Culture of Portugal - Knowledge (XXG)

2663: 2741:, who brought new patterns with them. With time, the peninsula began to produce different filigree patterns, but while in Spain the filigree jewellery-making tradition became less relevant, in Portugal it was perfected. After the 18th century, Portuguese Filigree already had its own distinctive imagery, motifs and shapes. Filigree from the 17th and 18th centuries became famous for their extraordinary complexity. Gold and silver filigree jewellery of delicate and artistic design is still made in considerable quantities throughout the country, particularly filigree hearts, which are iconic symbols of Portuguese jewellery-making. 2838: 2031: 2580:(1799–1854) was a turning point in Portuguese literature as far as the themes are concerned. His most outstanding play is "Frei Luís de Sousa" (1844), which became a classic of Portuguese theatre. Garrett also wrote "Um Auto de Gil Vicente" (1838), "Filipa de Vilhena" (1846) and "O Alfageme de Santarém" (1842). These three plays as well as "Frei Luís de Sousa" are somehow connected with Portuguese history. Furthermore, Garrett is also the founder of the "Conservatório Geral de Arte Dramática" as well as of the "Teatro Nacional D. Maria II". 2563:'s well-known phrase "castigat ridendo mores", Gil Vicente became famous for his satirical plays such as the "Triologia das Barcas" ("Auto da Barca do Inferno" (1517), "Auto da Barca do Purgatório" (1518); "Auto da Barca da Glória" (1518)). In these plays, he creates some characters who are representative of their social group. This results in not only comical, but also strong critical situations. Gil Vicente also wrote other important plays such as "Auto da Índia" (1509), "Auto da Fama" (1510), and "Farsa de Inês Pereira" (1523). 3054: 3425: 2819: 3066: 1830: 2750: 2727: 1353:, Nuno Lopes, Cleia Almeida, Anabela Moreira, Rafael Morais and Fernando Luís. Is a multi-prized film from 2012 that won prizes in: International auteur cinema festival of Barcelona; Miami Festival, Pau Festival in France; New Vision Award in Crossing Europe Festival in Austria; San Sebastin Festival; Otra Mirada Prize by TVE channel in Spain; Faial Film Festival in Portugal; Golden Globes in Portugal; Auteur Portuguese Society in Portugal and Ways of Portuguese cinema in Coimbra, Portugal. 2393: 735: 3081: 539: 307: 3093: 3105: 3030: 1402: 1735: 2408: 263: 720: 4905: 2334: 1044: 749: 48: 648: 1544: 557:), with great regional variety. Many cities and towns have a museum and a collection of ancient monuments and buildings. Many towns have at least a cinema, some venues to listen to music and locations to see arts and crafts. In the larger cities visits to the theatre, concerts or galleries of modern exhibitions are popular, and Portugal can boast not only international-scale venues in 1819: 965: 709: 1022:, Vareirinha, Malhão, Vareira, Maneio, Vira de Cruz, Vira Solto, Vira de Macieira, Sapatinho, Tau-Tau, Ciranda, Zé que Fumas, Regadinho, O Pedreiro and Ó Ti Taritatu. There are also variations of these dances called the Chamarita in the Azores. Dance apparel is highly varied, ranging from work clothes to Sunday's best, with rich distinguished from the poor. 2530: 1891: 1863: 2922: 1040:. Financing of Portuguese cinema is by state grants and from television stations. The internal market is very small and Portuguese penetration of international markets is fairly precarious. A film is considered a success when it draws an audience of more than which few Portuguese films manage to achieve. 2587:

Born in 1926, Luís de Sttau Monteiro (1926–1993) wrote several plays, some of them portraying and criticising Portuguese society of his time. His most famous play is "Felizmente Há Luar" (1961), which is a strong criticism of the political context of that time (dictatorship – Estado Novo). "O Barão"

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Themes include: destiny, deep-seated feelings, disappointments in love, the sense of sadness and longing for someone who has gone away, misfortune, the ups and downs of life, the sea, the life of sailors and fishermen, and last but not least "Saudade" (one of the main themes used in fado, that means

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Portuguese folk music is the joint of the traditional songs of a community that express through a poetic character their beliefs and tell their history to other people and generations. The danças do vira (Minho), Pauliteiros de Miranda (Miranda), Corridinho do Algarve or Bailinho (Madeira), are some

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holidays from July to September. Portuguese people in almost all major towns and the cities like to know their places which are generally well equipped with modern facilities and offer a wide variety of attractions ranging from shops and stores of the most renowned brands to cinemas, restaurants and

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In later years, theatre in Portugal has developed into many other forms as in any other European country. Almost every repertoire can be seen in Portugal. Many companies have the works of Shakespeare, Molière, Brecht, Becket or Chekhov, and Portuguese classic and modern authors on their repertoire.

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is a free event held at Casa da Música, in September. It features mainly the northern hip hop names as headliners, drawing a very local audience. Its first edition in 2005 carded Rodney P, NBC, Blackmastah, Bomberjack, Rui Miguel Abreu, etc. Usually the event is held outdoors, but in 2006 the heavy

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and industrialization of musical production, and the mediatization and expansion of music consumption. The boom in Portuguese musical production was accompanied by both the diversification of the musical domains and styles produced and consumed in Portugal and the emergence of new styles which are

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As far as the 20th century is concerned, it's worth noticing Bernardo Santareno's (1920–1980) work. His most famous play is "O Judeu", based upon the life of António José da Silva, mentioned above. Santareno also wrote "A Promessa" (1957), "O Crime da Aldeia Velha" (1959) and "Anunciação" (1962).

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was founded in 1906 by the Viscount of Alvalade and his grandson José de Alvalade. They are all clubs that traditionally have several sports activities but they give great distinction to football, making use of teams of professional players, which frequently participate in European competitions.

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In the 20th century, theatre in Portugal became more popular with the "Revista" – a comical and satirical form of theatre. It is a creative way of expressing one's ideas as well as criticising political and social problems. The most important actors who performed this form of theatre in the 20th

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Since the second millennium BC, there has been important construction in the area where Portugal is situated today. Portugal boasts several scores of medieval castles, as well as the ruins of several villas and forts from the period of Celtic and Roman occupation. Modern Portuguese architecture

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During the Golden Age of Portugal, in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese artists were influenced by Flemish art, and were in turn influential on Flemish artists of the same period. During this period, Portuguese art became internationally well-known, mostly because of its very

1120:, the second Portuguese sound feature film (the first was A Severa, a 1931 documentary by Manoel de Oliveira, was originally filmed without soundtrack, which was added afterwards), and still one of the best-loved films in Portugal, with several of its lines and songs still being quoted today; 1058:

was the oldest director in the world, and continued to make films until his death on 2 April 2015, at the age of 106. Since 1990 he made an average of one film per annum. He has received international recognition awards and won the respect of the cinematography community all over the world.

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Portugal, as a country with a long history, is home to several ancient architectural structures, as well as typical art, furniture and literary collections mirroring and chronicling the events that shaped the country and its peoples. It has a large number of cultural landmarks ranging from

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original and diverse characteristics, but little is known about the artists of this time due to the medieval culture that considered painters to be artisans. The anonymous artists in the Portuguese "escolas" produced art not only for metropolitan Portugal but also for its colonies, namely

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One of the most famous playwrights of the 18th century is António José da Silva (1705–1739), commonly known as "O Judeu" because of his Judaic origins. He wrote several plays such as "Os Encantos de Medeia" (1735), "As Variedades de Proteu" (1737) and "Precipício de Faetonte" (1738).

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are mythical beings that form part of Portuguese folklore. These legends and traditions are preserved in the lore and literature of older generations, frequently seen as the remains of pre-Christian traditions. The lore associates the ancient monuments to the legends of the

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In smaller towns and villages, cultural activity may revolve around local folklore, with musical groups performing traditional dance and song. Local festivities are very popular during the summer season in all kinds of localities ranging from villages to cities, as well as

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In the popular culture the philharmonic bands represent each locality and play different types of music, from popular to classical. Lidia Costa, Carlos Marques, Alberto Madurai, José Caminos and Railcar Morays are some of the most important names in philharmonic music.

