elizabeth of Portugal 1476: 1350:retook Alcácer do Sal 1197: 1006:) by the archbishops 976:of Alfonso VI, whose 920:in 1415 includes the 645:Monarchy of the North 128:Common languages 3048:World Heritage Sites 2584:Carnation Revolution 2178:Ribeiro 2004b, p. 8. 1720:Nuno Álvares Pereira 1695:Treaty of Salvaterra 1439:Alfonso X of Castile 1178:besieged in Santarém 1154:Ferdinand II of León 1056:Battle of São Mamede 714:Carnation Revolution 565:Dutch-Portuguese War 2459:Kingdom of Portugal 2453:Manifestis Probatum 2220:, pp. 141–142. 2123:, pp. 140–141. 1943:, pp. 139–140. 1923:Portuguese monarchs 1836:Henry the Navigator 1815:Henry VI of England 1797:A depiction of the 1772:victory at Valverde 1744:On April 16, 1385, 1724:Battle of Atoleiros 1659:Henry II of Castile 1620:Peter I of Portugal 1600:. He died in 1357. 1479:Denis I of Portugal 1435:conquest of Algarve 1400:Mécia Lopes de Haro 1300:, "the Populator". 1276:Manifestis Probatum 1267:Gerald the Fearless 1216:Knights Hospitaller 1165:Manifestis Probatum 910:history of Portugal 876:Kingdom of Portugal 837:Portugal portal 135:Galician-Portuguese 41:Regnum Portugalliae 22:Kingdom of Portugal 2862:Telecommunications 2539:Liberal Revolution 2442:County of Portugal 1802: 1742: 1616: 1594:Peter IV of Aragon 1482: 1358:Alfonso IX of León 1318:Alcobaça Monastery 1310:Martinho Rodrigues 1294:Alfonso IX of León 1200: 1170:Pope Alexander III 970:County of Portugal 881:county of Portugal 535:Imperial expansion 500:County of Portugal 455:Visigothic Kingdom 420:Prehistoric Iberia 342:County of Portugal 3096: 3095: 3056: 3055: 2880: 2879: 2796: 2795: 2783:Political parties 2736:Foreign relations 2703: 2702: 2665:Iberian Peninsula 2628: 2627: 2474:Treaty of Windsor 1840:town was captured 1831:treaty of Windsor 1780:treaty of Windsor 1760:Henry of Burgundy 1751:Portuguese Cortes 1691:John I of Castile 1543:Order of Santiago 1535:Emanuele Pessagno 1387:, the Castilians 1363:Pope Honorius III 1334:Portuguese Cortes 1306:Pope Innocent III 1263:Iberian Peninsula 1259:Almohad Caliphate 1204:Almoravid dynasty 1106:Iberian Peninsula 1071:Battle of Ourique 1004:Treaty of Lanhoso 954:Henry of Burgundy 918:Portuguese Empire 897:) of the period. 871: 870: 744:COVID-19 pandemic 676:Ditadura Nacional 605:Transfer of Court 590:House of Braganza 550:Portuguese Empire 495:Almoravid dynasty 425:Pre-Roman Peoples 375: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 347: 346: 278:Conquest of Ceuta 239:Battle of Ourique 213: 204:• 1385–1433 198: 189:• 1139–1185 158:Roman Catholicism 104:Iberian Peninsula 102:Portugal and the 27:Regno de Portugal 3141: 3076: 3069: 2891: 2837: 2824:Economic history 2807: 2714: 2648: 2636: 2447:Treaty of Zamora 2380: 2356: 2349: 2342: 2333: 2328: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2250: 2244: 2221: 2215: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2005: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1944: 1938: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1872: 1860: 1788:Treaty of Ayllón 1657: 1652:Peter of Castile 1590:Afonso the Brave 1425: 1419: 1382: 1312:, the unpopular 1142:Treaty of Zamora 1102:Pope Innocent II 1098:religious orders 1090:Matilda of Savoy 1048:Zamora Cathedral 1012:Burdino of Braga 997:Afonso Henriques 978:Galician marches 948:in fighting the 863: 856: 849: 835: 834: 833: 812:Madeiran history 748: 740: 736:Financial crisis 655:1926 coup d'état 528:Age of Discovery 515:1383–1385 Crisis 490:Gharb Al-Andalus 405: 395: 377: 363: 362: 351: 350: 338: 337: 331: 330: 315: 314: 252:Treaty of Zamora 211: 196: 100: 83: 69: 51: 43: 37: 29: 18: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3052: 