3163:. (Also called Mardi Gras). Not an official holiday, but declared by the government as a non-working day. Very ancient festival celebrating the end of the winter. It gained Christian connotations, and now marks the first day of a period of 40 days before Easter Week ( 1706:, one of the major portuguese poets of the second half of the twentieth century, has been an influence, among many others, to the young generation of highly considered Portuguese poets and, to a lesser extend, fiction writers from a recent wave of writers such as 2124:

increasingly taking the global market into account. The denominated Pop music uses melodies easily to memorize, becoming very popular and commercial; it's also characterized by the amount of publicity made (through videos, magazines, appealing clothing, etc.).

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In all the times and all places mankind always showed great ingenuity making sound and music from existing materials in its natural environment. The voice and the clapping of hands can certainly be considered the first instrumental forms used by man.

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industries, was pioneered by fashion designers like Eduarda Abbondanza, Mário Matos Ribeiro, Ana Salazar, José António Tenente, João Tomé, Francisco Pontes or Manuela Gonçalves, as well as textile industry industrialists established in places like

2242:. By the late 1970s the revolutionary climate had subsided and the need to express political militancy through song was no longer felt by poets, composers and singers, who subsequently redefined both their role and their creative contribution. 2974:. There are some localities which preserve a more traditional carnival with typical elements of the ancient carnival traditions of Portugal and Europe. However, several parades in most localities have adopted many elements of the tropical 1927:, a unique word with no accurate translation in any other language. (Home-sickness has an approximate meaning. It is a kind of longing, and conveys a complex mixture of mainly nostalgia, but also sadness, pain, happiness and love). 1085:, a provocative film maker in the 1990s made "O Último Mergulho" (1992), "A Comédia de Deus" (1995), "Le Bassin de John Wayne" (1997) and "As Bodas de Deus" (1998). "A Comédia de Deus" won the Jury's Special Prize at the 805:, to build outstanding works of art. The creations of Portuguese artists can be identified throughout the country, in the altars of gilded panels, blue and white tiles which adorn churches, halls, staircases and gardens. 2558:

Gil Vicente (1435–1536) is considered the first great Portuguese playwright. Frequently called the father of Portuguese theatre, he portrays the society of the 16th century. Anticipating the 17th-century French writer

3453:(according to some people, his brothers Eduardo and Frederico brought the first ball from England). It was he who had the initiative to organise an exhibition of the new game, which took place in October 1888 in 1754:

Polyphonic music, employing multiple vocal parts in harmony, was developed in the 15th century. The Renaissance fostered a rich output of compositions for solo instruments and ensembles as well as for the voice.

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which can be traced from the 1820s, but possibly with much earlier origins. It is characterized by mournful tunes and lyrics, often about the sea or the life of the poor. The music is usually linked to the

1156:(as Evaristo), Francisco Ribeiro (as Rufino) and others. It's a portrait of the relations between neighbours in a Lisbon courtyard. A story made of small episodes of humor, friendship, rivalry, and love. 2134:

A new musical style that vindicates its Portugueseness by both drawing upon various musical elements which musicians and audiences alike identify as Portuguese and emphasizing the Portuguese language.

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Fado is probably the oldest urban folk music in the world and represents the heart of the Portuguese soul, and for that matter fado performance is not successful if an audience is not moved to tears.

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The Iberian Peninsula was home to a lot of different peoples and cultures, so its normal to these cultures to influence the others but still retain a little of their aspects - this happened with the

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rating, and will probably be part of the main surfing competition. Ruben Gonzalez is an international acclaimed surfer and the only one to achieve the national title in two consecutive tournaments.

2888:(Marriages of Saint Anthony) are made. But the most popular saint is Saint John, he is celebrated in many cities and towns throughout the country on the night of the 23rd-24th, especially in 1762:

of Lisbon and the Coimbra were revitalized. Music from the former colonies occupied an increasingly important place in the capital's musical life and local styles of rap and hip hop emerged.

2212:. They traced a new course for urban popular music and influenced a further generation of musicians, some of whom also participated in the protest movement and are still active, including 2851:

take place all over Portugal. Why the populace associated the saints to these pagan festivities is not known. But they are possibly related to Roman or local deities from the time before

2902:(traditional soup) and plastic hammers to hammer in another person's head for luck are indispensable. The final saint is Saint Peter, celebrated in the night of 28th-29th, especially in 1169:(lit. The Crime of Father Amaro) is a Portuguese film (2005) adapted from a book of Eça de Queiroz, directed by Carlos Coelho da Silva. This was a low quality production sponsored by 1301:

starring Ana Moreira, Carloto Cotta, Ivo Mueller, Laura Soveral, Manuel Mesquita, Isabel Muñoz Cardoso, Henrique Espírito Santo and Teresa Madruga. The film won two prizes in the 2012

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Another relevant playwright of the 16th century is António Ferreira (1528–1569), who wrote "A Castro" (1587), a well-known tragedy about the forbidden love between D. Pedro I and D.

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is the most popular sport in Portugal. Football started to become well known in Portugal in the final decades of the 19th century, brought by Portuguese students who returned from

3647:. This was the first time since 1966, that the Portuguese football team had advanced to such a high qualifying round in a World Cup tournament. The national team defeated hosts 2968:, among several other localities, hold several days of festivities, with parades where social and political criticism abound, along with music and dancing in an environment of 2543:

Portugal never developed a great Dramatic theatre tradition due primarily to the fact that the Portuguese were more passionate about lyric or humorous works than dramatic art.

1173:(television channel). Even so, this film beat all the records of box- office of all the Portuguese film in Portugal. The main characters are Jorge Corrula as Padre Amaro and 1249:; Las Palmas Festival in Spain; Golden Globes in Portugal; Mar del Plata International Film Festival in Argentina, Raindance film Festival in United Kingdom and other prizes. 4804: 4265: 3213:) visits and blesses every home with an open door, thus meaning they are Catholics. Traditionally, this is the second visit of children and non-married youngsters to their 2723:-based products such as furniture, decorative items and floor and wall coatings, are also distinctive products found among typical designer creations of Portuguese origin. 2619:

Other companies show more experimental projects. All this makes the theatre repertoire very varied. Some of the most important professional theatre companies nowadays are:

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is considered by many to be Portugal's finest guitarist. Folk music and dancing and the traditional fado remain the country's fundamental forms of musical expression.

2278:, is responsible for establishing hip hop in Portugal. The refrain from a song called "Não sabe nadar, yo" ("Can't swim, yo!") was used by the president of Portugal, 3478:

Later, the game spread, being practiced in colleges, and leading to the foundation of clubs all over the country. Until the end of the century, associations such as

3289:, Portugal's national epic. Event of 1580. Celebrated in many of Portuguese communities in the United States of America, such as the Ironbound in Newark, New Jersey 1781:

has had its own symphony orchestra since 1962, when the Chamber Orchestra was set up by the Gulbenkian Foundation. Lisbon also has a metropolitan orchestra, and the

3053: 2555:" - a form of humorous and cartoonish theatre designed to expose and criticize social (and political) issues, but in a way that entertains and amuses the audience. 2411: 2551:

in the 16th century. During the 20th century, theatre found a way to reach out to the people, specially the middle class, through what in Portugal is known as "

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and others in 1950 and 1960 rock and roll scene with bands like Os Conchas and Os Sheiks. Among the numerous bands and artists which followed its genesis, are

3457:, and it was also Pinto Basto who organized the first official football match in January of the following year. The match, played where today is found the 2131:

A musical discourse created by Portuguese musicians that is integrated within the major international developments experienced by commercial popular music;