3028:Public holidays 2972: 2876: 2835: 2792: 2756:Law enforcement 2699: 2637: 2624: 2593: 2509:Restoration War 2369: 2360: 2312: 2301: 2299: 2253: 2245: 2224: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2028: 2026: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2003: 2001: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1919: 1912: 1909: 1900: 1897: 1888: 1885: 1876: 1873: 1864: 1861: 1848: 1823: 1757: 1746:João das Regras 1732: 1709:invested Lisbon 1704: 1663:Pope Gregory XI 1655: 1637: 1606: 1571: 1563:Order of Christ 1471: 1420:) or defender ( 1412: 1371: 1326: 1314:bishop of Porto 1251:siege of Lisbon 1192: 1186: 1136:was engaged to 1082:Catholic Church 934: 867: 831: 829: 817: 816: 807:Azorean history 802: 792: 791: 762: 752: 751: 746: 738: 709: 699: 698: 670: 668:Second Republic 660: 659: 635: 625: 624: 620:1910 Revolution 585:Restoration War 580: 570: 569: 530: 520: 519: 475: 465: 464: 415: 393: 386: 360: 335: 280: 267: 254: 241: 205: 190: 149: 119: 107: 91: 90: 89: 84: 76: 75: 70: 52: 45: 38: 31: 23: 12: 11: 5: 3147: 3145: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2857:Stock Exchange 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2589:Third Republic 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2559:First Republic 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2529:Peninsular War 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2351: 2344: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2319:Chisholm, Hugh 2291: 2290: 2272: 2252: 2251: 2249:, p. 142. 2222: 2207: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2171: 2169:, p. 141. 2134: 2125: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2083: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2044: 2035: 2010: 1986: 1984:, p. 140. 1945: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1855: 1847: 1844: 1822: 1819: 1784:Inês de Castro 1731: 1728: 1703: 1700: 1636: 1633: 1605: 1602: 1598:Inês de Castro 1570: 1567: 1559:Pope Clement V 1523:of the north, 1470: 1467: 1411: 1408: 1370: 1367: 1325: 1322: 1188:Main article: 1185: 1182: 1130:Aragonese king 1092:, daughter of 1008:Diego Gelmírez 982:Urraca of León 958:Teresa of León 933: 930: 869: 868: 866: 865: 858: 851: 843: 840: 839: 826: 825: 819: 818: 815: 814: 809: 803: 798: 797: 794: 793: 763: 758: 757: 754: 753: 750: 749: 741: 733: 731:Third Republic 728: 723: 716: 710: 707:Third Republic 705: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 691: 684: 679: 671: 666: 665: 662: 661: 658: 657: 652: 647: 642: 640:First Republic 636: 633:First Republic 631: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 581: 576: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 531: 526: 525: 522: 521: 518: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 476: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 457: 452: 450:Suebic Kingdom 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 416: 411: 410: 407: 406: 398: 397: 388: 387: 380: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 357: 348: 345: 344: 339: 327: 326: 321: 311: 310: 305: 299: 298: 293: 289: 288: 285: 284: 283:14 August 1415 281: 275: 272: 271: 268: 262: 259: 258: 257:5 October 1143 255: 249: 246: 245: 242: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228: 223: 222:Historical era 219: 218: 215: 214: 206: 203: 200: 199: 191: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 167: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 148: 147: 142: 140:Old Portuguese 137: 131: 129: 125: 124: 113: 109: 108: 101: 93: 92: 85: 78: 77: 71: 64: 63: 62: 59: 58: 54: 53: 24: 21: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3146: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2504:Iberian