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follows the most advanced trends seen in European mainstream architecture with no constraints, though preserving some of its distinct characteristics. The

3080: 1170: 1813: 351: 468:, Beira. She was the one who, with a hammer created mountains and valleys; the one who hid in stones and trees - Mother nature), later transformed into 4624: 1938:. The Lisbon style is the most popular, while Coimbra's is the more refined style. Modern fado is popular in Portugal, and has produced many renowned 549:

The Portuguese participate in many cultural activities, indulging their appreciation of art, music, drama, and dance. Portugal has a rich traditional

4027:(Portuguese Stick Fencing), which is used for self-protection and for duels between young men in disputes over young women. Having its origin in the 5318: 2871:(mostly grape juice), and traditional bread along with sardines. During the festivities are many weddings, traditional street dances and fireworks. 2738: 2596:(1935–1987). Nowadays it is worth mentioning Maria João Abreu, José Raposo and Fernando Mendes, who perform this form of theatre at the well known " 527: 517: 215: 4290: 3065: 801:, owing to King John V's long reign which lasted 44 years. Thanks to the gold from Brazil, John V of Portugal could afford foreign artists such as 5785: 3944: 1773:, Miguel Azguime, Pedro Amaral, and João Pedro Oliveira are known internationally. Orchestras include the Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa and the 3475:

won the game 2–1. Consequently, football started attracting the attention of the high society, being distinguished by the Luso-British rivalry.

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It was after the 15th century, with national borders established and with the discoveries, that Portuguese art expanded. Some kings, like

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twice, in 1966, when Eusébio was the top scorer, with 9 goals, and also in 2006. The year 2006 was the year that Portugal nearly won the

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Cultural centres such as the Belém Cultural Centre and the Culturgest, both in Lisbon, have expanded opportunities for major concerts.

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The modern revival of academic music was primarily work of Luís de Freitas Branco, and continued by Joly Braga Santos. Composers like

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The 1960s started a period of expansion and innovation with pop, rock and jazz introduced and evolving, political song developed, the

1318: 1302: 1075:(1994). Despite his international recognition, the films of Oliveira (and that of other Portuguese directors) are neglected locally. 577:

but also many acclaimed artists from various disciplines. The importance of the arts is illustrated by the fact that on the death of

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in Vila Real. Because of the history of the Portuguese Empire, several countries across the world are home to sizeable heritages of

695: 286: 2079:, Peste e Sida, were popular too. Before that, Portugal had a vibrant underground progressive rock scene in the 1970s like Tantra, 1782: 4041:

In addition to this, other popular sport-related recreational outdoor activities with thousands of enthusiasts nationwide include

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Other than football, many other professional and well organized sport competitions take place every season in Portugal, including

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in a speech about the cave painting in Foz Côa saying that "As gravuras não sabem nadar, yo!" ("The engravings can't swim, yo!").

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and kitchenware; and businesspersons of the old-established furniture industry heavily concentrated in and around places such as

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in the night, another sort of street carnival. Each festivity is a municipal holiday in the cities and towns where it occurs.

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already had royal painters. It is during this century that Gothic art was replaced by a more humanistic and Italian-like art.

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The compilation called "Rapublica" released in 1994, which featured young rising artists and groups such as Black Company and

2030: 5132: 4654: 4550: 3984: 3710: 3644: 2696: 1269:, Catarina Wallenstein, Margarida Vila-Nova, Mónica Calle, Marcello Urgeghe and Ricardo Aibéo in 2010. Inspired by a book of 673: 3092: 2008: 853: 4315: 3815:, who conquered gold twice at the European Championships in the -52 kg category, bronze in 2005 world championship in 2842: 2837: 2461:). The painting caught fire and was replaced by a Baroque structure. Parts of his work still exist and can be found in the 5656: 5469: 5006: 4965: 4930: 4839: 4617: 4117: 3820: 3648: 3640: 3628: 1942:. According to tradition, to applaud fado in Lisbon you clap your hands, in Coimbra you cough as if clearing your throat. 623: 2344:

Festivals organised by students of several higher education institutions, take place every year across the country. The '

2149: 5806: 5744: 5494: 5313: 5156: 5094: 4880: 4875: 3934: 3104: 2373: 873: 594: 436: 279: 73: 68: 2453:, National School). His influence on Portuguese art continued after his death. He was the royal painter for the famous 1785:

in Lisbon, which was built in the late 18th century, has its own orchestra and ballet company. Among notable pianists,

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book of the history of Portugal which incorporates elements of Ancient Greek mythology, written in the 16th century.

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made a unique qualification to the European Championships and made through the second round, where it was eliminated.

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Portugal hosts several festivals such as FITEI, ACERT, FIAR, and the International Theatre Festival of Almada (FITA).

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player and a classical guitar player but more recent settings range from singer and string quartet to full orchestra.

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It was during this period of prosperity, that some of the greatest Portuguese artworks were completed, including: the

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are two typical elements of Portuguese architecture. Portugal is perhaps best known for its distinctive Late-Gothic

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is also a major name in Portuguese sports, as he conquered the national, European and the world titles, in 2006 in

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is regarded as one of the most successful and well-paid football managers in football's history. The main domestic

3563: 2640: 2481: 1676: 1564: 382: 677: 662: 4945: 4885: 4859: 4829: 4824: 3003:, is celebrated on November 11. This day is the peak of three days, often with very good weather, it is known as 2644: 1968: 1749: 1697: 1060: 78: 2119:

The 1980s and 1990s were marked by the search for a new musical discourse in urban popular music, the increase,

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In the 1990s around 10 full-length fictional works were produced per annum, Portugal's filmmakers tending to be

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In the early 20th century, Portuguese art increased both in quality and quantity, mainly due to members of the

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examples of dances created by the sound of folk. Some of the typical instruments used are a guitar, mandolin,

1153: 1104: 3746:, near Lisbon, is the main Portuguese race track, where many motorsport competitions are held, including the 5721: 5683: 5256: 5203: 5178: 5084: 5043: 5036: 4849: 3739: 2704: 2651:, Teatro dos Aloés, Teatro Praga, Artistas Unidos, Seiva Trupe, As boas raparigas, ACTA, among many others. 2620: 2500: 2239: 2175: 2144: 2000: 1984: 1711: 1560: 1371:, Luísa Costa Gomes, Leonor Keil, Edgar Pêra, Marina Albuquerque, Miguel Sermão and Marcos Barbosa in 2010. 1298: 1282: 1140: 1072: 1064: 809: 3424: 1723: 1109: 5641: 5283: 5011: 4844: 4789: 4784: 4764: 3856:, European surfing champion in 2004, is now back in the competitions after recovering from a knee injury. 3557: 3533: 3459: 3264: 3040: 2989:" (literally, King Cake, a cake made with crystallized fruits); this is also the time for the traditional 2945: 2818: 2524: 2489: 2418: 2159: 2076: 1939: 1856:, accordion, violin, drums, Portuguese guitar and an enormous variety of wind and percussion instruments. 1606:, the father of Portuguese theatre, whose works were often criticisms and satires of society in his time. 1441: 1406: 945: 937: 723: 618:

events involving major Portuguese teams are always widely followed with great enthusiasm. There are a few

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culture is also regarded as an important cultural feature of the Portuguese. As the most popular sport,

496:. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was a major economic, political, and cultural power, its 409: 207: 110: 103: 83: 4266:"O que fazem a Bordallo Pinheiro, a Vista Alegre e Cláudia Schiffer juntos? Borboletas... - Renascença" 2749: 2726: 2636: 2632: 2612: 2325:

rains made the event relocate to the parking lot of the building, causing a really "underground" look.