Union 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2479:Consolidation 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2309:public domain 2298: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2289: 2288:989-554-107-4 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2270:989-554-106-6 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2248: 2247:Prestage 1911 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:Prestage 1911 2214: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2167:Prestage 1911 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2121:Prestage 1911 2117: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2025:on 2021-01-11 2024: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1982:Prestage 1911 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:Prestage 1911 1937: 1934: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1907: 1902: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776:John of Gaunt 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:House of Aviz 1761: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674:John of Gaunt 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1475: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1451:Pope Urban IV 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1418: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1375: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1328:The reign of 1323: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 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Afonso wed 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 931: 929: 927: 926:House of Aviz 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 895: 890: 886: 882: 878: 877: 864: 859: 857: 852: 850: 845: 844: 842: 841: 838: 828: 827: 824: 820: 813: 810: 808: 805: 804: 801: 796: 795: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 756: 755: 745: 742: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 721: 717: 715: 712: 711: 708: 703: 702: 695: 692: 690: 689: 685: 683: 680: 678: 677: 673: 672: 669: 664: 663: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 634: 629: 628: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 579: 574: 573: 566: 563: 561: 560:Iberian Union 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 540:House of Aviz 538: 536: 533: 532: 529: 524: 523: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 474: 469: 468: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 414: 409: 408: 404: 400: 399: 396: 389: 384: 378: 358: 356: 353: 352: 349: 343: 340: 333: 332: 329: 328: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 312: 309: 306: 304: 303:ISO 3166 code 300: 297: 294: 290: 286: 282: 279: 269: 266: 256: 253: 243: 240: 227: 224: 220: 216: 210: 207: 195: 192: 178: 171: 168: 166: 162: 159: 156: 152: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 130: 126: 122: 117: 114: 110: 105: 99: 94: 88: 82: 74: 68: 60: 55: 49: 42: 35: 28: 19: 16: 2986:Architecture 2958:Prostitution 2923:Homelessness 2903:Demographics 2819:Central bank 2761:Human rights 2726:Constitution 2579:Overseas War 2544:Liberal Wars 2478: 2451: 2322: 2294:Attribution: 2293: 2292: 2279: 2275: 2261: 2257: 2201: 2192: 2183: 2174: 2128: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2077: 2068: 2059: 2038: 2027:. 