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is Portugal's national music) in October 1999, three days of national mourning was declared. In 1998,

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is celebrated by some families, especially in the North and Center, where the family gathers to eat "

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Portugal has been an important centre of practice and production of music over the centuries, as the

1774: 1707: 1683: 1618: 1508: 1334: 1286: 1246: 1086: 760: 615: 413: 131: 2289:, other urban centers also established vibrant hip hop scenes during the early nineties, especially 538: 5769: 5754: 5739: 5701: 5671: 5626: 5621: 5454: 5337: 5223: 5198: 5137: 5112: 5072: 4729: 4723: 4645: 3998: 3853: 3693: 3468: 2321: 2313: 2221: 2213: 1980: 1976: 1918: 1894: 1834: 1829: 1786: 1719: 1649: 1262: 776: 753: 578: 542: 523: 513: 489: 476: 447: 229: 58: 4577: 4189:"Novo Museu da Moda e do Têxtil em Portugal custou dez milhões e foi construído em plena pandemia" 3209:

and "Folar" (an Easter cake) and Easter eggs. In the North, a sort of church members processions (

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Typical Portuguese filigree heart shaped pendant, an iconic item in Portuguese fashion and design.

2066: 2057: 5661: 5651: 5601: 5561: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5499: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5459: 5444: 5439: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5266: 5261: 5188: 5117: 5099: 4712: 4595: 3798: 3667: 3300: 3110: 2975: 2907: 2588:(1965), "A Guerra Santa" (1967) and "Sua Excelência" (1971) were also written by Sttau Monteiro. 2435: 2365: 2294: 1822: 1396: 1055: 1048: 1031: 817: 784: 485: 421: 347: 319: 186: 117: 3512:

were founded to practice this sport or created sections for competing. The first match, between

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began to be produced in Portugal in the 8th century with the arrival of Arab migrants after the

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Most of his plays deal with universal questions such as liberty, oppression and discrimination.

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is also widely celebrated in Portugal, some traditional carnivals date back several centuries.

2056:, which was the first popular Portuguese rock song, other Portuguese bands and singers such as 464:

origin - Cailleach-Bheur her other name; the Mother goddess of the Celtic people as in Calais,

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and even Africa, gratifying the desires of local aristrocratic clients and religious clients.

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expresses. In contemporary classical music, notable Portuguese musicians include the pianists

1946: 1745: 1738: 1687: 1645: 1629: 1568: 1480: 1454: 1368: 1186: 1092: 999: 597:, contributing to a current renaissance in artistic creation, and in 2004 Portugal hosted the 509: 497: 339: 311: 197: 173: 163: 154: 96: 33: 2552: 2127:

It is possible to note two stylistic tendencies in the popular music of the 1980s and 1990s:

5676: 5631: 5556: 5526: 5414: 5377: 5233: 4717: 4572: 4390: 3994: 3698: 3663: 3600: 3588: 2982: 2860: 2856: 2504: 2345: 2234:

This musical style reflects a confluence of influences from traditional music, French urban

1845: 1693: 1358: 1330: 1314: 1194: 933: 586: 461: 429: 425: 401: 363: 237: 4364: 3599:

is the player in history with most titles won, including all European club cups. Moreover,

3596: 2195: 1668: 1043: 5358: 5271: 5127: 5021: 3914: 3893: 3794: 3036: 3000: 2965: 2807: 2803: 2720: 2604: 2577: 2508: 2357: 2120: 2104: 2047: 1664: 1637: 1633: 1317:, starring Rodrigo Perdigão and Joana de Verona.This film have win the best short film is 1270: 1242: 1234: 1218: 925: 901: 398: 267: 3544: 2608: 2279: 1591: 1528: 1484: 1258: 1206: 905: 2847:

During the summer, in the month of June, festivities dedicated to three saints known as

2226: 1543: 4799: 3838: 3812: 3652: 3636: 3632: 3524:(founded in 1902) was the first Portuguese team to play abroad defeating, in 1907, the 2884:(a street carnival) and other festivities. In the meantime, several marriages known as 2302: 2297:. More recently other local scenes have also developed on other urban centers, such as 2096: 2024: 1996: 1988: 1801: 1770: 1657: 1547: 1476: 1346: 1214: 1082: 987: 802: 796: 315: 138: 1401: 5800: 4774: 4087: 3885:, becoming the world's only all-amateur team ever to qualify for that kind of event. 3765: 3751: 3727:

is also worth mentioning, since its greatest players play in the sunny region of the

3608: 3365: 2957: 2628: 2381: 2377: 2080: 2004: 1972: 1622: 1559:

Portuguese literature has developed since the 12th century from the lyrical works of

1520: 1384: 1364: 1230: 1174: 1149: 1127: 1117: 1113: 913: 869: 829: 712: 593:

for literature. Lisbon (1994), Porto (2001) and Guimarães (2012) were all designated

4415: 4339: 3906:

The major Portuguese professional sports leagues, championships and events include:

1734: 1285:

is a hybrid fiction/documentary film from 2009 that achieved some visibility at the

4814: 4082: 4062: 4008: 3988: 3842: 3824: 3804: 3718: 3612: 3539: 3315: 3278: 2852: 2407: 2337: 2268: 2251: 1797: 1672: 1500: 1468: 1417:

Each region of Portugal has its own traditional dishes, including various kinds of

1238: 1190: 1122: 983: 979: 719: 500:

stretching from the Americas, to Africa, and various regions of Asia and Oceania.

470: 379: 343: 3584: 3044: 2547:

is often seen as the father of Portuguese theatre - he was the leading Portuguese

2333: 2184: 2072: 2052:

The Portuguese rock started to be noted in 1980 with the release of Ar de Rock by

748: 570: 17: 4442:"A cortiça portuguesa é destacada numa das principais montras do design do mundo" 4240:"A partir de Portugal, há quem conquiste pés de todo o mundo com "sapatos feios"" 2427:

Portuguese art was very restricted in the early years of nationality, during the

450:

itself reveals much of the country's early history, stemming from the Roman name

4672: 4662: 4028: 4022: 4016: 3968: 3948: 3773: 3706: 3620: 3547:

and other people being the founders (the club maintained the foundation date of

3218: 3185: 2898: 2864: 2687: 2593: 2570:. António Ferreira is considered the father of Renaissance culture in Portugal. 2544: 2533: 2428: 2084: 1913: 1610: 1603: 1580: 1488: 1350: 1266: 1135: 1003: 897: 647: 590: 452: 440: 355: 1945:

Mainstream fado performances during the 20th century included only a singer, a

1686:

in 1974, the Portuguese society, after several decades of repression, regained

1185:

is a Portuguese drama/romance film directed by Leonel Vieira in 1998, starring

47: 4707: 4697: 4551:

CONTOS TRADICIONAIS PORTUGUESES (com as versões análogas dos países lusófonos)

4291:"Capital do Móvel cria lojas em Lisboa e Porto para potenciar mercado interno" 3978: 3938: 3868: 3832: 3687: 3675: 3659: 3580: 3484: 3247: 3214: 2994: 2548: 2537: 2512: 2092: 2053: 1952:

The ingredients of Fado are a shawl, a guitar, a voice and heartfelt emotion.

1859:

Contemporary bands include Dazkarieh, Cornalusa, Gaitúlia, Strella do Dia etc.

1524: 1464: 1145: 1131: 1126:(lit. The Tyrant Father) (1941), directed by António Lopes Ribeiro, starring 1095:

is a younger filmmaker and in the 1990s she surfaced as a director, her film (

1007: 975: 877: 849: 3897: 1177:

as Amélia, and the main ingredients of this film are the sex and the nudity.

4702: 4682: 4677: 3779: 3624: 3381: 3221:, 7 days before, where children give flowers and palms to their godparents. 3012: 2708: 2691: 2648: 2511:

settled in Paris and gained widespread recognition, as did her contemporary

2496: 2108: 2034: 1818: 1793: 1496: 1019: 964: 921: 889: 780: 727: 619: 598: 465: 417: 394: 390: 371: 4537: 2600:" (a theatre district in Lisbon where the "Revista" used to be performed). 1138:

and one of the best-known comedies of the Golden Age of Portuguese Cinema;

708: 3122: 2699:, in clothing; several entrepreneurs of the Portuguese footwear industry; 1909: 1571:. They wrote mostly from Galician-Portuguese and oral traditions known as 4904: 4687: 4667: 4633: 4138: 3958: 3787: 3769: 3757: 3683: 3616: 3373: 3256: 3194: 3177: 3160: 3152: 2986: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2926: 2734: 2683: 2679: 2217: 1853: 1532: 1504: 1472: 1435: 1210: 995: 893: 631: 627: 550: 386: 375: 359: 3587:

was voted 2001 Player of the Year by FIFA, after finishing 2nd in 2000.

3146:. Beginning of the year, marks the traditional end of "holiday season". 2874:

Saint Anthony is celebrated on the night of 12th-13 June, especially in

2529: 2170:(1929–1987) but others also contributed to its development, for example 1890: 1862: 1205:(lit. The Trunk) directed by Fernando Fragata, starring Hélder Mendes, 1144:(lit. The Courtyard of Songs), a comedy/ musical from 1942 directed by 4077: 4058: 4046: 4042: 3889: 3849: 3743: 3728: 3454: 3443: 3377: 3369: 2953: 2930: 2921: 2831: 2671: 2470: 2349: 2298: 2275: 2260: 2256: 1935: 1923: 1905: 1599: 1595: 1512: 1492: 1422: 1037: 1011: 865: 841: 772: 611: 574: 367: 327: 2592:

century were Vasco Santana (1898–1958), Beatriz Costa (1907–1996) and

1475:. Today, many Portuguese wines are known as some of the world's best: 1471:-era; the Romans immediately associated Portugal with its God of Wine 4590:. Translated by Henriqueta Monteiro. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1888. 4214: 4054: 3928: 3747: 3679: 3671: 3513: 3286: 3202: 3071: 2990: 2875: 2827: 2753: 2675: 2286: 1931: 1778: 1584: 1519:

is also widely consumed, with the largest national beer brands being

845: 837: 825: 764: 558: 520: 5369: 4602: 4586: 4160: 3403:

Dá cá um balão para eu brincar." (Give me a balloon, for me to play)

1930:

There are two main varieties of fado, namely those of the cities of

3631:. The Portuguese national team also reached the semi-finals of the 2267:

and the South Bank of the Tagus are considered to be the cradle of

1628:

Romanticism and Realism period authors from 19th century including

4692: 3816: 3517: 3423: 3400:

São João, São João, São João, (Saint John, Saint John, Saint John)

3368:. Celebrated in the 24th to the 25th as a family gathering to eat 2920: 2893: 2889: 2836: 2823: 2817: 2748: 2725: 2661: 2528: 2406: 2391: 2353: 2332: 2290: 2029: 1889: 1861: 1828: 1817: 1733: 1542: 1400: 1042: 991: 963: 885: 881: 861: 857: 783:

architecture, with its intricate designs attributed to Portugal's

747: 733: 718: 707: 606: 566: 562: 537: 457: 433: 405: 305: 4599:. Lisboa, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1992. (in Portuguese) 2449:

shaped Portuguese art, leading it to gain local characteristics (

1241:, Laura Soveral, Ivo Canelas, Carla Maciel, José Wallenstein and 900:

in Asia. Notable Portuguese architects of the past have included

4050: 3808: 3724: 3576: 3380:, roasted kid and turkey; seasonal sweets and dry fruits; drink 2961: 1885: 1759: 1516: 1460: 1426: 1418: 1099:, 1994) won the best actress award at the Venice Film Festival. 582: 5373: 4606: 4492:"Filigrana / Filigree — Twisted Strands of The Portuguese Soul" 3782:

is also giving important steps, thanks to the world cup leader

2474: 1430: 641: 2878:(where that saint was born and lived most of his life), with 4316:"O berço da indústria do mobiliário em Paredes - CMcadeiras" 3354:

Immaculate Conception. Patron Saint of Portugal since 1646.

3236:, marking the end of the dictatorial regime. Event of 1974. 3086:

A bride and her groom in the carnival of Lazarim, Portugal

3007:("Saint Martin summer"), the Portuguese celebrate it with 2480:

In the 19th century, naturalist and realist painters like

1796:

is among the most successful popular music groups. Singer

816:(also known as Tower of the Clerics), the Baroque Library 342:. It is rooted on the interactions between many differnet 4596:

Contos Populares Alentejanos, recolhidos na tradição oral

4538:"Contos Maravilhosos: Adversários Sobrenaturais (300–99)" 4416:"Cortiça: um material emergente para o design de produto" 3831:

in Sydney, also became the European champion in 1999 (in

3709:, Portugal is the country with the most world titles: 15 2356:

and 'Enterro da Gata' in Minho. Summer festivals include

1102:

Significant comedy films of the 1930s and 1940s include:

443:, all have influenced the country's culture and history. 370:, amongst others), passing through its contacts with the 3537:

which was founded in 1893 (as Foot-Ball Club do Porto).

3449:

The first person responsible for its implementation was

3275:

Dia de Portugal, de Camões e das Comunidades Portuguesas

2431:, to a few paintings in churches, convents and palaces. 589:, one of Portugal's well-known writers, was awarded the 346:

that inhabited the area during the past millennia. From

338:

designates the cultural practices and traditions of the

4038:, a wide variety of traditional sports played for fun. 4467:"Filigree and its origin rooted in Portuguese culture" 3903:, and has conquered numerous medals in the world cup. 3811:

have also brought many medals to this country, namely

3520:, took place in 1894, attended by King D. Carlos. The 2492:

revitalized painting against a decadent academic art.

1245:

is a multi-prize film from 2005. It has won prizes in

460:

name meaning "Port of Cale" (Cale likely is a word of

322:

sewing machine advertisement card, distributed at the

4031:, Jogo do Pau uses wooden staves as a combat weapon. 3786:, and her European and world titles. She is also the 3690:

among the hundreds of sports played in this country.

3397:

O São Pedro está-se a acabar. (Saint Peter is ending)

1305:

and another two in the Las Palmas Festival in Spain.

3394:"Santo António já se acabou. (Saint Anthony is over) 5778: 5730: 5692: 5407: 5247: 5155: 5071: 4978: 4912: 4868: 4805:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