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Retrieved 1998: 1989: 1936: 1849: 1824: 1803: 1756: 1743: 1717: 1705: 1667: 1638: 1629: 1617: 1589: 1572: 1530:rei lavrador 1529: 1518: 1515: 1483: 1459: 1447: 1432: 1413: 1404: 1395: 1393: 1372: 1354: 1342:ricos homens 1341: 1337: 1327: 1302: 1297: 1291: 1281: 1274: 1271: 1255: 1228: 1201: 1175: 1163: 1158: 1146: 1126: 1079: 1068: 1032: 1001: 990: 964:daughter of 962:illegitimate 935: 905: 899: 892: 874: 872: 718: 686: 674: 610:Liberal Wars 472: 324:Succeeded by 323: 318: 244:25 July 1139 118:(1139–1255) 87:Coat of arms 15: 3114:Reconquista 2933:Immigration 2908:Drug policy 2814:Agriculture 2690:Earthquakes 2574:Estado Novo 2564:World War I 2494:Renaissance 2402:Lusitanians 2392:Oestriminis 1768:Aljubarrota 1713:Tordesillas 1640:Ferdinand I 1635:Ferdinand I 1396:alferes mor 1380:mordomo-mor 747:(2020–2023) 739:(2010–2014) 688:Estado Novo 505:Reconquista 392:History of 319:Preceded by 226:Middle Ages 123:(1255–1415) 106:around 1160 3103:Categories 3008:Literature 2778:Parliament 2741:Government 2569:28 de Maio 2437:Al-Andalus 2029:2024-06-20 2004:2024-06-20 1929:References 1624:Edward III 1582:Valladolid 1428:Afonso III 1410:Afonso III 1298:o Povoador 1161:papal bull 1036:archbishop 932:Background 914:Afonso III 889:reconquest 578:Bragantine 485:Al-Andalus 165:Government 34:Portuguese 3018:Monuments 2938:Languages 2913:Education 2872:Transport 2788:President 2746:Judiciary 2731:Elections 2695:Volcanoes 2660:Mountains 2643:Geography 2432:Visigoths 2412:Gallaecia 2407:Lusitania 1718:In 1384, 1574:Afonso IV 1569:Afonso IV 1520:Galicians 1511:canonized 1417:visitador 1374:Sancho II 1369:Sancho II 1330:Afonso II 1324:Afonso II 1247:crusaders 1054:, at the 1052:Guimarães 445:Gallaecia 440:Lusitania 270:1383–1385 154:Religion 57:1139–1415 3083:Category 3033:Religion 2943:Naturism 2773:Military 2709:Politics 2620:Language 2610:Military 2598:By topic 2464:Monarchs 2417:Hispania 2397:Ophiussa 2384:Timeline 2367:articles 2363:Portugal 2315:Portugal 1917:See also 1829:and the 1807:Henry IV 1790:, 1411. 1555:Templars 1549:and the 1490:Portugal 1338:fidalgos 1283:Sancho I 1214:and the 1212:Templars 1114:Santarém 1084:and the 1020:Hispania 1018:"of all 986:suzerain 823:Timeline 785:Military 773:Language 765:Archives 473:Medieval 394:Portugal 383:a series 381:Part of 292:Currency 194:Afonso I 170:Monarchy 116:Cohymbra 3067:Outline 3043:Symbols 2996:Cuisine 2978:Culture 2953:Poverty 2928:Housing 2886:Society 2867:Tourism 2842:Fishing 2802:Economy 2680:Regions 2670:Islands 2605:Economy 2375:History 2321:(ed.). 2311:: 1811:Henry V 1648:Castile 1604:Peter I 1498:Castile 1469:Denis I 1423:curador 1389:Badajoz 1287:Algarve 1239:Coimbra 1231:Muslims 1150:Badajoz 1016:primate 993:Mondego 942:Castile 800:Regions 781:Judaism 769:Economy 413:Ancient 296:Dañerio 276:• 263:• 250:• 237:• 197:(first) 112:Capital 3088:Portal 2991:Cinema 2948:People 2918:Health 2847:Mining 2829:Energy 2685:Rivers 2655:Cities 2489:Empire 2365: 2317:". 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The 894:taifas 460:Spania 385:on the 212:(last) 209:João I 179: 121:Lixboa 73:Banner 44: 30: 3074:Index 3038:Sport 3023:Music 3013:Media 2968:Women 2898:Crime 2836:(EEZ) 2675:Lakes 2615:Music 2422:Suebi 1486:Denis 1477:King 1455:Denis 1385:Elvas 1224:Soure 1220:Tomar 1208:taifa 1138:Dulce 1122:Tagus 1040:Braga 950:Moors 789:Music 760:Topic 145:Latin 48:Latin 3001:Wine 2963:Time 2766:LGBT 2427:Buri 2284:ISBN 2282:. 2266:ISBN 1646:and 1644:León 1525:Jews 1496:and 1494:León 1340:and 1222:and 1116:and 1086:Pope 1060:León 1024:fief 1010:and 944:and 938:León 873:The 777:LGBT 176:King 2751:Law 1557:by 1038:of 3105:: 2280:II 2278:. 2264:. 2260:. 2225:^ 2210:^ 2137:^ 2086:^ 2047:^ 1997:. 1948:^ 1809:, 1726:. 1391:. 1352:. 1226:. 1168:, 988:. 960:, 940:, 928:. 787:- 783:- 779:- 775:- 771:- 767:- 308:PT 2355:e 2348:t 2341:v 2262:I 2032:. 2007:. 1377:( 862:e 855:t 848:v 50:) 46:( 36:) 32:(

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