4653: 4644: 3639:tournament, ranking 4th overall, being defeated by 3627:, getting defeated in the final by surprise winner 2507:. In the post-war years the abstractionist painter 2259:has been important since the 1980s with areas like 1059:Retrospectives of his works have been shown at the 3217:, receiving an Easter gift. The first visit is on 3059:"Levantamento do mastro" in Fonte Arcada, Portugal 1598:has its roots in chronicles and stories linked to 2806:and nearly every Portuguese town has a tale of a 4587:Tales of Lusitania from The Folklore of Portugal 4581:. Vol. I. Lisboa: Publicações Dom Quixote, 1999. 3845:after being the European champion back in 2001. 3551:, founded in 1904, when in 1908 assimilated the 2969: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 824:in Braga, the Shrine of Our Lady of Remedies in 3390:Portuguese popular song: (English Translation) 3776:) events also have international recognition. 3011:(a sweet liqueur wine) and roasted Portuguese 2455:Retábulo do Altar das Relíquias de São Vicente 2293:, that gave birth to important groups such as 1663:Portuguese modernism is found in the works of 5385: 4618: 3702:as the most important race, is also popular. 3267:. Christian feast celebrating the Eucharist. 2867:. Common fare in these festivities are wine, 287: 8: 3801:won silver in the single men's competition. 3343:Restoration of Independence. Event of 1640. 3332:. Day used for visiting deceased relatives. 1383:), a 2020 documentary directed by Brazilian 932:(20th c.). Famous living architects include 3797:won the gold medal in the teams event, and 2855:spread in the region. The three saints are 2412:Prehistoric Rock-Art Site of the Côa Valley 676:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5392: 5378: 5370: 5161: 5077: 4984: 4918: 4650: 4625: 4611: 4603: 3835:), and vice-champion in the year of 2003. 3772:(with the Baja Portugal 1000 and recently 3655:, their first major international trophy. 3583:is still a symbol of Portuguese football. 1814:List of Portuguese traditional instruments 1499:(Vinho do Porto, literally Porto's wine), 294: 280: 28: 3232:Literally, "Freedom Day". Celebrates the 1254:Filme do Desassossego or Film of Disquiet 696:Learn how and when to remove this message 3827:, who conquered the bronze medal in the 3531:The oldest football club in Portugal is 3463:in Lisbon, involved opposing teams from 2162:that ruled Portugal from 1926 up to the 2139:Canções de intervenção (political songs) 1579:, which were consecutively performed by 439:and the subsequent expulsion during the 4496:PORTICO magazine by Vanguard Properties 4129: 3945:Portuguese Roller Hockey First Division 3881:) made a dramatic qualification to the 3575:was ranked 3rd out of 207 countries by 3025: 314:couple with typical rural clothes from 196: 162: 137: 130: 123: 116: 109: 102: 95: 40: 4365:"Quando a cortiça é Matéria de design" 4297:(in European Portuguese). 26 July 2017 4187:Malheiro/Lusa, Cecília (10 May 2021). 2463:Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga National 626:was traditionally more popular in the 622:in Portugal, although the passion for 4578:Contos Tradicionais do Povo Português 2739:Umayyad invasion of Iberian Peninsula 2308:There are two major showcase events, 1333:starring Carloto Cotta, won the 2009 1197:, Milton Spencer and Félix Fontoura. 1171:Sociedade Independente de Comunicação 7: 4422:(in European Portuguese). 2016-09-01 3965:Campeonato Nacional Honra/Super Bock 3074:in the carnival of Podence, Portugal 2914:). In Póvoa de Varzim, there is the 2841:Maios celebration in Madeira island 2603:Important Portuguese actors include 674:adding citations to reliable sources 3860:reached the number one position at 3205:. Used for family gathering to eat 752:Rua Augusta street and its typical 601:in specially constructed stadiums. 528:8th in Europe and 17th in the world 480:, which emerged as a county of the 4544:from the original on June 6, 2020. 4340:"The cork | www.visitportugal.com" 4109:List of cultural icons of Portugal 3879:Portugal national rugby union team 1319:Berlin International Film Festival 1303:Berlin International Film Festival 726:is Portugal's best example of its 715:, c. 1st century AD (Roman period) 25: 4391:"Transformar a cortiça em design" 3740:Autódromo Fernanda Pires da Silva 3623:. Portugal hosted and nearly won 3611:, where the dominating teams are 3314:Implantation of the Republic, or 3167:, Holy Week), thus also known as 2445:, an important Portuguese artist 2231:and Júlio Pereira, among others. 1726:, José Ricardo Pedro and others. 1609:Classical lyrical works, include 1577:"Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer" 1337:Golden Palm for best short film. 4903: 3925:Portuguese Futsal First Division 3911:Portuguese Football Championship 3901:2006 World Fencing Championships 3103: 3091: 3079: 3064: 3052: 3028: 2993:- "As Janeiras", the new year's 2670:Industrialized, export-oriented 2238:of the 1960s, African music and 1237:, Nuno Lopes, Miguel Guilherme, 1067:in Washington, D.C. (1993), the 834:Portuguese colonial architecture 790:Another type of architecture is 646: 545:, the iconic Portuguese souvenir 261: 46: 4795:History of Portugal (1777–1834) 4420:Produtos em Cortiça por CorkWay 4073:This is a list of stereotypes: 3975:Portuguese Volleyball League A1 3748:World Motorcycling Championship 3573:Portugal national football team 3434:Portugal national football team 2320:, in Coimbra, started in 2005. 822:Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte 3985:Portuguese Beach Soccer League 3595:are also noteworthy, although 3522:Clube Internacional de Futebol 3508:, the Oporto Cricket, and the 2154:) played an important part in 1783:National Theatre of São Carlos 1590:Following chroniclers such as 1: 4238:Wong, Bárbara (11 May 2023). 4137:Ventura, Mauro (2020-04-22), 4118:Historic villages of Portugal 3821:2007 World Judo Championships 3790:European and world champion. 3653:2016 edition of the UEFA Euro 2641:Companhia de Teatro de Almada 2611:, Rui Mendes, Irene Cruz and 1261:, starring Cláudio da Silva, 1221:, Tânia Miller and Zé Pedro. 432:settlement, and finally, the 4389:Lopes, Dírcia (2020-09-19). 3935:Portuguese Basketball League 3896:won the silver medal at the 3494:Real Ginásio Clube Português 3340:Restauração da Independência 2457:in the Cathedral of Lisbon ( 2374:Festival de Paredes de Coura 1800:is also widely admired, and 1767:António Victorino de Almeida 595:European Capitals of Culture 437:Umayyad invasion of Hispania 324:World's Columbian Exposition 4113:List of museums in Portugal 4015:The country has an ancient 2886:Casamentos de Santo António 2645:Companhia Teatral do Chiado 2423:List of Portuguese painters 2172:Adriano Correia de Oliveira 2009:Fernando Corrêa de Oliveira 1833:Traditional musicians from 1789:has won worldwide acclaim. 1313:, a short-film directed by 1069:San Francisco Film Festival 5823: 4584:Coelho, Francisco Adolfo. 3955:Portuguese Handball League 3564:Sporting Clube de Portugal 3417: 3411: 2536:, 16th-century Portuguese 2522: 2416: 2249: 2045: 1883: 1811: 1743: 1552: 1452: 1394: 1029: 741: 5331: 5164: 5080: 4987: 4921: 4901: 4264:Renascença (2020-01-17). 4143:(Documentary), IVIN Films 3819:, and achieved silver in 3561:was founded in 1903. The 2465:(Museum of Ancient Art). 2441:During the reign of King 1969:music history of Portugal 1808:Traditional or Folk music 1750:Music history of Portugal 1698:Nobel Prize in Literature 1573:"Cantigas d'amor e amigo" 1459:Portugal is a country of 1278:Meu Querido Mês de Agosto 1061:Los Angeles Film Festival 5105:Exclusive Economic Zone 4992:Administrative divisions 4448:(in European Portuguese) 4397:(in European Portuguese) 4371:(in European Portuguese) 4272:(in European Portuguese) 3555:, founded in 1906). The 3528:in the Spanish capital. 3311:Implantação da República 3285:death. Camões wrote The 2814:Festivities and holidays 2561:Jean-Baptiste de Santeul 1594:after the 15th century, 744:Architecture of Portugal 738:Aldeia Velha de Monsanto 599:European football finals 4820:Constitutional monarchy 4593:Pires, António Thomaz. 4515:Igespar Ip | Património 3867:The Portuguese team of 3543:was born in 1904, with 3098:Flute player of Podence 2705:Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro 2501:Amadeo de Souza Cardoso 2240:Brazilian popular music 1565:Paio Soares de Taveirós 1166:O Crime do Padre Amaro: 1073:Cleveland Museum of Art 1065:National Gallery of Art 968:A traditional dance of 810:Royal Building of Mafra 581:, the "Queen of Fado" ( 352:Pre-Roman civilizations 5450:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5123:Science and technology 4790:1761 Lisbon earthquake 4785:1755 Lisbon earthquake 4548:Correia, Paulo Jorge. 4440:Redação (2020-02-13). 3715:European Championships 3558:Boavista Futebol Clube 3540:Sport Lisboa e Benfica 3534:Futebol Clube do Porto 3460:Campo Pequeno Bullring 3436: 2970: 2934: 2896:, where the sardines, 2844: 2834: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2757: 2731: 2667: 2540: 2525:Portuguese Renaissance 2419:Portuguese Renaissance 2414: 2404: 2341: 2145:canções de intervenção 2038: 1898: 1867: 1866:Pauliteiros de Miranda 1837: 1826: 1741: 1550: 1409: 1051: 972: 950:João Carrilho da Graça 938:Eduardo Souto de Moura 767: 739: 731: 716: 546: 516:. Portugal is home to 512:buildings to medieval 331: 4825:Republican Revolution 4770:Treaty of Tordesillas 4755:Portuguese golden age 4740:1383–1385 interregnum 4471:Secrets From Portugal 4344:www.visitportugal.com 4166:World Digital Library 4034:Other sports are the 3793:The national team of 3498:Estrela Futebol Clube 3451:Guilherme Pinto Basto 3427: 3005:Verão de São Martinho 2924: 2840: 2821: 2756:(House of the Moura) 2752: 2729: 2719:. Corkware and other 2701:Vista Alegre Atlantis 2665: 2532: 2410: 2395: 2370:Super Bock Super Rock 2336: 2033: 1983:, and the composers: 1897:, the "Queen of Fado" 1893: 1865: 1832: 1821: 1737: 1724:Maria Antonieta Preto 1642:Camilo Castelo Branco 1555:Portuguese literature 1546: 1445:(a Portuguese stew). 1404: 1209:, Adelaide de Sousa, 1110:José Cottinelli Telmo 1046: 967: 854:São Tomé and Príncipe 751: 737: 722: 711: 541: 309: 5319:World Heritage Sites 4855:Carnation Revolution 4567:Folktale collections 4363:Ferreira, Ana Dias. 3883:2007 Rugby World Cup 3829:2000 Summer Olympics 3526:Madrid Futebol Clube 3510:Sport Clube Vianense 3432:fans supporting the 3420:Football in Portugal 3281:. Marks the date of 3234:Carnation Revolution 3019:), and it is called 2621:Teatro da Cornucópia 2398:Saint Vincent Panels 2089:Xutos & Pontapés 2017:Frederico de Freitas 2001:Constança Capdeville 1985:Fernando Lopes-Graça 1956:a kind of longing). 1775:Gulbenkian Orchestra 1684:Carnation Revolution 1677:Mário de Sá-Carneiro 1561:João Soares de Paiva 1342:Sangue do meu Sangue 1335:Cannes Film Festival 1287:Cannes Film Festival 1247:Cannes Film Festival 1141:O Pátio das Cantigas 1087:Venice Film Festival 761:Pombaline Lower Town 670:improve this section 524:World Heritage Sites 414:Kingdom of the Suebi 348:prehistoric cultures 216:World Heritage Sites 5807:Culture of Portugal 5693:States with limited 4730:Kingdom of Portugal 4724:Manifestis Probatum 3711:World Championships 3607:competition is the 3571:In April 2010, the 3553:Grupo Sport Benfica 3384:; and share gifts. 3351:Imaculada Conceição 2925:Carnival parade in 2160:totalitarian regime 1993:João Pedro Oliveira 1650:Alexandre Herculano 1449:Alcoholic beverages 1442:Cozido à Portuguesa 1429:, dried and salted 1407:cozido à portuguesa 1263:Alexandra Lencastre 1213:, Isabel Figueira, 1108:(1933) directed by 1079:João César Monteiro 990:region), Two-Steps 956:(Priktzer winner). 946:António Maria Braga 777:Portuguese pavement 724:Jerónimos Monastery 713:Centum Cellas Tower 555:Ranchos Folclóricos 543:Rooster of Barcelos 490:independent kingdom 474:, and finally into 336:culture of Portugal 268:Portugal portal 41:Culture of Portugal 5401:Culture of Europe 5133:Telecommunications 4810:Liberal Revolution 4713:County of Portugal 4215:"Portuguese Shoes" 3437: 3301:Assumption of Mary 3244:Dia do Trabalhador 2976:Brazilian Carnival 2935: 2845: 2835: 2758: 2732: 2668: 2666:Natural cork bags. 2658:Fashion and design 2613:Luís Miguel Cintra 2541: 2415: 2405: 2366:Rock in Rio Lisboa 2342: 2329:Students festivals 2168:José (Zeca) Afonso 2039: 1899: 1871:Philharmonic music 1868: 1838: 1827: 1823:Gaita transmontana 1742: 1739:Portuguese guitars 1716:Gonçalo M. Tavares 1551: 1511:, and Moscatel of 1467:, known since the 1439:), and the famous 1410: 1397:Portuguese cuisine 1105:A Canção de Lisboa 1056:Manoel de Oliveira 1052: 1049:Manoel de Oliveira 1032:Cinema of Portugal 973: 954:Álvaro Siza Vieira 918:José Luis Monteiro 910:Eugénio dos Santos 818:Biblioteca Joanina 785:Age of Discoveries 768: 740: 732: 717: 547: 486:County of Portugal 422:Visigothic Kingdom 332: 18:Portuguese culture 5794: 5793: 5367: 5366: 5327: 5326: 5151: 5150: 5067: 5066: 5054:Political parties 5007:Foreign relations 4974: 4973: 4936:Iberian Peninsula 4899: 4898: 4745:Treaty of Windsor 4560:978-989-8968-08-1 4540:(in Portuguese). 4105:Portuguese poetry 4100:Portuguese people 4036:"Jogos Populares" 4005:Rally of Portugal 3784:Vanessa Fernandes 3762:Rally of Portugal 3593:Cristiano Ronaldo 3502:Futebol Académico 3414:Sport in Portugal 3388: 3387: 3318:. Event of 1910. 3182:Sexta-Feira Santa 3119:National holidays 3017:castanhas assadas 2881:Marchas Populares 2713:Paços de Ferreira 2637:Teatro da Garagem 2633:Teatro Meridional 2362:Festival Sudoeste 2206:José Barata Moura 2202:José Jorge Letria 2191:Francisco Fanhais 2176:José Mário Branco 2143:Political songs ( 2021:Joly Braga Santos 1947:Portuguese guitar 1746:Music of Portugal 1712:José Luís Peixoto 1688:freedom of speech 1630:Antero de Quental 1569:Denis of Portugal 1527:. Liqueurs, like 1481:Vinho do Alentejo 1455:Wines of Portugal 1146:Francisco Ribeiro 1132:Francisco Ribeiro 1093:Teresa Villaverde 844:in the Americas, 792:Johannine baroque 706: 705: 698: 426:Viking incursions 340:Portuguese people 304: 303: 16:(Redirected from 5814: 5731:Dependencies and 5667:Northern Ireland 5408:Sovereign states 5394: 5387: 5380: 5371: 5347: 5340: 5162: 5108: 5095:Economic history 5078: 4985: 4919: 4907: 4718:Treaty of Zamora 4651: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4604: 4545: 4529:Folktale indexes 4517: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4320:www.cadeiras.net 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4270:Rádio Renascença 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4219:Portuguese Shoes 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4134: 3995:Volta a Portugal 3699:Volta a Portugal 3589:Manuel Rui Costa 3579:. The legendary 3506:Campo de Ourique 3480:Clube Lisbonense 3408:Sports and games 3229:Dia da Liberdade 3123: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3068: 3056: 3043:celebration, in 3032: 3001:Saint Martin Day 2973: 2849:Santos Populares 2826:masks, known as 2804:Enchanted Mouras 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2625:Teatro da Comuna 2505:Almada Negreiros 2346:Queima das Fitas 2230: 2199: 2188: 2153: 2070: 2013:Cláudio Carneyro 1977:Maria João Pires 1895:Amália Rodrigues 1846:Portuguese music 1787:Maria João Pires 800: 701: 694: 690: 687: 681: 650: 642: 579:Amália Rodrigues 488:) and became an 448:name of Portugal 430:Sephardic Jewish 296: 289: 282: 266: 265: 264: 50: 29: 21: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5774: 5732: 5726: 5712:Northern Cyprus 5694: 5688: 5582:North Macedonia 5403: 5398: 5368: 5363: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5323: 5299:Public holidays 5243: 5147: 5106: 5063: 5027:Law enforcement 4970: 4908: 4895: 4864: 4780:Restoration War 4640: 4631: 4536: 4526: 4524:Further reading 4521: 4520: 4513: 4509: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4476: 4474: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4451: 4449: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4423: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4400: 4398: 4395:Forbes Portugal 4388: 4387: 4383: 4374: 4372: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4348: 4346: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4324: 4322: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4275: 4273: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4249: 4247: 4246:(in Portuguese) 4237: 4236: 4232: 4223: 4221: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4196: 4195:(in Portuguese) 4186: 4185: 4181: 4172: 4170: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4144: 4140:Alma Portuguesa 4136: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4096: 4071: 3915:Cup of Portugal 3894:Joaquim Videira 3795:shooting sports 3473:Portuguese team 3422: 3416: 3410: 3330:All Saints' Day 3326:Todos os Santos 3121: 3114: 3108: 3099: 3096: 3087: 3084: 3075: 3069: 3060: 3057: 3048: 3033: 2966:Figueira da Foz 2904:Póvoa de Varzim 2816: 2808:Moura Encantada 2747: 2660: 2605:Ruy de Carvalho 2578:Almeida Garrett 2527: 2521: 2509:Vieira da Silva 2486:Henrique Pousão 2451:Escola Nacional 2425: 2390: 2384:Festival, etc. 2358:Vilar de Mouros 2331: 2254: 2248: 2224: 2193: 2182: 2164:1974 revolution 2147: 2141: 2121:commodification 2117: 2064: 2050: 2048:Portuguese rock 2044: 2042:Portuguese rock 1965: 1963:Classical music 1904:(translated as 1888: 1882: 1873: 1816: 1810: 1752: 1744:Main articles: 1732: 1708:Valter Hugo Mãe 1704:Herberto Hélder 1665:Fernando Pessoa 1654:Ramalho Ortigão 1638:Camilo Pessanha 1634:Almeida Garrett 1557: 1541: 1535:, are popular. 1495:and the sweet: 1457: 1451: 1415: 1399: 1393: 1381:Portuguese Soul 1376:Alma Portuguesa 1271:Fernando Pessoa 1243:Clara Andermatt 1235:Beatriz Batarda 1219:Carla Matadinho 1162: 1034: 1028: 970:Póvoa de Varzim 962: 930:Fernando Távora 926:Cassiano Branco 902:Diogo de Arruda 880:in Africa, and 814:Clérigos Church 794: 746: 702: 691: 685: 682: 667: 651: 640: 536: 482:Kingdom of León 310:A 19th-century 300: 262: 260: 253: 252: 248:National anthem 233: 232: 221: 220: 211: 210: 192: 191: 177: 176: 158: 157: 152: 151: 91: 90: 89: 88: 62: 61: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5820: 5818: 5810: 5809: 5799: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5786:European Union 5782: 5780: 5779:Other entities 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5736: 5734: 5733:other entities 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5657:United Kingdom 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5470:Czech Republic 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5349: 5348: 5341: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5128:Stock Exchange 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4860:Third Republic 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4830:First Republic 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4800:Peninsular War 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4622: 4615: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4573:Braga, Teófilo 4569: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4546: 4533: 4532: 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2981:On January 6, 2815: 2812: 2746: 2743: 2659: 2656: 2568:Inês de Castro 2520: 2517: 2499:movement like 2447:Nuno Gonçalves 2402:Nuno Gonçalves 2396:Detail of the 2389: 2386: 2330: 2327: 2250:Main article: 2247: 2244: 2210:Sérgio Godinho 2140: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2116: 2113: 2097:Quinta do Bill 2046:Main article: 2043: 2040: 2025:Isabel Soveral 1997:Jorge Peixinho 1989:Emmanuel Nunes 1964: 1961: 1884:Main article: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1809: 1806: 1802:Carlos Paredes 1771:Jorge Peixinho 1731: 1728: 1682:Following the 1646:Eça de Queiroz 1619:Luís de Camões 1553:Main article: 1540: 1537: 1477:Vinho do Douro 1453:Main article: 1450: 1447: 1414: 1411: 1395:Main article: 1392: 1389: 1329:, directed by 1215:Bruno Nogueira 1187:Sílvia Alberto 1161: 1158: 1152:(as Narciso), 1083:Nouvelle Vague 1030:Main article: 1027: 1024: 961: 958: 904:(15–16th c.), 803:Nicolau Nasoni 742:Main article: 704: 703: 654: 652: 645: 639: 636: 610:hypermarkets. 535: 532: 316:Minho Province 302: 301: 299: 298: 291: 284: 276: 273: 272: 271: 270: 255: 254: 251: 250: 245: 240: 234: 228: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 212: 206: 205: 204: 201: 200: 194: 193: 190: 189: 184: 178: 172: 171: 170: 167: 166: 160: 159: 153: 147: 146: 145: 142: 141: 135: 134: 128: 127: 121: 120: 114: 113: 107: 106: 100: 99: 93: 92: 87: 86: 81: 76: 71: 65: 64: 63: 57: 56: 55: 52: 51: 43: 42: 38: 37: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5819: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5745:Faroe Islands 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5717:South Ossetia 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5542:Liechtenstein 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5390: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5103: 5101: 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4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4623: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4511: 4508: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4433: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4382: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4356: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4257: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4231: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4206: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4180: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4161:"The Lusiads" 4156: 4153: 4142: 4141: 4133: 4130: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4024: 4018: 4010: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3854:Justin Mujica 3851: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3766:Rally Madeira 3763: 3759: 3755: 3753: 3752:A1 Grand Prix 3749: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3731:, during the 3730: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3609:Primeira Liga 3606: 3602: 3601:José Mourinho 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3407: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366:Christmas Day 3364: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3261:Corpo de Deus 3260: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3039:" during the 3038: 3037:Festa da Coca 3031: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2958:Torres Vedras 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2857:Saint Anthony 2854: 2850: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2768:almas penadas 2763: 2755: 2754:Casa da Moura 2751: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2664: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629:Teatro Aberto 2626: 2622: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2382:Ilha do Ermal 2379: 2378:Boom Festival 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2322:Hip Hop Porto 2319: 2315: 2314:Hip Hop Porto 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2236:popular songs 2232: 2228: 2223: 2222:Janita Salomé 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2146: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2115:Popular music 2114: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081:Quarteto 1111 2078: 2074: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2058:Sétima Legião 2055: 2049: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005:Clotilde Rosa 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981:Equeira Costa 1978: 1974: 1973:Artur Pizarro 1970: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1879: 1877: 1870: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1836: 1831: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1720:Jorge Reis-Sá 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1699: 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580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 544: 540: 533: 531: 529: 526:, ranking it 525: 522: 519: 515: 511: 507: 501: 499: 498:global empire 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 478: 473: 472: 467: 463: 459: 455: 454: 449: 444: 442: 438: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 354:(such as the 353: 349: 345: 344:civilizations 341: 337: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 297: 292: 290: 285: 283: 278: 277: 275: 274: 269: 259: 258: 257: 256: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 235: 231: 225: 224: 217: 214: 213: 209: 203: 202: 199: 195: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 175: 169: 168: 165: 161: 156: 150: 144: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: 115: 112: 108: 105: 101: 98: 94: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 60: 54: 53: 49: 45: 44: 39: 35: 31: 30: 27: 19: 5722:Transnistria 5684:Vatican City 5596: 5257:Architecture 5248: 5229:Prostitution 5194:Homelessness 5174:Demographics 5090:Central bank 5032:Human rights 4997:Constitution 4850:Overseas War 4815:Liberal Wars 4722: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4549: 4510: 4499:. 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